Cicero 


IN  MEMORIAM 
BERNARD   MOSES 


CICERO. 
(Bust  in  the  Galleria  degli  Uffizi,  Florence.) 


SELECT 

ORATIONS  AND    LETTERS 

OF   CICERO 

(ALLEN  AND  GREENOUGH'S  EDITION) 
REVISED    BY 

J.  B.  GREENOUGH  and  G.  L.  KITTREDGE 

WITH    A 

SPECIAL   VOCABULARY 

BY 

J.  B.  GREENOUGH 


BOSTON,   U.S.A. 

GINN   &^   COMPANY,    PUBLISHERS 

Cbe  atl)cn8etim  Press 

1903 


Copyright,  i8g6,   1902 
By  GINN  &   COMPANY 


A.I.L    RIGHTS    RESERVED 


giHfiAIlD  MOSES 


Ho3 

PREFACE  ■   M/M 


The  present  volume  is  not  intended  to  supersede  the 
revised  edition  of  Cicero's  Select  Orations.  It  has  been  pre- 
pared to  meet  the  needs  of  those  teachers  who  prefer  marked 
quantities  and  who  wish  to  introduce  their  students  to 
Cicero's  Letters.  Several  orations  have  been  omitted,  and  their 
place  is  supplied  by  a  careful  selection  from  Cicero's  corre- 
spondence. The  letters  are  arranged  chronologically,  like  the 
orations.  They  throw  light  on  Cicero's  character,  on  Roman 
political  history,  and  on  various  phases  of  ancient  manners, 
and  at  the  same  time  they  illustrate  almost  every  variety  of 
letter-writing,  — from  hasty  notes  on  family  matters  to  weighty 
discussions  of  public  policy.  One  letter  from  Pompey  to 
Cicero  and  one  from  Caesar  have  also  been  included. 

Several  maps  have  been  added,  and  a  new  plan  of  the 
Forum,  exhibiting  the  remarkable  series  of  excavations  begun 
in  1899.  These  have  brought  to  light  the  Comitium,  the 
Basilica  Aemilia,  the  Lake  and  Sanctuary  of  Juturna,  and 
other  important  remains.  The  plan  is  taken,  with  slight 
modifications,  from  that  in  Richter's  Topographie  der  Stadt 
Rom  (edition  of  1901).  For  permission  to  reproduce  the 
figure  of  the  base  of  Ccesar's  column  from  Lanciani's  New 
Talcs  of  Old  Rome,  the  editors  are  indebted  to  Messrs. 
Houghton,  Mifflin,  and  Company,  the  putflishers  of  that  inter- 
esting work.  Several  new  maps  are  also  included  in  the  present 
volume.     The  vocabulary  has  been   carefully   revised. 

The  following  extract  from  the  Preface  to  the  Select  Ora- 
tions may  be  appended  :  — 

"The  present  volume  is  practically  an  entirely  new  work, 
since  the  notes  have  been  almost  wholly  rewritten,  and  very 


885988 


iv  Preface 

extensive  additions  have  been  made.  The  revising  editors 
have  kept  constantly  in  mind  the  original  design,  which  gave 
prominence  to  matters  of  historical  and  political  interest. 
Though  in  pursuance  of  the  original  design  the  orations  are 
arranged  in  chronological  order,  yet,  by  the  fuller  annotation 
of  Roscius  and  the  Catilines,  care  has  been  taken  to  enable 
teachers  to  begin  with  either,  according  to  their  judgment 
or  habit. 

"The  admirable  historical  and  political  work  of  the  late 
Professor  W.  F.  Allen  has  not  been  reduced,  but  collected 
into  introductory  chapters  for  convenience  of  continued  read- 
ing and  reference.  The  grammatical  discussions  have  been 
much  increased,  the  revisers  having  found,  by  instructive 
experience,  that  in  order  to  profit  by  a  book  the  pupil  must  be 
able  to  read  it,  and  for  this  a  knowledge  of  the  usages  of  the 
language  is  indispensable. 

"The  treatment  of  the  orations  rhetorically  and  logically 
has  been  very  much  extended,  with  the  hope  of  making  the 
book  more  useful,  not  only  for  the  study  of  Latin,  but  also  for 
the  study  of  rhetorical  composition  generally.  The  very 
numerous  illustrations  have  not  been  inserted  merely  to  make 
a  picture  book,  but  to  give  the  pupil  some  sense  of  the  reality 
of  the  orations  as  a  part  of  history.  Teachers  and  others 
who  take  a  more  intelligent  interest  in  these  ancient  memo- 
rials, will  find  much  explanatory  and  critical  comment  in  the 
numbered  list  of  illustrations.  A  very  large  increase  of  intro- 
ductory matter  has  .seemed  desirable  in  view  of  the  growing 
interest  in  the  study  of  the  history  of  civilization." 

The  editors  have  enjoyed  the  scholarly  cooperation  of 
Mr.  M.  Grant  Daniell,  to  whom  they  are  indebted  for  many 
valuable  suggestions. 

Cambridge,  Mass., 
April,  1902. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

List  of  Illustrations vii 

List  of  Maps xii 

Description  of  the  View  of  the  Forum xii 

Plan  of  the  Forum xii 

Life  of  Cicero xiii 

List  of  Orations  and  Other  JVorks xxvii 

Chronological  Table xxxi 

Roman  Oratory xxxiv 

Cicero  as  an  Orator xliii 

Latin  and  English  Style xlvi 

Ancient  Oratorical  Delivery xlix 

The  Roman  Constitution 1 

ORATIONS. 

The  Defence  of  Roscius i 

The  Impeachment  of  Verres 26 

The  Phaider  of  Syracuse 48 

Crucifixion  of  a  Roman  Citizen 59 

Pompey's  Military  Command  {Pro  Lege  Manilla) 66 

The  Conspiracy  of  Catiline 98 

I.  Lnvective  against  Catiline 99 

II.   Character  of  the  Conspiracy 113 

III.  Hoxv  the  Conspiracy  was  Suppressed 126 

IV.  Sentetice  of  the  Conspirators 141 

The  Citizenship  of  Archias 154 

V 


VI 


CofltCJltS 


LETTERS 

I.  To  Atticus.     Att.  {Ad  Atticinn)  2 

II.  To  Atticus.     Att.  2.  21      ... 

III.  To  his  Family.      Ydivn.  {Ad  Fatniliares) 

IV.  To  Atticus.    Att.  3.  27      .     . 
V.  To  Lentulus.     Earn.  1.6.     . 

VI.  To  M.  Marius.     Earn.  7.  i     . 

VII.  To  Ancharius.     Earn.  13.  40 

VIII.  To  Trebatius.     Earn.  7.  10    . 

IX.  To  Marcellus.     Earn.  15.  11  . 

X.  To  his  Eamily.     Earn.  16.  11 

XI.  To  his  Eamily.     Eam.  14.  14 

XII.  Pompey  to  Cicero.     Att.  8.  11 

XIII.  To  Pompey.     Att.  8.  ii.D 

XIV.  Caesar  to  Cicero.     Att.  10.  8 
XV.  To  Sulpicius.     Eam.  4.  i  . 

XVI.  To  Terentia.     Eam.  14.  10 

XVII.  To  Terentia.     Eam.  14.  23 

XVIII.  To  Eurfanius.     Eam.  6.  9 

XIX.  To  Dolabella.     Eam.  9.  14 

XX.  To  Cassius.     Eam.  12.  2  . 

XXI.  To  Cffisius.     Eam.  13.  51 


14, 


PAGE 
169 
170 
173 

176 
179 
179 
181 

1^2 
1S4 
184 
185 
189 
190 
192 

194 
197 
201 


Notes  to  Orations 203 

Notes  to  Letters 369 

Vocabulary  i 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


Arch.  Zeit.  —  Archaologische  Zeitung. 
Berlin. 

Banm.  —  Baumeister,  Denkmaler  des  klas- 
sischen  Altertums.     Munich,  1885-8S. 

Bernoulli.  —  J.  J.  Bernoulli,  Romische 
Ikonographie,  1882-94. 

Brtmn. —  Denkmaler  griechischer  und 
romischer  Sculptur.  Unter  Leitung 
von  Heinrich  Brunn  herausg.  von  Fried- 
rich  Bruckmann.     Munich,  1888-. 

Brunn  u.  Artidt.  —  Griechische  und  ro- 
mische Portrats.  Nach  Auswahl  und  An- 
ordnung  von  Heinrich  Brunn  und  Paul 
Arndt  herausg.  von  Friedrich  Bruck- 
mann.    Munich,  i8gi-. 

Cohen.  —  H.  Cohen,  Description  generale 
des  Monnaiesde  la  Republiqueromaine. 
P^ris,  1857. 


De  Clarac.  —  Musee  de  Sculpture.  Par 
M.  le  C"  de  Clarac.     Paris,  1828-30. 

D'' E scamps. —  Yi&vwy  D'Escamps,  Galerie 
des  Marbres  antiques  du  Musee  Cam- 
pana  a  Rome.     2«  ed.     Berlin,  1868. 

von  Falke.  —  Jacob  von  Falke,  Hellas  und 
Rom.     Stuttgart,  1878-80. 

Head.  —  A  Guide  to  the  Principal  Gold  and 
Silver  Coins  of  the  Ancients.  By  Bar- 
clay V.  Head.  Second  edition.  London 
(British  Museum),  1S81. 

Med.  Illnst.—  M.  M.  Vecchi,  II  Mediter- 
raneo  Illustrate.     Florence,  1841. 

Poole.  —  A  Catalogue  of  the  Greek  Coins  in 
the  British  Museum.  Edited  by  R.  S. 
Poole.     London,  1S73,  etc. 

Visco7iti. — Visconti,  Iconographie  Romaine. 
Paris,  1817-24. 


IN    THE    TEXT. 

PAGE 

Cicero.      Bust    in   the    Galleria    degli    Uffizi,    Florence.      Photograph. 

Frontispiece 
Plan  of   the    Forum    and   adjacent    building.s.     Founded   on  plan   in 

Middleton's  Remains  of  Ancient  Rome xii 

Ruins  of  the  Roman  Forum.     Photograph xiii 

The  Forum  (restored),     von  Falke i 

Allegorical  statue  of  the  Tiber  (showing  also   Romulus  and   Remus 

with  the  wolf).     In  the  Louvre,  Paris.     Brn7in i 

T.  Cornelius  Sulla.     Bust  in  the  Vatican  (Museo  Chiaramonti).     Un- 
certain.    Bernoulli 4 

Jupiter.     Bust  in  the  Vatican.     Photograph 18 

View  of  Messina  {Messana).     A  fed.  II lust 26 

vii 


viii  List  of  Ilinstrations 

PAGE 

Coin  of  Syracuse.     Obverse  :  head  of  Persephone.     Reverse  :   victor 

in  quadriga.     Head. 49 

Coin  of  Hiero  II.     Obverse:  head  of  Hiero  with  diadem.      Reverse  : 

Nike  (Victory)  in  quadriga.     Head. 50 

M.  Claudius  Marcellus.     From  coins  (somevv'hat  enlarged).   Bernoulli.  51 

Cathedral  of  Syracuse,  formerly  Temple  of  Minerva.     Med.  Illust.  .     .  52 

Sappho.     Villa  Albani,  Rome.     Uncertain.     Brunn  u.  Arndt.     ...  55 

The  Quarries  at  Syracuse  (Dionysius'  Ear).     Photograph 58 

Coin  of  the   Mamertini.      Obverse  :  head  of  Ares   (Mars).     Reverse  : 

eagle  on  thunderbolt.     Poole 60 

Coin    of    Rhegium.      Obverse:    lion's    scalp.     Reverse:    sitting    male 

figure.     Poole 63 

Pompey.      Bust    in    the    Vatican    (Museo    Chiaramonti).      Uncertain. 

Photograph 66 

Fanaraky  d'Europe    (entrance   to  the  Black   Sea  by  the  Bosphorus). 

Laurens^  Voyage  en  Tiirqiiie 66 

Mithridates  VI.  (from  a  coin).     Head. 69 

Tigranes,  King  of  Armenia  (from  a  coin).     Head. 69 

Site    of    Corinth    (Acrocorinthus     in    background).      Stackelberg,   La 

Grece 70 

Antiochus  III.,  King  of  Syria  (from  a  coin).     Head. 73 

Philip  v.,  King  of  Macedonia  (from  a  coin).     Head. 'jt^ 

View  of  Mt.  Argaeus  in  Cappadocia.      Texier,  Asie  Mineiire 74 

Lucullus.      Bust    in    the    Hermitage,    St.    Petersburg.     Identification 

uncertain  (see  Arch.  Zeit.,  N.  F.,  XXIII,  9  ff.).     D'Escamps.   .     .  77 

View  near  Cape  Misenum.      Med.  Illust So 

Ruins  of  the  Port  of  Ostia.     Photograph 81 

View  in  Pamphylia  (Port  of  Adalia).     LanckoroJiski,  Les  Villes  de  la 

Pamphylie  et  de  la  Pisidie 82 

Galley.     From  the  Praeneste  relief.     Baumeister 85 

Coin  of  Rhodes.    Obverse  :  head  of  Helios  (perhaps  from  the  Colossus). 

Reverse :  rose.   Head. 90 

Coin  of  Perseus  (Perses).     Head. 91 

Roman  sacrificial  procession.      Relief  in  the  Galleria  degli  Uffizi,  Flor- 
ence.     Brunn 98 

Ruins  of  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Stator.     Photograph 112 

The  Mulvian  Bridge.     Photograph 128 

L,  Cornelius  Lentulus.      Bust  in  the  Museum  at  Naples.     Very  un- 
certain.    Photograph. 131 


List  of  Illustrations  ix 

PAGE 

Marcus  Aurelius  sacrificing  in  front  of  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Capitoli- 

nus.     Relief  from  the  Arch  of  M.  Aurelius.     Palazzo  dei  Conser- 

vatori,  Rome.     Photograph 136 

Roman    Sacrificial    Procession.     Relief    in    the   Galleria   degli    Uffizi, 

Florence.     Brunei 138 

Temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  at  Rome  (restored).  Ilittorff,  Architec- 
ture antique  de  la  Sicile 140 

Ruins  of  the  House  of  the  Vestals.     Photograph 142 

Church  of  S.  Maria  in  Aracoeli  (site  of  the  Roman  Arx).     Photograph.   150 

P.  Scipio  Africanus.     Photograph 152 

Muses  with  Homer  and  Socrates.     Ancient  sarcophagus  in  the  Louvre. 

De  Clarac 1 54 

Coin    of    Heraclia.     Obverse:    head    of    Nike    (Victory).      Reverse: 

Hercules  seated.     Head. 157 

C.  Marius.     Impression  of  a  coin.      Visconti 163 

Alexander   the    Great,   represented    as    the  god   Ammon    (hence    the 

horns).  From  a  coin,  enlarged.  Imhoof-Blumer,  Portrdtkdpfe.  .  164 
Adana  in  Cilicia  (Cicero's  province),  with  Taurus  mountains   in  the 

background.     Fisher* s  Views 169 

Cato.  Bust  in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  Rome.  Uncertain.  Photograph.  171 
Pompey's  Theatre  and  the  temple  of  Venus  Victrix  (restored).     Canina, 

V Architettura  Romania 177 

Mark  Antony.     Bust  in  the  Vatican.     Uncertain.     Photograph.  .     .     .183 

Coin  of  Mark  Antony  and  Octavia.      Cohen 183 

C.  Julius  Caesar.     Bust  in  the  Louvre.     Photograph 189 

Base  of  Caesar's  Column.  Lanciani,  New  Tales  of  Old  Rome.  .  .  .  195 
Coin  of  M.  Brutus,  commemorating  the  murder  of  Caesar.     Obverse  : 

head    of    Brutus.      Reverse :    liberty-cap    between    two    daggers ; 

inscription  eid.mar  {the  Ides  of  March).     Cohen 196 

Marcus    Junius    Brutus.     Bust    in    the    Capitoline    Museum,    Rome. 

Photograph 196 

Medal  struck  by  the  Magnesians  in  honor  of  Cicero's  son  Marcus. 

Visconti 201 


IN   THE    NOTES. 
Fig. 

1.  Cisium Rich'' s  Dictionary. 

2.  Coin   of    Faustus    Sulla.     Obverse :  head  of    Diana  Tifatina. 

Reverse  :    L.    Sulla,  seated ;    Bocchus,    King  of   Mauritania, 


X  List  of  IllustyatioHS 

Fig. 

delivers  to  him  Jugurtha  as  a  captive  ;  inscription  FELIX 
(surname  assumed  by  Sulla) Viscoiiti. 

3.  Arch  of  Gallienus  at  Rome Photograph. 

4.  Victory  writing  on  a  tablet.     Column  of  Trajan  at  Rome.     .     Brimn. 

5.  Q.  Hortensius  the  orator.    Bust  in  the  Villa  Albani,  Rome.     Visconti. 

6.  Plan  of  Syracuse 

7.  View  of  modern  Syracuse Photograph. 

8.  Coin  of  Agathocles,  King  of  Syracuse.     Obverse  :  head  of  Per- 

sephone.    Reverse  :  Nike  (Victory)  setting  up  a  trOphy.       .     Head. 
!).     Bronze  door  of  the  Cathedral  at  Pisa  (twelfth  century  work). 

Pohau/t  de  Fleiiry,  ATonuinents  de  Pise. 
ID.     Head  of  Medusa.     Marble  mask  in  the  Glyptothek  at  Munich.  Brmin. 

11.  Doors  of  Temple  of  Romulus,  with  bullae Photograph. 

12.  T.  Quinctius  Flamininus.     From  a  coin Bernoulli. 

13.  14.     Mensae    Delphicae.       From    ancient    ornamental    marble 

stands De  Clarac. 

15.  Coin  of  Sex.  Pompey.     Obverse  :  pharos  of  Messana.    Reverse: 

Scylla Cohen. 

16.  View  of  Palermo  [Panhormus) Photograph. 

1 7.  Coin  of  Porcius  Laeca  commemorating  the  Lex  Porcia.  Obverse : 

head   of   Rome.     Reverse :    allegorical    representation    of  P. 
Porcius  protecting  an  accused  citizen Cohen. 

18.  Rostra.     Froma  coin 

19.  Coin  of   M.'  Aquilius.     Obverse:    head  of   Virtus.      Reverse: 

armed  soldier  protecting  a  woman Cohen. 

20.  Cappadocian.     Bust  from  Caesarea;  now  in  the  Jakobsen  col- 

lection at  Copenhagen Brunn  u.  Arndt. 

21.  Coin  of  Amisus.     Head  of  Pallas Poole. 

22.  Medea.     Wall  painting  at  Pompeii Brunn. 

23.  Coin  of  Pompey.     Allegorical  head  of  Africa Cohen. 

24.  Merchant  ship.     Ancient  relief Baumeister. 

25.  Lictors  with  rods  and  axes.     From  a  coin Cohen. 

26.  Coin   with   heads   of   Servilius   Ahala  and   M.   Junius   Brutus. 

Visconti. 

27.  Sacrarium  (family  shrine).     From  a  Pompeian  house.  .     .  Baumeister. 

28.  Signa  militaria.      From  coins Cohen. 

29.  The  Mamertine  prison  (7/////^z;/z/w).     Section.    .     .  Middleton,  Rome. 

30.  The  same.     Plan Middleton,  Rome. 

31.  Coin  of  Sextus  Pompey.     Obverse:  head  of  Sextus  Pompey. 

Reverse :  heads  of  Sextus  Pompey  and  Pompey  the  Great.       Cohen. 


List  of  Illustratio7is  xi 


Fig. 


32.  Bust  of  L.  Junius  Rusticus  (Stoic  philosopher  of  the  time  of 

Uomitian),  showing  a  rough  "  philosophic  beard."      .     .     .    Visconti. 

33.  Statue  of  an  unknown  Roman  with  the  toga Brunn. 

34.  Coin  of  C.  Clodius.     Obverse:  head  of  Flora.     Reverse  :  Vestal 

with  simpuhmi  (sacrificial  ladle) Cohen. 

35.  Writing  implements  :  atramentarium  (for  black  and  red  ink) ; 

papyrus  letter  sealed  and  addressed  ;  tabellae  and  stihis.  Wall 
painting Overbeck's  Pofupeii. 

36.  Romulus  and  Remus  with  the  wolf.     Bronze  in  the  Capitoline 

Museum,  Rome PJiotograph. 

37      Lectisternium Bartoli,  Lucerne. 

38.  Coin  of  P.  Licinius  Crassus  Junianus.     Obverse:  head  of  Jupi- 

ter.    Reverse:  balance;  cornucopia;  curule  chair.    .     .     .       Cohen. 

39.  Pompeian  shop  (restored) Baitmeister. 

40.  Plan  showing  the  arrangement  of  Pompeian  shops  along  the 

streets Baumeister. 

41.  Bronze  brazier  {focus),  from  the  baths  of  Pompeii.       .     .  Photograph. 

42.  Sarcophagus  of  Scipio  Barbatus.     With  a  bust  formerly  identi- 

fied with  Ennius Photograph. 

43.  Coin  of  Cato  Uticensis.     Obverse  :  head  of  Liberty.     Reverse : 

Victory  seated Cohen. 

44.  Writing    Implements:    tablets    {tabellae),   inkstands    {atramen- 

taria),  pens  {still),  papyrus  rolls  {volumhia),  box  for  holding 
rolls  {scrt7ih(?n);  also  money  bags  {sacculi)  and  coins  {nuninii). 
Wall  painting Mtiseo  Borbonico. 

45.  Girl    Writing    a    Letter   (showing   tabellae    and    stilus).     Wall 

painting .  Museo  Borbonico. 

46.  Coin  of  Brutus  and  Casca.    Obverse:  head  of  Brutus.    Reverse: 

trophy,  shields,  etc Cohen 

47.  ^dile  opening  the  games.     Ancient  statue Photograph. 

48.  Coin  of  Mark  Antony  and  his  Brother  Lucius Visconti. 

49.  L.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus  (from  a  coin) Cohen. 

50.  Coin  of  Lepidus  and  Octavianus  as  Triumvirs Cohen. 

51.  Coin  of  Pansa Cohen. 

52.  Coin  of  Q.  Cassius.     Obverse  :  head  of  Liberty.     Reverse  (in 

memory  of  the  condemnation  of  the  Vestals  by  L.  Cassius 
Longinus,   praitor   B.C.   113):   temple   of  Vesta,   with    curule  ^ 

chair,  voting  urn,  juror's  ballot  marked  A  {absolvo),  and  C 
{condemno) :  see  p.  Ixv Cohen. 


xii  List  of  Alaps 

LIST  OF  MAPS. 

Page 

Imperium  Romanum vi 

Italia 1 

Roma Ixv 

Latium 99 

Aegaeum  Mare 169 


Explanation  of  the  View  of  the  Forum. 

The  background  shows  the  southeasterly  side  of  the  Capitoline  hill. 
The  blank  wall  in  the  centre  is  the  rear  of  the  Palazzo  dei  Seitatori,  which 
stands  on  the  saddle  between  the  two  summits  {inter  duos  hicos).  The 
lower  part  of  this  wall  is  very  old,  and  is  commonly  supposed  to  be  the 
wall  of  the  Tabularimti,  or  Record  Office. 

The  modern  buildings  on  the  right  occupy  the  site  of  the  ancient  Citadel 
{Arx)\  those  on  the  left,  that  of  the  Capitoliutu.  In  front,  projected 
against  the  wall  of  the  Tabulariiim ,  is,  on  the  right,  the  Column  of  Phocas, 
a  late  monument  of  slight  importance  ;  at  the  left  of  that  are  the  ruins  of 
the  Temple  of  Vespasian  (three  Corinthian  columns,  of  which  only  two 
show  in  the  view);  farther  to  the  left  is  a  ruin  with  eight  Ionic  columns, — 
the  Temple  of  Saturn,  built  in  the  time  of  the  Empire  on  the  site  of  the 
earlier  Temple  of  Saturn,  which  served  during  the  Republic  as  the  Aera- 
rhim,  or  Treasury.  Below,  at  the  right  of  the  picture,  is  the  Arch  of 
Septimius  Severus  :  this  probably  occupies  part  of  the  space  of  the  earlier 
Senaculwn,  or  gathering-place  of  the  Senators.  Below  the  Temple  and  in 
front  of  the  Arch  is  the  open  space  of  the  Forum,  distinguishable  by  the 
flagging  :  here  stood  the  Rostra.  To  the  left,  below  the  Temple  of  Saturn, 
are  the  ruins  of  the  Basilica  lulia.  At  the  extreme  left  of  the  picture,  in 
the  foreground,  are  three  Corinthian  columns,  the  only  remains  of  the 
famous  Temple  of  Castor.  Near  the  point  where  the  spectator  is  sup- 
posed to  stand  are  the  ruins  of  the  Atrium  Vcstae  and  the  Regia. 


THE    FORUM 

AlfD  ITS  SUKROUNDINGS. 


t; 


INTRODUCTION 


I.     LIFE    OF    CICERO. 

Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  partly  on  account  of  his  natural 
abilities  and  partly  on  account  of  the  times  in  which  he  lived, 
has  left  a  name  associated  with  some  of  the  most  important 
events  in  the  history  of  the  world,  as  well  as  with  some  of  the 
most  potent  forces  in  our  civilization.  Few  men  have  made 
so  distinct  an  impression  on  modern  literature  and  thought. 
He  touched  many  things  which  he  did  not  adorn,  but  there  is 
hardly  any  kind  of  intellectual  activity  that  is  not  conspicuously 
indebted  to  his  precepts  or  his  example. 

I.    Cicero's  Life  from  his   Birth  to  the  Opening  of 
HIS  Political  Career  (b.c.  106-76). 

Cicero  was  born  at  Arpinum,  a  city  with  the  Roman  franchise 
(which  was  also  the  birthplace  of  Marius),  Jan.  3,  B.C.  106, 
of  an  equestrian  family.  His  grandfather,  who  had  a  small 
estate  in  that  region,  was  of  Volscian  stock,  and  thus  belonged 
to  the  old  virile  country  people  of  the  republic.  His  grand- 
mother was  a  Gratidia,  closely  connected  by  adoption  with  the 
great  Marius  and  with  prominent  Roman  politicians.  His 
father,  who  was  the  eldest  son,  had  increased  the  family  estate 
by  agriculture  and  by  the  profits  of  a  fulling-mill,  so  that  he 
was  among  the  richest  of  his  townsmen,  and  possessed  the 
census  of  a  Roman  knight.  By  his  marriage  with  Llelvia,  a 
woman  of  the  nobility,  he  became  connected  with  many  sena- 


xiv  Introductio7i 

torial  families.  She  was  a  woman  of  great  economic  and 
domestic  virtues,  and  a  strong  support  to  her  husband,  who 
was  of  a  somewhat  weak  constitution.  The  father  was  a  man 
of  cultivated  mind  and  devoted  himself  to  the  education  of  his 
two  sons,  Marcus,  afterwards  the  orator,  and  the  younger 
brother  Quintus.  For  this  purpose  he  removed  to  the  city. 
His  ambition,  like  that  of  every  Roman  of  fortune,  was  to 
have  his  sons  enter  politics  and  so  to  establish  a  senatorial 
family.  He  lived  to  see  both  of  them  succeed  in  this  career, 
and  the  elder  become  one  of  the  most  distinguished  men  in 
Rome. 

Cicero  himself  was  early  stimulated  by  the  success  of  Marius 
and  the  general  atmosphere  of  Roman  ambition  to  desire  a 
prominent  place  in  the  state. ^  His  father's  connections  with 
men  and  women  of  rank  brought  the  boy  into  contact  with  the 
great  orators  M.  Antonius  and  L.  Crassus,^  who  interested 
themselves  in  his  education.^  Among  his  companions  were  the 
sons  of  Aculeo,  Lucius  Cicero,  his  cousin,  his  intimate  friend 
Atticus,  L.  Torquatus,  C.  Marius  the  younger,  and  L.  ^iius 
Tubero.  His  instructors  were  Greeks ;  but,  as  he  had  already 
formed  the  purpose  of  attaining  office  through  the  power  of 
oratory,  he  did  not  confine  himself  to  theoretical  or  technical 
learning.  He  frequented  the  Forum  to  hear  the  great  orators 
of  his  day,  especially  Antonius  and  Crassus,  who  discoursed 
w'ith  him  on  literary  subjects,  so  that  they  became  in  a  manner 
his  teachers.  He  received  instruction  from  Archias^;  he 
sought  the  society  of  L.  Accius,  the  poet,  and  he  studied  the 
art  of  delivery  in  the  theatre,  becoming  intimately  acquainted 
with  the   great    actors    Roscius    and  .-Esopus.       He   practised 

^  TTofCkhv  a.pL(TTev€iv  Kal  virdpoxos  efx/xevai  aWojv.  Ad  Quifitum  Fratrem^ 
iii.  5,  6. 

^  See  p.  xxxvii. 

2  This  debt  he  amply  repays  by  his  tribute  to  them  in  the  De  Oratore. 

*  See  Defence  of  Archias,  ch.  i. 


Life  of  Cicero  xv 

many  kinds  of  composition,  but  his  most  important  means  of 
education,  as  he  tells  us,  was  translation  from  the  Greek. 

At  the  age  of  sixteen  (b.c.  90),  Cicero  received  the  toga 
virilis  (the  "  coming  out "  of  a  Roman  boy),  and  from  that 
time  he  devoted  himself  to  law  and  statesmanship  as  well  as 
oratory.  For  this  purpose  he  was  put  under  the  charge  of 
Mucius  SccEvola,  the  augur,  and  later  he  attached  himself  to 
the  no  less  celebrated  Pontifex  of  the  same  name.  In  b.c.  89 
he  served  one  campaign  in  the  army  under  Cn.  Pompeius 
Strabo.  After  this  short  military  experience,  he  returned  with 
still  greater  vigor  to  his  literary  and  political  studies.  He 
studied  philosophy  under  Phaedrus  and  Philo,  oratory  under 
Molo  of  Rhodes,  and  all  the  branches  of  a  liberal  education 
under  Diodotus  the  Stoic. 

When  about  twenty-five  years  of  age,  Cicero  began  his  active 
career.  It  was  customary  to  win  one's  spurs  by  attacking 
some  political  opponent ;  but  this  was  contrary  to  Cicero's 
pacific  nature,  and  throughout  his  life  he  prided  himself  on 
always  taking  the  side  of  the  defence.  His  first  oratorical 
efforts  have  not  been  preserved  to  us.  The  earliest  of  his 
orations  which  we  possess  is  his  defence  of  P.  Quinctius  in  a 
civil  action  (b.c.  81).  This  suit  involved  no  political  question; 
but  no  case  at  that  time  could  be  entirely  free  from  politics  in 
one  form  or  another,  and  nothing  is  more  significant  of  Cicero's 
character  than  the  skill  with  which  he  constantly  used  political 
bias  for  his  client's  advantage  without  seeming  to  take  sides. 
To  defend  Quinctius  was  a  bold  undertaking  for  a  young  advo- 
cate ;  for  the  opposing  counsel  was  the  great  orator  Hortensius,' 
backed  by  powerful  influence  on  behalf  of  the  plaintiff.  The 
case,  too,  was  a  somewhat  dry  one ;  but  Cicero's  skill  as  an 
advocate  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  he  raises  it  above  the 
ordinary  business  and  technical  level  into  a  question  of  uni- 
versal justice  and  the  rights  of  common  humanity. 

1  See  p.  xxxix. 


xvi  Introduction 

Next  year  occurred  the  trial  of  Sextus  Roscius  of  Ameria 
for  parricide  (b.c.  8o),  a  case  growing  out  of  the  abuses  of 
Sulla's  dictatorship.^  Cicero  showed  his  courage  by  under- 
taking the  defence,  and  his  forensic  skill  by  converting  his  plea 
into  a  powerful  attack  on  the  accusers  in  the  regular  manner 
of  Roman  invective.  In  B.C.  79  he  came  into  still  more  daring 
antagonism  with  Sulla  in  the  case  of  a  woman  of  Arretium. 
The  oration  has  not  come  down  to  us,  but  from  its  boldness  it 
must  have  added  greatly  to  the  orator's  fame.  The  same  year 
—  either  on  account  of  his  health  or,  less  probably,  from  fear 
of  Sulla  —  he  went  to  Greece  and  the  East  to  continue  his 
studies  ;  for  at  that  time  such  a  journey  was  like  "  going  to 
Europe"  among  us.  He  visited  the  greatest  orators,  rheto- 
ricians, and  philosophers  of  the  East,  especially  at  Rhodes, 
then  a  seat  of  the  highest  culture.  After  an  absence  of  two 
years,  he  returned  to  Rome,  wdth  an  improved  style  of  oratory, 
and  again  engaged  in  law  cases,  in  which  he  had  as  opponents 
his  two  great  rivals  Hortensius  and  Cotta. 

II.    From  the  Qu.estorship  m  Sicily  to  the  Consul- 
ship  (B.C.  75-64). 

In  B.C.  76  Cicero  began  his  political  career,  becoming 
candidate  for  the  quaestorship  (the  lowest  grade  of  the  cuj-sus 
honorum),^  while  Cotta  was  candidate  for  the  consulship  and 
Hortensius  for  the  praetorship.  All  three  were  elected,  and 
Cicero's  lot^  assigned  him  to  the  province  of  Sicily  under 
Sextus  Peducaeus.  It  was  in  this  administration  that  his 
ability  and  honesty  gained  the  favor  of  the  Sicilians,  which 
gave  him  the  great  opportunity  of  his  life  in  the  impeachment 
of  Verres,  in  B.C.  70.'*  This  prosecution  he  undertook  in  the 
interests   of  his   own   ambition,  in   spite   of  the   fact  that  the 

1  See  pp.  I,  2,  below  (Introduction  to  the  Oration). 

2  See  p.  lix.  ^  See  p.  lix.         *  See  pp.  26-28,  below. 


Life  of  Cicero  xvii 

Senate  was  as  a  class  on  the  side  of  the  accused,  who  was  also 
supported  by  many  of  the  most  influential  men  of  the  state. 
But  it  was,  on  the  other  hand,  a  popular  cause,  and  many  of 
the  most  decent  of  the  nobility  favored  it.  The  orator's 
success,  by  force  of  talent  and  honest  industry,  against  the 
tricks  of  Verres  and  his  counsel  Hortensius  broke  the  domina- 
tion of  this  rival  in  the  courts,^  and  made  Cicero  the  first 
advocate  of  his  time. 

In  B.C.  69  Cicero  became  curule  aedile,  and  in  b.c.  67  he  was 
elected  pr^tor  with  great  unanimity.  In  the  latter  year  began 
the  agitation  for  the  Manilian  Law,^  by  his  advocacy  of  which 
Cicero  endeared  himself  to  the  people  and  gained  the  favor  of 
Pompey,  whose  powerful  support  was  a  kind  of  bulwark  against 
the  envious  and  exclusive  nobility.  In  his  praetorship  (b.c. 
66)  he  was  allotted  to  the  presidency  of  the  Court  for  Extor- 
tion,^ and  in  this,  as  in  all  his  public  offices,  he  was  honest  and 
unselfish.  During  all  these  years  he  had  continued  his  career 
as  an  advocate,  engaging  in  such  cases  as  seemed  likely  to 
extend  his  political  influence  and  advance  him  most  rapidly  in 
the  regular  succession  of  curule  offices.  After  his  praetorship 
he  refused  a  province  ^  in  order  to  remain  at  home  and  canvass 
for  his  consulship. 

III.     Consulship  (b.c.  63). 

For  the  consulship  of  b.c.  63  there  were  six  candidates,  but 
of  these  only  Cicero,  Catiline,  and  C.  Antonius  were  prominent. 
The  contest  was  not  merely  one  of  personal  ambition.  The 
first  and  second  conspiracies  of  Catiline,  as  well  as  his  notorious 
character,  could  have  left  no  doubt  that  his  aims  were  treason- 
able. Antonius  had  combined  with  him  for  mutual  support  in 
securing  election  by  illegal  means,  and  was  himself  a  weak  and 

1  See  p.  250,  below.  *  See  p.  Ixv,  n.^ 

2  See  p.  66,  below.  *  See  p.  Ixi. 


xviii  Introduction 

unprincipled  man.  On  the  other  hand,  Cicero  was  a  novus 
ho77io^  a  champion  of  the  Eqiiites  (though  without  being  an 
enemy  of  the  senatorial  order),  and  had  had  an  unusually  clean 
record  in  his  office  as  well  as  in  the  Forum.  Thus  the  cause 
of  Cicero's  ambition  was,  at  the  same  time,  the  cause  of  good 
government  against  both  the  worthless  and  debauched  members 
of  the  senatorial  order  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  dregs  of  the 
people  on  the  other.  It  was  also  the  cause  of  the  great  middle 
class  against  the  patricians  and  the  official  nobility,  who  were 
so  entrenched  in  power  that  for  many  years  no  7iovus  ho7Jio  had 
been  elected  consul.  The  success  of  Cicero  unquestionably 
prolonged  the  existence  of  the  already  doomed  republic. 
Antonius,  the  less  dangerous  of  his  two  rivals,  was  elected  as 
his  colleague. 

Cicero  had  now  reached  the  goal  for  which  he  had  striven 
from  his  earliest  youth.  His  administration  is  famous  for  the 
overthrow  of  the  Catilinarian  conspiracy,  which  has  cast  into 
obscurity  all  his  other  consular  acts.  These,  however,  were  of 
such  a  character,  in  relation  to  the  needs  of  the  times,  as  to 
be  unimportant.  By  birth  an  eqnes,  but  by  virtue  of  his  offices 
a  member  of  the  senatorial  order,  Cicero  had  always  been  eager 
to  reconcile  and  unite  these,  the  two  upper  classes  in  Roman 
society  and  politics.^  He  failed  to  see  that  the  real  needs  of 
the  commonwealth,  as  well  as  its  real  strength,  centred  in  the 
interests  of  the  common  people.  His  association  with  Pompey, 
and  his  own  rise  in  official  rank,  made  him  incline  more  and 
more  to  the  side  of  the  Senate,  and  he  seems  to  have  thought 
it  his  mission  to  restore  that  body,  now  thoroughly  effete,  to 
its  former  purity  and  political  importance.  The  minor  acts  of 
his  administration  ^  were  dictated  by  such  sentiments  as  these, 

1  See  p.  1,  below.  ♦ 

2  On  the  strife  between  the  Senate  and  the  Eqiiites,  see  p.  Ixv. 

3  Such  were  his  opposition  to  the  agrarian  law  proposed  by  the  tribune 
RuUus,  his  support  of  the  Lex  Roscia,  which  gave  the  equites  fourteen 
rows  of  seats  in  the  theatre,  and  his  laws  against  bribery  at  elections. 


Life  of  Cicero  xix 

and    are    significant    only    as    illustrating    his    character   and 
opinions. 

The  history  of  Catiline's  conspiracy  is  given  in  the  Intro- 
duction to  the  four  Orations  against  Catiline/  and  need  not 
be  repeated  here.  The  conspirators  were  completely  thwarted, 
and  five  of  them  were,  in  accordance  with  a  resolution  of  the 
Senate,  put  to  death  by  the  consul  without  a  trial.  This  victory 
was  the  climax  of  Cicero's  career,  and  he  always  regarded  it 
as  one  of  the  greatest  of  human  achievements.  In  fact,  how- 
ever, it  marked  the  beginning  of  his  downfall. 

IV.     Consulship  to  Banishment  (b.c.  63-58). 

The  execution  of  the  conspirators  without  the  forms  of  law 
was  a  blunder,  and  grievously  did  Cicero  answer  for  it.  He 
had  distinctly  violated  the  constitution,  and  thus  he  had  laid 
himself  open  to  the  attacks  of  his  enemies.  At  the  end  of  his 
consulate,  one  of  the  tribunes,  Q.  Metellus  Nepos,  prevented 
him  from  making  the  customary  speech  to  the  people  "  because 
he  had  put  to  death  Roman  citizens  without  a  trial."  The  next 
year,  when  he  was  defending  P.  Sulla,  the  accuser  (L.  Torqua- 
tus)  upbraided  him  as  a  tyrant,  "  the  third  foreign  king  of 
Rome."  A  year  later  P.  Clodius-  began  to  speak  of  him  in 
the  same  terms.  Clodius,  indeed,  continued  to  pursue  him  till 
he  accomplished  his  banishment  and  the  confiscation  of  his 
property.  Almost  the  whole  time  from  his  consulship  till  the 
year  of  his  banishment  was  spent  in  seeking  support  against 
his  enemies.  He  attached  himself  more  closely  to  Pompey, 
and  pleaded  causes  of  all  kinds  to  win  friends,  but  in  vain. 

In  B.C.  60  Roman  politics  took  a  turn  extremely  unfavorable 
to  Cicero.     Pompey,  who  on  his  return  from  the  East  had  been 

^  See  pp.  98,  113,  126,  141,  below. 

-  Clodius  was  a  man  of  abandoned  character  and  an  inveterate  enemy 
of  Cicero  (see  p.  xx,  note  i). 


XX  Introduction 

unfairly  treated  by  the  extreme  senatorial  party,  allied  himself 
with  the  democratic  leaders,  Caesar  and  Crassus,  in  a  coalition 
often  called  the  First  Triumvirate.  As  a  result,  the  Senate 
became  for  a  time  almost  powerless,  and  everything  was  in  the 
hands  of  the  popular  party.  The  next  year,  Csesar,  as  consul, 
procured  the  passage  of  an  iniquitous  law  for  dividing  the 
fertile  and  populous  territory  of  Campania  among  needy  citi- 
zens of  Rome.  Cicero  refused  to  serve  on  the  board  appointed 
to  execute  this  law.  Thus  he  not  only  exasperated  the  mob,  but 
brought  down  upon  himself  the  resentment  of  the  triumvirs, who, 
though  two  of  them,  Caesar  and  Pompey,  still  professed  to  be 
his  personal  friends,  refused  to  protect  him  against  the  attacks 
of  his  enemies.  Accordingly,  in  b.c.  58,  Clodius,  then  tribune,^ 
brought  forward  a  law  that  whoever  had  put  to  death  a  Roman 
citizen,  without  trial,  "  should  be  denied  the  use  of  fire  and 
water  "  (the  Roman  formula  for  banishment).  This  bill  was 
obviously  aimed  at  Cicero's  action  in  the  case  of  the  Catilina- 
rians.  Cicero  at  once  took  alarm,  and  after  appealing  in  vain 
to  the  consuls  of  the  year,  L.  Calpurnius  Piso  and  A.  Gabi- 
nius,  as  well  as  to  Pompey,  left  Rome  about  March  20,  just  as 
the  affair  was  coming  to  blows.  Immediately  after  his  depart- 
ure, Clodius  procured  the  passage  of  a  special  bill  against  him, 
forbidding  him,  by  Jiame,  the  use  of  fire  or  water  anywhere 
within  four  hundred  miles  of  Rome.  At  the  same  time  his 
house  on  the  Palatine  ^  and  his  Tusculan  ^  villa  were  pillaged 
and  destroyed  by  a  mob.  Upon  receiving  news  of  these  pro- 
ceedings, Cicero  prepared  to  leave  Italy  altogether.  He 
embarked  from  Brundisium,  April  29,  and  arrived  at  Thessa- 

1  In  order  to  be  eligible  for  this  office,  Clodius,  by  birth  a  patrician,  had 
procured  his  adoption  into  a  plebeian  family.  His  express  purpose  in  the 
whole  transaction  was  to  accomplish  the  ruin  of  Cicero,  with  whom  he  was 
incensed  on  account  of  evidence  which  Cicero  had  once  given  against  him. 

^  See  note  on  Cat.  i.,  sect,  i,  p.  99,  1.  4. 

8  Cf.  note  on  Plunder  of  Syracuse,  sect.  12,  p.  54,  1.  27. 


Life  of  Cicero  xxi 

lonica  on  the  23d  of  May.^  Here  he  remained  as  the  guest  of 
his  friend  Plancius,  then  quaestor  of  Macedonia,  until  Novem- 
ber, when  he  removed  to  Dyrrachium.  His  friends  at  Rome 
were  constantly  agitating  for  his  recall,  but  without  success. 

The  next  year,  however,  B.C.  57,  it  suited  the  designs  of 
Pompey,  then  once  more  inclining  to  the  senatorial  party,  to 
allow  his  return.  His  influence  with  the  nobility  as  well  as 
with  the  equestrian  order,  was  a  point  to  be  secured  in  the 
great  game  of  politics.  On  the  ist  of  January,  the  consul  L. 
Cornelius  Lentulus  Spinther  brought  forward  a  bill  for  his 
recall.  This  was  vetoed  by  a  tribune.  Other  attempts  were 
made  by  his  friends,  which  resulted  only  in  riot  and  disorder. 
Finally,  partly  through  the  efforts  of  T.  Annius  Milo,  who  met 
the  violence  of  Clodius  with  opposing  violence,  partly  through 
the  partisanship  of  Pompey  and  the  Senate,  which  brought  to 
the  city  the  citizens  of  the  Muiiicipia  and  the  Italian  colonies 
("the  country  members"),^  a  law  was  passed,  Aug.  4,  B.C.  57, 
revoking  the  decree  of  exile.  Cicero  arrived  in  Rome  Septem- 
ber 4.  His  journey  through  Italy  was  like  a  continuous  trium- 
phal procession,  and  to  his  exalted  imagination,  freedom,  which 
had  departed  with  him,  was  now  returned  to  Rome.  But  in 
fact  his  restoration  had  been  merely  a  piece  of  selfish  policy 
on  the  part  of  the  great  leaders.  He  remained  the  most  con- 
summate rhetorician  of  all  time,  but  his  prominence  in  the  state 
was  gone  forever,  except  for  a  brief  period  (b.c.  43).  He  had 
never  been  a  statesman,  and  now  he  had  not  the  chance  to  be 
even  a  politician. 

1  For  the  exact  chronology  of  Cicero's  flight,  see  C.  L.  Smith,  Harvard 
Studies  in  Classical  Philvlogy,  VII.  65  ff. 
-  See  p.  liii. 


XX  ii  Introdiictiofi 

V.     From   Cicero's  Recall  to  the  Breaking  out  of  the 
Civil  \\'ar  (b.c.  56-49). 

Upon  his  return  he  dehvered  two  famous  speeches  ^  (one  in 
the  Senate  and  one  before  the  people),  in  which  he  thanked 
the  state  for  restoring  him,  and  lauded  Pompey  to  the  skies. 
The  "triumvirs"  were  still  all-powerful  at  Rome,  and  Cicero, 
like  the  rest,  was  forced  to  conform  to  their  wishes  and  designs. 
In  this  same  year  he  proposed  a  measure  wdiich  gave  Pompey 
extraordinary  powers  over  the  provincial  grain  market,  for  the 
purpose  of  securing  the  city  against  scarcity  of  provisions. 
Next  year  (b.c.  56)  he  spoke  strongly  in  favor  of  continuing 
Caesar's  proconsular  authority  in  Gaul.^  With  Crassus,  the 
third  "triumvir,"  Cicero  had  never  been  on  good  terms,  but,  at 
the  request  of  the  other  two  triumvirs,  he  became  reconciled 
with  him  in  e.g.  55,  shortly  before  the  latter  set  out  on  his 
fatal  expedition  against  the  Parthians. 

During  these  years,  becoming  less  and  less  important  in 
politics,  Cicero  began  to  devote  himself  more  to  literature,  and 
wrote  the  De  Oratore,  the  Republic,  and  the  treatise  De  Legibiis. 
He  also  continued  his  activity  at  the  bar  on  his  own  behalf  and 
that  of  his  friends,  as  well  as  at  the  request  of  the  powerful 
leaders.  He  secured  the  restoration  of  his  property,^  and 
defended  Sestius,^  who  had  been  active  in  his  recall.  Toward 
the  end  of  this  period  he  also  defended  ?klilo  for  the  murder  of 
Clodius.^  His  defence  of  Gabinius  and  Vatinius  (b.c.  54), 
creatures  of  Pompey  and  Caesar  respectively,  was  less  honor- 
able to  him  ;  but  he  was  hardly  a  free  agent  in  these  matters. 
"I  am  distressed,"  he  writes  to  his  brother  Quintus,  "I  am 

1  Post  Reditiitn :  i.  {in  Senatu)  ;  ii.  {ad  Quirites). 

2  See  the  oration  De  Consularihus  Proz'inciis. 

3  Pro  Domo  Sua  (B.C.  57). 

4  Pro  P.  Sestio,  on  a  charge  of  assault  (B.C.  56). 

5  B.C.  52.      See  the  oration /r^?  Milone. 


Life  of  Cicero  xxiii 

distressed  that  there  is  no  longer  any  government  nor  any 
courts,  and  that  this  time  of  my  hfe,  whicli  ought  to  be  brilliant 
with  the  prestige  of  a  Senator,  is  either  worn  out  in  the  labors 
of  the  Forum,  or  made  endurable  by  literature  at  home.  Of 
my  enemies,  some  I  do  not  oppose,  and  others  I  even  defend. 
I  am  not  only  not  free  to  think  as  I  will,  but  not  even  to  hate 
as  I  will."  1 

The  disturbances  following  the  death  of  Clodius  led  to  the 
appointment  of  Pompey  as  consul  without  colleague  (practi- 
cally dictator),  in  B.C.  52.  One  of  his  acts  was  to  pass  a  law 
postponing  the  provincial  administration  of  consuls  and  prae- 
tors, until  five  years  after  their  year  of  office.  The  interval 
was  to  be  filled  by  such  former  magistrates  as  had  never  held 
a  province.  Among  these  was  Cicero,  who  therefore  had  to 
submit  to  the  lot.  He  drew  Cilicia,  in  which  an  inroad  of 
the  Parthians  was  expected. 

About  May  i,  B.C.  51,  he  set  out  for  this  province.  His 
administration  was  in  accord  with  the  principles  expressed  in 
his  writings,  —  clean  and  honest,  —  a  thing  worthy  of  notice  in 
an  age  of  corruption  and  greed.  He  had  the  good  fortune  to 
escape  the  test  of  a  formidable  war,  but  he  was  successful  in 
overcoming  some  tribes  of  plundering  mountaineers.  For  this 
he  was  hailed  as  iiiipe7'ator^  according  to  custom,  and  he  even 
hoped  for  the  honor  of  a  triumph,  the  highest  conventional 
distinction  which  a  Roman  could  obtain.  Fie  returned  to 
Rome  late  in  B.C.  50,  and  was  still  endeavoring  to  secure  per- 
mission to  celebrate  his  triumph^  when  the  great  Civil  War 
between  Caesar  and  Pompey  broke  out  (b.c.  49).^ 

^  Ad  Quintum  Fratrem,  iii.  5  (6). 
2  These  efforts  were  unsuccessful. 
*  See  p.  181,  below. 


xxiv  Introduction 

VI.     From    the    Beginning    of  the    Civil    War    to    the 
Murder  of  Caesar  (b.c.  49-44). 

Cicero  was  now  in  a  very  difficult  position.  It  became 
necessary  for  every  man  of  importance  to  take  sides ;  yet  he 
could  not  see  his  way  clear  to  join  either  party.  For  some 
time  he  vacillated,  while  both  Caesar  and  Pompey  made  earnest 
efforts  to  secure  his  support/  His  great  hope  was  to  mediate 
between  them  ;  and,  after  Pompey  had  left  Italy,  he  remained 
behind  with  this  end  in  view.  Finally,  however,  he  decided 
for  Pompey  as  the  champion  of  the  senatorial  party,  and  set 
out,  though  with  great  reluctance,  to  join  him  at  Dyrrachium 
(June  II,  B.C.  49).  In  the  camp  he  found  things  even  worse 
than  he  had  expected,  and  he  gave  up  the  cause  of  the  Repub- 
lic for  lost.  On  account  of  illness  he  was  not  present  at  the 
Battle  of  Pharsalia  (Aug.  9,  B.C.  48).  After  the  fate  of  the 
contest  was  decided,  he  refused  to  continue  the  struggle  or  to 
follow  the  adherents  of  the  lost  cause  to  Africa,  but  returned 
to  Italy  (September,  B.C.  48),  to  make  terms  with  the  conqueror.^ 
He  remained  at  Brundisium  until  Caesar's  return  from  Egypt  ii 
September,  b.c.  47,  when  he  at  once  sought  an  interview. 
CiEsar  received  him  with  great  kindness  and  respect,  and 
allowed  him  once  more  to  return  to  Rome. 

From  this  time  until  the  assassination  of  Caesar  in  b.c.  44, 
Cicero  remained  for  the  most  part  in  retirement  at  his  Tusculan 
villa,  absorbed  in  literary  pursuits,  though  in  B.C.  46  he 
delivered  his  Oration  for  Marcellus  (remarkable  for  its  praise  of 
Caesar),  and  his  Defence  of  Ligarius,  and,  in  the  following  year, 
his  Defence  of  Ki?ig  Deiotarus  of  Galatia,  charged  with  attempt- 
ing the  murder  of  Caesar.  The  chief  literary  fruits  of  this 
period  of  leisure  were  three  works  on  oratory  {De  Claris  Orato- 

1  See    the    letters    of    Pompey    (p.  185,    below)    and    Caesar    (p.  189). 
Cf.  Cicero's  letter  to  Pompey,  pp.  1S5  ff. 
~  See  pp.  192-193,  below. 


Life  of  Cicero  xxv 

ribiis.  Orator,  and  De  FartitioJie  Oratorio)^  and  several  philo- 
sophic works  {De  Finibus  BoJiorum  et  Malorum,  Academica^ 
Tusculatiae  Qiiaestiones,  De  Natura  Deorimi,  De  Senectute). 
Meantime  his  domestic  relations  were  far  from  happy.  In 
B.C.  46  he  had  divorced  his  wife  Terentia  and  married  his  rich 
young  ward  Publilia,  from  whom,  however,  he  separated  in  the 
following  year.  In  B.C.  45  his  daughter  Tullia  died  suddenly. 
Cicero  was  tenderly  attached  to  her,  and  it  was  in  part  as  a 
distraction  from  his  grief  that  he  wrote  some  of  the  works  just 
mentioned.  He  now  seemed  to  be  thoroughly  given  over  to  a 
life  of  dignified  literary  retirement,  when  the  murder  of  Caesar 
(March  15,  B.C.  44)  once  more  plunged  the  state  into  a  condi- 
tion of  anarchy. 

VII.   From  the  Murder  of  Cesar  to  the  Death  of  Cicero 

(B.C.   44-43)- 

Though  Cicero  had  no  share  in  the  conspiracy  against 
Caesar,  his  sympathy  was  counted  on  by  Brutus  and  Cassius, 
and  he  hailed  the  death  of  the  Dictator  as  the  restoration  of 
the  republic.  But  the  conspirators  had  made  no  adequate  pro- 
vision for  carrying  on  the  government,  and  Cicero  soon  felt  that 
his  hopes  were  doomed  to  disappointment.  Bitterly  chagrined 
by  the  disorderly  scenes  that  followed,  he  retired  once  more 
to  the  country,^  and  in  July,  B.C.  44,  set  out  for  a  journey  to 
Greece,  but,  changing  his  plans  in  consequence  of  better  news 
from  Rome,  he  returned  to  the  city  in  the  following  month. 
The  chief  power  was  now  in  the  hands  of  the  surviving  consul, 
Mark  Antony,  whose  principal  rival  was  Octavianus  (afterwards 
the  Emperor  Augustus),  Caesar's  adopted  son.^    Cicero  appeared 

1  About  this  time  were  written  the  De  Divinatione,  De  Fato,  De 
Amicitia,  and  De  Officiis. 

2  For  further  details  see  Introduction  to  Cicero's  letter  to  Cassius, 
pp.  197-199,  below. 


xxvi  Introduction 

again  in  the  Senate  and  began  his  celebrated  series  of  ora- 
tions against  Antony  with  the  First  Philippic  (Sept.  2).  Once 
more  he  took  an  active  part  in  poUtics,  apparently  assuming 
his  old  position  as  leader,  and  speaking  with  all  the  charm  and 
effectiveness  of  his  earlier  days.  But  he  had  fallen  upon  evil 
times ;  arms  could  no  longer  yield  to  the  gown,  and  it  soon 
became  clear  that  there  could  be  no  peace  except  by  the  com- 
plete victory  of  a  single  aspirant  for  the  supremacy. 

Octavianus  at  first  joined  with  the  Senate  against  Antony, 
but  he  soon  broke  with  the  constitutional  authorities,  and,  in 
B.C.  43,  formed  with  Antony  and  Lepidus  the  coalition  knov/n 
as  the  Second  Triumvirate.  A  merciless  proscription  at  once 
began.  Octavianus  had  every  reason  to  be  grateful  to  Cicero, 
but  he  was  of  a  cold  and  ungenerous  nature,  and  when  Antony 
demanded  his  death  he  made  no  objection.  Cicero's  name  was 
accordingly  placed  on  the  list  of  proscribed  citizens.  Cicero 
was  at  this  time  at  his  Tusculan  villa.  He  made  a  half-hearted 
attempt  to  escape  from  Italy,  but  was  overtaken  near  his  villa 
at  Formias  by  the  soldiers  of  the  triumvirs,  and  met  his  death 
with  firmness  (Dec.  7,  B.C.  43).  Antony  satisfied  his  hatred 
by  indignities  to  the  mangled  remains. 

The  career  of  Cicero  is  a  remarkable  example  of  a  sudden 
rise,  followed  by  an  utter  collapse  and  fall.  His  rise  was  the 
natural  result  of  his  own  ability,  industry,  and  ambition  ;  his 
fall  was  as  naturally  caused  by  his  defects,  coupled  with  his 
good  qualities,  —  a  mixture  that  produced  a  certain  weakness 
of  character.  Had  he  been  less  timid  or  less  scrupulous,  or, 
on  the  other  hand,  had  he  been  more  far-sighted,  he  might  have 
remained  on  the  pedestal  to  which  he  was  proud  to  have  raised 
himself  and  on  which  he  was  ambitious  to  stand.  But  the 
times  needed  a  different  kind  of  man,  and  others,  far  less  worthy, 
but  able  and  willing  to  cope  with  the  contending  forces  in  the 
state,  supplanted  him.  One  quality  was  particularly  instru- 
mental both  in  his  rise  and  his  fall.     He  excelled  in  forcible 


Works  of  Cicero  xxvii 

and  witty  abuse.  He  dearly  loved  a  bitter  jest,  and  he  lived 
among  a  people  that  were  constitutionally  inclined  to  abusive 
language.  No  doubt  it  was  this  talent  for  invective  that  made 
him  popular  when  it  happened  to  be  directed  in  accordance 
with  the  people's  taste.  But  it  also  alienated  his  friends,  and 
embittered  his  enemies.  He  was  called  a  Scurra  and  a  Cynic, 
and  it  was  perhaps  a  pun  that  cost  him  the  favor  of  Octavianus  ; 
certainly  it  was  his  abuse  of  Antony  and  Fulvia  that  cost  him 
his  life.  But  he  was  the  first  orator  of  all  time,  a  literary  worker 
of  the  rarest  gifts,  and  according  to  his  lights  a  lover  and 
servant  of  the  state. 


The  following  list  gives  the  titles  and  subjects  of  all  of 
Cicero's  orations  (except  fragments)  which  have  survived  : 

B.C.  8i.  Pro  P.  OuixcTio  :  Defence  of  Quinctius  in  a  prosecution 
by  Sex.  Naevius,  to  recover  the  profits  of  a  partnership  in  some  land 
in  Gaul,  inherited  from  his  brother  C.  Quinctius. 

B.C.  80.  Pro  Sex.  Roscio  Amerixo  :  Defence  of  Roscius  on  a 
charge  of  parricide  brought  by  Erucius  as  professional  prosecutor,  at 
the  instigation  of  Chrysogonus. 

B.C.  76  (.?).  Pro  Q.  Roscio  Comoedo  :  Defence  of  the  actor  Ros- 
cius from  the  claim  of  C.  Fannius  Chaerea  to  half  the  profits  of  certain 
lands  taken  as  the  value  of  a  slave  held  by  them  in  partnership,  and 
killed  by  C.  Flavius. 

B.C.  72  (or  71).  Pro  M.  Tullio  :  Plea  for  damages  for  an  assault 
made  by  a  rival  claimant  on  Tullius'  estate. 

B.C.  70.  In  Caecilium  C'Divinatio  ")  :  Plea  on  the  technical  right 
of  Cicero  to  conduct  the  prosecution  against  Verres. 

In   C.  Verrem  :   Impeachment   of   Verres  for  plunder  and 

oppression  in  Sicily.  Six  Orations.  —  (i  )  The  general  charge  i^''  Actio 
Prima  ")  ;  (2)  De  Praetura  Urbana  :  earlier  political  crimes  of 
Verres  ;  (3)  De  Iurisdictio7ie  Siciliana :  his  administration  in  Sicily; 
(4)  De  Frumento :  peculation  and  fraud  as  to  the  supplies  of  grain  ; 


xxviii  Introduction 

(5)  De  Sigjiis :  the  plunder  of  works  of  art;  (6)  De  Suppliciis : 
cruelties  of  his  government. 

B.C.  69.  Pro  M.  FONTEio :  Defence  of  Fonteius'  administration 
of  Gaul  during  Pompey's  campaign  against  Sertorius,  about  B.C.  75. 

Pro  A.  Caecixa  :     Defence    against   y4ibutius  of   Caecina's 

right  to  an  estate  received  by  inheritance  from  his  wife  Caesennia, 
widow  of  a  rich  money-lender,  M.  Fulcinius. 

B.C.  66.  Pro  Lege  Manilia,  vel  De  Imperio  Cn.  Pompei  : 
Defence  of  the  proposal  of  Manilius  to  invest  Pompey  with  the 
command  of  the  war  against  Mithridates. 


the  charge  of  poisoning  his  stepfather  Oppianicus,  brought  by  the 
younger  Oppianicus,  instigated  by  Sassia,  the  mother  of  Cluentius. 

B.C.  63.  De  Lege  Agraria  :  Against  the  Agrarian  Law  of  Rullus. 
Three  orations  :  the  first  delivered  in  the  Senate  and  the  others  before 
the  people. 

Pro  C.    Rabirio  :    Defence   of   Rabirius   on  the  charge  of 

killing  Saturninus,  about  B.C.    100. 

In  L.  Catilinam  :  On   the    Conspiracy  of   Catiline.     Four 

orations  :  the  first  and  last  delivered  in  the  Senate,  the  second  and 
third  before  the  people. 

Pro    L.    Murexa  :     Defence    of    Murena   on   a    charge    of 

bribery  brought  by  Sulpicius,  the  defeated  candidate  for  the  con- 
sulship. (P^ollowing  previous  orations  on  the  same  side  by  Hortensius 
and  Crassus.) 

B.C.  62.  Pro  P.  CoRXELio  Sulla  :  Defence  of  Sulla  from  the 
charge  of  sharing  in  Catiline's  conspiracy. 

Pro  A.  Licixio  Archia  ;  Defence  of  the  claim  of  the  poet 

Archias  to  Roman  citizenship. 

B.C.  59.  Pro  L.  Valerio  Flacco  :  Defence  of  Flaccus  on  a 
charge  of  maladministration  as  proprietor  in  Asia. 

B.C.  ^'].  Post  Reditum  :  Thanks  for  Cicero's  recall  from  exile. 
Two  orations  :   {}^  In  Senatu ;  (2)  Ad  Qiiirites. 

Pro  DoMO  Sua  :  Appeal  to  the  pontijices  against  the  alien- 
ation of  Cicero's  estate  by  Clodius. 

De  Haruspicum  Respoxsis  :  Invective  against  the  impieties 

of  Clodius. 


Works  of  Cicero  xxix 

B.C.  56.  Pro  P.  Sestio  :  Defence  of  Sestius,  a  partisan  of  Cicero, 
on  a  charge  of  assault,  the  attack  having  been  made  on  Sestius  by 
the  dependants  and  partisans  of  Clodius. 

In    P.   Vatinium  ("  Interrogatio  ")  :  A    personal  attack  on 

Vatinius,  one  of  the  witnesses  against  Sestius. 

Pro  M.  Caelio  :    Defence   of   the  character  of   Caelius   (a 

dissolute  young  friend  of  Cicero)  against  a  vindictive  charge  of 
stealing  and  poisoning,  brought  by  Atratinus,  at  the  instigation 
of  Clodia. 

De  Provinciis  Consularibus  :   Advocating  the  recall  of 

Piso  and  Gabinius,  and  the  retaining  of  Caesar  in  the  proconsulate 
of  Gaul. 

Pro   CoRNELio    Balbo  :   Defence   of   Balbus   (a   citizen   of 

Gades)  in  his  right  of  Roman  citizenship,  granted  by  Pompey. 

B.C.  ^i.  In  L.  Calpurnium  Pisonejvi  :  RetaHation  for  an  attack 
made  by  Piso  after  his  return  from  the  proconsulate  of  Macedonia. 

B.C.  54.  Pro  Cx.  Plancio  :  Defence  of  Plancius  on  the  charge  of 
corrupt  poHtical  bargaining,  brought  by  M.  Junius  Laterensis,  the 
defeated  candidate  for  aedile. 

Pro  C.  Rabirio  Postumo  :  Defence  of  Rabirius,  in  a  prose- 
cution to  recover  money  alleged  to  have  been  received  from  Ptolemy, 
King  of  Egypt,  in  corrupt  partnership  with  Gabinius. 

B.C.  52.  Pro  T.  Annio  Milone  :  Defence  of  Milo  on  the  charge 
of  the  murder  of  Clodius. 

B.C.  46.  Pro  M.  Marcello  :  Speech  of  thanks  to  Caesar  for  the 
pardon  of  Marcellus. 

Pro  Q.  LiGARio  :   Petition  of  pardon  for  Ligarius,  charged 

with  conducting  the  war  in  Africa  against  Caesar. 

B.C.  45.  Pro  Rege  Deiotaro  :  Defence  of  Deiotarus,  King  of 
Galatia,  charged  with  attempting  the  murder  of  Caesar. 

B.C.  44-43.  In  M.  Antomum  :  Orationes  Philippicae  XIV. — 
B.C.  44.  (i)  (Sept.  2)  Reply  to  an  invective  of  Antony  :  exhortation 
to  the  consuls  Antony  and  Dolabella  ;  (2)  Reply  to  a  bitterer  invec- 
tive :  a  review  of  Antony's  public  and  private  life;  (3)  (Dec.  20) 
Urging  the  support  of  Octavianus  (Augustus)  and  D.  Brutus  against 
Antony,  now  in  Hither  Gaul  ;  (4)  (Dec.  20)  Exposition  to  the  people 
of  the  acts  of  the  Senate,  and  praise  of  D.  Brutus,   B.C.  43;  (5)  (Jan. 


XXX  Introduction 

i)  Protest  against  treating  with  Antony  :  he  should  be  declared  a 
public  enemy  ;  (6)  (Jan.  4)  Appeal  to  the  people  :  the  embassy  to 
Antony  would  be  in  vain  ;  (7)  (end  of  January)  Protest  against  those 
who  clamored  for  peace  :  Antony  must  not  be  suffered  to  escape  ;  (8) 
(February)  The  war  against  Antony  is  instum  bettum :  his  partisans 
should  be  required  to  submit  before  the  ist  of  March  ;  (9)  (February) 
Eulogy  of  Sulpicius,  who  had  died  while  on  the  mission  to  Antony  ; 
(10)  (February)  Thanks  to  Pansa,  and  praise  of  M.  Brutus;  (11) 
(about  March)  That  Asia  should  be  assigned  to  Cassius,  to  conduct 
the  war  against  Trebonius  ;  (12)  (about  March)  Declining  to  serve, 
with  P.  Servilius,  on  an  embassy  to  Antony;  (13)  (March  20)  There 
can  be  no  peace  with  Antony  :  praise  of  Sex.  Pompey  ;  (14)  (April 
22)  Thanksgiving  proposed,  and  honors  to  the  dead,  after  the  defeat 
of  Antony  at  Bononia. 

The  titles  of  Cicero's  other  writings  (exclusive  of  some  frag- 
ments and  lost  works)  are  as  follows  : 


(?)     Phaexomexa.     (Translation  from  Aratus,  in  verse.) 
84.     De  Inventione  Rhetorica,  2  Books. 1 

1  The   Rhetorica  ad  C  Herenniutn   (in  four  Books),  once  ascribed  to 
Cicero,  is  certainly  not  from  his  hand. 

55.     De  Oratore,  3  Books. 

54-52.     De  Re  Publica. 

52  (and  later).     De  Legibus. 

46.     De  Claris  Oratoribus  {Brutus). 

46.  Paradoxa.  (A  treatment  of  six  Stoic  paradoxes  in  the  manner 
of  that  school.) 

46.     Orator. 

46  (or  45).     De  Partitione  Oratoria. 

45.  De  Finibus  Boxorum  et  Malorum,  5  Books.  (On  the  ulti- 
mate foundations  of  ethics.) 

45.  AcADEMiCA,  2  Books.  (Defence  of  the  philosophy  of  the  New 
Academy.) 

45-44.  TusculaxaeQuaestiones,  5  Books.  (Incidental  questions 
concerning  ethics.) 


Chronological  Table  xxxi 


3.C. 


45  (or  44).     TiMAEUS.     (Free  translation  from  Plato.) 
45-44.     De  Natura  Deorum,  3  Books. 
45  (or  44).     De  Senectute  (^Cato  Maior). 
44.     De  Divinatione,  2  Books. 
44.     De  Fato. 

44.       TOPICA. 

44.     De  Amicitia  {Laelius). 

44.     De  Officiis,  3  Books.     (A  treatise  on  practical  ethics.) 

44  (.?).     De  Optimo  Genere  Oratorum.     (On  the  Attic  and  the 

Asiatic  style.) 
62-43.     Epistolae  AD  Familiares  {Ad  Diversos),  16  Books. 
60-54.  "  AD  QuiNTUM  Fratrem,  3  Books. 

68-43.  "  AD  Atticum,  16  Books. 


CHRONOLOGICAL   TABLE. 


106.     Birth  of  Cicero     (Jan.    3).     Birth    of    Pompey    (Sept.    30). 

Marius  finishes  the  Jugurthine  War. 
102.     Birth  of  Quintus  Cicero.      The  Teutones  defeated   by   Marius 

at  Aquae  Sextiae. 
loi.     The  Cimbri  defeated  by  Marius  at  Vercella^. 
100  (perhaps  102).     Birth  of  Caesar  (July  12). 
99.     Death  of  Saturninus  and  Glaucia. 

91.     Murder  of  M.  Livius  Drusus.     Social  (or  Marsic)  War  begins. 
90.     Cicero  assumes  the  toga  virilis. 

89.     Cicero  serves  under  Cn.  Pompeius  Strabo  in  the  Social  War. 
88.     First  Civil  War  begins.      Flight  of  Marius.      First  Mithridatic 

War    begins  (ends  84).      Massacre  of    Roman  citizens   by 

Mithridates.     Sulla  leaves  Rome  for  the  East. 
^y.     Conflict  between  Cinna  and  Octavius.     Marius  returns  to  Rome. 

Massacre  of  the  senatorial  party. 
86.     Marius  consul  for  the  seventh  time.     Death  of  Marius.     Rome 

in  the  hands  of  Cinna. 
84.     Sulla  ends  the  First  Mithridatic  War.     Murder  of  Cinna. 
83.     Sulla  returns  to  Italy.     Second  Mithridatic  War  (ends  82). 
82.     Sulla  overthrows  the  Marian  party.    The   Proscription  (ends 

June  I,  81).     Sulla  appointed  Dictator. 


xxxii  Introduction 


B.C. 


8i,  Reforms  of  Sulla  :  the  courts  reorganized,  etc.  Cicero's  De- 
fence of  P.  Quinctius  (his  first  extant  oration). 

80.  Sulla's  constitution  goes  into  effect.  The  courts  re-opened. 
Cicero's  Defence  of  Roscius  of  Ameria.  Pompey  celebrates 
his  first  triumph. 

79,     Sulla  resigns  the  dictatorship.     Cicero  goes  to  Greece. 

'j'^.  Cicero  in  Athens  and  Asia.  Death  of  Sulla.  Civil  War  of 
Lepidus  and  Catulus. 

'j'j.  Cicero  returns  from  Greece.  He  marries  Terentia  (perhaps 
earlier). 

76.     War  with  Sertorius  (ends  72). 

'JS-     Cicero  quaestor  in  Sicily. 

74.  Third  Mithridatic  War  begins.  Lucullus  goes  to  the  East. 
Cicero  returns  from  Sicily  to  Rome. 

73.  War  with  Spartacus  (ends  with  the  death  of  Spartacus,  71). 
Successes  of  Lucullus  against  Mithridates. 

72.  End  of  the  Sertorian  War  in  Spain  (Pompey  defeats 
Perperna). 

70.  First  consulship  of  Pompey  and  Crassus.  Cicero's  Impeach- 
ment of  Verres.  Courts  restored  to  the  eqidtes.  Tribuni- 
cian  power  re-estabhshed. 

69.     Cicero  curule  aedile.     Lucullus  defeats  Tigranes  at  Tigranocerta. 

63.     Successes  of  Mithridates  against  the  lieutenants  of  Lucullus. 

d"].  Glabrio  appointed  to  supersede  Lucullus.  Gabinian  Law. 
Pompey  takes  command  against  the  Pirates. 

66.  Cicero  praetor.  His  Defence  of  Cluentius.  The  Piratic  War 
successfully  ended  by  Pompey.  Manilian  Law  (advocated 
by  Cicero).      Pompey  takes  command  against  Mithridates. 

65.  Birth  of  Cicero's  only  son,  Marcus.  First  Conspiracy  of  Cati- 
Hne. 

63.  Cicero  and  C.  Antonius  consuls.  Second  Conspiracy  of  Cati- 
line suppressed.  Four  Orations  against  Catiline.  Birth  of 
Augustus  (Sept.  23). 

62.      Return  of  Pompey  from  the  East.    Cicero's  Defence  of  Archias. 

61.  Trial  of  Clodius  for  violating  the  mysteries.  Cicero's  strife 
with  him  in  the  Senate. 


Chronological  Table  xxxiii 

B.C. 

60.     The    First    Triumvirate     (coalition    of    C^sar,    Pompey,  and 

Crassus). 
59.      First  consulship  of  Caesar  (with   Bibulus).     Clodius  is  chosen 

tribune. 
58.     Tribunate  of  Clodius.      His  legislation.       Cicero  driven  into 

exile.      Beginning  of  Caesar's  conquest  of  Gaul  (finished  in 

51)- 
57.     Cicero  recalled  from  exile  (law  passed  Aug.  4). 
56.    Cicero's  Defence  of  Sestius. 
55.     Second  consulship  of  Pompey  and  Crassus.     Caesar's  command 

in  Gaul  renewed.     His  first  invasion  of  Britain. 
54.     Caesar's  second  invasion  of  Britain, 
53.     Cicero  made  augur.      Crassus  and  his  army  destroyed  by  the 

Parthians  (Battle  of  Carrhae). 
52.     Clodius  killed  (Jan.  20).     Burning  of  the  Senate-house.     Pom- 
pey elected  consul  without  colleague  (Feb.  25),      Cicero's 

Defence  of  Milo. 
51.     Cicero  proconsul  in  Cilicia.     His  successful  campaign  against 

the  mountaineers. 
SO.    Cicero  returns  to  Italy. 
49.     Caesar  crosses  the   Rubicon.       Beginning  of  the  Great  Civil 

War  (ends  46).    Cicero's  efforts  for  peace.    Pompey  retires 

to  Epirus,  where  Cicero  joins  him.      Ca;sar  acquires  Spain. 

Caesar  dictator. 
48.     Battle  of    Pharsalia.      Death  of  Pompey.      Cccsar  in    Africa 

(Alexandrine  War).     Caesar  re-appointed  dictator. 
47.     Caesar  returns  to  Rome.      He  pardons  Cicero.     He  sails  for 

Africa  against  the  Pompeians. 
46.     Battle  of    Thapsus.       Cato    kills    himself   at    Utica.       C^sar 

returns  to  Rome,  undisputed  master  of  the  Empire.     He  is 

made  dictator  for  ten  years.     His  reform  of  the  calendar. 

Revolt  of  the  sons  of  Pompey  in  Spain.      Cicero  divorces 

Terentia  and  marries  Publilia.     Cicero's  Oration  for  Mar- 

cellus ;  for  Ligarius. 
45.     Caesar  defeats  the  sons  of  Pompey  (Battle  of  Munda).     Death 

of  Cicero's  daughter,   Tullia.      Tusculan  Questions,  etc. 


XXX  iv  Introduction 

B.C. 

Cicero  divorces  Publilia.  Caesar  appointed  dictator  for  ten 
years. 

44.  Cassar  appointed  dictator  for  life.  Assassination  of  Caesar 
(March  15).  Octavianus  in  Rome.  Struggle  between  Mark 
Antony  and  the  Senate  begins.  Cicero's  first  four  Philip- 
pics (against  Antony). 

43.  Cicero's  Philippics  v.- XIV.  The  Mutina  War.  The  Second 
Triumvirate  (Octavianus,  Antony,  and  Lepidus).  Proscrip- 
tion.    Murder  of  Cicero  (Dec.  7). 

42.     Battle  of  Philippi. 


II.     ROMAN    ORATORY. 

From  the  earliest  times  of  which  we  have  historical  know- 
ledge, up  to  the  establishment  of  the  Empire  as  the  result  of 
Civil  War,  the  constitution  of  Rome  was  republican,  in  so  far 
that  all  laws  were  passed  and  all  magistrates  elected  by  a  vote 
of  all  the  citizens.  The  principle  of  "  representation,"  how- 
ever, which  to  us  seems  inseparable  from  republican  institu- 
tions, was  unknown  to  the  Romans.  All  laws  were  passed, 
and  all  officers  were  elected,  at  what  we  should  call  a  mass 
meeting  of  the  entire  body  of  citizens,  convened  at  the  central 
seat  of  government.  The  absence  of  newspapers,  also,  made 
a  distinct  difference  between  ancient  political  conditions  and 
tho::e  of  our  own  times.  Conversation  and  public  addresses 
were  the  only  means  of  disseminating  political  ideas.  And 
even  the  scope  of  public  addresses  was  much  limited ;  for 
meetings  could  be  called  by  a  magistrate  only,  and  could  be 
addressed  by  only  such  persons  as  the  presiding  magistrate 
would  permit.  Obviously,  under  such  a  regime,  public  speak- 
ing, which  even  now  has  a  distinct  potency  in  state  affairs, 
must  have  been  far  more  efficacious  as  a  political  instrument 
than  it  is  to-day. 

To  this  must  be   added  the  fact  that  under  Roman  polity 


Roman   Oratory  xxxv 

the  only  means  of  social  adva?icement  was  success  in  2,  political 
career.  The  Senate,  the  Roman  peerage,^  consisted  practically 
only  of  persons  who  had  been  elected  to  one  or  more  of  the 
three  graded  magistracies,  quiEStorship,  praetorship,  consulship 
(the  cursus  hoiioruni)?  Hence  every  ambitious  Roman,  of  high 
or  low  estate,  had  to  become  a  politician  and  follow  the 
regular  course  of  office-holding.  The  curule  magistrates  were 
at  once  generals,  judges,  and  statesmen.  To  achieve  success, 
therefore,  a  politician  had  to  show  ability  in  all  of  these  direc- 
tions. Occasionally,  to  be  sure,  a  man  succeeded  by  virtue 
of  a  single  talent,  —  like  Marius,  who  owed  his  advancement 
solely  to  his  valor  and  military  skill ;  but  such  instances  were 
rare.  Next  to  military  fame,  the  strongest  recommendation  to 
the  favor  of  the  people  was  oratorical  ability.  Then,  as  now, 
the  orator's  power  to  move  the  multitude  in  public  affairs  was 
the  readiest  means  of  advancement.  Further,  political  prosecu- 
tions, and  private  suits  prompted  by  political  motives,  were  of 
the  commonest  occurrence,  and  these  afforded  an  eloquent 
advocate  abundant  opportunity  to  make  himself  known  and  to 
secure  the  favor  of  large  bodies  of  supporters.  Again,  the 
Senate  was  a  numerous  and  somewhat  turbulent  body,  always 
more  or  less  divided  in  a  partisan  sense ;  and,  though  it  had 
no  legislative  functions,  it  still  exercised  a  very  strong  influence 
on  politics.  To  be  able  to  sway  this  large  assembly  by  force 
of  oratory  was  of  great  moment  to  an  aspiring  Roman.  Finally, 
though  the  contention  for  office  ceased  with  the  consulship, 
there  still  continued  among  the  cons ula res,  who  formed  almost 
a  distinct  class  in  society  and  public  life,  a  vehement  rivalry 
to  be  regarded  as  the  leading  man  in  the  state.  For  all  these 
reasons,  the  art  of  oratory  was  perhaps  more  highly  esteemed 
and  of  greater  practical  value  in  the  later  period  of  the  Roman 
Republic  than  at  any  other  time  in  the  history  of  the  world. '^ 

1  See  p.  1.  -  See  p.  liv. 

^  Cf.  Cicero's  remark  on  p.  199  (11.  1-3). 


xxxvi  Introduction 

But  even  from  the  very  establishment  of  the  commonwealth, 
oratory  was  highly  prized,  and  Cicero  gives  a  long  roll  of 
distinguished  orators  from  the  First  Secession  of  the  Plebs 
(B.C.  494)  to  his  own  time.  The  most  eminent  of  those  whose 
art  was  still  uninfluenced  by  Greek  rhetoric,  was  Cato  the 
Censor  (died  B.C.  149),  who  may  be  called  the  last  of  the 
natural  Roman  orators.  His  speeches  are  lost,  but  more  than 
a  hundred  and  fifty  of  them  were  known  to  Cicero,  who  praises 
them  as  acutae^  elegafttes,  facetae,  breves. 

It  was  in  Cato's  lifetime  that  the  introduction  of  Greek  art 
and  letters  into  Rome  took  place  ;  and  oratory,  like  all  other 
forms  of  literature,  felt  the  new  influence  at  once.  The 
oration,  though  still  valued  most  for  its  effectiveness,  soon 
came  to  be  looked  on  as  an  artistic  work  as  well.  The  begin- 
ning of  this  tendency  is  seen  in  Ser.  Sulpicius  Galba  (consul 
B.C.  144)  and  M.  Lepidus  (consul  B.C.  137).  Galba,  in  the  words 
of  Cicero,  "  was  the  first  of  the  Latins  to  employ  the  peculiar 
arts  of  the  orator,  —  digressions  to  introduce  ornament,  the 
art  of  captivating  the  minds  of  his  hearers,  of  moving  them 
with  passion,  of  exaggerating  a  case,  of  appealing  to  pity,  and 
the  art  of  introducing  commonplaces.'"^  It  was  in  Lepidus,  how- 
ever, that  the  full  effect  of  Greek  art  first  manifested  itself, 
not  to  such  a  degree  as  to  destroy  originality,  but  sufficiently 
to  foster  native  talent  and  develope  a  truly  national  school  of 
speaking.  Cicero,  who  had  many  of  his  orations,  declares 
that  he  was  "  the  first  Roman  orator  to  show  Greek  smooth- 
ness and  the  unity  of  the  period."  ^  His  influence  was  particu- 
larly felt  by  C^Papirius  Carbo  (consul  B.C.  120),  the  best 
advocate  of  his  time,  Tiberius  Gracchus,  the  illustrious  tribune, 
and  Caius  Gracchus,  his  younger  brother.  Of  the  last  men- 
tioned, Cicero  speaks  with  great  admiration  as  a  man  "  of  sur- 

1  That  is,  digressions  on  general  subjects  which  would  fit  any  particular 
oration  when  a  point  of  the  kind  arose. 

2  For  the  Latin  period,  see  p.  xlvi. 


Roman   Oratory  xxxvii 

passing  genius "  and  of  unequalled  excellence,  whose  early- 
death  was  a  heavy  loss  to  Latin  literature.^ 

In  the  generation  immediately  preceding  Cicero,  in  which 
oratory  was  enthusiastically  cultivated  and  carried  to  a  high 
pitch  of  perfection,  two  figures  tower  above  all  others,  Marcus 
Antonius  (the  grandfather  of  Mark  Antony)  and  L.  Crassus. 
Both  were  Cicero's  masters  in  his  youth,^  and  he  finds  it  hard 
to  prefer  one  to  the  other  ;  but,  on  the  whole,  he  seems  to  regard 
Crassus  as  the  greater  orator.  "  The  lofty  earnestness  and 
dignity  of  his  nature  were  relieved  by  the  brightest  humor  and 
the  wittiest  vein  of  genius.  His  diction  was  as  choice  and 
elegant  as  it  was  free  and  unaffected,  and  with  the  mastery  of 
tasteful  exposition  he  united  the  clearest  logical  development 
of  thought"^ 

Crassus  appears  in  the  Dc  Oratore  as  the  exponent  of 
Cicero's  own  views  of  the  aim,  function,  appointments,  and 
preparation  of  the  orator.  To  Crassus  the  orator  was  no  mere 
handicraftsman,  confined  to  manipulating  juries  and  popular 
assemblies,  but  statesman  and  philosopher  as  well,  requiring 
for  his  equipment  all  the  knowledge  that  could  be  gained  on 
the  highest  subjects  that  interest  mankind.  He  was  himself 
familiar  with  all  the  ancient  systems  of  philosophy  as  expounded 
by  the  wise  from  Plato  to  Diodorus,  and  had  discussed  the 
nature  and  functions  of  oratory  with  the  philosophers  of  his 
time  in  person  at  Athens.  This  ideal  of  the  orator,  contrasted 
with    Cato's    definition    vir   bojius    dicendi  peritus,    shows    the 

1  A  little  fragment  of  one  of  his  speeches  became  classic  at  Rome  and 
used  to  be  learned  by  heart.  "  Wretched  man  that  I  am  !  Whither  shall 
I  go }  In  what  direction  shall  I  turn  ^  To  the  Capitol }  But  it  is  reeking 
with  the  blood  of  my  brother.  To  my  home  ?  To  see  there  my  mother 
crushed  with  grief  and  lamentation.^"  —  "These  words,"  says  Cicero, 
"  were  delivered  in  such  a  way,  by  the  help  of  eyes,  voice,  and  gesture,  that 
even  his  enemies  could  not  restrain  their  tears." 

2  See  p.  xiv. 

3  Cicero's  testimony,  as  summed  up  by  Piderit. 


xxxviii  Introdtictiofi 

advance  of  the  art  as  such  between  the  earliest  times  and 
those  of  Cicero. 

Yet  in  the  Roman  orations,  addressed  as  they  were  to  an 
intensely  practical  people,  matter  had  always  been  more 
attended  to  than  manner,  effective  force  than  artistic  elegance. 
Even  Cicero  himself,  in  his  public  addresses,  conceals,  and 
even  disparages,  his  knowledge  of  Greek  art,  philosophy,  and 
literature.  But  in  his  time  the  study  of  oratory  as  an  art  began 
to  be  pursued  for  a  definite  end,  —  the  acquiring  of  a  distinct 
style.  And  in  this  study  two  different  styles  offered  them- 
selves to  the  choice  of  the  aspiring  young  Roman,  —  namely, 
the  Asiatic  and  the  Attic. 

The  precise  difference  between  the  tw^o  styles  cannot  be 
exactly  determined  ;  but  from  the  middle  of  the  first  century 
B.C.,  both  were  advocated  and  practised  by  enthusiastic  parti- 
sans in  a  controversy  like  that  between  realism  and  romanti- 
cism, or  Wagnerism  and  classicism. 

It  would  seem,  in  a  general  way,  that  Atticism  stood  for 
directness,  force,  and  naturalness,  while  Asiaticism  (or  Asian- 
ism)  represented  display  and  affectation  in  all  its  forms. 
Cicero  says  in  one  place,^  "  The  styles  of  Asiatic  oratory  are 
two,  —  one  epigrammatic  and  pointed,  full  of  fine  ideas  which 
are  not  so  weighty  and  serious  as  neat  and  graceful  ;  the  other 
with  not  so  many  sententious  ideas,  but  voluble  and  hurried  in 
its  flow  of  language,  and  marked  by  an  ornamented  and  elegant 
diction."  From  these  hints,  as  w^ell  as  from  the  practice  of 
imperial  times  (in  which  this  style  had  full  sway),  we  may 
gather  that  the  "  Asiatic  "  orators  sought  the  applause  of  the 
audience  and  a  reputation  for  smartness,  and  w^ere  overstrained 
and  artificial.^ 

About  Cicero's  time  a  reaction  had  set  in,  and  a  school  had 

1  Brutus,  xcv,  325. 

2  This  Asiatic  oratory  was  the  decayed  development  of  the  highly  orna- 
mented style  cultivated  by  Isocrates  (b.c.  436-33^^)- 


Roman  Oratory  xxxix 

arisen  which  called  itself  Attic,  and  attempted  to  return  to  the 
simplicity  of  Xenophon  and  Lysias.  But  in  avoiding  the  East- 
ern exaggeration,  it  had  fallen  into  a  meagreness  and  baldness 
very  different  from  the  direct  force  of  Demosthenes.  Probably 
this  tendency  was  really  no  more  sincere  than  the  other,  for 
both  styles  alike  aimed  to  excite  the  admiration  of  the  hearer 
rather  than  to  influence  his  mind  or  feelings  by  the  effective 
presentation  of  ideas. 

Hortensius,  the  great  contemporary  and  rival  of  Cicero,  was 
a  special  example  of  the  Asiatic  school.  He  was  a  somewhat 
effeminate  person,  with  a  dandified  air  both  in  composition  and 
delivery.  "  His  voice,"  we  read,  "  was  resonant  and  sweet,  his 
motions  and  gestures  had  even  more  art  than  is  suitable  for  an 
orator."  ^ 

The  extreme  Attic  school  was  represented  by  C.  Licinius 
Calvus.^  "  Though  he  handled  his  style  with  knowledge  and 
good  taste,"  writes  Cicero,  "  yet  being  too  critical  of  himself, 
and  fearing  to  acquire  unhealthy  force,  he  lost  even  real  vital- 
ity. Accordingly,  his  speaking,  repressed  by  too  great  scrupu- 
lousness, was  brilliant  to  the  learned  and  those  who  listened 
to  him  attentively,  but  by  the  crowd  and  the  Forum  it  was 
swallowed  like  a  pill."^ 

It  is  important  to  settle  Cicero's  own  position  in  this  con- 
test. He  himself  fancied  that  he  followed  the  true  and  best 
form  of  Atticism.  We  see  by  his  oratorical  works  that  his 
ideas  were  formed  on  the  best  models ;  that  he  was  familiar 
with  all  the  rhetorical  systems  of  the  Greeks  of  the  best  period, 
and  fully  appreciated  all  the  excellencies  of  the  earlier  Roman 
orators,  as  well  as  the  simplicity  and  directness  of  Demos- 
thenes. But  taste  had  declined,  and  everything  had  to  be 
overdone  to  satisfy  the  public.     Cicero  seems  to  have  taken  a 

1  Brutus,  xcv,  326. 

2  Bom  May  28,  B.C.  82  ;  died  before  B.C.  47. 
^  Brutus,  Ixxxii,  284. 


xl  hitrodnction 

middle  course,  following  the  style  of  the  Rhodian  school,  a 
branch  or  outgrowth  of  the  Asiatic,  with  strong  Attic  tendencies. 
It  professed  to  abhor  the  luxuriance  and  affectation  of  Asian- 
ism  and  to  aim  at  the  old  directness  and  true  feeling ;  but 
Cicero  was  assailed  in  his  own  time  for  exaggeration,  false 
pathos,  and  artificial  rhetoric,  such  as  were  characteristic  of 
Asianism.  Nor  could  we  expect  anything  else.  He  could 
not  restore  a  style  which  the  age  could  not  appreciate,  nor 
rise  to  a  height  for  which  his  native  genius  was  insufficient. 
With  him,  however,  Latin  oratory  reached  the  acme  of  its 
development. 

Immediately  after  Cicero,  came  the  Empire  with  its  suppres- 
sion of  free  thought,  and  in  this  the  extreme  style  of  Asiatic 
exaggeration  and  posing  became  the  rage.  Many  literary  men 
endeavored  to  stem  this  tide,  but  in  vain.  The  younger  Pliny 
attempted  to  take  Cicero  as  his  model,  but  the  only  oration  of 
his  that  we  possess  is  merely  a  fulsome  rhetorical  exercise, 
Quintilian  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  education  of  the  orator,  full 
of  sound  learning  and  good  sense.  Oratory  was  the  favorite 
study  of  all  literary  men,  and  even  emperors  entered  the  lists 
to  contend  for  pre-eminence.  But  "  art  for  art's  sake  "  had 
become  the  aim  in  literature  generally  ;  and  oratory,  now 
divorced  from  real  feeling,  could  not  but  end  in  affected 
brilliancy  and  false  emotion,  such  as  mark  all  we  know  of 
later  Roman  work. 

Before  the  Romans  came  into  contact  with  Greek  oratory, 
that  art  had  been  reduced  to  a  very  elaborate  and  even  pedantic 
science.  All  the  principles  by  which  a  public  speaker  could 
proceed  had  been  formulated  into  rules  which  even  to  this 
day,  with  or  without  the  speaker's  knowledge,  guide  all  discus- 
sion. Without  going  into  the  minute  details  of  the  system, 
one  may  well  notice  the  scientific  principles  which  had  been 
carefully  mastered  by  Cicero,  and  which  formed  the  basis  of 
his  skill  as  an  orator. 


Roman   Oratory  xli 

Naturally  the  first  matter  to  be  attended  to  was  the  settle- 
ment of  the  question  at  issue  {constitutio  causae).  As  the 
ancient  science  of  rhetoric  had  to  do  with  discourse  of  every 
kind,  all  questions  that  might  arise  were  divided  into  two 
classes :  those  whose  discussion  was  directed  to  acquiring 
knowledge  merely  {quaesiioiies  cognitionis),  and  those  directed 
to  determining  what  action  should  be  taken  as  the  result  of 
the  enquiry  {quaestioncs  aciiojtis).  With  the  former  we  have 
nothing  to  do  here.  They  are  confined  to  philosophical  dis- 
cussion only,  and  the  orations  of  Cicero  are  all  on  practical 
subjects. 

The  practical  questions  included  under  the  quaestiones  actionis 
were  of  several  different  kinds  :  they  might  be  judicial  ques-. 
tions  coming  before  some  form  of  court  {genus  iudiciale) ;  they 
might  be  deliberative  and  come  before  an  assembly  or  senate 
{genus  deliberativuT7i)\  or  they  might  be  questions  of  praise  or 
blame  in  reference  to  some  particular  person  or  act  not  under 
judicial  investigation  {genus  demonstrativtun).  The  last  class 
would  include  eulogies  and  the  like. 

The  oration  itself  had  also  its  divisions,  which  were  estab- 
lished particularly  in  regard  to  the  genus  Judiciale  diS  the  most 
important  of  the  three  kinds.  The  exordiiwi  contained  neces- 
sary preliminary  remarks  and  the  approach  to  the  subject. 
The  narratw  gave  the  facts  on  which  the  argument  was 
founded.  The  propositio  was  the  statement  of  the  theme  or 
view  to  be  maintained,  and  often  contained  a  pariitio  or  divi- 
sion of  the  proposition.  The  argumentatio  embraced  the  con- 
Jirmatio  or  arguments  for  the  main  thesis,  and  the  confutatio 
{refutation  or  refutation  of  real  or  supposed  arguments  of  the 
opponent.  The  address  ended  with  the  peroratio,  the  place 
for  such  application  of  the  argument,  or  appeal  to  the  hearers, 
or  general  remarks,  as  were  suitable  to  the  occasion.  Naturally, 
as  the  art  of  speaking  came  before  the  science,  and  was  at  all 
times  more  or  less  free  from  scientific  trammels,  these  divisions 


xlii  Introduction 

could  not  well  cover  the  whole  ground,  and  each  of  them  was 
accordingly  subdivided  into  several  smaller  parts,  which  varied 
according  to  the  character  of  the  oration.  Thus  the  exordiiwi 
contained  2,  p7'ificipiu7n  and  an  insmuatio  (the  suggestions  to  be 
made  in  order  to  gain  the  favorable  attention  of  the  hearer), 
and  all  the  various  forms  of  proof  had  their  place  as  well  as 
their  names  in  the  co7ifirmatio.  Even  the  main  divisions  are 
not  all  clearly  marked,  but  generally  they  can  be  made  out  in 
Cicero's  speeches.  For  examples,  see  the  summary  and  the 
running  analysis  of  each  oration  in  the  notes. 

With  the  same  particularity  were  the  necessary  duties  of  the 
orator  divided,  and  furnished  each  with  its  technical  name  : 
inve?itiOy  the  gathering  of  material ;  disposition  the  arrangement ; 
elocutio,  the  suitable  expression  in  language  ;  77ie?noria,  the  com- 
mitting to  memory  ;  actio,  the  delivery.  Under  each  of  these, 
again,  was  a  body  of  lore  with  its  technical  phrases.  Elocutio 
embraced  the  whole  doctrine  of  what  we  should  call  style,  and 
the  use  of  all  rhetorical  devices,  ornaments  {Iu77ii7id),  and 
forms  of  speech.  So  that  no  science  was  ever  more  completely 
digested  and  labelled  than  this  of  oratory. 

Of  the  orations  in  the  present  edition,  Rosciics,  Verres, 
and  A7'chias  belong  purely  to  the  gc7ius  iudiciale ;  the  Ma7iilia7i 
Law  and  the  four  Oratio7is  agai7ist  Catili7ie  belong  to  the  ge7ius 
delibe7'ativu77i. 


Cicero  as  an   Orator  xliii 


III.     CICERO   AS    AN    ORATOR. 

Cicero's  success  as  an  orator  was  due  more  than  anything 
else  to  his  skill  in  effectively  presenting  the  strong  points  of  a 
case  and  cleverly  covering  the  weak  ones.  For  this  he  had 
extraordinary  natural  talents,  increased  by  very  diligent 
study  and  practice,  and  never,  even  in  his  greatest  success, 
did  he  relax  the  most  careful  study  of  his  cases  to  this  end. 
Attention  is  called  throughout  the  notes  to  his  felicities  in  this 
branch  of  his  art,  which,  because  it  is  not  strictly  literary,  is 
likely  to  be  overlooked,  and  all  the  more  because  such  art  must 
always  be  carefully  concealed.  It  is  sufficient,  however,  to 
call  attention  to  it  here  generally,  referring  the  student  to  the 
notes  for  details. 

On  the  literary  side  of  oratory,  Cicero's  only  rival  is  Demos- 
thenes, to  whom  he  is  superior  in  everything  except  moral 
earnestness  and  the  power  that  comes  from  it,  a  quality  which 
belongs  to  the  man  rather  than  the  orator.  Teuffel  {Gesch.  der 
RojH.  Lit.)  ascribes  to  him  an  extraordinary  activity  of  intel- 
lect, a  lively  imagination,  quickness  and  warmth  of  feeling,  a 
marvellous  sense  of  form,  an  inexhaustible  fertility  of  expres- 
sion, an  incisive  and  diverting  wit,  with  the  best  physical 
advantages.  As  to  his  "form,"  he  speaks  of  it  as  *' clear, 
choice,  clean,  copious,  appropriate,  attractive,  tasteful,  and 
harmonious."  The  whole  range  of  tones  from  light  jest  even 
to  tragic  vehemence  was  at  his  command,  and  especially  did 
he  excel  in  an  appearance  of  conviction  and  emotion,  which  he 
increased  by  an  impassioned  delivery.  Of  course  he  is  not 
always  at  his  best,  but  it  is  never  safe  to  criticise  his  com- 
positions without  a  careful  study  of  the  practical  necessities  of 
the  occasion. 

Thus  Cicero's  style  is  often  criticised  as  redundant  and 
tautological,  a  criticism  which  must  proceed  either  from  igno- 


xliv  Introduction 

ranee  or  inattention.  One  of  the  great  arts  of  the  public  speaker 
is  to  keep  before  his  audience  a  few  points  in  such  a  way  that 
they  cannot  be  lost  sight  of.  To  accomplish  this,  these  points 
must  be  repeated  as  many  times  as  possible,  but  with  such  art 
that  the  fact  of  repetition  shall  not  be  noticed.  Hence  the 
same  thing  must  often  be  said  again  and  again,  or  else  dwelt 
upon  with  a  profusion  of  rhetoric,  in  order  to  allow  time  for 
the  idea  to  gain  a  lodgement.  It  was  to  this  art  that  the  late 
Rufus  Choate  owed  his  success  as  an  advocate,  though  the 
literary  critic  would  fain  reduce  his  speeches  to  one-half  their 
length.  Literary  tautology  is  in  fact  a  special  oratorical  virtue. 
A  spoken  word  you  hear  but  once  unless  it  is  repeated,  and 
there  are  things  which  have  to  be  heard  many  times  before 
they  can  have  their  effect. 

Again,  apart  from  "  repetitional "  tautology,  it  must  be 
remembered  that  the  Latin  language  was  in  a  sense  a  rude 
tongue,  lacking  in  nice  distinctions.  Such  distinctions  must 
be  wrought  out  by  a  long-continued  effort  to  express  delicate 
shades  of  thought.  Hence  it  often  becomes  necessary  in  Latin 
to  point  the  exact  signification  of  a  word  or  phrase  capable  of 
several  meanings,  either  by  contrasting  it  with  its  opposite,  or 
else  by  adding  another  word  which  has  an  equally  general 
meaning,  but  which,  like  a  stereoscopic  view,  gives  the  other 
side  of  the  same  idea,  and  so  rounds  out  and  limits  the  vague- 
ness of  the  first.  Thus  the  two  together  often  produce  as 
refined  distinctions  as  any  language  which  has  a  larger  and 
more  precise  vocabulary. 

In  the  oration  for  the  Manilian  Law  (i.  3),  for  instance,  we 
have  singulari  exiiTiiaque  virtute.  Here  smgulari  might  mean 
simply  odd  (not  found  in  others).  This  of  itself  is  not  neces- 
sarily a  compliment  any  more  than  peculia?'  is  in  English,  but 
when  Cicero  adds  cximia  the  two  words  together  convey  the 
idea  that  the  virtus  is  not  only  peculiar  to  Pompey,  but 
exemplary  and  of  surpassing  merit.      At  the  same  time  the  two 


Cicero  as  a7i  Oi^ator  xlv 

words  allow  the  orator  to  dwell  longer  on  a  point  that  he 
wishes  to  emphasize. 

In  the  same  oration  (v.  12)  the  words  pe7'icidu7n  et  discrimen 
occur.  In  a  treatise  on  synonyms  it  would  be  impossible  to 
distinguish  between  these  two,  because  each  is  very  often  used 
for  the  other  with  precisely  the  same  meaning.  But  when  the 
two  are  used  together,  as  in  this  passage,  they  are  not  tautologi- 
cal, as  would  at  first  appear  to  a  microscopic  critic.  The  first 
refers  to  the  immediate  moment  of  doubt,  the  question  whether 
it  (the  sa/us)  shall  be  preserved  or  not  ;  the  second,  to  the 
ultimate  decisive  moment,  which  determines  that  doubt  and 
finally  decides.  In  English  we  should  ordinarily  put  the  whole 
into  one  (modified)  idea,  and  say  ''  most  dangerous  crisis,"  or 
the  like.  But  the  Latin  has  a  habit  of  dividing  the  two  parts 
of  an  idea  and  stating  each  separately.  Hence  we  have  the 
figure  that  we  call  hendiadys,  which  simply  means  that  one 
language,  or  age,  states  separately  and  co-ordinately  what 
another  language,  or  age,  unites  into  one  complex. 

\vi.  gloriam  .  .  .  tueri  et  conse^'vare  {XkiO^  s?LVCi^  oration,  v.  12), 
tueri,  the  first  word,  refers  to  the  action  of  the  subject,  the  effort 
to  maintain;  conservare,  the  second,  to  the  result  [to  be]  attained, 
the  preservation  of  the  glory.  To  complete  the  idea  both  are 
necessary,  because  from  the  general  turn  of  the  thought  both 
the  effort  and  the  result  are  alike  important.  In  this  way  the 
same  general  idea  can  be  artfully  repeated  from  two  different 
points  of  view  without  the  hearer's  suspecting  a  repetition. 

To  such  causes  as  these  is  to  be  attributed  the  frequent  use 
of  words  in  a  manner  often  called  tautological. 


xlvi  Introduction 


IV.     LATIN    AND    ENGLISH    STYLE. 

Two  differences  between  Latin  and  English  prose  are  notice- 
able. Latin  prose  is  periodic  in  its  structure  ;  i.e.  the  main 
idea,  instead  of  being  expressed  at  once,  briefly  followed  or  pre- 
ceded by  its  modifications,  all  in  short  detached  sentences  (as 
in  English),  is  so  put  as  to  embrace  all  its  modifying  clauses 
with  itself  in  one  harmonious  whole.  This  is  also  done  at  times 
in  formal  discourse  in  English,  but  in  Latin  it  was  the  prevail- 
ing style.  Though  this  method  of  presentation  seems  to  us 
involved,  yet  it  is  after  all  only  an  artistic  elaboration  of  the 
loose  parenthetical  way  of  speaking  habitual  with  unlettered 
persons,  or,  in  other  words,  it  simply  follows  the  natural 
processes  of  the  human  mind.  But  when  developed  it  allows 
and  stimulates  an  antithetic  balance  of  thought  both  in  sound 
and  sense,  so  that  each  element  of  an  idea  is  brought  into 
notice  by  an  opposing  one,  or  is  so  embroidered  on  the  level 
surface  of  the  main  idea  or  injected  into  it  that  it  cannot  fail 
to  get  its  true  effect  at  the  instant  when  that  effect  is  required.^ 

If  we  take  the  opening  period  of  the  oration  for  Roscius 
(p.  2),  the  main  clause  is  credo  ego ;  the  rest  of  the  sentence 
is  all  the  object  of  credo  in  the  indirect  discourse.  The  main 
verb  of  the  indirect  discourse  is  mirari  (changed  from  mirainini^^ 
with  vos  in  the  accusative  as  its  subject.  The  object  of  7?iirari 
is  the  indirect  question  quid  sit  quod,  etc.,  embracing  all  the 
rest  (changed  from  a  direct  question  quid  est  quod,  etc.).  Again, 
the  subject  of  sit  is  all  that  follows,  being  a  clause  with  quod, 
of  which  sur7'exerim  is  the  main  verb  and  all  the  other  clauses 
are  modifiers.  The  clause  cuvi  .  .  .  sedea/it  is  a  kind  of  adverbial 
modifier  of  surrexerim,  while  the  clause  qui  .  .  .  sim  .  .  .  C07n- 
parandus  is  a  kind  of  adjective  modifier  of  ego  the  subject  of 
surrexeriiTi,  and  qui  sedeant  is  a  kind  of  adjective  modifier  of  his, 

1  See  A.  S.  Hill's  Foundations  of  Rhetoric,  pp.  220-222. 


Latin  and  EnglisJi  Style  xlvii 

Omnes  hi,  etc.,  is  an  independent  sentence,  but  is  connected  in 
thought  with  the  preceding,  and  explains  the  fact  at  which  the 
jurors  are  supposed  to  be  ^wx'^x\'s>Qdi^\.^.  I  suppose  you  wofider, 
etc.,  but  the  fact  is,  etc. 

In  another  sentence,  the  beginning  of  the  Manihan  Law,  we 
have  a  good  example  of  the  antithetic  balancing  of  one  word 
or  clause  against  another  which  marks  the  Latin  periodic  style. 
The  sentence  consists  of  two  parts,  —  the  first  concessive, 
introduced  \>y  quamquam ;  the  second  adversative,  introduced 
by  tamen.  So,  in  the  first,  conspectus  balances  locus,  which  is 
brought  into  relief  by  autem  ("  and  again  ");  while  ad  age?idu7n 
amplissimus  and  ad  dicenchwi  oi'uatissimus  are  balanced  in  like 
manner  against  each  other.  In  the  second  part,  the  relative 
clause  qui  .  .  .  patuit  (virtually  concessive)  is,  as  usual,  embod- 
ied in  the  main  clause,  bringing  the  relative  as  near  as  possible 
to  its  antecedent  aditu;  voluntas  and  rationcs  are  set  in  anti- 
thesis by  sed ;  while  the  main  verb,  prohibuerunt,  comes  last  as 
usual.  The  logical  form  of  the  whole  is,  "  Though  political 
speaking  has  its  advantages,  yet  I  have  been  prevented,"  etc. 

By  stating  first  the  leading  thought  {hoc  aditu,  etc.),  and  putting 
the  verb  at  the  end,  Latin  is  able  to  make  the  main  clause 
active,  thus  partly  disguising  the  art  of  the  antithesis.  Here, 
as  elsewhere,  it  is  of  great  help  in  reading  to  observe  these  two 
rules:  (i)  that  Latin  puts  first  the  main  idea,  the  key  to  the 
whole ;  and  (2)  that  it  constantly  deals  in  antitheses,  often 
forcing  them  when  they  do  not  naturally  occur  (as  in  amplissi- 
mus and  ornatissi7uus),  each  thought  or  expression  having  its 
pendant,  like  ornaments  which  go  in  pairs. 

The  second  main  difference  between  Latin  and  English 
prose  style  is  that  in  English  the  emphasis  gravitates  towards 
the  end,  while  in  Latin  the  more  emphatic  word  always  comes 
first.  This  is  not,  like  the  corresponding  usage  in  English, 
a  mere  tendency,  but  a  universal  practice,  which  can  be  and  is 
managed  by  the  writer  with  exquisite  skill,  so  that  a  Latin  prose 


xlviii  Introduction 

sentence  bears  on  its  face  its  own  emphasis,  giving  the  same 
effect  to  the  eye  that  the  best  reader  or  speaker  in  English  can 
to  the  ear. 

Thus  the  first  paragraph  of  the  oration  for  Roscius  (above 
cited)  shows  its  emphasis  as  follows  :  ''  I  SUPPOSE  (conceding 
something  he  will  presently  contradict  or  explain)  you  (who  do 
not,  as  I  do,  know  or  think  of  the  state  of  things)  wonder  why  it 
is  that,  etc.,  but  the  fact  is  (implied  as  the  antithesis  of  the  em- 
phatic credd),^^  etc.  Again,  onmes  is  emphatic,  i.e.  "  I  am  not  the 
only  one,  but  all  would  speak  were  it  not  for  circumstances," 
which  he  proceeds  to  mention.  Even  videtis  has  an  emphatic 
position  :  "who,  as  you  see,  are  in  attendance."  KgdX\\.,piita?it 
oportere  defendi,  i.e.  "  think  (though  they  do  nothing)  ought  to 
be  averted  by  a  defence,  but  to  make  the  defence  themselves,''  etc. 

If  we  take  the  beginning  of  the  oration  for  Milo,  there  is  the 
same  artistic  arrangement :  "  Though  I  am  AFRAID,^  gentle- 
men, that  it  is  not  quite  becoming,  when  I  get  up  to  speak  for  a 
very  brave  7nan,  to  be  alarmed,  and  that  it  is  particula?'ly  unbe- 
coming, when  Titus  Annius  himself  is  more  alarmed  for  the 
welfare  of  the  state  than  for  his  oivn,  that  /  in  his  case  cannot 
show  an  equally  lofty  spirit,  nevertheless  this  strange  form  of  a 
strange  court  terrifies  me  as  I  gaze  on  it,  for  zvherever  my  eyes 
fall  they  miss  the  cust07?iary  appearajice  of  the  Forum  and  the 
old  established  style  of  courts." 

It  is  only  by  attention  to  this  feature  of  Latin  style  that  the 
full  force  of  the  author,  with  all  the  implications,  connotations, 
and  hints,  can  be  clearly  seen. 

1  As  we  might  say,  "  I  am  afraid  you  won't  like  it,  but  I  have  done  so 
and  so." 


Delivery  xlix 


V.     DELIVERY. 

The  delivery  of  a  Latin  oration  was  marked  by  a  fire  and 
force  of  which  we  have  small  conception.  Though  the  Romans 
were  an  extremely  dignified  and  formal  race,  yet  beneath  the  sur- 
face they  had  all  the  violent  emotions  which  we  in  modern  times 
associate  with  the  Mediterranean  nations.  The  actio  or  delivery 
occupies  one  of  the  first  places  in  ancient  treatises  on  oratory 
{actio  in  diccndo  una  dominatnr,  de  Or.  Ill,  Ivi,  213).  The  range 
of  expressed  emotion  was  much  wider  than  is  usual  with  us,  not 
only  in  pitch  of  voice  and  inflection  of  tone,  but  also  in  bodily 
activity,  sometimes  going  beyond  what  the  best  orators  of  the 
time  regarded  as  becoming.  Violent  movements  of  the  arms, 
stamping  of  the  feet,  changes  of  position,  gestures  of  the  whole 
body,  so  that  sometimes  the  knee  would  touch  the  ground, 
were  not  infrequent.  The  Latin  language,  however,  did  not 
have  that  violent  and  sudden  stress  with  which  we  are  familiar, 
and  on  which  we  depend  for  spasmodic  force.  It  had  instead 
a  more  sustained  and  singing  tone,  capable  of  infinite  variations. 
The  syllabic  accent,  too,  was  very  slight,  and  almost  merged  in 
a  kind  of  rhythmic  ictus  depending  on  the  quantity  of  the 
syllables. 

Hence  particular  attention  was  paid  to  the  niimerus,  or  suc- 
cession of  long  and  short  syllables,  so  as  to  give,  along  with 
varying  tones  of  emphasis,  an  agreeable  musical  cadence  which 
is  foreign  to  the  spirit  of  most  modern  languages.  The  most 
emphatic  words  were  indicated  by  an  intensity  of  tone  through- 
out, as  in  modern  music,  and  the  less  emphatic,  coming  at 
the  end,  were  pronounced  with  a  full,  orotund  utterance,  so  as 
to  round  out  the  period,  but  with  a  descending  stress  rather 
than  with  a  rising  one  such  as  we  have  in  English.  Such  a 
close  as  thneritds  fill  comprobavit  was  regarded  as  especially 
effective.  So  quln  eifisdem  homhils  sit  qui  Improbos  probet 
probos  improbdre  is  praised  by  Cicero  as  an  ideal  cadence. 


Introduction 


VI.     THE    ROMAN    COxNSTITUTION. 

In  the  time  of  Cicero  tlie  Roman  "  State  "  had  technically  a  republi- 
can constitution,  that  is,  every  citizen  had  a  share  in  the  government.  But 
not  every  citizen  had  an  equal  share,  partly  from  fixed  constitutional  prin- 
ciples, and  partly  from  differentiations  in  social  prominence  which  affected 
constitutional  rights. 

I.       CITIZENSHIP    AND    ORDERS    IN    THE    STATE. 

Accordingly  there  were  among  Roman  citizens  three  social  (and  in  a 
manner  political)  ranks  {ordines)  :  the  Senatorial  Order  (ordo  senatorius), 
the  Equestrian  Order  {ordo  equestris),  and  the  People  {popidus,  in  the 
narrower  sense).     The  first  two  of  these  made  up  the  Roman  aristocracy. 

I.  Senatorial  Order.  —  The  Ordo  Senato7tics  wz.?,  strictly  speaking 
only  another  name  for  the  Senate,  the  members  of  which,  by  virtue  of  their 
life  tenure  of  office,  their  privileges  and  insignia,  and  their  esprit  de  corps, 
formed  a  kind  of  Peerage.  The  list  of  Senators,  regularly  numbering  300, 
was  in  early  times  made  up  by  the  Censors  at  their  discretion  from  among 
those  who  had  held  high  magistracies.  But  after  the  reforms  of  Sulla 
(B.C.  80)  every  person  who  had  held  the  qusestorship  —  the  lowest  grade  of 
the  regular  magistracy  (see  below,  p.  lix)  —  was  lawfully  entitled  to  a  seat 
in  the  Senate.  This  aristocracy  was  therefore  an  official  or  bureaucratic 
class.     Their  number  fluctuated,  running  up  to  five  or  six  hundred. 

Nobility,  however,  did  not  really  depend  on  holding  offices  oneself,  but 
on  being  descended  from  an  ancestor  who  had  held  a  curule  office.^  When 
any  person  not  so  descended  was  chosen  a  magistrate,  he  was  called  a 
novus  homo?  and,  though  he  of  course  became  a  member  of  the  Senatorial 
Orderj  he  was  not  regarded  as  a  noble.  His  posterity,  however,  would  be- 
long to  the  nobility.  But  such  instances  were  very  uncommon  ;  for  the 
Senate  and  the  magistrates  had  such  control  over  the  elections  that  it  was 
very  difficult  for  any  person  not  already  a  member  of  the  nobility  to  be 
chosen  to  any  office  entitling  him  to  enter  the  Senate.  Hence  the  Senato- 
rial  Order   and  the  Nobility  were  practically  identical,   and  "  new  men " 

1  Whoever  held  any  curule  ofifice  —  that  is,  dictator,  consul,  interrex,  praetor, 
magister  equitum,  or  curule  aedile  —  secured  to  his  posterity  the  ins  imaginum  ; 
that  is,  the  right  to  place  in  the  hall  and  carry  at  funeral  processions  a  wax  mask  of 
this  ancestor,  as  well  as  of  any  other  deceased  members  of  the  family  of  curule  rank. 
The  privilege  was  highly  prized. 

2  Examples  are  Cato  the  Censor,  Marius,  and  Cicero. 


The  Ro7naii   Constitution  li 

became  necessarily  identified  with  the  class  to  which  their  posterity  would 
belong,  rather  than  that  from  which  they  themselves  had  come.  This 
double  relation  of  Cicero  —  a  member  of  the  Senate,  but  sprung  from  the 
Equestrian  Order  —  goes  a  great  way  to  explain  what  is  inconsistent  and 
vacillating  in  his  political  career. 

II.  Equestrian  Order.  — The  title  Equites  was  originally  applied  to 
the  members  of  the  eighteen  centuries  equitum  equo  publico  under  the  Ser- 
vian constitution,  to  whom  a  horse  was  assigned  by  the  state,  together 
with  a  certain  sum  of  money  yearly  for  its  support,  and  who  constituted 
the  old  Roman  cavalry.  Those  who  served  equo  publico  had  to  have  the 
equestrian  census,^  i.e.  possess  a  fortune  of  400,000  sesterces  ($20,000);  and 
the  horses  were  assigned  by  the  Censors,  as  a  rule,  to  the  young  men  of 
senatorial  families.  These  centuriae  equitum  were  therefore  composed  of 
young  noblemen.  When  they  entered  the  Senate,  they  were  (in  the  later 
years  of  the  republic)  obliged  to  give  up  the  public  horse.  Therefore,  on 
becoming  Senators,  they  voted  in  the  centuries  of  the  first  class,  not  with 
the  Equites  (see  p.  Iv,  below).  This  aristocratic  body  had,  however,  long 
before  Cicero's  time,  ceased  to  serve  in  the  field  ;  they  formed  a  parade 
corps  (somewhat  like  the  Royal  Guards  in  England),  from  which  active 
officers  of  the  legion,  tribuni  Diilitum,  were  taken.2 

During  the  time  that  the  equites  equo  publico  still  served  in  the  field  as 
cavalry,  another  body  grew  up  by  their  side,  consisting  of  equites  equo 
privato :  that  is,  persons  of  the  equestrian  census  (having  a  property  of 
400,000  sesterces),  who  had  not  received  a  horse  from  the  state,  but  who 
volunteered  with  horses  of  their  own.  This  body  consisted  mainly  of 
young  men  of  wealth  who  did  not  belong  to  noble  (that  is,  senatorial) 
families.  No  very  distinct  line  was,  however,  drawn  between  the  two 
classes  until  the  Lex  ludiciaria  of  C.Gracchus  (B.C.  123),  which  prescribed 
that  the  indices  should  not,  as  heretofore,  be  taken  from  the  Senators  (see 
p.  Ixv),  but  from  those  who  possessed  the  equestrian  census,  and  at  the 
same  time  were  not  members  of  the  Senate.  This  law  did  not  formally 
exclude  nobles  who  were  not  members  of  the  Senate  ;  but  the  entire  body 
of  nobility  was  so  far  identified  in  spirit  and  interest  with  the  Senate, 
that  an  antagonism  immediately  grew  up  between  them  and  this  new 
judicial  class.  A  principal  cause  of  the  antagonism  was  that  members  of 
the  Senate  were  prohibited  from  being  engaged  in  any  trade  or  business : 

1  This  requirement  grew  up  only  after  the  establishment  of  the  equites  equo 
privato. 

-  When  the  Roman  equites  ceased  to  serve  as  cavalry,  troops  of  horse  were 
demanded  of  the  aUies;  and  in  the  time  of  Caesar  we  find  that  the  Roman  legion 
consisted  exclusively  of  infantry,  the  cavalry  being  madi  up  of  such  auxiliaries. 


Hi  Introduction 

while,  as  has  been  shown  above,  the  Senate,  by  its  control  over  the  elec- 
tions, virtually  filled  its  own  vacancies,  of  course  from  the  ranks  of  the 
nobility.  Hence,  as  rich  men  of  non-senatorial  families  were  excluded  from 
a  political  career,  and  so  from  the  nobility,  while  Senators  were  excluded 
from  a  business  life,  there  were  formed  during  the  last  century  of  the  repub- 
lic two  powerful  aristocracies,  —  the  nobles,  or  Senatorial  Order,  a  govern- 
ing aristocracy  of  rank,  and  the  Equestrian  Order,  an  aristocracy  of  wealth, 
corresponding  to  the  moneyed  aristocracy  of  our  day.  The  name  Ordo 
Eqtiestris  was  given  to  the  latter  body  because  its  members  possessed  the 
original  equestrian  census ;  that  is,  that  amount  of  property  which  would 
have  entitled  them  to  a  public  horse.  From  the  ranks  of  the  nobility  were 
taken  the  oppressive  provincial  governors :  the  Equestrian  Order,  on  the 
other  hand,  furnished  ihe  publicani,  the  equally  oppressive  tax-gatherers. 

The  Equestrian  Order,  Ordo  Equestris,  is  therefore  not  merely  distinct 
from  the  centziriae  equitum,  but  strongly  contrasted  with  them.  The  for- 
mer is  the  wealthy  middle  class,  the  latter  are  the  young  nobility.  The 
term  eqiiites  is  sometimes  applied  to  both  indiscriminately,  although  the 
strictly  correct  term  for  the  members  of  the  Equestrian  Order  was  indices. 

III.  PoPULUS.  —  Below  these  two  aristocratic  orders,  in  estate  and  so 
in  social  position,  were  all  the  rest  of  the  free-born  citizens  not  possessing 
a  census  of  400,000  sesterces.  Among  these  there  was  naturally  great 
variety  in  fortune,  cultivation,  and  respectability  ;  but  they  all  had  a  status 
superior  to  that  of  the  liberti7ti  (freedmen)  and  the  foreign  residents.  It 
was  this  third  class  which  was  under  the  control  of  the  tribtini  plebis  and 
which  by  its  turbulence  brought  on  all  the  disturbances  which  ultimately 
resulted  in  the  overthrow  of  the  republic.  It  must  not  be  supposed,  how- 
ever, that  these  humbler  citizens  were  debarred  from  political  preferment 
except  by  their  want  of  money,  and  in  fact  many  of  them  rose  to  positions 
of  wealth  and  influence. 

The  populus  (in  the  narrower  sense)  was  often  confounded  with  the 
plebs,  but  in  reality  the  distinction  between  the  flebs  and  the  patricians 
was  in  Cicero's  time  historical  rather  than  political.  The  patricians  had 
been  originally  a  privileged  class  of  hereditary  nobility,  entirely  different 
from  the  later  senatorial  nobility ;  but  only  a  few  patrician  families  remained, 
and  these,  though  still  proud  of  their  high  birth,  had  no  special  privileges 
and  had  been  practically  merged  in  the  Senatorial  Order.  Opposed  to  the 
patricians  had  been  originally  the  plebs,  a  class  of  unknown  origin  (prob- 
ably foreign  residents)  destitute  of  all  political  rights.  These  had  gradu- 
ally, in  the  long  controversies  of  the  earlier  Republican  times,  acquired 
ail  the  rights  and  privileges  of  full  citizens,  and  a  majority  of  the  Senatorial 
and  Equestrian  Orders  were  of  plebeian  origin.     In  \Sxa.Qplebs  in  an  enlarged 


The  Roman   Constitiition  liii 

sense  and  populus  in  its  narrower  acceptation  had  become  synonymous, 
meaning  the  "  third  estate  "  or,  in  other  words,  all  citizens  not  Senators  or 
cquites.  Officially,  however,  Populus  (in  its  wider  sense)  includes  all 
Roman  citizens.^ 

Roman  Citizenship. — Roman  citizenship,  like  all  rights  that  have 
grown  up  in  a  long  period  of  time,  included  many  minute  details.  The 
important  points,  however,  may  be  included  under  two  heads  :  (i)  political 
rights,  including  those  of  voting  {ius  suffragii)  and  holding  office  {jus 
honorum),  and  (ii)  civil  rights,  especially  those  securing  personal  freedom 
by  the  right  of  appeal  {ius  provocationis),  etc.,  and  by  other  privileges 
limiting  the  arbitrary  power  of  magistrates  (see  remarks  on  the  imperium, 
p.  Iviii,  below).  Among  the  civil  rights  were  those  of  trade  {com??ierci:), 
intermarriage  {connubit),  making  a  will  {testamenti) ,  and  others,  which, 
though  affecting  the  status  of  a  man  before  the  law,  were  unimportant  in 
comparison  with  the  great  political  and,  civil  privileges  first  mentioned. 
Full  citizens  of  Rome  {cives  optimo  iure)  enjoyed  not  only  all  the  civil 
rights  referred  to,  but  also  the  ius  suffragii  et  honorum  ;  but  many  per- 
sons, not  cives  optimo  iure,  had  important  civil  rights  without  being  en- 
titled to  vote  or  hold  office.  The  ius  provocationis  was  especially  sought 
after  by  foreigners  as  affording  a  powerful  protection  all  over  the  world  in 
times  when  the  rights  of  common  humanity  were  scantily  recognized. 

Italian  Towns. —  Roman  citizenship  was  originally  restricted  to  the 
inhabitants  of  the  city  and  a  small  amount  of  adjacent  territory.  But  as 
Rome  enlarged  her  boundaries  the  rights  of  citizenship  were  extended,  in 
different  degrees,  to  the  conquered  Italians. 

A  native  Italian  town  which  lost  its  original  independence  and  was 
absorbed  in  the  Roman  state,  ceased  to  be  a  separate  civitas,  and  became 
a  niimicipium  ;  its  citizens  now  possessed  Roman  citizenship  as  well  as 
that  of  their  own  town.  This  Roman  citizenship  was  possessed  in  various 
degrees.  Some  municipia  lost  all  rights  of  self-government,  without  receiv- 
ing any  political  rights  at  Rome  in  their  place  :  that  is,  their  political  exist- 
ence was  extinguished,  and  their  citizens  became  mere  passive  citizens  of 
Rome,  with  civil  rights,  but  no  political  ones.  A  second  class  of  towns 
retained  their  corporate  existence,  with  the  right  of  local  self-government, 
but  without  the  Roman  franchise.  The  condition  thus  established  was 
called  ius  Caeritum,  because  the  Etruscan  town  of  Caere  was  taken  as  the 
type.  The  most  favored  class  of  muiticipia  retained  all  powers  of  self- 
government,  with  magistrates  of  their  own  election,  at  the  same  time  being 
full  citizens  of  Rome.  If,  as  happened  in  many  cases,  colonists  were  sent 
from  Rome  (or  Latium)  to  occupy  the  conquered  territory,  these  retained 

1  So  in  the  formula  for  the  Roman  government  :  Senatus  Populusqjie  Romanus. 


liv  Introduction 

their  full  Roman  citizenship  though  Hving  at  a  distance  from  the  city. 
Thus  a  class  of  towns  called  ^c/(;;//«t',  possessing  special  privileges,  grew  up. 

After  the  Social  War,  which  resulted  (b.c.  90)  in  giving  full  Roman 
citizenship  to  the  inhabitants  of  all  the  Italian  towns  not  already  enjoying 
it,  there  were  practically  but  three  classes  of  such  towns  :  coloniae,  muni- 
cipia,  and  praefecturae.  There  was  no  longer  any  real  distinction  between 
the  coloniae  and  the  nmnicipia,  though  the  former  were  looked  upon  with 
more  respect.  The  fraefecUirae,  however,  had  not  full  rights  of  self-gov- 
ernment, for  the  administration  of  justice  was  in  the  hands  of  prefects 
{traefecti)  sent  from  the  capital. 

Provincials.  —  The  foreign  conquests  of  Rome  were  organized  as  fast 
as  possible  as  provinces  {provinciae).  The  native  inhabitants  of  these 
would  not  be  Roman  citizens  at  all,  unless  citizenship,  usually  of  the  lowest 
grade,  was  specially  conferred  upon  them.  Thus  St.  Paul  was  a  free-born 
citizen  of  Tarsus,  for  his  father  had  in  some  way  secured  the  lesser  Roman 
citizenship,  which  conferred  civiP  rights  but  did  not  carry  with  it  the  right 
of  suffrage  or  any  other  political  privileges  (see  p.  liii,  above). 

Freedmen.  —  Besides  the  free-born  citizens  {ingeftid),  the  Roman  state 
included  a  large  class  of  libertini  or  freedmen.  Manumitted  slaves  became 
citizens,  but  their  exact  status  was  a  standing  subject  of  controversy  in 
politics.  In  Cicero's  time  they  voted  in  the  four  city  tribes,  though  there 
had  been  various  attempts  to  make  them  eligible  for  membership  in  all  the 
tribes  so  that  their  suffrages  might  count  for  more  (see  under  Assemblies, 
p.  Iv,  below).  Throughout  the  history  of  the  republic,  there  was  a 
constant  tendency  to  extend  the  suffrage,  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  the  upper 
classes. 

The  government  of  this  complex  assemblage  of  citizens  was  in  the 
hands  of  a  still  more  complex  system  of  magistrates  and  assemblies.  As 
in  our  own  day,  we  must  distinguish  the  Legislative,  the  Executive,  and  the 
Judicial,  though  these  various  branches  of  the  state  authority  were  not  so 
scrupulously  kept  separate  as  with  us. 

II.      THE    PUBLIC    ASSEMBLIES. 

The  Legislative  (or  law-making)  power  proper  resided  in  the  Public 
Assemblies  {comitia).  There  were,  in  Cicero's  time,  two  principal  assem- 
blies, both  of  them  having  as  their  basis  the  thirty-five  local  tribes  into 
which  the  whole  people  were  divided  for  administrative  purposes. 

I.  Comitia  Centuriata.  —  The  Cofnitia  Cejituriata,  ox  gxQ2d.  comitia, 
was  the  military  organization  of  Servius  Tullius  endowed  with  new 
political  powers   at   the   foundation   of  the   republic.      Later  it  was   re- 


The  Roman  Constitution  Iv 

organized  upon  the  basis  of  the  thirty-five  tribes.  There  is  no  precise  state- 
ment as  to  either  the  time  or  the  manner  of  this  reorganization.  It  must, 
however,  have  taken  place  between  the  First  and  Second  Punic  Wars,  and, 
according  to  one  theory,  was  carried  out  in  the  following  manner.  The  old 
division  of  the  people  into  five  classes  (according  to  wealth)  i  being  retained, 
for  each  tribe  there  were  now  formed  two  centuries  of  each  class,  one  of 
seniores  (above  45),  one  of  hiniores,  making  in  all  350  centuries.  To  these 
were  added  18  centuries  of  eqiiites  (the  young  men  of  senatorial  families,  see 
p.  li),  guilds  of  smiths,  carpenters,  hornblowers,  and  trumpeters,  and  a 
century  of  freedmen  and  capite  censi  (those  who  had  no  property)  —  373  in 
all.  Each  century  had  one  vote,  determined  by  the  majority  of  its  voters. 
These  co7nitia  were  regularly  presided  over  by  the  consul ;  they  elected  all 
the  higher  magistrates,  and  had  full  power  of  making  laws,  as  well  as  juris- 
diction in  criminal  cases  so  far  as  this  had  not  been  transferred  to  the 
Qtiaesiioues  Perpetuae.^ 

II.  CoMiTiA  Tributa.  —  Legislation  had,  before  Cicero's  time,  how- 
ever, practically  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  tribal  assembly  (jComitia  Tri- 
buta).    There  were  two  distinct  assemblies  which  passed  under  this  name  : 

{a)  The  Comitia  Tributa  proper,  an  assembly  of  the  entire  people 
according  to  the  thirty-five  tribes  (each  tribe  having  one  vote),  which 
elected  the  inferior  magistrates  (curule  aedile,  quaestor,  etc.),  and  was  pre- 
sided over  by  the  praetor. 

{b)  The  far  more  important  tribal  assembly  of  the  plebeians  exclusively, 
presided  over  by  the  Tribune  of  the  People.  Strictly  speaking,  this  latter 
was  not  co7nitia,  inasmuch  as  it  was  not  composed  of  the  whole  people, 
popiilics, — the  patricians  being  excluded  from  it.  But  these  were  now 
reduced  to  a  few  noble  families,  whose  members  would  not  have  cared  to 
take  part  in  this  democratic  assembly  even  if  they  had  been  permitted  ;  and 
by  the  Hortensian  Law  (B.C.  287)  acts  of  this  assembly,  plebiscita,  had 
received  the  validity  of  laws.  This  plebeian  assembly  elected  the  plebeian 
magistrates  (tribunes,  plebeian  aediles).  It  was  also  the  principal  organ  for 
making  laws. 

The  Comitia  Centuriata,  which  elected  the  higher  magistrates,  being 
originally  a  military  organization,  could  only  be  convened  outside  the  city, 
and  accordingly  met  in  the  Campus  Martins  or  parade-ground.  The 
Comitia  Tributa^  however,  being  purely  a  civil  assembly,  usually  met  in 
the  Forum,  but  could  be  convened  in  any  suitable  place. 

III.  Comitia  Curiata.  —  A  third  assembly,  the  Comitia  Curiata, 
more  ancient  than  the  other  two,  retained  only  certain  formal  functions, 

1  See  p.  Ixii.  2  See  p.  Ixv. 


Ivi  Introduction 

especially  that  of  ceremonially  investing  the  consuls  with  the  imperium  or 
military  authority  (see  p.  Iviii,  below). ^  It  had  no  longer  any  real  power 
or  political  importance.  Membership  in  the  coniiiia  curiata  was  originally 
confined  to  patricians,  but  it  is  not  clear  whether  this  restriction  was  con- 
tinued in  Cicero's  time. 

CoNTio.  —  Besides  these  assemblies,  there  were  meetings,  theoretically 
for  discussion,  called  contiones.  A  cotitio  could  be  called  by  any  magistrate 
who  had  a  matter  to  lay  before  the  people,  and  was  held  regularly  in  the 
Comitium  or  the  Forum. ^  After  a  rogatio  (proposition  of  a  law)  had  been 
offered,  such  a  meeting  was  regularly  convened  in  order  that  the  voters 
might  hear  the  arguments  on  both  sides.  After  that,  on  the  same  or  a 
subsequent  occasion,  the  comitia  voted  on  the  bill,  Yes  or  No,  at  a  regular 
meeting  for  that  purpose. 

III.      THE    SENATE. 

The  Roman  Senate  {senatus),  as  its  name  indicates,  was  originally  the 
"council  of  elders"  (cf.  the  Homeric  ^ovKt]  yepovTOJv),  advisers  of  the  king. 
It  had,  therefore,  strictly  speaking,  no  authority  to  make  laws  or  to  enforce 
their  execution,  and  its  votes  were  simply  consulta,  i.e.  matters  agreed  upon 
as  advisable,  and  its  power  was  aiictoritas.  When  annual  magistracies 
succeeded  the  regal  power,  this  advisory  function  continued,  but  the  in- 
fluence of  the  Senate  increased,  and  the  increase  went  on  until,  in  the 
third  century  B.C.,  this  body  came  to  be  the  actual  (though  not  formal) 
governing  power  in  the  state,  and  its  consulta  became  ordinatices,  by  which 
the  Senate  directed  the  administration  of  the  whole  state,  though  it  still 
had  no  power  to  pass  laws,  and  was  itself  subject  to  the  laws.  The  organ- 
ization of  a  new  province,  for  example,  was  an  executive  measure,  put  in 
force  not  by  a  law  of  the  people,  but  by  an  ordinance  of  the  Senate  ;  and 
in  this  ordinance  was  embodied  the  entire  authority  of  Rome  over  the 
province,  except  so  far  as  this  was  defined  by  general  laws  passed  by  the 
whole  people. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  Senate,  though  originally  a  "  council,"  had 
by  the  time  of  Cicero  absorbed  a  great  part  of  the  legislative  as  well  as 
the  executive  power  in  the  state. 

For  membership  in  the  Senate,  see  p.  1,  above. 

The  Senate  could  only  be  called  together  by  some  magistrate  regularly 

1  This  was  done  annually  by  passing  a  law  called  lex  curiata  de  imperio.  On 
such  occasions  the  thirty  curiae  were  represented  by  bailiffs  (lictores). 

2  For  an  example  of  an  address  at  such  a  meeting  see  the  Oration  for  the  Manil- 
ian  Law. 


The  Roman   Constitution  Ivii 

possessing  the  imperium  (usually  the  Consul),  or  by  the  tribunes  of  the 
people  {tribuni plebis)  :  the  magistrate  who  summoned  it  also  presided,  and 
laid  before  it  {referre)  the  business  for  which  it  was  convened.  He  might 
at  this  point  give  his  own  judgment.  He  then  proceeded  to  ask  {rogare)  the 
Senators  individually  their  opinions  {sentetitiac).  The  order  was  to  ask  in 
their  turns  the  coiisulares.,  praetorii,  and  aedilicii  (that  is,  those  who  sat  in 
the  Senate  by  virtue  of  having  held  these  offices  respectively).  It  has  been 
disputed  whether  the  sejiatorcs  pedarii — i.e.  those  who  had  held  no  curule 
office  —  had  the  ius  sentcntiae,  or  right  to  debate.  There  are,  however, 
numerous  instances  of  their  having  taken  part  in  discussion.  If  the  annual 
election  had  already  taken  place,  —  which  was  usually  in  July,  six  months 
before  the  new  magistrates  assumed  their  offices,  —  the  magistrates  elect 
{ciesignati)  were  called  upon  before  their  several  classes.  The  princeps 
Senatus  (see  note,  Cat.  iii.,  sect.  lo)  was  called  upon  first  of  all,  when  there 
were  no  constiles  designati.  The  presiding  officer,  however,  had  it  in  his 
power  to  vary  the  order,  and  honor  or  slight  any  Senator  by  calling  upon 
him  extra  07-dinem.  For  a  deliberative  oration,  delivered  in  the  Senate, 
see  Catiline  iv. 

As  the  Senate  was  primarily  a  body  of  councillors,  its  business  was  as 
a  rule  laid  before  it  in  general  terms,  not  in  any  special  form  for  action  : 
each  Senator  could,  as  he  chose,  give  his  judgment  in  full,  by  argument 
{sententiam  dicer c),  or  by  simply  expressing  his  assent  to  the  judgment  of 
another  {verbo  adsentiri).  No  Senator  had  a  right  to  introduce  any  matter 
formally  by  motion,  as  with  us,  but  it  was  possible  for  a  Senator,  when 
called  on,  to  give  his  opinion  on  any  subject  not  included  in  the  ques- 
tions referred.  The  vote  was  taken  by  a  division  [discessio),  i.e.  the 
Senators  went  to  one  side  or  the  other  of  the  house.  When  a  majority  had 
decided  in  favor  of  any  sententia,  it  was  written  out  in  proper  form  by  the 
secretaries  {scribae),  under  the  direction  of  the  presiding  magistrate,  in 
the  presence  of  some  of  its  principal  supporters  {adesse  scribundd),  and 
promulgated.  An  example  of  a  formal  resolution  of  the  Senate  is  con- 
tained in  the  last  chapter  of  Cicero's  Fourteenth  Philippic. 

IV.      THE    EXECUTIVE. 

The  Consuls.  —  After  the  expulsion  of  the  kings,  their  absolute  author- 
ity {imperium),  both  in  peace  and  war,  was  vested  in  two  Consuls  (originally 
praetores).  Gradually,  however,  these  autocratic  powers  were  limited  by 
various  checks,  so  that  in  one  sense  a  Consul  had  no  more  power  than  the 
president  of  a  modern  republic.  He  could,  it  is  true,  do  anything  in  his 
year  of  office  without  lawful  question  from  anybody ;  yet,  as  he  could  be 
called  to  account  at  the  end  of  his  term,  any  violation  of  the  constitution 


Iviii  Introduction 

was  extremely  dangerous.  Particularly  was  this  true  in  regard  to  objec- 
tions from  any  one  of  the  ten  tribunes.^  The  danger  of  transgressing 
this  limitation  was  so  immediate  that  it  was  rarely  incurred,  and  practically 
in  almost  all  cases  the  "  veto  "  {intercessio)  of  a  tribune  was  sufficient  to 
stop  any  action  on  the  part  of  the  curule  magistrates.  Another  limitation 
on  the  consular  power  came  from  the  curious  Roman  arrangement  of 
co-ordinate  magistrates  or  "colleagues."  The  objection  of  one  consul  was 
sufficient  to  annul  any  act  of  the  other.  This  principle  also  applied  to 
other  magistracies,  so  that  the  wheels  of  government  could  be  stopped  by 
any  colleague  of  equal  rank.  To  override  such  an  objection  was  an  act  of 
unconstitutional  violence,  which,  however,  was  often  practised  when  public 
opinion  could  be  relied  on  to  sustain  the  illegal  action.  In  practice,  the  two 
consuls  either  took  turns  in  the  administration  (sometimes  alternating 
month  by  month)  or  agreed  upon  a  division  of  functions. 

The  consuls  were  regularly  elected  in  July  and  entered  upon  their  office 
on  the  first  day  of  the  following  January.  They  possessed  two  kinds  of 
authority,  — potestas^  or  power  in  general  (which  all  magistrates  had  in 
some  degree),  and  imperin7?i^  military  or  sovereign  power,  as  of  a  general 
in  the  field.  This  imperiiim  was  originally  exercised  by  the  consuls,  not 
only  in  the  army  but  in  the  city,  so  that  they  had  absolute  authority  of  life 
or  death  ;  but  this  was  limited,  early  in  the  history  of  the  republic,  by  the 
Lex  Va/erm, vfhich.  gave  every  citizen  the  right  of  appeal  {ius provocationis) 
to  the  comitia  centuriata  (see  p.  321,  below)  against  a  sentence  of  capital 
or  corporal  punishment,  and  later  by  the  Lex  Forcia,  which  forbade  the 
scourging  of  citizens.  By  the  Lex  Sempronia  of  Caius  Gracchus  the  right 
of  appeal  in  capital  cases  was  established  even  against  the  military 
imperium?'  In  other  respects,  however,  the  military  imperinm  remained 
practically  absolute,  but  it  could  not  be  exercised  inside  the  walls,  except 
by  virtue  of  the  senatus  consultttm,  "  Dent  operam  consules  ne  quid  res  pub- 
lica  detrimenti  capiat,"  which  revived  the  ancient  powers  of  the  consuls  and 
was  equivalent  to  a  declaration  of  martial  law.*  After  the  Sullan  reforms 
(B.C.  80)  the  consuls  did  not  receive  the  military  imperium  until  their  year 
of  office  had  expired  and  they  were  about  to  set  out  for  their  provinces.^ 
The  civil  powers  of   the   consuls   were   analogous   to   those   of  any   chief 

1  See  p.  Ixii, 

2  Of  the  other  regular  magistrates  only  the  praetors  possessed  the  imperuim 
(see  p.  lix).  The  impermm  was  formally  conferred  on  the  consuls  by  the  comitia 
curiata  (see  p.  Ivi). 

3  Cf.  Crucifixion  of  a  Roman  Citizen,  sect.  6. 

4  See  note  on  Cat.  i.,  sect.  2  (p.  100, 1.  12). 

5  See  p.  Lxi. 


The  Roman   Constitution  lix 

magistrate.  Most  important  among  them  were  the  right  to  call  together, 
consult,  and  preside  over  the  Senate,  and  the  right  to  convene  the  comitia 
centuriata  and  preside  over  the  election  of  the  higher  curule  magistrates. 
For  the  consular  auspicia.,  see  p.  Ixiii,  below. 

PR/ETORS.  —  Praetor  was  the  original  Italic  title  of  the  consuls,  but,  as 
the  result  of  the  agitation  for  the  Licinian  Laws,  in  B.C.  366,  a  special  mag- 
istrate of  that  name  was  elected  "  who  administered  justice,  a  colleague  of 
the  consuls  and  elected  under  the  same  auspices."  ^  Gradually  other  prae- 
tors were  added,  until  in  the  time  of  Cicero  there  were  eight.  They  were 
essentially  judicial  officers,  and  their  functions  were  assigned  by  lot.^  As 
curule  magistrates,  however,  they  could  on  occasion  command  armies  or 
assist  the  consuls  in  emergencies  (see  Cat.  iii.  5),  and  were  assigned  as 
proprators  to  provinces  abroad  after  their  year  of  office.^  Like  the  consuls, 
they  were  regularly  elected  at  the  comitia  centuriata  in  July  and  began  to 
serve  on  the  first  of  the  following  January. 

Qu.-ESTORS. —  The  quaestors  {quaestores),  or  public  treasurers,  were  in 
Cicero's  time  twenty  in  number.  Two  (called  quacstores  urbani)  had  charge 
of  the  treasury  and  archives  at  Rome,  while  the  others  were  assigned  to  the 
several  military  commanders  and  provincial  governors,  to  serve  as  quarter- 
masters and  paymasters.  The  quaestors  entered  upon  office  on  Dec.  5, 
when  they  drew  lots  to  determine  their  respective  places  of  service.^ 

CuRSUS  IIoNORUM.  —  No  one  could  be  chosen  praetor  until  he  had 
been  quaestor,  or  consul  until  he  had  been  prcetor.  These  three  magis- 
tracies, then,  formed  a  career  of  office  —  the  so-called  cursiis  honortim  — 
which  it  was  the  aim  of  every  ambitious  Roman  to  complete  as  soon  as 
possible.  To  be  elected  quaestor  a  man  had  to  be  at  least  30  years  old,^  and 
the  lowest  legal  ages  for  the  praetorship  and  the  consulship  were  40  and  43 
respectively.  The  consulship  could  in  no  case  be  held  until  three  years 
after  the  praetorship.  Consuls  and  praetors  were  curule  magistrates,  but 
this  was  not  the  case  with  the  quaestor.  The  office  of  curule  aedile  (see 
below)  was  often  held  between  the  quaestorship  and  the  prsetorship,  but  it 
was  not  a  necessary  grade  in  the  cursiis  honorttm.  The  minimum  age  for 
this  office  was  the  twenty-seventh  year. 

1  He  was,  however,  inferior  in  rank  to  the  consul,  who  had  maior potestas. 

2  See  p.  Ixv. 

3  See  p.  Ixi. 

4  They  were  originally  appointed  by  the  consuls,  but  in  Cicero's  time  were  elected 
by  the  comitia  tributa.  The  practical  management  of  the  treasury  was  with  the  clerks 
{scribae  q7iaestorii),  as  in  our  modern  civil  service.  These  formed  a  permanent  and 
powerful  corporation.     Cf.  Cat.  iv.,  sect.  15  (p.  149,  11.  10,  11). 

5  In  the  time  of  the  Gracchi  the  age  was  27, 


Ix  Introduction 

iEoiLES.  • — The  aediles  (from  aedes,  2t.  temple)  were  four  magistrates, 
who  had  the  general  superintendence  of  the  police  of  the  city,  criminal 
jurisdiction  with  the  power  of  imposing  fines,  the  care  of  the  games, 
public  buildings,  etc.  They  did  not  form  a  board  {collegium),  but  were  of 
two  grades,  two  being  necessarily  plebeians,  while  the  other  two,  the  curult 
(Tciiles,  who  ranked  with  the  higher  magistrates,  might  be  patricians.  The 
aedileship  was  not  a  necessary  step  in  a  political  career,  but  it  was  eagerly 
sought,  between  the  quaestorship  and  the  praetorship,  by  ambitious  men, 
for  the  reason  that  the  superintendence  of  the  public  games  gave  great 
opportunity  for  gaining  popular  favor.  A  certain  sum  was  appropriated 
from  the  public  treasury  for  these  games  ;  but  an  aedile  who  wished  to 
rise  to  higher  positions,  and  not  to  be  thought  mean,  took  care  to  add  a 
good  sum  from  his  own  pocket.^ 

LiCTORS,  Insignia,  etc.  —  The  consuls  and  praetors  were  accompanied 
by  special  officers  called  lictors  {licto}-es),  who  were  at  the  same  time  a 
symbol  of  the  supreme  power  and  the  immediate  ministers  of  the  will  of 
the  magistrates.  They  carried  a  bundle  of  rods  and  an  axe  bound  to- 
gether (the  fasces),'^  to  inflict  the  punishment  of  flogging  and  death  accord- 
ing to  the  regular  Roman  mode  of  execution.  Each  consul  had  twelve 
lictors,  each  praetor  had  six.  After  the  right  of  appeal  was  established  (see 
p.  Iviii,  above),  the  lictors  did  not  carry  the  axe  inside  the  city.  Besides 
the  "  imperial  "  lictors,  all  magistrates  were  attended  by  ministers  of  various 
kinds,  viatores  (summoners),  praecones  (criers),  and  slaves.  All  the  curule 
magistrates  wore  as  a  mark  of  authority  the  toga  praetexta  (white  with  a 
crimson  border),  and  the  latus  clavtes  (or  broad  stripe  of  crimson)  on  the 
front  of  the  tunic.  As  commanders  of  armies,  they  wore  instead  of  the 
toga  the  paludamentinn,  a.  kind  of  cloak  entirely  of  crimson.  In  fact,  the 
majesty  of  the  law  was  symbolized  in  the  most  striking  manner  in  the 
case  of  all  magistrates  except  the  tribunes,^  who,  as  champions  of  the  pleds, 
wore  no  distinguishing  dress,  the  quaestors  and  the  plebeian  asdiles. 

Proconsuls  and  Propr^tors.  —  All  the  magistrates  so  far  mentioned 
were  elected  annually.  When  it  was  desired  to  retain  the  services  of  a 
consul  or  a  praetor  after  his  term  had  expired,  his  tmperium  was  extended 
{prorogatztm)  by  the  Senate,  and  he  was  known  as  a  proconsul  ox proprcetor. 
It  was  only  the  military  tmpermm  that  was  thus  prorogued,*  not  the  civil 

1  Cf.  Impeachment  of  Verres,  sects,  37-40  (pp.  41,  42)-,  Plunder  of  Syracuse, 
sect.  19  (p.  58,  11.  2-5). 

2  See  Fig.  25,  p.  290,  below. 

3  See  p.  Ixii. 

4  Sometimes  a  private  citizen  was  invested  with  the  imperium  and  called  pro- 
consul (see  Manil.  Law,  sect.  62). 


The  Roman  Co7istitution  Ixi 

power.  Thus  the  proconsul  had  no  authority  within  the  city,  and  could 
not,  like  the  consul,  call  together  the  Senate  or  an  assembly  of  the 
people. 

As  the  "  state  "  grew,  it  became  customary  to  commit  the  government 
of  conquered  provinces  to  proconsuls  and  propraetors,  and  to  this  end  the 
prorogation  of  the  itnperiiim  for  a  second  year  became  regular.  After  the 
time  of  Sulla,  all  provinces  were  so  governed,^  one  of  his  laws  providing 
that  the  consuls  and  praetors  should  set  out  for  their  provinces  immediately 
on  the  expiration  of  their  term  of  office  in  the  city.^  No  difference  was  made 
between  the  power  of  a  proconsul  and  that  of  a  propraetor.  Both  officers 
had  the  full  military  and  civil  command  and  were  almost  absolute  mon- 
archs,  except  for  their  liability  to  be  afterwards  called  to  account  (cf.  p.  Ivii, 
above).  Their  opportunities  for  plunder  were  almost  unlimited.^  Their 
power,  however,  did  not  extend  to  the  city  itself,  in  which  they  were  mere 
private  citizens.  Hence  it  often  happened  that  a  commander,  on  returning 
from  his  province,  remained  outside  the  city  so  as  to  retain  his  military 
imperiuni  for  some  reason  or  other. 

Censors.  —  The  censors  {censores)  were  two  in  number,  elected  from 
men  of  consular  dignity  {consulares),  originally  at  a  minimum  interval  of 
four  years,  afterwards  once  in  five  years,  —  the  interval  called  a  lustrum, — 
and  holding  office  for  eighteen  months.  They  ranked  as  magistratus 
maiores,  but  did  not  possess  the  imperium,  and  had  no  power  to  convene 
either  the  Senate  or  an  assembly  of  the  people.  Their  functions  were  — 
(i)  to  inspect  the  registry  of  citizens  of  every  class  and  order  ;  (2)  to 
punish  immorality,  by  removal  from  the  Senate,  the  equestrian  cen- 
turies, or  the  Tribe  i^nota  censoria,  i7ifamia,  igitomi7iid)  ;  (3)  to  superintend 
the  finances  (giving  out  contracts  for  collecting  the  revenues)  and  the  public 
works.  In  the  intervals  of  the  censorship,  these  last  were  under  the  care 
of  the  aediles  (see  p.  Ix,  above).  Sulla  tacitly  abolished  the  office  of 
censor,  but  it  was  revived  in  the  consulship  of  Pompey  and  Crassus,  B.C. 
70. 

The  property  registration,  of  which  the  censors  had  charge,  was  called 
census,  and  on  it  depended  not  only  taxation  but  the  position  of  a  citizen 
in  the  centuriae  (see  p.  Iv,  above,  on  the  comitia  centuriata).  The  classes 
under  the  census  were  divided  as  follows  : 

1  After  the  SuUan  reforms  (b.c.  80)  the  military  imperium  was  not  enjoyed  by 
the  consuls  and  praetors  until  their  year  of  civil  magistracy  had  expired. 

2  This  arrangement  was  changed  by  a  law  of  Pompey  (b.c.  52)  which  provided 
that  five  years  should  intervene  between  the  magistracy  and  the  provincial  govern- 
ment.    See  Life  of  Cicero,  p.  xxiii,  above. 

8  Cf.  Impeachment  of  Verres. 


bdi  hitroduction 

First  class:  having  property  valued  at  100,000  asses  or  more. 

Second  class:        "  "  "        "     75,000      "      "      " 

Third  class :       "  "  "        "     50,000      "      "      " 

Fourth  class:       "  "  "        "     25,000      "      "      " 

Fifth  class:       "  "  "        "     11,000      "      "      « 

The  cejtsiis  of  a  Roman  cques  was,  in  Cicero's  time,  400,000  sesterces, 
and  this  provision  was  one  of  long  standing. 

Tribuni  Plebis. —  Side  by  side  with  the  "  kingly  "  magistrates  there 
had  arisen  a  class  of  magistrates  of  the  people  whose  only  privileges  origi- 
nally were  prohibitive,  but  who  had  come  to  have  great  power  in  the 
state. 

The  TribtiJii  Plebis  (or  Plebi),  ten  in  number  and  elected  by  the  Comitia 
Tribiita,  were  the  magistrates  of  that  portion  of  the  people  (a  state  within 
the  state)  known  as  the  Plebs.  The  plebeians  at  this  epoch,  however,  com- 
posed the  whole  people,  with  the  exception  of  the  few  families  of  the 
patrician  aristocracy  (such  gentes  as  the  Cornelian,  Julian,  ^Emilian,  Clau- 
dian).i  Not  being  technically  magistrates  of  the  city  or  the  whole  people, 
but  only  of  a  single  class,  the  tribunes  did  not  possess  the  imperhim,  but 
on\y  potestas,  had  no  real  executive  power,  and  indeed  were  not  magistrates 
at  all  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  term.  On  the  other  hand,  their  persons 
were  held  sacred,  and  they  had  two  very  important  and  wide-reaching  func- 
tions :  I.  The  right  of  interfering,  itis  hitercedendi  f  veto"),  to  arrest 
almost  any  act  of  another  magistrate.  (This  right  practically  extended 
to  a  veto  on  legislation,  elections,  and  ordinances  of  the  Senate,  these 
being  all  under  the  direction  of  magistrates.)  2.  The  right  to  hold  the 
assembly  of  the  plebs^  organized  by  tribes.  In  this  assembly,  known  as 
comitia  tributa,  the  plebeian  magistrates  (tribunes  and  plebeian  aediles)  ^ 
were  chosen,  and  laws  were  passed, //^(5/j-a^f,  which  of  course  were  origi- 
nally binding  only  upon  the  plebs,  but  which,  by  the  Hortensian  Law  (b.c. 
287),  received  the  force  of  leges  (see  p.  Iv,  above)  ;  fines  were  likewise 
imposed  by  this  assembly. 

Out  of  these  original  powers  had  been  developed  a  very  extensive 
criminal  jurisdiction,  which  made  the  tribunes  and  aediles  the  chief  prose- 
cuting officers  of  the  republic,  the  tribunes  acting  in  cases  of  a  political 
character.  This  order  of  things  continued  until  the  time  of  Sulla,  when 
the  administration  of  criminal  justice  was  entrusted  to  the  standing  courts, 
quaestiones  perpetuae,  established  by  him  (see  p.  Ixv,  below).  But  Sulla's 
provisions  were  abolished  by  Pompey  (b.c.  70),  the  people  fancying  that 
the  corruptions  of  the  courts  could  be  remedied  by  restoring  this  power  to 

A  See  p.  lii.  2  See  p.  Ix. 


The  Ro7nan  Constitution  Ixiii 

the  tribunes.  The  tribunes  also  had  authority  to  convene  the  Senate  and 
bring  business  before  it,  preside,  and  take  part  in  debate.  These  privileges 
they  acquired  very  early,  by  irregular  practice  passing  into  custom,  rather 
than  by  any  special  enactment. 

The  Auspices. —  The  absolute  continuity  of  the  government,  which 
was  more  necessary  at  Rome  than  elsewhere,  on  account  of  a  kind  of  theo- 
cratic idea  in  the  constitution,  was  secured  by  a  curious  contrivance.  The 
"  regular  succession  "  in  Roman  magistrates  was  as  rigid  as  later  in  the 
Church.  The  welfare  of  the  state  was  supposed  to  depend  upon  the  favor 
of  the  gods,  and  this  could  only  be  transferred  from  one  officer  to  another 
by  an  election  which  was  practically  a  religious  ceremony  in  which  both 
officers  took  part.  This  favor,  technically  known  as  the  auspicia,  would 
lapse  unless  the  election  and  inauguration  were  rightly  performed.  The 
ceremony  consisted  in  taking  the  auspices,  a  regular  process  of  religious 
divination  by  the  flight  of  birds,  etc.,  according  to  a  very  antiquated  ritual 
(see  below). 

Augurs.  —  The  magistrates  alone  were  authorized  to  consult  the 
auspices,  that  is,  to  observe  the  various  signs  by  which  the  gods  were 
supposed  to  declare  their  will  with  regard  to  the  state.  The  interpreta- 
tion of  the  auspices,  however,  which  had  been  developed  into  an  extremely 
technical  science  {^ius  aitguriiint),  was  in  the  hands  of  a  much  honored 
body  {collegium)  of  distinguished  citizens,  called  augurs  (augures).  These 
were  not  themselves  magistrates,  but  simply  the  official  interpreters  of  the 
ius  augurium,  which  they  alone  were  supposed  to  know.  Since  all  impor- 
tant public  acts  (especially  the  holding  of  the  comitia)  were  done  auspicato 
(i.e.,  under  authority  of  the  auspices),  the  augurs  naturally  came  to  have 
great  political  influence.  Their  interpretation  and  advice  could  be  disre- 
garded, but  such  disregard  was  at  the  risk  of  the  magistrate  and  was 
almost  sure  to  affect  his  popularity,  especially  if  misfortune  followed.^  The 
augurs  held  office  for  life.  Originally  they  had  the  right  to  fill  vacancies 
on  their  board,  but  later  such  vacancies  were  sometimes  filled  by  election 
by  the  people.^     Cicero  himself  became  an  augur,  B.C.  53. 

Interrex. — Whenever  there  was  a  suspension  of  legal  authority,  by 
vacancy  of  the  chief  magistracy,  it  was  understood  that  the  auspicia  — 
which  were  regularly  in  possession  of  the  magistrates — were  lodged  (in 
accordance  with  the  most  ancient  custom)  with  the  patrician  members  of 
the  Senate  until  new  magistrates  should  be  inaugurated.  The  renewal  of 
the  regular  order  of  things  was  begun  by  the  patrician  senators  coming 
together  and  appointing  one  of  their  own  number  zs,  interrex.     He  held 

1  Thus  they  were  a  conservative  influence  in  the  state. 

2  The  rule  in  this  matter  was  several  times  changed  by  law. 


Ixiv  Intro  diictiofi 

office  for  five  days,  as  chief  magistrate  of  the  commonwealth  and  possessor 
of  the  auspicia  ;  then  he  created  a  successor,  who  might  hold  the  coi7iitia  for 
the  election  of  consuls,  but  who  usually  created  another  successor  for  that 
purpose. 

Dictator.  —  The  dictator  v.-as  an  extraordinary  magistrate,  possessing 
absolute  power,  appointed  by  the  consuls,  at  the  instance  of  the  Senate,  in 
times  of  great  public  danger.  Properly  he  held  office  for  but  six  months. 
The  laws  of  appeal,  and  other  safeguards  of  individual  liberty,  had  at  first 
no  force  against  this  magistrate.  In  later  times  (after  B.C.  202)  dictators 
were  no  longer  appointed,  but  instead  the  Senate,  when  occasion  arose,  in- 
vested the  consuls  with  dictatorial  power.i  Sulla,  and  afterwards  Caesar, 
revived  the  name  and  authority  of  the  dictatorship  ;  but  in  their  case  the 
office  became  equivalent  to  absolute  sovereignty,  since  each  of  them  was 
appointed  dictator  for  life  {perpetuo).  The  Alagister  Eqtiitum,  appointed 
by  the  Dictator,  stood  next  in  command  to  him  and  also  had  the  iviperium. 

V.      THE   COURTS. 

Our  division  of  legal  business  into  civil  and  criminal,  though  not 
exactly  corresponding  to  the  Roman  classification  of  cases  as  causae  privatae 
and  causae  publicae,  still  affords  the  most  convenient  basis  for  an  under- 
standing of  the  ancient  courts. 

In  Civil  Cases  between  individual  citizens  as  well  as  foreign  residents, 
the  jurisdiction,  originally  belonging  to  the  king,  was,  on  the  establishment 
of  the  Republic  transferred  to  the  consuls,  but  in  the  times  with  which  we 
are  especially  concerned,  it  rested  with  the  praetors.  The  praetor  urbatius 
had  charge  of  all  civil  cases  between  Roman  citizens  ;  X}cv^  praetor  peregrinus, 
of  all  civil  suits  to  which  an  alien  was  a  party.  Civil  processes  were  various 
and  complicated,  and,  since  none  of  the  orations  in  this  edition  were  spoken 
in  such  cases,  they  may  be  left  out  of  account  here. 

Criminal  Jurisdiction  also  originally  rested  with  the  king,  and, 
later,  with  the  magistrates  (consuls,  etc.)  who  succeeded  him.  But  by  the 
various  laws  concerning  appeal,  the  trial  of  all  important  offences  was 
transferred  to  the  assemblies  of  the  people.  In  accordance  with  its  origin 
the  jurisdiction  of  these  bodies  was  always  theoretically  an  appellant  juris- 
diction. The  case  was  supposed  first  to  be  decided  by  the  magistrate,  who, 
having  given  notice  {diem  dicere)  to  the  defendant  {reus),  brought  forward  a 
bill  {rogatio)  enacting  the  punishment.  If  the  case  was  a  capital  one,  i.e. 
involving  the  life  or  status  of  a  Roman  citizen,  it  was  brought  before  the 
comitia  centuriata  convened  by  the  magistrate  for  the  purpose,  and  decided 
like  any  other  question.     It   would   appear   that  any  curule  magistrate  as 

1  See  p.  Iviii. 


The  Roman   Constitution  Ixv 

well  as  the  tribunes  could  take  such  action.     If  the  case   involved  only  a 
fine,  it  was  tried  before  the  comitia  tributa  by  an  aedile  or  tribune. 

These  methods  of  trial  were  practically  superseded  after  the  time  of 
Sulla  by  the  establishment  of  the  standing  courts  (see  below).  They  were, 
however,  sometimes  revived,  as  in  Cicero's  own  case. 

It  had  always  been  competent  for  the  people  to  establish  a  quaestio  or 
investigation  to  try  persons  suspected  of  crimes  i^quaestiones  extraordi- 
7iariae).  After  the  analogy  of  this  proceeding,  Sulla  established  standing 
courts  {quaesHoTies  perpetiiae)  differing  from  previous  qiiaestiones  only  in 
that  they  were  continuous  instead  of  being  appointed  upon  any  particular 
occasion.  It  was  before  these  that  most  crimes  were  tried. ^  Examples  of 
such  trials  are  found  in  Rose.  Am.  (p.  i)  and  Verres  (p.  26). 

Such  a  court  consisted  of  a  presiding  judge,  qiiaesitor  {^praetor,  or  index 
qnaestionis),  who  caused  a  jury  {indices)  to  be  impanelled  and  sworn  (hence 
called  iurati),  varying  in  number  in  the  different  courts  and  at  different 
times,  to  try  the  case  under  his  presidency.  These  indices  were  drawn  by 
lot  from  a  standing  body  {indices  selecti),  the  exact  number  of  which  is 
unknown,^  and  a  right  of  challenging  existed  as  with  us.  This  body  was 
originally  made  up  from  the  Senatorial  Order,  but  a  law  of  C.  Gracchus 
(B.C.  123)  provided  that  the  indices  should  be  taken  from  non-Senators 
who  possessed  the  equestrian  census  (see  p.  Ixii,  above).  From  this  time 
the  Senators  and  the  Eqnites  contended  for  the  control  of  the  courts. 
Sulla  restored  to  the  Senators  the  exclusive  privilege  of  sitting  as  indices 
(B.C.  80),  but  the  Aurelian  Law  (B.C.  70)  provided  that  the  jurors  should 
be  taken,  one-third  from  the  Senators  and  two-thirds  from  the  Equestrian 
Order,  and  that  one-half  of  the  Eqnites  chosen  (i.e.  one-third  of  the  whole 
number  of  indices)  should  have  held  the  office  of  Tribnnus  Aerarins  (i.e. 
president  of  one  of  the  thirty-five  local  tribes,  see  p.  liv,  above).  This 
regulation  remained  in  force  until  the  dictatorship  of  Caesar,  B.C.  45,  when 
this  decnria  of  Tribnni  Aei-at'ii  was  abolished.  A  majority  of  the  jurors 
decided  the  verdict.  The  president  had  no  vote,  nor  did  he  decide  the  law 
of  the  case  :  he  had  merely  charge  of  the  proceedings  as  a  presiding  magis- 
trate. (Cf.  Verr.  i.  32,  for  a  hint  at  his  powers.)  Each  juror  wrote  on  his 
ballot  A  {absolve)  for  acquittal  or  C  or  K  {coudenino)  for  conviction. 

1  Sulla's  qnaestiones  perpetuae  were  eight  or  ten  in  number.  Six  of  these  — 
Repetnndae  (extortion),  Ambitus  (bribery),  Peculaius  (embezzlement),  Maicstas 
(treason),  de  Sicariis  et  Ventpicis  (murder),  and  probably  Falsi  (counterfeiting  and 
fraud) —  were  presided  over  by  six  of  the  eight  praetors.  For  the  other  two  (or  four), 
ex-asdiles  {aedilicii)  were  appointed  to  preside  as  indices  quaestionis. 

2  For  cases  of  extortion  the  number  was  specially  fixed  by  the  Lex  Acilia  at  four 
hundred  and  fifty,  from  whom  fifty  were  chosen  as  jurors. 


ft:    s 
°  I 

1) 

H 


SELECT    ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 


DEFENCE    OF    ROSCIUS. 


{Pro  Sex.  Roscio  Ameriuo.) 


B.C.  So. 


Sextus  Roscius  was  a  rich  and  respected  citizen  of  Ameria,  an 
Umbrian  town  {j?iunicipiu??i)  about  fifty  miles  north  of  Rome.  He 
had  a  taste  for  city  life,  and  spent  most  of  his  time  at  the  capital, 
where  he  was  on  intimate  terms  with  some  of  the  highest  families, 
especially  the  Metelli  and  Scipios.  Meantime  his  son  Sextus,  who 
certainly  lacked  his  father's  cultivated  tastes,  and  who  w^as  accused  by 
his  enemies  of  rudeness  and  clownishness,  had  charge  of  the  extensive 
family  estates  at  Ameria. 

Sometime  during  the  dictatorship  of  Sulla  (probably  in  the  autumn 
of  8 1  B.C.)  the  elder  Roscius  was  murdered  one  evening  as  he  was 
returning  from  a  dinner  party.  The  murder  was  no  doubt  procured, 
or  at  lea.st  connived  at,  by  one  Titus  Roscius  Magnus,  his  fellow- 
townsman  and  enemy.  However  that  may  be,  the  name  of  the  mur- 
dered man  was  put  upon  the  prosciiption  list  by  a  freedman  and  favorite 
of  Sulla,  one  Chrysogonus,  who  bought  his  confiscated  estates  at  auction 
at  a  nominal  price.     Three  of  these  estates  (there  were  thirteen  in  all) 


2  Orations  of  Cicero 

he  transferred  to  a  certain  Titus  Roscius  Capito,  another  townsman  and 
enemy  of  the  deceased,  and  a  leading  man  at  Ameria  ;  the  remainder  he 
put  in  charge  of  Magnus  as  his  agent.  The  younger  Sextus,  a  man  of 
forty,  thus  robbed  of  his  patrimony,  had  recourse  to  his  father's  friends 
in  Rome  for  protection  and  help.  The  three  conspirators,  fearing  that 
they  might  be  compelled  to  disgorge,  resolved  to  secure  themselves  by 
accusing  him  of  his  father's  murder.  This  they  did  through  a  pro- 
fessional prosecutor  {accusdtor)  named  Erucius,  who  undertook  the 
legal  formalities  of  the  prosecution. 

The  aristocratic  friends  of  Roscius,  not  daring  to  brave  the  creature 
of  the  dictator,  but  unwilling  to  leave  their  guest-friend  {hospes)  unde- 
fended, prevailed  upon  Cicero,  then  young  and  ambitious,  to  undertake 
the  case.  To  oppose  Chrysogonus  was  an  act  that  called  for  disinter- 
ested courage,  and  nothing  in  Cicero's  career  is  more  to  his  credit.  By 
his  successful  conduct  of  the  case  he  obtained  the  well-merited  rank 
of  a  leader  among  the  rising  advocates  of  Rome.  The  Defence  of 
Roscius  was  the  first  of  Cicero's  public  orations  or  pleas ;  and  it  is 
criticised  by  the  author  himself  in  his   Orator,  ch.  30. 

Cicero's  Apology  for  Appearing  in  the  Defence. 

CREDO  ego  vos,  iiidices,  mirari  quid  sit  quod,  cum  tot 
summi  oratores  hominesque  nobilissimi  sedeant,  ego 
potissimum  surrexerim,  qui  neque  aetate  neque  ingenio  neque 
auctoritate  sim  cum  his,  qui  sedeant,  comparandus.     Omnes 

5  hi,  quos  videtis  adesse,  in  hac  causa  iniCiriam  novo  scelere 
conflatam  putant  oportere  defendi,  defendere  ipsi  propter 
iniquitatem  temporum  non  audent  ;  ita  fit  ut  adsint  prop- 
terea  quod  officium  sequuntur,  taceant  autem  idcirco  quia 
periculum  vitant. 

o  2.  Quid  ergo  ?  Audacissimus  ego  ex  omnibus  .?  Minime. 
At  tanto  officiosior  quam  ceteri  ?  Ne  istius  quidem  laudis 
ita  sim  cupidus,  ut  aliis  earn  praereptam  velim.  Quae  me 
igitur  res  praeter  ceteros  impulit,  ut  causam  Sex.  Rosci 
reciperem  ?      Quia,    si    quis    horum    dixisset,    quos    videtis 

5  adesse,  in  quibus  summa  auctoritas  est  atque  amplitudo, 
si  verbum  de  re  publica  fecisset,  —  id  quod  in  hac  causa 
fieri  necesse  est,  —  multo  plura  dixisse  quam  dixisset  puta- 


Defence  of  Roscius  3 

retur  :  3.  ego  etiamsi  omnia  quae  dicenda  sunt  libere  dixero, 
nequaquam  tamen  similiter  oratio  mea  exire  atque  in  volgus 
emanare  poterit.  Deinde,  quod  ceterorum  neque  dictum 
obsciirum  potest  esse,  propter  nobilitatem  et  amplitiidinem, 
neque  temere  dicto  concedi,  propter  aetatem  et  prudentiam  :  5 
ego  si  quid  llberius  dixero,  vel  occultum  esse,  propterea 
quod  nondum  ad  rem  publicam  access!,  vel  ignosci  adu- 
lescentiae  poterit,  —  tametsi  non  modo  ignoscendi  ratio, 
verum  etiam  cognoscendi  consuetiido  iam  de  civitate  sublata 
est.  10 

4.  Accedit  ilia  quoque  causa,  quod  a  ceteris  forsitan  ita 
petitum  sit  ut  dicerent,  ut  utrumvis  salvo  officio  facere  se 
posse  arbitrarentur  :  a  me  autem  ei  contenderunt,  qui  apud 
me  et  amicitia  et  beneficiis  et  dignitate  plurimum  possunt, 
quorum  ego  nee  benevolentiam  erga  me  ignorare,  nee  auc-  15 
toritatem  aspernari,  nee  voluntatem  neglegere  debeam.  His 
de  causis  ego  huic  causae  patronus  exstiti,  non  electus  linus 
qui  maximo  ingenio,  sed  relictus  ex  omnibus  qui  minimo 
periculo  possem  dicere ;  neque  uti  satis  firmo  praesidio 
defensus  Sex.  Roscius,  verum  uti  ne  omnino  desertus  20 
esset. 

Character  of  the  Elder  Roscius,  the  Murdered  Man. 

VI.  5.  Sex.  Roscius,  pater  huiusce,  mtjniceps  Amerinus 
fuit,  cum  genere  et  nobilitate  et  pecimia  non  modo  sui 
municipi  verum  etiam  eius  vicinitatis  facile  primus,  tum 
gratia  atque  hospitiis  florens  hominum  nobilissimorum.  25 
Nam  cum  Metellis,  Serviliis,  Scipionibus  erat  ei  non  modo 
hospitium,  verum  etiam  domesticus  iisus  et  consuetiido ; 
quas  (ut  aequum  est)  familias  honestatis  amplitudinisque 
gratia  nomino.  Itaque  ex  omnibus  suis  commodis  hoc 
solum  filio  reliquit :  nam  patrimonium  domestici  praedones  30 
vi  ereptum  possident,  fama  et  vita  innocentis  ab  hospitibus 
amicisque  paternis  defenditur.  6.  Is  cum  omni  tempore 
nobilitatis   fautor   fuisset,   tum   hoc   tumultu   proximo,    cum 


4  Oi'ations  of  Cicero 

omnium  nobilium  dignitas  et  salus  in  discrimen  veniret, 
praeter  ceteros  in  ea  vicinitate  eam  partem  causamque 
opera,  studio,  auctoritate  defendit :  etenim  rectum  putabat 
pro  eorum  honestate  se  pugnare,  propter  quos  ipse  hones- 
5  tissimus  inter  suos  numerabatur.  Posteaquam  victoria  con- 
stituta  est,  ab  armisque  recessimus,  —  cum  proscriberentur 
homines,  atque  ex  omni  regione  caperentur  ei  qui  adversarii 
fuisse  putabantur,  —  erat  ille  Romae  frequens  ;  in  foro  et  in 
ore  omnium  cotidie  versabatur,  magis  ut  exsultare  victoria 

lo  nobilitatis  videretur,  quam  timere  ne  quid  ex  ea  calamitatis 
sibi  accideret. 

His  Old  Feud  with  the  Titi  Roscii. 
7.  Erant  ei  veteres  inimicitiae  cum  duobus  Rosciis  Ame- 
rinis,  quorum  alterum  sedere  in  accusatorum  subselliis  video, 
alterum  tria  hiiiusce  praedia  possidere  audio.     Quas  inimi- 

15  citias  si  tam  cavere  potuisset,  quam  metuere  solebat,  viveret. 
Neque  enim,  iudices,  iniuria  metuebat.  Nam  duo  isti  sunt 
T.  Roscii,  quorum  alteri  Capitoni  cognom.en  est,  iste  qui 
adest  Magnus  vocatur,  homines  huius  modi :  alter  pluri- 
marum  palmarum  vetus  ac    nobilis  gladiator    habetur,  hie 

20  autem  nuper  se  ad  eum  lanistam  contulit ;  quique  ante 
hanc  pugnam  tiro  esset,  [quod  sciam,]  facile  ipsum  magis- 
trum  scelere  audaciaque  superavit. 

The  Murder. 

VII.  8.  Nam  cum  hie  Sex.  Roscius  esset  Ameriae,  T. 
autem   iste   Roscius   Romae, — cum   hie  filius  adsiduus  in 

25  praediis  esset,  cumque  se  voluntate  patris  rei  familiari  vitae- 
que  rusticae  dedisset,  iste  autem  frequens  Romae  esset,  — 
occiditur  ad  balneas  Palacinas  rediens  a  cena  Sex.  Roscius. 
Spero  ex  hoc  ipso  non  esse  obscurum,  ad  quern  suspicio 
malefici  pertineat:  verum  id,  quod  adhuc  est  suspiciosum, 

30  nisi  perspicuum  res  ipsa  fecerit,  hunc  adfinem  culpae  iiidi- 
catote. 


SULLA. 
(Bust  ill  the  Vatican.) 


Defence  of  Roscins  5 

The  News  Brought  to  his  Enemies  at  Ameria. 

9.  Occiso  Sex.  Roscio,  primus  Ameriam  nuntiat  Mallius 
Glaucia  quidam,  homo  tenuis,  libertinus,  cliens  et  familiaris 
istius  T.  Rose!,  et  nCintiat  domum  non  fili,  sed  T.  Capitonis 
inimici  ;  et  cum  post  horam  primam  noctis  occisus  esset, 
primo  diluculo  nuntius  hie  Ameriam  venit.  Decem  horis  5 
nocturnis  sex  et  quinquaginta  milia  passuum  cisiis  pervo- 
lavit,  non  modo  ut  exoptatum  inimico  nuntium  primus 
adferret,  sed  etiam  cruorem  inimici  quam  recentissimum 
telumque  paulo  ante  e  corpore  extractum  ostenderet. 

The  Conspiracy  to  Seize  his  Property. 

10.  Quadriduo  quo  haec  gesta  sunt,  res  ad  Chrysogonum  10 
in  castra  L.  Sullae  Volaterras  defertur.     Magnitudo  pecCmiae 
demonstratur ;  bonitas  praediorum   (nam   fundos  decem   et 
tris  reliquit,  qui  Tiberim  fere  omnes  tangunt),  hfiius  inopia  et 
solitiido  commemoratur.      Demonstrant,  cum  pater  hiiiusce 
Sex.    Roscius,    homo    tam     splendidus    et    gratiosus,    nullo  15 
negotio   sit   occisus,   perfacile  hunc   hominem   incautum  et 
riisticum,    et   Romae   ignotum,  de   medio    tolli    posse.     Ad 
eam   rem   operam   suam    pollicentur.      Ne    diutius    teneam, 
iudices,    societas    coitur.     VIII.     11.  Cum    nulla   proscrip- 
tionis  mentio  fieret,  cum   etiam  qui   antea  metuerant  redi-  20 
rent,  ac  iam  defunctos  sese  periculis  arbitrarentur,  nomen 
refertur    in    tabulas    Sex.    Rosci,    studiosissimi    nobilitatis. 
Manceps   fit   Chrysogonus.     Tria    praedia    vel    nobilissima 
Capitoni    propria    traduntur,   quae  hodie  possidet ;  in   reli- 
quas  omnes  fortiinas  iste  T.   Roscius,  nomine  Chrysogoni,  25 
quemadmodum    ipse    dicit,    impetum    facit.       [Haec    bona 
emuntur  duobus  milibus  nummum.] 

Sulla  not  Implicated. 

12.  Haec  omnia,  iudices,  imprudente  L.  Sulla  facta  esse 
certo  scio ;  neque  enim  mirum  —  cum  eodem  tempore  et  ea 
quae  praeterita  sunt  et  ea  quae  videntur  instare  praeparet,  30 


6  Orations  of  Cicero 

cum  et  pacis  constituendae  ration  em  et  belli  gerendi  potes- 
tatem  solus  habeat,  cum  omnes  in  unum  spectent,  unus 
omnia  gubernet,  cum  tot  tantisque  negotiis  distentus  sit 
ut  respirare  libere  non  possit  —  si  aliquid  non  animad- 
5  vertat,  cum  praesertim  tam  multi  occupationem  eius  obser- 
vent  tempusque  aucupentur,  ut,  simul  atque  ille  despexerit, 
aliquid  huiusce  modi  moliantur.  HCic  accedit,  quod  quamvis 
ille  felix  sit,  sicut  est,  tamen  [in]  tanta  felicitate  nemo  potest 
esse,  in  magna  familia  qui  neminem  neque  servum  neque 
lo  libertum  improbum  habeat. 

The  Younger  Roscius  Dispossessed. 

13.  Interea  iste  T.  Roscius,  vir  optimus,  procurator  Chry- 
sogoni,  Ameriam  venit  ;  in  praedia  hiiius  invadit  ;  hunc 
miserum,  luctu  perditum,  qui  nondum  etiam  omnia  paterno 
funeri  iusta  solvisset,  nudum  eicit ;  domo  atque  focis  patriis 

15  disque  penatibus  praecipitem,  iudices,  exturbat;  ipse  amplis- 
simae  pecuniae  fit  dominus.  Qui  in  sua  re  fuisset  egentis- 
simus,  erat,  ut  fit,  insolens  in  aliena.  Multa  palam  domum 
suam  auferebat,  plura  clam  de  medio  removebat ;  non  pauca 
suis  adiutoribus  large  effuseque  donabat  ;  reliqua  constituta 

20  auctione  vendebat;  quod  Amerinis  tisque  eo  visum  est  indig- 
num,  ut  urbe  tota  fletus  gemitusque  fieret. 

Protest  by  Delegates  of  Ameria. 

IX.  14.  Etenim  multa  simul  ante  oculos  versabantur : 
mors  hominis  florentissimi  Sex.  Rosci  crudelissima,  fili 
autem  eius  egestas  indignissima,   cui   de  tanto  patrimonio 

25  praedo  iste  nefarius  ne  iter  quidem  ad  sepulcrum  patrium 
reliquisset,  bonorum  emptio  flagitiosa,  possessio,  furta,  rapi- 
nae,  donationes.  Nemo  erat  qui  non  ardere  ilia  omnia 
mallet,  quam  videre  in  Sex.  Rosci  viri  optimi  atque  hones- 
tissimi    bonis    iactantem    se    ac    dominantem   T.  Roscium. 

30  15.  Itaque  decurionum  decretum  statim  fit,  ut  decern  primi 


Defe7tcc  of  Rosciiis  7 

proficlscantur  ad  L.  Sullam,  doceantque  eum  qui  vir  Sex. 
Roscius  fuerit ;  conquerantur  de  istorum  scelere  et  iniuriis  ; 
orent  ut  et  illius  mortui  famam  et  fill  innocentis  fortunas 
conservatas  velit.  Atque  ipsum  decretum,  quaeso,  c5gnos- 
cite.      \_Dec?'etum  Decuriomwi.']  5 

The  Delegates  Hoodwinked  by  the  Conspirators. 

Legati  in  castra  veniunt.  Intellegitur,  iiidices^  id  quod 
iam  ante  dixi,  impriidente  L.  Sulla  scelera  haec  et  fiagitia 
fieri.  Nam  statim  Chrysogonus  et  ipse  ad  eos  accedit  et 
homines  nobilis  adlegat,  ab  eis  qui  peterent  ne  ad  Sullam 
adirent,  et  omnia  Chrysogonum  quae  vellent  esse  facturum  10 
poUicerentur.  16.  Usque  adeo  autem  ille  pertimuerat,  ut 
mori  mallet  quam  de  his  rebus  Sullam  doceri.  Homines 
antiqui,  qui  ex  sua  natura  ceteros  fingerent,  cum  ille  con- 
firmaret  sese  nomen  Sex.  Rosci  de  tabulis  exemptiirum, 
praedia  vacua  filio  traditurum,  cumque  id  ita  futurum  T.  15 
Roscius  Capito,  qui  in  decem  legatis  erat,  appromitteret, 
crediderunt :  Ameriam  re  inorata  reverterunt.  Ac  primo 
rem  differre  cotidie  ac  procrastinare  isti  coeperunt ;  deinde 
aliquanto  lentius,  nihil  agere  atque  deludere  ;  postremo  — 
id  quod  facile  intellectum  est  —  insidias  vitae  huiusce  [Sex.  20 
Rosci]  parare,  neque  sese  arbitrari  posse  diutius  alienam 
pecuniam  domino  incolumi  obtinere. 

The  Younger  Roscius  takes  Refuge  with  Friends  at  Rome. 

X.  17.  Quod  hie  simul  atque  sensit,  de  amicorum  cogna- 
torumque  sententia  Romam  confugit,  et  sese  ad  Caeciliam 
[Nepotis  filiam],  quam  honoris  causa  nomino,  contulit,  qua  25 
pater  usus  erat  plCirimum  ;  in  qua  muliere,  iiidices,  etiam 
nunc  (id  quod  omnes  semper  existimaverunt)  quasi  exempli 
causa  vestigia  antiqui  offici  remanent.  Ea  Sex.  Roscium 
inopem,  eiectum  domo  atque  expulsum  ex  suis  bonis,  fugi- 
entem  latronum  tela   et  minas,  recepit  domum,  hospitique  30 


8  Oratiofis  of  Cicero 

oppresso  iam  desperatoque  ab  omnibus  opitulata  est.  Eius 
virtute,  fide,  dlligentia  factum  est,  ut  hie  potius  vivus  in  reos 
quam  occisus  in  proscriptos  referretur. 

A  Trumped-up  Charge  of  Parricide  is  Brought. 

18.  Nam  postquam  isti  intellexerunt  summa  diligentia 
5  vitam  Sex.  Rosci  custodiri,  neque  sibi  ullam  caedis  faci- 
undae  potestatem  dari,  consilium  ceperunt  plenum  sceleris 
et  audaciae,  ut  nomen  huius  de  parricidio  deferrent,  ut  ad 
eam  rem  aliquem  accusatorem  veterem  compararent,  qui  de 
ea  re  posset  dicere  aliquid,  in  qua  re  nulla  subesset  suspicio; 
lo  denique  ut,  quoniam  crimine  non  poterant,  tempore  ipso 
pugnarent.  Ita  loqui  homines :  quod  iudicia  tam  diu  facta 
non  essent,  condemnari  eum  oportere,  qui  primus  in  indicium 
adductus  esset ;  huic  autem  patronos  propter  Chrysogoni 
gratiam  defuturos ;  de  bonorum  venditione  et  de  ista  socie- 
15  tate  verbum  esse  facturum  neminem;  ipso  nomine  parricidi 
et  atrocitate  criminis,  fore  ut  hie  nullo  negotio  tolleretur, 
cum  ab  nullo  defensus  esset.  Hoc  consilio  atque  adeo  hac 
amentia  impulsi,  quem  ipsi  cum  cuperent  non  potuerunt 
occidere,   eum  iugulandum  vobis  tradiderunt. 

Wretched  Condition  of  the  Defendant. 

20  XI.  19.  Quid  primum  querar }  aut  unde  potissimum, 
iudices,  ordiar  ?  aut  quod  aut  a  quibus  auxilium  petam  ? 
Deorumne  immortalium,  populine  Romani,  vestramne,  qui 
summam  potestatem  habetis,  hoc  tempore  fidem  implorem  ? 
Pater    occisus   nefarie,    domus    obsessa    ab    inimicis,    bona 

25  adempta,  possessa,  direpta,  fili  vita  infesta,  saepe  ferro 
atque  insidiis  appetita, — quid  ab  his  tot  maleficiis  sceleris 
abesse  videtur .?  Tamen  haec  aliis  nefariis  cumulant  atque 
adaugent  :  crimen  incredibile  confingunt,  testis  in  hunc  et 
accusatores  huiusce  pecunia  comparant.     Hanc  condicionem 

30  misero  ferunt,  ut  optet,  utrum  malit  cervices  Roscio  dare, 


Defence  of  Roscius  9 

an,  insutus  in  culeum,  per  summum  dedecus  vitam  amittere. 
Patronos  huic  defuturos  putaverunt :  desunt  :  qui  libere 
dicat,  qui  cum  fide  defendat,  —  id  quod  in  hac  causa 
est  satis,  —  quoniam  quidem  suscepi,  non  deest  profecto, 
iudices.  5 

Three  Things  Make  against  the  Defendant. 

XIII.  20.  Tres  sunt  res,  quantum  ego  existimare  pos- 
sum, quae  obstent  hoc  tempore  Sex.  Roscio  :  crimen  adver- 
sariorum,  et  audacia,  et  potentia.  Criminis  confictionem 
acciisator  [Erucius]  suscepit ;  audaciae  partis  Roscii  sibi 
poposcerunt;  Chrysogonus  autem,  is  qui  plurimum  potest,  10 
potentia  pugnat.  De  hisce  omnibus  rebus  me  dicere  opor- 
tere  intellego.  Quid  igitur  est  ?  Non  eodem  modo  de 
omnibus,  ideo  quod  prima  ilia  res  ad  meum  officium  per- 
tinet,  duas  autem  reliquas  vobis  populus  Romanus  imposuit. 
Ego  crimen  oportet  diluam  ;  vos  et  audaciae  resistere,  et  1 5 
hominum  eius  modi  perniciosam  atque  intolerandam  poten- 
tiam  primo  quoque  tempore  exstinguere  atque  opprimere 
debetis. 

Enormity  of  the  Charge. 

21.  Occidisse  patrem  Sex.  Roscius  arguitur.     Scelestum, 
di  immortales  !  ac  nefarium  facinus,  atque  eius  modi,  quo  20 
lino  maleficio  scelera  omnia  complexa  esse  videantur.      Ete- 
nim  si,  id  quod  praeclare  a  sapientibus  dicitur,  voltii  saepe 
laeditur  pietas,  quod  supplicium  satis  acre  reperietur  in  eum 
qui  mortem  obtulerit  parenti,   pro  quo   mori  ipsum,   si  res 
postularet,   iura  divina  atque   hCimana   cogebant  t      In  hoc  25 
tanto,   tam   atroci,   tam    singulari   maleficio,    quod   ita   raro 
exstitit  ut,  si  quando  auditum  sit,  portenti  ac  prodigi  simile 
numeretur,  quibus  tandem  tii,  C.  Eriici,  argiimentis  accusa- 
torem  censes  uti  oportere  ?     Nonne  et  audaciam  eius  qui  in 
crimen  vocetur  singularem  ostendere,  et  mores  feros,  imma-  30 
nemque  naturam,  et  vitam  vitiis  flagitiisque  omnibus  deditam, 


lo  Oratiojis   of  Cicero 

[et]  denique  omnia  ad  perniciem  profligata  atque  perdita  ? 
quorum  tu  nihil  in  Sex.  Roscium,  ne  obiciendi  quidem 
causa,   contulisti. 

Improbability  from  the  Character  of  the  Defendant. 

XIV.  22.  '  Patrem    occidit    Sex.    Roscius.'     Qui    homo .'' 

5  Adulescentulus  corruptus  et  ab   hominibus  nequam  induc- 

tus  ?  annos  natus  maior  quadraginta.     Vetus  videlicet  sica- 

rius,    homo   audax  et   saepe   in  caede  versatus  ?   at  hoc  ab 

accusatore  ne  dici  quidem  audistis.    Luxuries  igitur  hominem 

nimirum,  et  aeris  alien!  magnitude,  et  indomitae  animi  cupi- 

lo  ditates   ad   hoc   scelus    impulerunt  ?     De    luxuria    purgavit 

Erucius,  cum   dixit  hunc  ne   in   convivio   quidem  uUo  fere 

interfuisse.     Nihil   autem   umquam  cuiquam  debuit.     Cupi- 

ditates  porro  quae  possunt  esse  in  eo  qui,  ut  ipse  accusator 

obiecit,  riiri  semper  habitarit,  et  in  agro  colendo  vixerit  ?  — 

15  quae  vita  maxime  disiuncta  a  cupiditate  est,  et  cum  officio 

coniuncta. 

Absence  of  Motive. 

23.  Quae  res  igitur  tantum  istum  furorem  Sex.  Roscio 
obiecit  ?  '  Patri '  inquit  '  non  placebat.'  Quam  ob  causam  t 
Necesse  est  enim  eam  quoque  iustam  et  magnam  et  perspi- 

20  cuam  fuisse  :  nam,  ut  illud  incredibile  est,  mortem  oblatam 
esse  patri  a  filio  sine  pliirimis  et  maximis  causis,  sic  hoc 
veri  simile  non  est,  odio  fuisse  parent!  filium,  sine  causis 
multis  et  magnis  et  necessariis.  Rursus  igitur  eodem  rever- 
tamur,  et  quaeramus  quae  tanta  vitia  fuerint  in  unico  filio, 

25  quare  is  patri  displiceret.  At  perspicuum  est  nullum  fuisse. 
Pater  igitur  amens,  qui  odisset  eum  sine  causa  quem  pro- 
crearat.  At  is  quidem  fuit  omnium  constantissimus.  Ergo 
illud  iam  perspicuum  profecto  est,  si  neque  amens  pater 
neque  perditus  filius  fuerit,  neque  odi  causam  patri  neque 

30  sceleris  filio  fuisse. 


Defence  of  Roscius  1 1 

Necessity  of  Showing  a  Motive. 

XXII.  24.  De  parricidio  causa  dicitur  :  ratio  ab  accu- 
satore  reddita  non  est,  quam  ob  causam  patrem  filius  Occi- 
dent. Quod  in  minimis  noxiis,  et  in  his  levioribus  peccatis 
quae  magis  crebra  et  iam  prope  cotidiana  sunt,  maxime  et 
primum  quaeritur,  —  quae  causa  malefici  fuerit, —  id  Erucius  5 
in  parricidio  quaeri  non  putat  oportere.  In  quo  scelere,  indi- 
ces, etiam  cum  multae  causae  convenisse  unum  in  locum 
atque  inter  se  congruere  videntur,  tamen  non  temere  credi- 
tur,  neque  levi  coniectura  res  penditur,  neque  testis  incertus 
auditur,  neque  acciisatoris  ingenio  res  iiidicatur :  cum  multa  10 
antea  commissa  maleficia,  tum  vita  hominis  perditissima, 
tum  singularis  audacia  ostendatur  necesse  est,  neque  auda- 
cia  solum,  sed  summus  furor  atque  amentia. 

Necessity  of  Direct  Evidence. 
25.  Haec  cum  sint  omnia,  tamen  exstent  oportet  expressa 
sceleris  vestigia,  —  ubi,  qua  ratione,  per  quos,  quo  tempore  15 
maleficium  sit  admissum  ;  quae  nisi  multa  et  manifesta  sunt, 
profecto  res  tam  scelesta,  tam  atrox,  tam  nefaria  credi  non 
potest.     Magna    est    enim    vis    humanitatis ;  multum    valet 
commfmio  sanguinis  ;   reclamitat  istlus  modi  suspicionibus 
ipsa   natiira ;  portentum   atque   monstrum   certissimum   est,  20 
esse  aliquem  humana  specie  et  figiira,  qui  tantum  immani- 
tate  bestias  vicerit,  ut  propter  quos  banc  suavissimam  liicem 
aspexerit,  eos  indignissime  luce  privarit,  cum    etiam  feras 
inter  sese  partus  atque  educatio  et  natura  ipsa  conciliet. 

Examples  from  Other  Cases. 

XXIII.  26.  Non  ita  multis  ante  annis,  aiunt  T.  Caelium  25 
quendam    Tarracinensem,    hominem    non    obscurum,    cum 
cenatus    cubitum    in    idem    conclave    cum    duobus    adoles- 
centibus  filiis  isset,  inventum  esse  mane  iugulatum.     Cum 
neque  servus  quisquam  reperiretur,  neque  liber,  ad  quem  ea 


12  Orations  of  Cicero 

suspicio  pertineret,  id  aetatis  autem  duo  filii  propter  cubantes 
ne  sensisse  quidem  se  dicerent,  nomina  filiorum  de  parri- 
cidio  delata  sunt.  Quid  poterat  tarn  esse  suspiciosum  ? 
Neutrumne  sensisse  ?  Ausum  autem  esse  quemquam  se 
5  in  id  conclave  committere,  eo  potissimum  tempore,  cum 
ibidem  essent  duo  adulescentes  filii,  qui  et  sentire  et  defen- 
dere  facile  possent?  27.  B>at  porro  nemo  in  quem  ea 
suspicio  conveniret.  Tamen  cum  planum  iudicibus  esset 
factum,    aperto  ostio  dormientis  eos  repertos   esse,   iudicio 

lo  absoluti  adulescentes  et  suspicione  omni  liberati  sunt. 
Nemo  enim  putabat  quemquam  esse,  qui,  cum  omnia  divina 
atque  humana  iura  scelere  nefario  polluisset,  somnum  statim 
capere  potuisset ;  propterea  quod,  qui  tantum  facinus  com- 
miserunt,   non    modo  sine    cura    quiescere,  sed   ne  spirare 

15  quidem  sine  metu  possunt. 

Need  of  Strongest  Proof  Shown  by  the  Severity  of  the  Penalty. 

28.  Quare  hoc  quo  minus  est  credibile  nisi  ostenditur, 
eo  magis  est,  si  convincitur,  vindicandum.  Itaque  cum 
multis  ex  rebus  intellegi  potest  maiores  nostros  non  modo 
armis   plus   quam   ceteras    nationes,   verum    etiam    consilio 

20  sapientiaque  potuisse,  turn  ex  hac  re  vel  maxime,  quod  in 
impios  singulare  supplicium  invenerunt :  insui  voluerunt  in 
culeum  vivos,  atque  in  flumen  deici.  O  singularem  sapien- 
tiam,  iudices !  Nonne  videntur  hunc  hominem  ex  rerum 
natura  sustulisse  et  eripuisse,    cui  repente   caelum,  solem, 

25  aquam  terramque  ademerint :  ut  qui  eum  necasset,  unde 
ipse  natus  esset,  careret  eis  rebus  omnibus,  ex  quibus  omnia 
nata  esse  dicuntur  ?  29.  Noluerunt  feris  corpus  obicere,  ne 
bestiis  quoque,  quae  tantum  scelus  attigissent,  immanioribus 
uteremur :  non  sic  nudos  in  fiumen  deicere,  ne,  cum  delati 

30  essent  in  mare,  ipsum  polluerent,  quo  cetera,  quae  violata 
sunt,  expiari  putantur.  Denique  nihil  tam  vile  neque  tam 
volgare  est  ctiius  partem  ullam  reliquerint.     Etenim  quid  est 


Defe7ice  of  Roscins  i  3 

tarn  commune  quam  spiritus  vivis,  terra  mortuis,  mare  fluc- 
tuantibus,  litus  eiectis  ?  Ita  vivunt,  dum  possunt,  ut  ducere 
animam  de  caelo  non  queant.  Ita  moriuntur,  ut  eorum  ossa 
terra  non  tangat.  Ita  iactantur  fluctibus,  ut  numquam  adlu- 
antur.  Ita  postremo  eiciuntur,  ut  ne  ad  saxa  quidem  mortui  5 
conquiescant.  30.  Tanti  malefici  crimen,  cui  maleficio  tam 
insigne  supplicium  est  constitutum,  probare  te,  Eruci,  censes 
posse  talibus  viris,  si  ne  causam  quidem  malefici  protuleris  ? 
Si  hunc  apud  bonorum  emptores  ipsos  accusares,  eique 
iudicio  Chrysogonus  praeesset,  tamen  diligentius  paratiusque  10 
venisses.  Utrum  quid  agatur  non  vides,  an  apud  quos 
agatur  ?  Agitur  de  parricidio,  quod  sine  multis  causis 
suscipi  non  potest ;  apud  homines  autem  prudentissimos 
agitur,  qui  intellegunt  neminem  ne  minimum  quidem  malefi- 
cium  sine  causa  admittere,  15 

No  Opportunity  to  Commit  the  Crime. 

XXVII.  31.  Esto  :  causam  proferre  non  potes.  Tametsi 
statim  vicisse  debeo,  tamen  de  meo  iure  decedam,  et  tibi 
quod  in  alia  causa  non  concederem  in  hac  concedam,  fretus 
huius  innocentia.  Non  quaero  abs  te  qua  re  patrem  Sex. 
Roscius  occiderit :  quaero  quo  modo  occiderit.  Ita  quaero  20 
abs  te,  C.  Eriici,  quo  modo  ;  et  sic  tecum  agam,  ut  meo 
loco  vel  respondendi  vel  interpellandi  tibi  potestatem  faciam, 
vel  etiam,  si  quid  voles,  interrogandi. 

32.  Quo  modo  occidit  t  Ipse  percussit,  an  aliis  occiden- 
dum  dedit  ?  Si  ipsum  arguis,  Romae  non  fuit :  si  per  alios  25 
fecisse  dicis,  quaero  servosne  an  liberos  ?  j-J/tvliberos,  quos 
homines  ?  indidemne  Ameria,  an  hosce  ex  urbe  sicarios  ?  si 
Ameria,  qui  sunt  hi  ?  cCir  non  nominatur  ?  si  Roma,  unde 
eos  noverat  Roscius,  qui  Romam  multis  annis  non  venit, 
neque  umquam  plus  triduo  fuit?  ubi  eos  convenit?  quicum  30 
locutus  est  ?  quo  modo  persuasit .''  '  Pretium  dedit.'  Cui 
dedit?   per  quem  dedit?    unde  aut  quantum  dedit?     Nonne 


14  Orations  of  Cicero 

his  vestigiis  ad  caput  malefici  perveniri  solet?  Et  simul 
tibi  in  mentem  veniat  facito,  quern  ad  modum  vitam  huiusce 
depinxeris  :  hunc  hominem  ferum  atque  agrestem  fuisse; 
numquam  cum  homine  quoquam  conlocutum  esse ;  num- 
5  quam  in  oppido  constitisse. 

33.  Qua  in  re  praetereo  illud,  quod  mihi  maximo  argu- 
mento  ad  hiiius  innocentiam  poterat  esse,  in  rusticis  moribus, 
in  victu  arido,  in  hac  horrida  incultaque  vita,  istius  modi 
maleficia  gigni  non  solere.     Ut  non  omnem  frugem  neque 

lo  arborem  in  omni  agro  reperire  possis,  sic  non  omne  facinus 
in  omni  vita  nascitur.  In  urbe  luxuries  creatur ;  ex  luxuria 
exsistat  avaritia  necesse  est,  ex  avaritia  erumpat  audacia; 
inde  omnia  scelera  ac  maleficia  gignuntur.  Vita  autem 
haec  rustica,  quam  tu  agrestem  vocas,  parsimoniae,  diligen- 

15  tiae,  iustitiae  magistra  est. 

No  Agents  Available. 

34.  Verum  haec  missa  facio.  Illud  quaero,  —  is  homo, 
qui,  ut  tute  dicis,  numquam  inter  homines  fuerit,  per  quos 
homines  hoc  tantum  facinus  tam  occulte,  absens  praesertim, 
conficere  potuerit.     Multa  sunt  falsa,  iiidices,   quae  tamen 

20  argui  suspiciose  possunt ;  in  his  rebus  si  suspicio  reperta 
erit,  culpam  inesse  concedam.  Romae  Sex.  Roscius  occi- 
ditur,  cum  in  agro  Amerino  esset  filius.  Litteras,  credo, 
misit  alicui  sicario,  qui  Romae  noverat  neminem.  'Arces- 
sivit    aliquem.'       Quem    aut     quando  ?       '  Niintium    misit.' 

25  Quem  aut  ad  quem  .'*  '  Pretio,  gratia,  spe,  promissis  indiixit 
aliquem.'  Nihil  horum  ne  confingi  quidem  potest,  et  tamen 
causa  de  parricidio  dicitur  ! 

If  Committed  by  Slaves,  —  by  whose  Slaves? 

35.  Reliquum  est  ut  per  servos  id  admiserit.  O  di 
immortales  !    rem    miseram    et    calamitosam,    quod    in   tali 

30  crimine    quod    innocenti    saloti    solet    esse,    ut    servos    in 


Defence  of  Rose  ins  15 

quaestionem  polliceatur,  id  Sex.  Roscio  facere  non  licet. 
Vos,  qui  hunc  accCisatis,  omnis  eius  servos  habetis.  Unus 
puer,  victQs  cotidiani  minister,  ex  tanta  familia  Sex.  Roscio 
relictus  non  est.  Te  nunc  appello  P.  Scipio,  te,  Metelle. 
Vobis  advocatis,  vobis  agentibus,  aliquotiens  duos  servos  5 
paternos  in  quaestionem  ab  adversariis  Sex.  Roscius  postu- 
lavit.  Meministisne  T.  Roscium  recusare  .''  Quid  ?  ei  servi 
ubi  sunt .''  Chrysogonum,  iudices,  sectantur :  apud  eum 
sunt  in  honore  et  pretio.  Etiam  nunc  ut  ex  eis  quaeratur 
ego  postulo,  hie  orat  atque  obsecrat.  Quid  facitis  ?  cur  10 
recusatis  1  Dubitate  etiam  nunc,  iudices,  si  potestis,  a  quo 
sit  Sex.  Roscius  occisus,  —  ab  eone,  qui  propter  illius  mortem 
in  egestate  et  in  insidiis  versatur,  cui  ne  quaerendi  quidem 
de  morte  patris  potestas  permittitur,  an  ab  eis  qui  quaes- 
tionem fugitant,  bona  possident,  in  caede  atque  ex  caede  15 
vivunt. 

Sulla's  Favorite,  Chrysogonus,  Implicated. 

XLIII.  36.  Venio  nunc  ad  illud  nomen  aureum  [Cliryso- 
goni],  sub  quo  nomine  tota  societas  latuit :  de  quo,  iudices, 
neque  quo  modo  dicam  neque  quo  modo  taceam  reperire 
possum.  Si  enim  taceo,  vel  maximam  partem  relinquo ;  20 
sin  autem  dico,  vereor  ne  non  ille  solus,  id  quod  ad  me  nihil 
attinet,  sed  alii  quoque  plures  laesos  se  esse  putent. 
Tametsi  ita  se  res  habet,  ut  mihi  in  communem  causam 
sectorum  dicendum  nihil  magno  opere  videatur ;  haec  enim 
causa  nova  profecto  et  singularis  est.  25 

He  is  the  Purchaser  of  the  Property. 

37.  Bonorum  Sex.  Rosci  emptor  est  Chrysogonus. 
Primum  hoc  videamus  :  eius  hominis  bona  qua  ratione 
venierunt,  aut  quo  modo  venire  potuerunt?  Atque  hoc 
non  ita  quaeram,  iudices,  ut  id  dicam  esse  indignum,  homi- 
nis innocentis  bona  venisse ;  si  enim  haec  audientur  ac  30 
libere  dicentur,  non  fuit  tantus  homo  Sex.  Roscius  in  civi- 


1 6  Orations  of  Cicero 

tate,  Lit  de  eo  potissimum  conqueramur.  Verum  [ego]  hoc 
quaero  :  qui  potuerunt  ista  ipsa  lege,  quae  de  proscriptione 
est,  —  sive  Valeria  est,  sive  Cornelia,  non  enim  novi  nee 
scio,  —  verum  ista  ipsa  lege  bona  Sex.  Rosci  venire  qui 
5  potuerunt  ?  Scriptum  enim  ita  dicunt  esse,  ut  eoriun  bona 
veneanf,  qui  proscripti  sunt  —  quo  in  numero  Sex.  Roscius 
non  est  —  aut  eorum  qui  in  adversaria  nun  praesidiis  occisl 
sunt.  Dum  praesidia  ulla  fuerunt,  in  Siillae  praesidiis  fuit ; 
postea  quam  ab  armis  recessum  est,  in  summo  otio  rediens 

lo  a  cena  Romae  occisus  est.  Si  lege,  bona  quoque  lege 
venisse  fateor ;  sin  autem  constat,  contra  omnis  non  modo 
veteres  leges  verum  etiam  novas  occisum  esse,  bona-  quo 
iure  aut  quo  more  aut  qua  lege  venierint  quaero. 

XLIV.  38.  In  quern  hoc  dicam  quaeris,  Eruci .?     Non  in 

15  eum  quern  vis  et  putas  ;  nam  SCillam  et  oratio  mea  ab  initio 
et  ipsius  eximia  virtus  omni  tempore  purgavit.  Ego  haec 
omnia  Chrysogonum  fecisse  dico,  ut  ementiretur,  ut  malum 
civem  Roscium  fuisse  fingeret,  ut  eum  apud  adversaries 
occisum  esse  diceret,  ut  his  de  rebus  a  legatis  Amerinorum 

20  doceri  L.  Sullam  passus  non  sit.  Denique  etiam  illud  sus- 
picor,  omnino  haec  bona  non  venisse  :  id  quod  postea,  si 
per  vos,  iudices,  licitum  erit,  aperietur. 

The  Sale  by  Proscription  Illegal. 

39.  Opinor  enim  esse  in  lege,  quam  ad  diem  proscrip- 
tiones    venditionesque    fiant  :    [nimirum]    Kalendas   lunias. 

25  Aliquot  post  mensis  et  homo  occisus  est,  et  bona  venisse 
dicuntur.  Profecto  aut  haec  bona  in  tabulas  publicas  nCilla 
redierunt,  nosque  ab  isto  nebulone  facetius  eludimur  quam 
putamus  ;  aut,  si  redierunt,  tabulae  publicae  corruptae  aliqua 
ratione    sunt :    nam  lege  quidem  bona  venire  non  potuisse 

30  constat.  Intellego  me  ante  tempus,  iudices,  haec  scrCitari, 
et  prope  modum  errare,  qui,  cum  capiti  Sex.  Rosci  mederi 
debeam,  reduviam  curem.     Non  enim  laborat  de  pecunia ; 


Defence  of  Roscius  \J 

non  lillius  rationem  sui  commodi  ducit ;  facile  egestatem 
suam  se  laturum  putat,  si  hac  indigna  suspicione  et  ficto 
crimine  liberatus  sit. 

40.  Verum  quaeso  a  vobis,  iudices,  ut  haec  pauca  quae 
restant  ita  audiatis,  ut  partim  me  dicere  pro  me  ipso  putetis,     5 
partim  pro  Sex.  Roscio.     Quae  enim  mihi  indigna  et  intole- 
rabilia  videntur,  quaeque  ad  omnis,  nisi  providemus,  arbitror 
pertinere,  ea  pro  me  ipso  ex  animi  mei  sensu  ac  dolore  pro- 
nuntio ;   quae   ad   huius   vitae  [casum]   causam[que]  perti- 
neant,    et    quid    hie    pro    se   dici   velit,    et    qua  condicione  10 
contentus    sit,    iam    in     extrema    oratione    nostra,    iudices, 
audietis.     XLV.  41.  Ego  haec  a  Chrysogono,  mea  sponte, 
remoto  Sex.  Roscio,  quaero  :  primum,   qua  re  civis  optimi 
bona  venierint ;  deinde,  qua  re  hominis  eius,  qui  iieque  pro- 
scriptus  neque  apud  adversaries  occisus  est,  bona  venierint,  15 
cum   in  eos  solos  lex  scripta  sit ;   deinde,  qua  re  aliquanto 
post  earn  diem  venierint,  quae  dies  in  lege  praefinita  est ; 
deinde,    cur    tantulo    venierint.     Quae   omnia  si,   quem  ad 
modum  solent  liberti  nequam  et  improbi  facere,  in  patronum 
suum  voluerit   conferre,    nihil    egerit :  nemo   est   enim    qui  20 
nesciat  propter   magnitiidinem  rerum   multa   multos   fCirtim 
imprudente  L.  Sulla  commisisse. 

Sulla  not  Responsible. 

42.  Placet  igitur  in  his  rebus  aliquid  impriidentia  praeter- 
iri  ?  Non  placet,  itjdices,  sed  necesse  est.  Etenim  si 
luppiter  optimus  maximus,  cCiius  nutii  et  arbitrio  caelum  25 
terra  mariaque  reguntur,  saepe  ventis  vehementioribus  aut 
immoderatis  tempestatibus  aut  nimio  calore  aut  intolerabili 
frigore  hominibus  nocuit,  urbis  delevit,  fringes  perdidit, 
quorum  nihil  pernicii  causa  divino  consilio,  sed  vi  ipsa  et 
magnitudine  rerum  factum  putamus  ;  at  contra,  commoda  30 
quibus  utimur  lijcemque  qua  fruimur  spiritumque  quem 
diacimus  ab  eo  nobis  dari  atque  impertiri  videmus,  —  quid 


i8 


Oj^atiojis  of  Cicero 


miramur  L.  Sullam,  cum  solus  rem  publicam  regeret,  orbem- 
que  terrarum  gubernaret,  imperique  maiestatem  quam  armis 


Jupiter. 


receperat    legibus    confirmaret,    aliqua    animadvertere    non 
potuisse  ?     Nisi   hoc  mirum   est,    quod   vis   divina  adsequi 
5  non  possit,  si  id  mens  humana  adepta  non  sit. 


Defence  of  Roscius  1 9 

The  Cause  of  the  Nobility  not  Involved. 

43.  Vereor,  iudices,  ne  quis  imperitior  existimet  me  cau- 
sam  nobilitatis  victoriamque  voluisse  laedere  :  tametsi  meo 
iure  possum,  si  quid  in  hac  parte  mihi  non  placeat,  vitupe- 
rare  ;  non  enim  vereor  ne  quis  alienum  me  animum  habuisse 

a    causa    nobilitatis    existimet.     XLVII.   Sciunt  ei   qui   me    5 
norunt,  me  pro  mea  tenui  infirmaque  parte,  —  postea  quam 
id  quod  maxime  volui  fieri  non  potuit,  ut  componeretur,  — 
id  maxime  defendisse,  ut  ei  vincerent  qui  vicerunt.     Quis 
enim  erat,  qui  non  videret  humilitatem  cum  [dignitate  de] 
amplitudine    contendere  ?     Quo    in  certamine   perditi   civis  10 
erat  non  se  ad  eos  iungere,   quibus  incolumibus,  et  domi 
dignitas  et  foris  auctoritas  retineretur.     Quae  perfecta  esse 
et  suum  cuique  honorem  et  gradum  redditum  gaudeo,  iudices, 
vehementerque    laetor ;    eaque    omnia    deorum    voluntate, 
studio  populi  Romani,   consilio   et  imperio  et  felicitate  L.  15 
Sullae,  gesta  esse  intellego. 

44.  Quod  animadversum  est  in  eos  qui  contra  omni 
ratione  pugnarunt,  non  debeo  reprehendere ;  quod  viris 
fortibus,  quorum  opera  eximia  in  rebus  gerendis  exstitit, 
honos  habitus  est,  laudo.  Quae  ut  fierent,  idcirco  pugnatum  20 
esse  arbitror,  meque  in  eo  studio  partium  fuisse  confiteor. 
Sin  autem  id  actum  est,  et  idcirco  arma  sumpta  sunt,  ut 
homines  postremi  pecOniis  alienis  locupletarentur,  et  in 
fortunas  uniuscCiiusque  impetum  facerent,  et  id  non  modo 

re  prohibere  non  licet,  sed  ne  verbis  quidem  vituperare,  tum  25 
vero  in  isto  bello  non  recreatus  neque  restitiitus,  sed  subactus 
oppressusque  populus  Romanus  est.    Verum  longe  aliter  est; 
nihil  horum  est,  iiidices  :  non  modo  non  laedetur  causa  nobi- 
litatis, si  istis  hominibus  resistetis,  verum  etiam  ornabitur. 

Chrysogonus'  Cause  not  that  of  the  Nobility. 

XLVIir.  45.  Quapropter  desinant  aliquando  dicere  male  30 
aliquem    locutum    esse,  si   qui   vere   ac    libere  locutus  sit; 


20  Oratio7is  of  Cice^v 

desinant  suam  causam  cum  Chrysogono  communicare  ; 
desinant,  si  ille  laesus  sit,  de  se  aliquid  detractum  arbitrari; 
videant  ne  turpe  miserumque  sit  eos,  qui  equestrem  splendo- 
rem  pati  non  potuerunt,  servi  nequissimi  dominationem  ferre 
5  posse.  Quae  quidem  dominatio,  iudices,  in  aliis  rebus  antea 
versabatur ;  nunc  vero  quam  viam  miinitet,  quod  iter  adfec- 
tet  videtis,  —  ad  fidem,  ad  iusiurandum,  ad  iiidicia  vestra, 
ad  id,  quod  solum  prope  in  civitate  sincerum  sanctumque 
restat.     Hicine  etiam  sese  putat  aliquid  posse  Chrysogonus  ? 

10  Hie  etiam  potens  esse  volt  ?  O  rem  miseram  atque  acer- 
bam  !  Neque,  mehercules,  hoc  indigne  fero,  quod  verear  ne 
quid  possit ;  verum  quod  ausus  est,  quod  speravit  sese  apud 
talis  viros  aliquid  posse  ad  perniciem  innocentis,  id  ipsum 
queror. 

15  XLIX.  46.  Idcircone  exspectata  nobilitas  armis  atque 
ferro  rem  piiblicam  reciperavit,  ut  ad  libidinem  suam  liberti 
servolique  nobilium  bona,  fortunas  possessioneso^Me  nostras 
vexare  possent .?  Si  id  actum  est,  fateor  me  errasse  qui  hoc 
maluerim  ;  fateor  insanisse  qui  cum  illis  senserim.     Tametsi 

20  inermis,  iudices,  sen  si.  Sin  autem  victoria  nobilium  orna- 
mento  atque  emolumento  rei  piiblicae  populoque  Romano 
debet  esse,  tum  vero  optimo  et  nobilissimo  cuique  meam 
orationem  gratissimam  esse  oportet.  Quod  si  quis  est  qui 
et  se  et  causam  laedi  putet  cum  Chrysogonus  vituperetur, 

25  is  causam  ignorat ;  se  ipsum  probe  novit.  Causa  enim 
splendidior  fiet,  si  nequissimo  cuique  resistetur.  Ille  impro- 
bissimus  Chrysogoni  fautor,  qui  sibi  cum  illo  rationem  com- 
municatam  putat,  laeditur,  cum  ab  hoc  splendore  causae 
separatur. 

The  Attack  on  Chrysogonus  is  Cicero's  :   Roscius  Asks  only  for  Life. 

30  47.  Verum  haec  omnis  oratio,  ut  iam  ante  dixi,  mea  est, 
qua  me  uti  res  publica  et  dolor  meus  et  istorum  iniuria 
coegit.     Sex.  Roscius  horum  nihil  indignum  putat,  neminem 


Defence  of  Roschts  21 

accusat,  nihil  de  suo  patrimonio  queritur.  Putat  homo 
impeiitus  morum,  agricola  et  rusticiis,  ista  omnia,  quae  vos 
per  Siillam  gesta  esse  dicitis,  more,  lege,  iure  gentium  facta. 
Culpa  liberatus  et  crimine  nefario  solutus,  cupit  a  vobis  dis- 
cedere.  SI  hac  indlgna  suspicione  careat,  animo  aequo  se  5 
carere  suis  omnibus  commodis  dicit.  Rogat  oratque  te, 
Chrysogone,  si  nihil  de  patris  fortunis  amplissimis  in  suam 
rem  convertit,  si  nulla  in  re  te  fraudavit,  si  tibi  optima  lide 
sua  omnia  concessit,  adnumeravit,  appendit,  si  vestitum  quo 
ipse  tectus  erat,  anulumque  de  digito  suum  tibi  tradidit,  si  10 
ex  omnibus  rebus  se  ipsum  nudum  neque  praeterea  quic- 
quam  excepit,  ut  sibi  per  te  liceat  innocenti  amicorum  opi- 
bus  vitam  in  egestate  degere.  L.  48.  '  Praedia  mea  tii 
possides,  ego  aliena  misericordia  vivo  :  concede,  et  quod 
animus  aequus  est,  et  quia  necesse  est.  Mea  domus  tibi  15 
patet,  mihi  clausa  est  :  fero.  Familia  mea  maxima  tu  uteris, 
ego  servum  habeo  niillum  :  patior  et  ferendum  puto.  Quid 
vis  amplius  ?  Quid  insequeris  ?  Quid  oppugnas  ?  Qua  in 
re  tuam  voluntatem  laedi  a  me  putas .''  Ubi  tuis  commodis 
officio  1  Quid  tibi  obsto  .''  '  Si  spoliorum  causa  vis  hominem  20 
occidere,  quid  quaeris  amplius.^  Si  inimicitiarum,  quae  sunt 
tibi  inimicitiae  cum  eo,  cuius  ante  praedia  possedisti  quam 
ipsum  cognovisti  ?  Si  metus,  ab  eone  aliquid  metuis,  quem 
vides  ipsum  ab  se  tam  atrocem  iniiiriam  propulsare  non 
posse  ?  Sin  quod  bona  quae  Rosci  fuerunt  tua  facta  sunt,  25 
idcirco  hunc  illius  filium  studes  perdere,  nonne  ostendis  id 
te  vereri,  quod  praeter  ceteros  tu  metuere  non  debeas,  ne 
quando  liberis  proscriptorum  bona  patria  reddantur  ? 

Pretended  Appeal  to  Chrysogonus  for  Mercy. 

49.    Facis  iniuriam,  Chrysogone,  si  maiorem  spem  emp- 
tionis  tuae  in  huius  exitio  ponis,  quam  in  eis  rebus  quas  L.  30 
Sulla  gessit.     Quod  si  tibi  causa  niilla  est  cur  hunc  miserum 
tanta  calamitate  adfici  velis,  si  tibi  omnia  sua  praeter  ani- 


22  Orations  of  Cicero 

mam  tradidit,  nee  sibi  quicquam  paternum  ne  monument! 
quidem  causa  clam  reservavit,  per  deos  immortalis,  quae 
ista  tanta  crudelitas  est  ?  Quae  tarn  fera  immanisque 
natura  ?     Quis  umquam  praedo  fuit  tam  nefarius,  quis  pirata 

5  tam  barbarus,  ut,  cum  integram  praedam  sine  sanguine 
habere  posset,  cruenta  spolia  detrahere  mallet  ?  50.  Scis 
hunc  nihil  habere,  nihil  audere,  nihil  posse,  nihil  umquam 
contra  rem  tuam  cogitasse  ;  et  tamen  oppugnas  eum  quem 
neque  metuere   potes,   neque  odisse   debes,   nee   quicquam 

10  iam  habere  reliqui  vides  quod  ei  detrahere  possis.  Nisi 
hoc  indignum  putas,  quod  vestitum  sedere  in  iudicio  vides, 
quem  tu  e  patrimonio  tamquam  e  naufragio  nudum  expulisti  ; 
quasi  vero  nescias  hunc  et  ali  et  vestiri  a  Caecilia,  [Baliarici 
filia,  Nepotis  sorore,]  spectatissima  femina,  quae  cum  cla- 

15  rissimum  patrem,  amplissimos  patruos,  ornatissimum  fratrem 
haberet,  tamen,  cum  esset  mulier,  virtute  perfecit  ut,  quanto 
honore  ipsa  ex  illorum  dignitate  adficeretur,  non  minora 
illis  ornamenta  ex  sua  laude  redderet. 

Powerful  Friends  of  the  Defendant. 

LI.    51.    An  quod  diligenter  defenditur,  id  tibi  indignum 

20  facinus  videtur  ?     Mihi  crede,  si  pro  patris  huius  hospitiis 

et  gratia  vellent  omnes  huius  hospites  adesse,  et  auderent 

libere  defendere,  satis  copiose  defenderetur ;  sin  autem  pro 

magnitndine  iniiiriae,  proque   eo   quod  summa  res  piiblica 

in  huius  periculo  temptatur,  haec  omnes  vindicarent,  con- 

25  sistere  mehercule  vobis  isto  in  loco  non  liceret.     Nunc  ita 

defenditur,  non  sane   ut   moleste  ferre   adversarii  debeant, 

neque  ut  se  potentia  superari  putent     52.   Quae  domi  ge- 

renda  sunt,  ea  per  Caeciliam  transiguntur  ;    fori  iudicique 

rationem  M.  Messala,  ut  videtis,  iudices,  suscepit.     Qui,  si 

30  iam  satis  aetatis  atque  roboris  haberet,  ipse  pro  Sex.  Roscio 

diceret :    quoniam  ad    dicendum  impediment©  est  aetas  et 

pudor  qui  ornat  aetatem,  causam  mihi  tradidit,  quem  sua 


Defence  of  Rosciiis  23 

causa  cupere  ac  debere  intellegebat ;  ipse  adsiduitate,  con- 
silio,  auctoritate,  diligentia  perfecit,  ut  Sex.  Rosci  vita, 
erepta  de  manibus  sectorum,  sententiis  iudicum  permit- 
teretur.  Nimirum,  iudices,  pro  hac  nobilitate  pars  maxima 
civitatis  in  armis  fuit ;  haec  acta  res  est,  ut  el  nobiles  resti-  5 
tuerentur  in  civitatem,  qui  hoc  facerent  quod  facere  Mes- 
salam  videtis,  —  qui  caput  innocentis  defenderent,  qui 
iniiiriae  resisterent,  qui  quantum  possent  in  salute  alterius 
quam  in  exitio  mallent  ostendere;  quod  si  omnes  qui  eodem 
loco  nati  sunt  facerent,  et  res  piiblica  ex  illis  et  ipsi  ex  10 
invidia  minus  laborarent. 

Appeal  to  the  Court  against  Chrysogonus. 

LII.  53.  Verum  si  a  Chrysogono,  iudices,  non  impetra- 
mus,  ut  pecCmia  nostra  contentus  sit,  vitam  ne  petat,  — 
si  ille  adduci  non  potest,  ut,  cum  ademerit  nobis  omnia  quae 
nostra  erant  propria,  ne  lucem  quoque  banc,  quae  communis  1 5 
est,  eripere  cupiat,  —  si  non  satis  habet  avaritiam  suam 
pecunia  explere,  nisi  etiam  crCidelitati  sanguis  praebitus  sit, 
—  iinum  perfugium,  iudices,  una  spes  reliqua  est  Sex. 
Roscio,  eadem  quae  rei  pCiblicae,  vestra  pristina  bonitas 
et  misericordia.  Quae  si  manet,  salvi  etiam  nunc  esse  20 
possumus  ;  sin  ea  criidelitas,  quae  hoc  tempore  in  re  publica 
versata  est,  vestros  quoque  animos  —  id  quod  fieri  profecto 
non  potest  —  duriores  acerbioresque  reddidit,  actum  est, 
iudices  :  inter  feras  satius  est  aetatem  degere,  quam  in  hac 
tanta  immanitate  versari.  54.  Ad  eamne  rem  vos  reservati  25 
estis,  ad  eamne  rem  delecti,  ut  eos  condemnaretis,  quos 
sectores  ac  sicarii  iugulare  non  potuissent .''  Solent  hoc 
boni  imperatores  facere,  cum  proelium  committunt,  ut  in  eo 
loco  quo  fugam  hostium  fore  arbitrentur  milites  conlocent, 
in  quos,  si  qui  ex  acie  fugerint,  de  improviso  incidant.  30 
Nimirum  similiter  arbitrantur  isti  bonorum  emptores,  —  vos 
hie,  talis  viros,  sedere,  qui  excipiatis  eos  qui  de  suis  manibus 


24  Orations  of  Cicero 

effugerint.  Di  prohibeant,  iudices,  ut  hoc,  quod  maiores 
consilium  publicum  vocari  voluerunt,  praesidium  sectorum 
existimetur. 

Real  Danger  to  Roscius  Comes  from  Greed  of  Dominant  Party. 

55.  An  vero,  iudices,  vos  non  intellegitis  nihil  aliud  agi 
5  nisi  ut  proscriptorum  liberi  quavis  ratione  tollantur,  et  eius 
rei  initium  in  vestro  iureiurando  atque  in  Sex.  Rosci  periculo 
quaeri  ?  Dubiumne  est  ad  quem  maleficium  pertineat,  cum 
videatis  ex  altera  parte  sectorem,  inimicum,  sicarium  eun- 
demque  accusatorem  hoc  tempore  ;  ex  altera  parte  egentem, 

lo  probatum  suis  filium,  in  quo  non  modo  culpa  nulla,  sed  ne 
suspicio  quidem  potuit  consistere  ?  LI  1 1.  56.  Numquid 
huic  aliud  videtis  obstare  [Roscio],  nisi  quod  patris  bona 
venierunt  ?  Quodsi  id  vos  suscipitis,  et  earn  ad  rem  operam 
vestram  profitemini,  si  idcirco  sedetis,  ut  ad  vos  adducantur 

15  eorum  liberi  quorum  bona  venierunt,  cavete,  per  deos 
immortalis,  iudices,  ne  nova  et  multo  crudelior  per  vos  pro- 
scriptio  instaurata  esse  videatur.  Illam  priorem,  quae  facta 
est  in  eos  qui  arma  capere  potuerunt,  tamen  senatus  susci- 
pere  noluit,  ne  quid  acrius  quam  more  maiorum  comparatum 

20  esset  publico  consilio  factum  videretur.  Hanc  vero,  quae 
ad  eorum  liberos  atque  ad  infantium  puerorum  incOnabula 
pertinet,  nisi  hoc  iudicio  a  vobis  reicitis  et  aspernamini, 
videte,  per  deos  immortalis,  quem  in  locum  rem  publicam 
perventuram  putetis. 

The  Court  Implored  to  Rescue  him. 

25  57.  Homines  sapientes  et  ista  auctoritate  et  potestate 
praeditos,  qua  vos  estis,  ex  quibus  rebus  maxime  res 
publica  laborat,  eis  maxime  mederi  convenit.  Vestrum 
nemo  est  quin  intellegat  populum  Romanum,  qui  quondam 
in  hostis  lenissimus  existimabatur,  hoc  tempore  domestica 

30  crudelitate    laborare.       Hanc    tollite    ex    civitate,    iudices. 


Defence  of  Roscius  25 

Hanc  pati  nolite  diutius  in  hac  re  publica  versari.  Quae 
non  modo  id  habet  in  se  mali,  quod  tot  civis  atrocissime 
sustulit,  verum  etiam  hominibus  lenissimis  ademit  miseri- 
cordiam  consuetiidine  incommodorum.  Nam  cum  omnibus 
horis  aliquid  atrociter  fieri  videmus  aut  audimus,  etiam 
qui  natura  mitissimi  sumus,  adsiduitate  molestiarum  sensum 
omnem  hiimanitatis  ex  animis  amittimus. 


IMPEACHMENT  OF    VERRES. 


{In    C.    Ver?'em.) 


B.C.   70. 

Caius  Verres,  a  man  of  noble  birth,  but  notorious  for  his  crimes 
and  exactions  in  the  civil  war  and  in  the  offices  he  had  held  since, 
was  city  praetor  {praetor  tirbantis)  B.C.  74.  At  the  close  of  his  term 
of  office,  he  went,  in  accordance  with  the  law,  as  propraetor,  to  govern 
the  province  of  Sicily.  By  reason  of  the  disturbed  condition  of  Italy, 
from  the  revolt  of  Spartacus,  he  was  not  relieved  at  the  end  of  a 
year,  as  the  law  required,  but  continued  two  years  longer  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  province,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Lucius  Caecilius 
Metellus.  During  these  three  years  he  was  guilty  of  the  most  abom- 
inable oppressions  and  exactions  ;  and  the  Sicilians,  as  soon  as  they 
were  relieved  of  his  presence,  brought  suit  against  him  in  the  court  of 
Repetundae  (that  for  the  trial  of  cases  of  Extortion),  then  presided  over 
by  the  prsetor  Manius  Acilius  Glabrio.  To  conduct  the  prosecution 
they  had  recourse  to  Cicero,  who  already  stood  high  among  Roman 
advocates,  and  who  was  personally  known  and  trusted  by  the  Sicilians 
on  account  of  his  honorable  administration  of  the  quasstorship  in  their 
island  in  B.C.  77.     Cicero  willingly  took  charge  of  the  case,  the  more  so 

26 


ImpeacJiment  of   Venues  2/ 

as  the  counsel  for  Verres  was  Hortensius,  the  leading  lawyer  of  the 
time,  against  whom  he  was  eager  to  measure  his  strength. 

Although  the  cruelty  and  rapacity  of  Verres  were  notorious,  yet  his 
relations  to  the  Roman  nobility  insured  him  the  same  kind  of  support 
at  home  which  recently,  under  somewhat  similar  circumstances,  was 
afforded  to  Governor  Eyre  in  England,  on  his  return  from  Jamaica : 
not  only  Hortensius,  but  Curio,  a  man  of  excellent  reputation,  with 
members  of  the  eminent  families  of  Scipio  and  Metellus,  stood  firmly 
by  him.  The  only  hope  of  Verres  lay  in  preventing  a  fair  and  speedy 
trial.  First  he  tried  to  obtain  a  prosecutor  who  should  be  in  collusion 
with  him,  and  would  not  push  him  too  hard.  For  this  purpose  one 
Ca^cilius  was  put  forward,  an  insignificant  person,  but  a  native  of  Sicily. 
Cicero's  first  speech  in  the  case  (/;/  Q.  Caecilhmi)  was  therefore  a  pre- 
liminary argument  before  the  praetor  Glabrio  in  person,  to  show  that 
he,  rather  than  Caecilius,  should  be  allowed  to  conduct  the  case.  This 
it  was  not  hard  to  do,  and  he  set  out  at  once  for  Sicily  to  collect 
evidence,  for  which  purpose  he  was  allowed  one  hundred  and  ten  days. 

To  consume  time  the  opposition  had  planned  to  bring  before  the 
same  court  a  trumped-up  action  against  another  provincial  governor 
which  should  have  precedence  of  the  trial  of  Verres.  To  this  end  they 
had  procured  for  the  prosecutor  in  the  rival  suit  an  allowance  of  one 
hundred  and  eight  days  for  collecting  evidence  in  Achaia  —  or  two  days 
less  than  the  time  which  Cicero  was  expected  to  need.  This  intrigue 
was  foiled  by  Cicero's  industry  and  skill.  He  used  not  quite  half  of 
the  time  allowed  him,  arriving  in  Rome,  with  ample  evidence,  not  only 
before  the  prosecutor  in  the  rival  case  was  ready,  but  even  before  the 
latter  had  left  Italy  on  his  pretended  tour  of  investigation.  The  trial 
of  Verres  was  now  fixed  for  Aug.  5,  B.C.  70  (consulship  of  Pompey  and 
Crassus). 

Meantime  (in  the  latter  part  of  July)  the  elections  were  held  for  the 
next  year.  As  was  the  custom  in  Rome,  these  occurred  several  months 
before  the  newly  elected  magistrates  were  to  enter  upon  their  offices. 
The  successful  candidates,  under  the  title  of  designati,  enjoyed  a 
dignity  almost  equal  to  that  of  the  actual  magistrates,  although  with 
no  real  power  (see  ch.  ix.).  In  these  elections  Cicero  was  designated 
aedile ;  but  his  rival  Hortensius  was  chosen  consul,  with  Quintus 
Metellus  Creticus,  Verres'  fast  friend,  as  his  colleague.  More  than 
this,  Marcus  Metellus,  brother  of  Quintus,  was  chosen  praetor,  and  the 
lot  fell  to  him  to  preside  the  next  year  in  the  court  of  Repetimdae.  If 
now  the  trial  could  be  put  over  till  the  next  year,  when  Hortensius  and 
the  two  Metelli  would  be  in  the  three  most  influential  positions  in  the 


28  Orations  of  Cicero 

State,  Verres  felt  quite  sure  of  getting  clear.  Neither  did  it  seem  as 
if  this  would  be  very  hard  to  bring  about ;  for  the  last  six  months  of 
the  Roman  year  were  so  full  of  festivals  and  other  days  on  which  the 
court  could  not  sit,  that  the  case  would  be  liable  to  constant  inter- 
ruptions and  delays.  The  postponement  would  have  disappointed  Cicero 
sorely,  for,  by  good  luck  in  drawing  the  names,  and  sagacity  in  chal- 
lenging, he  had  a  jury  that  he  could  trust,  and  he  was  not  willing  to 
run  the  risk  of  a  change. 

Under  these  circumstances  Cicero  made  the  second  speech  of  the 
Verrine  group — that  which  is  known  as  the  Actio  Prima  (included  in 
the  present  edition,  pp.  28-47  below).  In  this  oration  he  declared  his 
intention  of  departing  from  the  usual  course  of  procedure  in  order  to 
push  the  trial  through  before  the  New  Year.  It  was  customary  for 
the  prosecutor,  after  opening  the  case  (as  in  the  present  speech),  to 
present  his  proofs  and  arguments  in  a  long  connected  oration  (or  a 
series  of  orations)  ;  there  followed  a  reply  from  the  defendant's  coun- 
sel, and  then  the  witnesses  were  introduced.  Cicero,  omitting  the  long 
statement  just  described,  proceeded  to  bring  forward  his  witnesses 
immediately.  Since  the  only  hope  of  the  defence  lay  in  putting  off  the 
trial,  Cicero's  promptitude  was  decisive  :  Hortensius  soon  threw  up  his 
case,  and  Verres  went  into  exile,  with  a  name  forever  associated  with 
extortion  and  misgovernment.  Full  restitution  of  the  plunder  was, 
however,  not  obtained  :  a  compromise  was  made,  by  which  a  less  sum 
was  paid  in  satisfaction  of  the  claims.  The  five  speeches  known  as  the 
"  Accusation  "  proper  {Actio  Seciinda)  were  never  delivered,  but  were 
wiitten  out  and  published  in  order  to  put  on  record  the  facts  which 
Cicero  had  gathered  with  so  much  pains,  and  to  give  a  specimen  of 
his  powers  in  the  way  of  forensic  composition. 


The  Senatorial  Jurors  have  a  Chance  to  Retrieve  their  Reputation. 

QUOD  erat  optandum  maxime,  iudices,  et  quod  Cinum 
ad  invidiam  vestri  ordinis  infamiamque  ifidiciorum 
sedandam  maxime  pertinebat,  id  non  humano  consilio,  sed 
prope  divinitus  datum  atque  oblatum  vobis  summo  rei 
5  pCiblicae  tempore  videtur.  Inveteravit  enim  iam  opinio 
perniciosa  re!  piiblicae,  vobisque  periculosa,  quae  non 
modo  apud  populum  Romanum,  sed  etiam  apud  exteras 
nationes,  omnium    sermone    percrebruit :    his   iudiciis  quae 


Impeachment  of  Verves  29 

nunc  sunt,  pecuniosum  hominem,  quamvis  sit  nocens, 
neminem  posse  damnari,  2.  Nunc,  in  ipso  discrimine 
ordinis  iudiciorumque  vestrorum,  cum  sint  parati  qui  con- 
tionibus  et  legibus  banc  invidiam  senatus  inflammare 
conentur,  [reus]  in  iudicium  adductus  est  [C.  Verres],  5 
homo  vita  atque  factis  omnium  iam  opinione  damnatus, 
pecuniae  magnitudine  sua  spe  et  praedicatione  absolutus. 
Huic  ego  causae,  iiidices,  cum  summa  voluntate  et 
exspectatione  populi  Romani,  actor  accessi,  non  ut  augerem 
invidiam  drdinis,  sed  ut  infamiae  communi  succurrerem.  10 
Adduxi  enim  hominem,  in  quo  reconciliare  existimationem 
iudiciorum  amissam,  redire  in  gratiam  cum  populo  Romano, 
satis  facere  exteris  nationibus,  possetis  ;  depeculatorem 
aerari,  vexatorem  Asiae  atque  Pamphylic^e,  praedonem  iuris 
urbani,  labem  atque  perniciem  provinciae  Siciliae.  3.  De  15 
quo  si  vos  vere  ac  religiose  iiidicaveritis,  auctoritas  ea, 
quae  in  vobis  remanere  debet,  haerebit;  sin  istius  ingentes 
divitiae  iudiciorum  rehgionem  veritatemque  perfregerint, 
ego  hoc  tamen  adsequar,  ut  iudicium  potius  rei  piiblicae, 
quam  aut  reus  iudicibus,  aut  accusator  reo,  defuisse  videatur.  20 

Bribery  the  Defendant's  Only  Hope. 

II.  Equidem,  ut  de  me  confitear,  iiidices,  cum  multae 
mihi  a  C.  Verre  insidiae  terra  marique  factae  sint,  quas 
partim  mea  diligentia  devitarim,  partim  amicorum  studio 
officioque  repulerim  ;  numquam  tamen  neque  tantum  peri- 
culum  mihi  adire  visus  sum,  neque  tanto  opere  pertimui,  25 
ut  nunc  in  ipso  iudicio.  4.  Neque  tantum  me  exspec- 
tatio  accusationis  meae,  concursusque  tantae  multitudinis 
(quibus  ego  rebus  vehementissime  perturbor)  commovet, 
quantum  istius  insidiae  nefariae,  quas  uno  tempore  mihi, 
vobis,  M'.  Glabrioni,  populo  Romano,  sociis,  exteris  nati-  30 
onibus,  ordini,  nomini  denique  senatorio,  facere  conatur  : 
qui  ita  dictitat,  eis  esse  metuendum,   qui   quod   ipsis  solis 


30  Oratio7is  of  Cicero 

satis  esset  surripuissent  ;  se  tantum  eripuisse,  ut  id  multis 
satis  esse  possit ;  nihil  esse  tarn  sanctum  quod  non  violari, 
nihil  tarn  miinitum  quod  non   expugnari  peciinia  possit. 

His  Designs  Patent. 
5.  Quod  si  quam  audax  est  ad  conandum,  tarn  esset 
5  obscurus  in  agendo,  fortasse  aliqua  in  re  nos  aliquando 
fefellisset.  Verum  hoc  adhiic  percommode  cadit,  quod 
cum  incredibili  eius  audacia  singularis  stultitia  coniimcta 
est.  Nam,  ut  apertus  in  corripiendis  pecuniis  fuit,  sic  in 
spe  corrumpendi  iiidici,  perspicua  sua  consilia  conatusque 

10  omnibus  fecit.  Semel,  ait,  se  in  vita  pertimuisse,  turn  cum 
primum  a  me  reus  factus  sit ;  quod,  cum  e  provincia  recens 
esset,  invidiaque  et  infamia  non  recenti,  sed  vetere  ac 
diiiturna  fiagraret,  tum,  ad  indicium  corrumpendum,  tempus 
alienum  offenderet.     6.    Itaque,  cum  ego  diem  in  Siciliam 

15  inquirendi  perexiguam  postulavissem,  invenit  iste,  qui  sibi 
in  Achaiam  biduo  breviorem  diem  postularet,  —  non  ut  is 
idem  conficeret  diligentia  et  industria  sua  quod  ego  meo 
labore  et  vigiliis  consecutus  sum,  etenim  ille  Achaicus 
inquisitor   ne    Brundisium   quidem    pervenit  ;    ego  Siciliam 

20  totam  quinquaginta  diebus  sic  obii,  ut  omnium  populorum 
privatorumque  literas  iniuriasque  cognoscerem  ;  ut  perspi- 
cuum  cuivis  esse  posset,  hominem  ab  isto  quaesitum  esse, 
non  qui  reum  suum  adduceret,  sed  qui  meum  tempus 
obsideret. 

He  is  Intriguing  for  Postponement. 

25  III.  7.  Nunc  homo  audacissimus  atque  amentissimus 
hoc  cogitat.  Intellegit  me  ita  paratum  atque  instructum 
in  iudicium  venire,  ut  non  modo  in  auribus  vestris,  sed  in 
oculis  omnium,  sua  furta  atque  flagitia  defixurus  sim. 
Videt   senatores   multos   esse   testis    audaciae    suae-;    videt 

30  multos  equites  Romanes  frequentis  praeterea  civis  atque 
socios,   quibus   ipse   insignis   iniurias  fecerit.     Videt  etiam 


ImpeacJimcnt  of  Verres  3 1 

tot  tarn  gravis  ab  amicissimis  civitatibus  legationes,  cum 
publicis  auctoritatibus  convenisse.  8.  Quae  cum  ita  sint, 
usque  eo  de  omnibus  bonis  male  existimat,  usque  eo 
senatoria  iudicia  perdita  profligataque  esse  arbitratur,  ut 
hoc  palam  dictitet,  non  sine  causa  se  cupidum  peciiniae  5 
fuisse,  quoniam  in  peciinia  tantum  praesidium  experiatur 
esse  :  sese  (id  quod  difficillimum  fuerit)  tempus  ipsum 
emisse  iudici  sui,  quo  cetera  facilius  emere  postea  posset  ; 
ut,  quoniam  criminum  vim  subterfugere  nuUo  modo  poterat, 
procellam  temporis  devitaret.  10 

But  the  Court  is  Incorruptible. 

9.  Quod  si  non  modo  in  causa,  verum  in  aliquo  honesto 
praesidio,  aut  in  aliciiius  eloquentia  aut  gratia,  spem  ali- 
quam  conlocasset,  profecto  non  haec  omnia  conligeret  atque 
aucuparetur  ;  non  usque  eo  despiceret  contemneretque  ordi- 
nem  senatorium,  ut  arbitrate  eius  deligeretur  ex  senatu,  qui  15 
reus  fieret  ;  qui,  dum  hie  quae  opus  essent  compararet, 
causam  interea  ante  eum  diceret.  10.  Quibus  ego  rebus 
quid  iste  speret  et  quo  animum  intendat,  facile  perspicio. 
Quam  ob  rem  vero  se  confidat  aliquid  perficere  posse,  hoc 
praetore,  et  hoc  consilio,  intellegere  non  possum.  Unum  20 
illud  intellego  (quod  populus  Romanus  in  reiectione  iudi- 
cum  iudicavit),  ea  spe  istum  fuisse  praeditum  ut  omnem 
rationem  salutis  in  peciinia  constitueret  ;  hoc  erepto  prae- 
sidio, ut  niillam  sibi  rem  adiumento  fore  arbitraretur. 

Earlier  Crimes  of  Verres. 

IV.  Etenim  quod  est  ingenium  tantum,  quae  tanta  25 
facultas  dicendi  aut  copia,  quae  istius  vitam,  tot  vitiis 
flagitiisque  convictam,  iampridem  omnium  voluntate  iiidi- 
cioque  damnatam,  aliqua  ex  parte  possit  defendere  t 
11.  Ciiius  ut  adulescentiae  maculas  ignominiasque  prae- 
teream,    quaestiira    [primus    gradus    honoris]    quid    aliud  30 


32  Orations  of  Cicero 

habet  in  se,  nisi  [Cn.  Carbonem  spoliatum]  a  quaest5re 
suo  pecunia  publica  nudatum  et  proditum  consulem  ? 
desertum  exercitum  ?  relictam  provinciam  ?  sortis  neces- 
situdinem  religionemque  violatam  ?  Cuius  legatio  exitium 
5  fuit  Asiae  totius  et  Pamphyliae  :  quibus  in  provinciis 
multas  domos,  plurimas  urbis,  omnia  fana  depopulatus 
est,  turn  cum  [in  Cn.  Dolabellam]  suum  scelus  illud  pris- 
tinum  renovavit  et  instauravit  quaestorium  ;  cum  eum, 
cui  et  legatus  et  pro  quaestore  fuisset,  et  in  invidiam  suis 
lo  maleficiis  addiixit,  et  in  ipsis  periculls  non  solum  deseruit, 
sed  etiam  oppiignavit  ac  prodidit.  12.  Cuius  praetura 
urbana  aedium  sacrarum  fuit  publicorumque  operum  depo- 
pulatio  ;  simul  in  iure  dicundo,  bonorum  possessionumque, 
contra  omnium  institiita,  addictio  et  condonatio. 

His  Reckless  Career  in  Sicily. 

15  lam  vero  omnium  vitiorum  suorum  plurima  et  maxima 
constituit  monumenta  et  indicia  in  provincia  Sicilia ;  quam 
iste  per  triennium  ita  vexavit  ac  perdidit  ut  ea  restitui  in 
antiquum  statum  niillo  modo  possit ;  vix  autem  per  multos 
annos,    innocentisque    praetores,    aliqua    ex    parte    recreari 

20  aliquando  posse  videatur.  13.  Hoc  praetore,  Siculi  neque 
suas  leges,  neque  nostra  senatus-consulta,  neque  communia 
iura  tenuerunt.  Tantum  quisque  habet  in  Sicilia,  quantum 
hominis  avarissimi  et  libidinosissimi  aut  imprudentiam  sub- 
terfugit,  aut  satietati  superfuit. 

25  Y.  Nulla  res  per  triennium,  nisi  ad  niitum  istius,  iudi- 
cata  est :  nulla  res  cuiusquam  tam  patria  atque  avita  fuit, 
quae  non  ab  eo,  imperio  istius,  abiudicaretur.  Innumera- 
biles  pecuniae  ex  aratorum  bonis  novo  nefarioque  institute 
coactae  ;    socii    fidelissimi    in    hostium    numero  existimati ; 

30  cives  Romani  servilem  in  modum  cruciati  et  necati ;  homi- 
nes nocentissimi  propter  pecunias  iudicio  liberati  ;  hones- 
tissimi  atque  integerrimi,  absentes  rei  facti,  indicta  causa 


Impeachment  of   Verves  33 

damnati  et  eiecti  ;  portus  munitissimi,  maximae  tutissimae- 
que  urbes  piratis  praedonibusque  patefactae  ;  nautae  mili- 
tesque  Siculorum,  socii  nostrl  atque  amici,  fame  necati  ; 
classes  optimae  atque  opportiinissimae,  cum  magna  igno- 
minia  populi  Roman!,  amissae  et  perditae.  14.  Idem  iste  5 
praetor  monumenta  antiquissima,  partim  regum  locupletis- 
simorum,  quae  illi  ornamento  urbibus  esse  voluerunt,  partim 
etiam  nostrorum  imperatorum,  quae  victores  civitatibus 
Siculis  aut  dederunt  aut  reddiderunt,  spoliavit,  niidavitque 
omnia.  Neque  hoc  solum  in  statuis  ornamentlsque  publicis  10 
fecit;  sed  etiam  delubra  omnia,  sanctissimis  religionibus 
consecrata,  depeculatus  est.  Deum  denique  nullum  Siculis, 
qui  ei  paulo  magis  adfabre  atque  antique  artificio  factus 
videretur,  reliquit.  In  stupris  vero  et  flagitiis,  nefarias  eius 
libidines  commemorare  pudore  deterreor  :  simul  iilorum  cala-  15 
mitatem  commemorando  augere  nolo,  quibus  liberos  coniu- 
gesque  suas  integras  ab  istius  petulantia  conservare  non 
licitum  est. 

His  Guilt  is  Notorious. 

15.  At  enim  haec  ita  commissa  sunt  ab  isto,  ut  non  cog- 
nita  sint  ab  hominibus  ?  Hominem  arbitror  esse  neminem,  20 
qui  nomen  istius  audierit,  quin  facta  quoque  eius  nefaria 
commemorare  possit  ;  ut  mihi  magis  timendum  sit,  ne  multa 
crimina  praetermittere,  quam  ne  qua  in  istum  fingere,  exis- 
timer.  Neque  enim  mihi  videtur  haec  multitude,  quae  ad 
audiendum  convenit,  cognoscere  ex  me  causam  voluisse,  sed  25 
ea,  quae  scit,  mecum  recognoscere. 

Hence  he  Trusts  in  Bribery  Alone. 

VI.    Quae  cum  ita  sint,  iste  homo  amens  ac  perditus  alia 
mecum  ratione  piignat.      Non  id  agit,  ut  alicuius  eloquentiam 
mihi  opponat  ;  non  gratia,  non  auctoritate  ciiiusquam,  non 
potentia  nititur.      Simulat  his  se  rebus  confidere,  sed  video  30 
quid  agat  (neque  enim  agit  occultissime) :  proponit  inania 


34  O  rat  to  f  IS  of  Cicero 

mihi  nobilitatis,  hoc  est,  hominum  adrogantium,  nomina ; 
qui  non  tarn  me  impediunt  quod  nobiles  sunt,  quam  adiuvant 
quod  noti  sunt.  Simulat  se  eorum  praesidio  confidere,  cum 
interea  aliud  quiddam  iam  diu  machinetur. 

Previous  Attempts  at  Bribery. 

5  16.  Quam  spem  nunc  habeat  in  manibus,  et  quid  moliatur, 
breviter  iam,  iudices,  vobis  exponam  :  sed  prius,  ut  ab  initio 
res  ab  eo  constituta  sit,  quaeso,  cognoscite.  Ut  primum  e 
provincia  rediit,  redemptio  est  huius  iudici  facta  grand! 
pecunia.     Man  sit  in  condicione  atque  pacto  usque  ad  eum 

10  finem,  dum  iudices  reiecti  sunt.  Postea  quam  reiectio  iudi- 
cum  facta  est  —  quod  et  in  sortitione  istius  spem  fortuna 
populi  Romani,  et  in  reiciendis  iudicibus  mea  diligentia, 
istorum  impudentiam  vicerat  —  renuntiata  est  tota  condicio. 
17.  Praeclare  se  res  habebat.     Libelli  nominum  vestrorum, 

15  consilique  huius,  in  manibus  erant  omnium.  Nulla  nota, 
nullus  color,  nullae  sordes  videbantur  his  sententiis  adlini 
posse  :  cum  iste  repente,  ex  alacri  atque  laeto,  sic  erat 
humilis  atque  demissus,  ut  non  modo  populo  Romano,  sed 
etiam  sibi  ipse,  condemnatus  videretur. 

The  Election  Gives  him  Fresh  Courage. 

20  Ecce  autem  repente,  his  diebus  paucis  comitiis  consularibus 
factis,  eadem  ilia  vetera  consilia  pecunia  maiore  repetuntur ; 
eaedemque  vestrae  famae  fortunisque  omnium  insidiae  per 
eosdem  homines  comparantur.  Quae  res  primo,  iCidices, 
pertenui  nobis   argumento   indicioque   patefacta   est :   post, 

25  aperto  suspicionis  introitu,  ad  omnia  intima  istorum  consilia 
sine  ullo  errore  pervenimus. 

VII.  18.  Nam,  ut  Hortensius,  consul  designatus,  domum 
reducebatur  e  Campo,  cum  maxima  frequentia  ac  multitudine 
fit  obviam  casu  ei  multitudini  C.  Curio ;  quem  ego  hominem 

30  honoris  [potius  quam  contumeliae]  causa  nominatum  volo. 


ImpeacJnnent  of   Verves  35 

Etenim  ea  dicam,  quae  ille,  si  commemorarl  noluisset,  non 
tanto  in  conventu,  tarn  aperte  palamqiie  dixisset :  quae  tamen 
a  me  pedetentim  cauteque  dicentur ;  ut  et  amicitiae  nostrae 
et  dignitatis  illius  habita  ratio  esse  intellegatur. 

19.  Videt  ad  ipsum  fornicem  Fabianum  in  turba  Verrem  :     5 
appellat  hominem,  et  ei  voce  maxima  gratulatur  :  ipsi  Hor- 
tensio,  qui  consul  erat  factus,  propinquis  necessariisque  eius, 
qui  tum  aderant,  verbum  nullum  facit :  cum  hoc  consistit ; 
hunc  amplexatur;  hunc  iubet  sine  cura  esse.     '  Renuntio,' 
inquit,  '  tibi,  te  hodiernis  comitiis  esse  absoliitum.'     Quod  10 
cum  tam  multi  homines   honestissimi   audissent,  statim  ad 
me  defertur:  immo  vero,  ut  quisque  me  viderat,  narrabat. 
Aliis  illud  indignum,  aliis  ridiculum,   videbatur  :   ridiculum 
eis  qui  istius  causam  in  testium  fide,  in  criminum  ratione, 
in  iudicum  potestate,  non  in  comitiis  consularibus,  positam  15 
arbitrabantur  :  indignum  eis,  qui  altius  aspiciebant,  et  hanc 
gratulationem    ad    iiidicium    corrumpendum    spectare   vide- 
bant.    20.  Etenim  sic  ratiocinabantur,  sic  honestissimi  homi- 
nes inter  se  et  mecum  loquebantur  :  aperte  iam  et  perspicue 
nulla  esse  indicia.     Qui  reus  pridie  iam  ipse  se  condemna-  20 
tum  putabat,  is,  postea  quam  defensor  eius  consul  est  factus, 
absolvitur!     Quid    igitur?    quod    tota    Sicilia,   quod   omnes 
Siculi,  omnes  negotiatores,  omnes  publicae  privataeque  lit- 
terae  Romae  sunt,  nihilne  id  valebit?  nihil,  invito  consule 
designate !     Quid }    indices    non    crimina,   non    testis,    non  25 
existimationem  populi  Romani  sequentur  ?     Non  :  omnia  in 
tinius  potestate  ac  moderatione  vertentur. 

His  Friend  Metellus  is  to  be  Judge  Next  Year. 

VIII,    Vere    loquar,    indices:    vehementer    me    haec    res 
commovebat.     Optimus  enim   quisque   ita  loquebatur :    iste 
quidem  tibi  eripietur  :  sed  nos  non  tenebimus  iiidicia  diutius.  30 
Etenim  quis  poterit,  Verre  absolute,  de  transferendis  iiidi- 
ciis  recusare  ?     21.   Erat  omnibus  molestum  :  neque  eos  tam 


36  Orations  of  Cicero 

istius  hominis  perditi  subita  laetitia,  quam  hominis  amplis- 
simi  nova  gratulatic3,  commovebat.  Cupiebam  dissimulare 
me  id  moleste  ferre  :  cupiebam  animi  dolorein  vultu  tegere, 
et  taciturnitate  celare.  Ecce  autem,  illis  ipsis  diebus,  cum 
5  praetores  designati  sortirentur,  et  M.  Metello  obtigisset,  ut  is 
de  pecunils  repetundis  quaereret,  nuntiatur  mihi  tantam  isti 
gratulationem  esse  factam,  ut  is  domum  quoque  pueros  mit- 
teret,  qui  uxori  suae  nuntiarent. 

Attempt  to  Defeat  Cicero's  Election  as  ^dile. 

22.   Sane  ne  haec  quidem  mihi  res  placebat:  neque  fa?ne?i, 

10  tanto  opere  quid  in  hac  sorte  metuendum  mihi  esset,  intel- 
legebam.  Unum  illud  ex  hominibus  certis,  ex  quibus  omnia 
comperi,  reperiebam  :  fiscos  compliirls  cum  pecunia  Sicili- 
ensi,  a  quodam  senatore  ad  equitem  Romanum  esse  trans- 
lates :   ex  his  quasi  decem  fiscos  ad  senatorem  ilium  relictos 

15  esse,  comitiorum  meorum  nomine  :  divisores  omnium  tribuum 
nocta  ad  istum  vocatos.  23.  Ex  quibus  quidam,  qui  se  omnia 
mea  causa  debere  arbitrabatur,  eadem  ilia  nocte  ad  me  venit : 
demonstrat,  qua  iste  oratione  Gsus  esset :  commemorasse 
istum,   quam   liberaliter  eos   tractasset  [etiam]   antea,   cum 

20  ipse  praeturam  petisset,  et  proximis  consularibus  praetori- 
isque  comitiis :  deinde  continue  esse  pollicitum,  quantam 
vellent  peciiniam,  si  me  aedilitate  deiecissent.  Hie  alios 
negasse  audere ;  alios  respondisse,  non  putare  id  perfici 
posse  :  inventum  tamen  esse  fortem  amicum,  ex  eadem  fami- 

25  lia,  Q.  Verrem,  Romilia,  ex  optima  divisorum  disciplina, 
patris  istius  discipulum  atque  amicum,  qui,  HS  quingentis 
milibus  depositis,  id  se  perfectiirum  polliceretur  :  et  fuisse 
tum  non  ntrllos,  qui  se  Ona  facturos  esse  dicerent.  Quae 
cum  ita  essent,  sane  benevolo  animo  me,  ut  magno  opere 

30  caverem  praemonebat. 


InipeacJwient  of    V^erres  37 


Cicero  Made  Anxious,  but  Finally  Elected. 

IX.  24.  Sollicitabar  rebus  maximis  uno  atque  eo  per- 
exiguo  tempore.  Urgebant  comitia  ;  et  in  his  ipsis  oppCig- 
nabar  grandi  peciinia.  Instabat  iudicium  :  el  quoque  negotio 
fisci  Sicilienses  minabantur.  Agere  quae  ad  iudicium  perti- 
nebant  libere,  comitiorum  metii  deterrebar :  petition!  toto  5 
animo  servire,  propter  iudicium  non  licebat.  Minari  denique 
divisoribus  ratio  non  erat,  propterea  quod  eos  intellegere 
videbam  me  hoc  iudicio  districtum  atque  obligatum  futurum. 
25.  Atque  hoc  ipso  tempore  Siculis  denuntiatum  esse  audio, 
primum  ab  Hortensio,  domum  ad  ilium  ut  venirent :  Siculos  jo 
in  eo  sane  liberos  fuisse  ;  qui  nuam  ob  rem  arcesserentur 
cum  intellegerent,  non  venisse.  Interea  comitia  nostra,  quo- 
rum iste  se,  ut  ceterorum  hoc  anno  comitiorum,  dominum 
esse  arbitrabatur,  haberi  coepta  sunt.  Cursare  iste  homo 
potens,  cum  filio  blando  et  gratioso,  circum  tribiis  :  paternos  15 
amicos,  hoc  est  divisores,  appellare  omnes  et  convenire. 
Quod  cum  esset  intellectum  et  animadversum,  fecit  animo 
libentissimo  populus  Romanus,  ut  cuius  divitiae  me  de  fide 
deducere  non  potuissent,  ne  eiusdem  pecunia  de  honore 
deicerer.  20 

Consuls  Elect  Intrigue  for  Postponement. 

26.  Postea  quam  ilia  petitionis  magna  cura  liberatus  sum, 
animo  coepi  multo  magis  vacuo  ac  solfito,  nihil  aliud  nisi  de 
iudicio  agere  et  cogitare.  Reperio,  iudices,  haec  ab  istis 
consilia  inita  et  constitiita,  ut,  quacumque  posset  ratione, 
res  ita  diiceretur,  ut  apud  M.  Metellum  praetorem  causa  25 
diceretur.  In  eo  esse  haec  commoda  :  primum  M.  Metellum 
amicissimum ;  deinde  Hortensium  consulem  non  *  [solum, 
sed]  etiam  Q.  Metellum,  qui  quam  isti  sit  amicus  attendite  : 
dedit  enim  praerogativam  suae  voluntatis  eius  modi,  ut  isti 
pro  praerogativis  earn  reddidisse  videatur.  30 


38  O ratio) IS  of  Cicero 

27.  An  me  taciturum  tantis  de  rebus  existimavistis  ?  et 
me,  in  tanto  rei  publicae  existimationisque  meae  periculo, 
cuiquam  consulturum  potius  quam  officio  et  dignitati  meae  ? 
Arcessit  alter  consul  designatus  Siculos  :  veniunt  non  nulli, 
5  propterea  quod  L.  Metellus  esset  praetor  in  Sicilia,  Cum 
iis  ita  loquitur  :  se  consulem  esse  ;  fratrem  suum  alterum 
Siciliam  provinciam  obtinere,  alterum  esse  quaesiturum  de 
pecuniis  repetundis  ;  Verri  ne  noceri  possit  multis  rationibus 
esse  provisum. 

10  X.  28.  Quid  est,  quaeso,  Metelle,  iiidicium  corrumpere, 
si  hoc  non  est  1  testis,  praesertim  [Siculos],  timidos  homines 
et  adflictos,  non  solum  auctoritate  deterrere,  sed  etiam  con- 
sulari  metfi,  et  duorum  praetorum  potestate  ?  Quid  faceres 
pro  innocente  homine  et  propinquo,  cum  propter  hominem 

15  perditissimum  atque  alienissimum  de  officio  ac  dignitate 
decedis,  et  committis,  ut,  quod  ille  dictitat,  alicui,  qui  te 
ignoret,  verum  esse  videatur  ? 

Next  Year  a  more  Pliable  Court. 

29.  Nam  hoc  Verrem  dicere  aiebant,  te  non  fato,  ut  cete- 
ros  ex  vestra  familia,  sed  opera  sua  consulem  factum.     Duo 

20  igitur  consules  et  quaesitor  erunt  ex  illius  voluntate.  '  Non 
solum  effugiemus '  inquit  '  hominem  in  quaerendo  nimium 
diligentem,  nimium  servientem  populi  existimationi,  M'. 
Glabrionem  :  accedet  etiam  nobis  illud.  ICidex  est  M. 
Caesonius,  conlega  nostri  acciisatoris,  homo  in  rebus  iiidi- 

25  candis  spectatus  et  cognitus,  quem  minime  expediat  esse 
in  eo  consilio  quod  conemur  aliqua  ratione  corrumpere  : 
propterea  quod  iam  antea,  cum  iudex  in  ICmiano  consilio 
fuisset,  turpissimum  illud  facinus  non  solum  graviter  tulit, 
sed    etiam    in   medium    protulit.      Hunc    iudicem    ex    Kal. 

30  lanuariis  non  habebimus.  30.  Q.  Manlium,  et  Q.  Corni- 
ficium,  duos  severissimos  atque  integerrimos  iudices,  quod 
tribuni  plebis  tum  erunt,  iudices  non  habebimus.     P.  Sulpi- 


Impeachment  of   Vej'res  39 

cius,  iudex  tristis  et  integer,  magistratum  ineat  oportet  Nonis 
Decembribus.  M.  Crepereius,  ex  acerrima  ilia  equestri  fami- 
lia  et  disciplina  ;  L.  Cassius  ex  familia  cum  ad  ceteras  res 
turn  ad  iudicandum  severissima  ;  Cn.  Tremellius,  homo 
summa  religione  et  diligentia,  —  tres  hi,  homines  veteres,  5 
tribuni  militares  sunt  designati :  ex  Kal.  lanuariis  non 
iudicabunt.  Subsortiemur  etiam  in  M.  Metelli  locum,  quo- 
niam  is  huic  ipsi  quaestioni  praefuturus  est.  Ita  secun- 
dum Kalendas  lanuarias,  et  praetore  et  prope  toto  consilio 
commutato,  magnas  accusatoris  minas,  magnamque  exspec-  10 
tationem  iudici,  ad  nostrum  arbitrium  libidinemque  elu- 
demus.' 

Remainder  of  this  Year  dangerously  Short. 

31.    Nonae    sunt    hodie   Sextiles :    hora    VII I.   convenire 
coepistis.     Hunc  diem  iam  ne  numerant  quidem.     Decem 
dies  sunt  ante  liidos  votivos,  quos  Cn.  Pompeius   facturus  15 
est.      Hi    liidi  dies    quindecim    auferent :    deinde    continue 
Romani'consequentur.     Ita  prope  XL.  diebus  interpositis, 
turn  denique  se  ad  ea  quae  a  nobis  dicta  erunt  responsuros 
esse  arbitrantur  :   deinde  se  ducturos,  et  dicendo  et  excii- 
sando,  facile  ad  liidos  Victoriae.     Cum   his   plebeios    esse  20 
coniianctos  ;    secundum    quos    aut    niilli   aut   perpauci    dies 
ad  agendum  futCiri  sunt.      Ita  defessa  ac  refrigerata  accii- 
satione,    rem    integram    ad    M.    Metellum    praetorem    esse 
ventiiram  :   quern  ego  hominem,  si  eius  fidei  diffisus  essem, 
iiidicem  non  retinuissem.     32.    Nunc  tamen  hoc  animo  sum,  25 
ut  eo  iiidice  quam  praetore  hanc  rem  transigi  malim  ;    et 
iiirato  suam  quam  iniiirato  aliorum  tabellas  committere. 

Cicero's  Plan  for  Despatch. 

XI.     Nunc    ego,    iiidices,    iam    vos    consulo,    quid    mihi 
faciendum    putetis.      Id   enim    consili    mihi    profecto   taciti 
dabitis,  quod  egomet  mihi  necessario  capiendum  intellego.  30 
Si  Citar  ad  dicendum  meo   legitime   tempore,   mei    laboris, 


40  Orations  of  Cicero 

industriae,  diligentiaeque  capiam  fructum  ;  et  [ex  accusa- 
tione]  perficiam  iit  nemo  umquam  post  hominum  memo- 
riam  paratior,  vigilantior,  compositior  ad  iudicium  venisse 
videatur.  Sed,  in  hac  laude  industriae  meae,  reus  r.e 
5  elabatur  summum  periculum  est.  Quid  est  igitur  quod 
fieri  possit  ?  Non  obsciirum,  opinor,  neque  absconditum. 
33.  Fructum  istum  laudis,  qui  ex  perpetua  oratione  percipi 
potuit,  in  alia  tempora  reservemus  :  nunc  hominem  tabulis, 
testibus,  privatis  publicisque  litteris  auctoritatibusque  accu- 

10  semus.  Res  omnis  mihi  tecum  erit,  Hortensi.  Dicam 
aperte  :  si  te  mecum  dicendo  ac  diluendis  criminibus  in 
hac   causa   contendere   putarem,   ego  quoque  in  accusando 

■  atque  in  explicandis  criminibus  operam  consumerem ;  nunc, 
quoniam   pugnare   contra   me    instituisti,    non    tam    ex    tua 

15  natiira  quam  ex  istius  tempore  et  causa  [malitiose],  necesse 

est  istius  modi  rationi  aliquo  consilio  obsistere.     34.  Tua 

ratio  est,  ut  secundum  binos  ludos  mihi  respondere  incipias  ; 

mea,  ut  ante  primos  ICidos  comperendinem.      Ita  fit  ut  tua 

ista  ratio  existimetur  astiita,  meum  hoc  consilium  necessa- 

20  rium. 

Corrupt  Influence  of  Hortensius  Dangerous. 

XII.  Verum  illud  quod  institueram  dicere,  mihi  rem 
tecum  esse,  huius  modi  est.  Ego  cum  banc  causam  Sicu- 
lorum  rogatu  recepissem,  idque  mihi  amplum  et  praeclarum 
existimassem,  eos  velle  meae  fidei  diligentiaeque  periculum 

25  facere,  qui  innocentiae  abstinentiaeque  fecissent  ;  tum  sus- 
cepto  negotio,  maius  quiddam  mihi  proposui,  in  quo  meam 
in  rem  piiblicam  voluntatem  populus  Romanus  perspicere 
posset.  35.  Nam  illud  mihi  nequaquam  dignum  industria 
conatuque    meo    videbatur,    istum    a    me    in   iiidicium,  iam 

30  omnium  iudicio  condemnatum,  vocari,  nisi  ista  tua  intolera- 
bilis  potentia,  et  ea  cupiditas  qua  per  hosce  annos  in  qui- 
busdam  iudiciis  usus  es,  etiam  in  istius  hominis  desperati 
causa  interponeretur.      Nunc  vero,  quoniam  haec  te  omnis 


Impcaclmicnt  of   Verves  41 

dominatio  regnumque  iiidiciorum  tanto  opere  delectat,  et 
sunt  homines  quos  libldinis  infamiaeque  suae  neque  pudeat 
neque  taedeat,  —  qui,  quasi  de  industria,  in  odium  offensio- 
nemque  populi  Roman!  inruere  videantur,  —  hoc  me  profiteor 
suscepisse,  magnum  fortasse  onus  et  mihi  periculosissimum,  5 
verum  tamen  dignum  in  quo  omnis  nervos  aetatis  indus- 
triaeque  meae  contenderem. 

36.  Quoniam  totus  ordo  paucorum  improbitate  et  auda- 
cia  premitur  et  urgetur   infamia  iudiciorum,   profiteor   huic 
generl  hominum  me  inimicum  accusatorem,  odiosum,  adsi-  to 
duum,   acerbum  adversarium.       Hoc   mihi  sumo,   hoc  mihi 
deposco,  quod  agam  in  magistratu,  quod  agam  ex  eo  loco 
ex  quo  me  populus  Romanus  ex  Kal.  lanuariis  secum  agere 
de  re  piiblica  ac  de  hominibus  improbis  voluit :   hoc  mimus 
aedilitatis  meae  populo  Romano  amplissimum  pulcherrimum-  15 
que  poUiceor.    Moneo,  praedico,  ante  deniintio;  qui  aut  depo- 
nere,  aut  accipere,  aut  recipere,  aut  polliceri,  aut  sequestres 
aut  interpreters   corrumpendi   iudici  solent  esse,   quique'  ad 
banc  rem   aut  potentiam    aut    impudentiam    suam   professi 
sunt,   abstineant  in   hoc   iiTidicio   mantis  animosque  ab  hoc  20 
scelere  nefario. 

This  Influence  must  be  Met  by  Proofs  of  Corruption. 

XIII.  37.  Erit  turn  consul  Hortensius  cum  summo  impe- 
rio  et  potestate  ;  ego  autem  aedilis,  hoc  est,  paulo  amplius 
quam  privatus.  Tamen  huius  modi  haec  res  est,  quam  me 
acturum  esse  polliceor,  ita  populo  Romano  grata  atque  25 
iucunda,  ut  ipse  consul  in  hac  causa  prae  me  minus  etiam 
(si  fieri  possit)  quam  privatus  esse  videatur.  Omnia  non 
modo  commemorabuntur,  sed  etiam,  expositis  certis  rebus, 
agentur,  quae  inter  decern  annos,  postea  quam  indicia  ad 
senatum  translata  sunt,  in  rebus  iiidicandis  nefarie  fiagiti-  30 
oseque  facta  sunt.  38.  Cognoscet  ex  me  populus  Romanus 
quid  sit,  quam  ob  rem,  cum  equester  ordo  iudicaret,  annos 


42  Orations  of  Cicero 

prope  quinquaginta  continues,  in  nullo  iudice  [equite  Romano 
iudicante]  ne  tenuissima  quidem  suspicio  acceptae  pecuniae 
ob  rem  iudicandam  constitiita  sit :  quid  sit  quod,  iiidiciis  ad 
senatorium  ordinem  translatis,  sublataque  populi  Roman!  in 
5  unum  quemque  vestrum  potestate,  Q.  Calidius  damnatus 
dixerit,  minoris  HS  triciens  praetorium  hominem  honeste 
non  posse  damnari :  quid  sit  quod,  P.  Septimio  senatore 
damnato,  Q.  Hortensio  praetore,  de  peciinils  repetundis  lis 
aestimata  sit  eo  nomine,  quod  ille  ob  rem  iudicandam  pecu- 

lo  niam  accepisset ;  39.  quod  in  C.  Herennio,  quod  in  C. 
Popilio,  senatoribus,  qui  ambo  peculatus  damnati  sunt ; 
quod  in  M.  Atilio,  qui  de  maiestate  damnatus  est,  hoc 
planum  factum  sit,  eos  pecuniam  ob  rem  iudicandam  acce- 
pisse  ;    quod  inventi  sint  senatores,  qui,  C.  Verre  praetore 

15  urbano  sortiente,  exirent  in  eum  reum,  quem  incognita  causa 
condemnarent ;  quod  inventus  sit  senator,  qui,  cum  iudex 
esset,  in  eodem  iudicio  et  ab  reo  pecuniam  acciperet  quam 
iudicibus  divideret,  et  ab  accusatore,  ut  reum  condemnaret. 
40.  lam  vero  quomodo  illam  labem,  ignominiam,  calamita- 

20  temque  totius  ordinis  conquerar  ?  hoc  factum  esse  in  hac 
civitate,  cum  senatorius  ordo  iudicaret,  ut  discoloribus  signis 
iuratorum  hominum  sententiae  notarentur  ?  Haec  omnia  me 
diligenter  severeque  acturum  esse,  poUiceor. 

Acquittal  of  Verres  Subversive  of  Whole  Judicial  System. 

XIV.  Quo  me  tandem  animo  fore  putatis,  si  quid  in  hoc 
25  ipso  iudicio  intellexero  simili  aliqua  ratione  esse  violatum 
atque  commissum  ?  cum  planum  facere  multis  testibus  pos- 
sim,  C.  Verrem  in  Sicilia,  multis  audientibus,  saepe  dixisse, 
'  se  habere  hominem  potentem,  cuius  fiducia  provinciam 
spoliaret :  neque  sibi  soli  peciiniam  quaerere,  sed  ita  trien- 
30  nium  illud  praeturae  Siciliensis  distribiitum  habere,  ut  secum 
praeclare  agi  diceret,  si  unius  anni  quaestum  in  rem  suam 
converteret ;  alterum  patronis  et  defensoribus  traderet ;  ter- 


hnpeacJimeiit  of   Verves  43 

tium  ilium  uberrimum  quaestuosissimumque   annum  totum 
iudicibus  reservaret.' 

41.  Ex  quo  mihi  venit  in  mentem  illud  dicere  (quod 
apud  M'.  Glabrionem  nuper  cum  in  reiciundis  iudicibus 
commemorassem,  intellexi  vehementer  populum  Romanum  5 
commoveri),  me  arbitrari,  fore  uti  nationes  exterae  legates 
ad  populum  Romanum  mitterent,  ut  lex  de  pecuniis  repe- 
tundis  iudiciumque  tolleretur.  Si  enim  iudicia  nulla  sint, 
tantum  linum  quemque  ablaturum  putant,  quantum  sibi  ac 
liberis  suis  satis  esse  arbitretur :  nunc,  quod  eius  modi  10 
iudicia  sint,  tantum  Ijnum  quemque  auferre,  quantum  sibi, 
patronis,  advocatis,  praetori,  iudicibus,  satis  futurum  sit : 
hoc  profecto  infinitum  esse:  se  avarissimi  hominis  cupidi- 
tati  satisfacere  posse,  nocentissimi  victoriae  non  posse. 

42.  O  commemoranda  iudicia,  praeclaramque  existima-  15 
tionem  nostri  ordinis  !  cum  socii  populi  Romani  iudicia  de 
pecuniis  repetundis  fieri  nolunt,  quae  a  maioribus  nostris 
sociorum  causa  comparata  sunt.  An  iste  umquam  de  se 
bonam  spem  habuisset,  nisi  de  vobis  malam  opinionem 
animo  imbibisset  ?  Quo  maiore  etiam  (si  fieri  potest)  apud  20 
vos  odio  esse  debet,  quam  est  apud  populum  Romanum, 
cum  in  avaritia,  scelere,  periiirio,  vos  sui  similis  esse  arbi- 
tretur. 

Jurors  Urged  to  Vindicate  the  Courts. 

XV.  43.  Cui  loco  (per  deos  immortalis  !),  iudices,  con- 
sulite  ac  providete.  Moneo  praedicoque  —  id  quod  Intel-  25 
lego  —  tempus  hoc  vobis  divinitus  datum  esse,  ut  odio, 
invidia,  infamia,  turpitiidine,  totum  ordinem  liberetis.  Nulla 
in  iudiciis  severitas,  niilla  religio,  nulla  denique  iam  exis- 
timantur  esse  iudicia.  Itaque  a  populo  Romano  con- 
temnimur,  despicimur :  gravi  diiaturnaque  iam  flagramus  30 
infamia.  44.  Neque  enim  iillam  aliam  ob  causam  populus 
Romanus  tribuniciam  potestatem  tanto  studio  requisivit ; 
quam  cum  poscebat,  verbo  illam  poscere  videbatur,  re  vera 


44  Oi'atio7is  of  Cicero 

iiidicia  poscebat.  Neque  hoc  Q.  Catulum,  hominem  sapien- 
tissimum  atque  amplissimum,  fiigit,  qui  (Cn.  Pompeio,  viro 
fortissimo  et  clarissimo,  de  tribunicia  potestate  referente), 
cum  esset  sententiam  rogatus,  hoc  initio  est  summa  cum 
5  auctoritate  iisus  :  '  Patres  conscriptos  iudicia  male  et  flagi- 
tiose  tueri  :  quod  si  in  rebus  iudicandis,  populi  Roman i 
existimationi  satis  facere  voluissent,  non  tanto  opere  homi- 
nes fuisse  tribuniciam  potestatem  desideraturos.'  45.  Ipse 
denique   Cn.   Pompeius,  cum  primum  contionem  ad  urbem 

lo  consul  designatus  habuit,  ubi  (id  quod  maxime  exspectari 
videbatur)  ostendit  se  tribuniciam  potestatem  restituturum, 
factus  est  in  eo  strepitus,  et  grata  contionis  admurmuratio. 
Idem  in  eadem  contione  cum  dixisset '  populatas  vexatasque 
esse  provincias  ;  iiidicia  autem  turpia  ac  flagitiosa  fieri ;  ei 

15  rei  se  providere  ac  consulere  velle  ;  '  turn  vero  non  strepitii, 
sed  maximo  clamore,  suam  populus  Romanus  significavit 
voluntatem. 

All  Rome  is  on  the  Watch. 

XVI.  46.  Nunc  autem  homines  in  speculis  sunt :  obser- 
vant quern  ad  modum  sese  iinus  quisque  nostrum  gerat  in 

20  retinenda  religione,  conservandisque  legibus.  Vident  adhuc, 
post  legem  tribiiniciam,  Cmum  senatorum  hominem  vel  tenu- 
issimum  esse  damnatum  :  quod  tametsi  non  reprehendunt, 
tamen  magno  opere  quod  laudent  non  habent.  Niilla  est 
enim  laus,  ibi  esse  integrum,  ubi  nemo  est  qui  aut  possit 

25  aut  conetur  corrumpere.  47.  Hoc  est  iudicium,  in  quo  vos 
de  reo,  populus  Romanus  de  vobis  iudicabit.  In  hoc  homine 
statuetur,  possitne,  senatoribus  iiidicantibus,  homo  nocentis- 
simus  pecimiosissimusque  damnari.  Delude  est  eius  modi 
reus,  in  quo  homine  nihil  sit,  praeter  summa  peccata  maxi- 

30  mamque  peciTmiam  ;  ut,  si  liberatus  sit,  niilla  alia  suspicio, 
nisi  ea  quae  turpissima  est,  residere  possit.  Non  gratia,  non 
cognatione,  non  aliis  recte  factis,  non  denique  aliquo  mediocri 
vitio,  tot  tantaque  eius  vitia  sublevata  esse  videbuntur. 


Impeachment  of  Venues  45 


Corruption  Sure  to  be  Detected. 


48.  Postremo  ego  causam  sic  agam,  iudices  :  eius  modi 
res,  ita  notas,  ita  testatas,  ita  magnas,  ita  manifeslas  pro- 
feram,  ut  nemo  a  vobis  ut  istum  absolvatis  per  gratiam 
conetur  contendere.  Habeo  autem  certam  viam  atque  ratio- 
nem,  qua  omnis  illorum  conatus  investigare  et  consequi  pos-  5 
sim.  Ita  res  a  me  agetur,  ut  in  eorum  consiliis  omnibus 
non  modo  aures  hominum,  sed  etiam  oculi  [populi  Romani] 
interesse  videantur.  49.  Vos  aliquot  iam  per  annos  con- 
ceptam  huic  ordini  turpitMinem  atque  infamiam  delere  ac 
tollere  potestis.  Constat  inter  omnis,  post  haec  constituta  10 
indicia,  quibus  nunc  utimur,  nuUam  hoc  splendore  atque 
hac  dignitate  consilium  fuisse.  Hie  si  quid  erit  offensum, 
omnes  homines  non  iam  ex  eodem  ordine  alios  magis  ido- 
neos  (quod  fieri  non  potest),  sed  alium  omnino  ordinem  ad 
res  iudicandas  quaerendum  arbitrabuntur.  15 

XVII.  50.  Quapropter,  primum  ab  dis  immortalibus, 
quod  sperare  mihi  videor,  hoc  idem,  iudices,  opto,  ut  in 
hoc  iiidicio  nemo  improbus  praeter  eum  qui  iampridem 
inventus  est  reperiatur  :  deinde  si  pi  tires  improbi  fuerint, 
hoc  vobis,  hoc  populo  Romano,  iudices,  confirmo,  vitam  20 
(mehercule)  mihi  prius,  quam  vim  perseverantiamque  ad 
illorum  improbitatem  persequendam  defuturam. 

Glabrio  Urged  to  Stand  Firm. 

51.  Verum,  quod  ego  laboribus,  periculis,  inimicitiisque 
meis,  tum  cum  admissum  erit  dedecus  severe  me  persecii- 
turum  esse  polliceor,  id  ne  accidat,  tu  tua  auctoritate,  25 
sapientia,  diligentia,  M'.  Glabrio,  potes  providere.  Suscipe 
causam  iudiciorum  :  suscipe  causam  severitatis,  integritatis, 
fidei,  religionis  :  suscipe  causam  senatiis,  ut  is,  hoc  iudicio 
probatus,  cum  populo  Romano  et  in  laude  et  in  gratia  esse 
possit.     Cogita    qui    sis,    quo    loco    sis,    quid   dare   populo  30 


46  Orations  of  Cicero 

Romano,  quid  reddere  rnaioribus  tuis,  debeas :  fac  tibi 
paternae  legis  [Aciliae]  veniat  in  mentem,  qua  lege  popu- 
lus  Romanus  de  peciiniis  repetundis  optimis  iiidicils  seve- 
rissimisque  iudicibus  iisus  est.  52.  Circumstant  te  summae 
5  auctoritates,  quae  te  oblivisci  laudis  domesticae  non  sinant ; 
quae  te  noctis  diesque  commoneant,  fortissimum  tibi  patrem, 
sapientissimum  avum,  gravissimum  socerum  fuisse.  Qua  re 
si  [Glabrionis]  patris  vim  et  acrimoniam  ceperis  ad  resis- 
tendum    hominibus    audacissimis ;    si    avi   [Scaevolae]   prii- 

10  dentiam  ad  prospiciendas  insidias,  quae  tuae  atque  horum 
famae  comparantur ;  si  soceri  [Scauri]  constantiam,  ut  ne 
quis  te  de  vera  et  certa  possit  sententia  demovere  ;  intelleget 
populus  Romanus,  integerrimo  atque  honestissimo  praetore, 
delectoque  consilio,  nocenti  reo  magnitudinem  pecimiae  plus 

1 5  habuisse  momenti  ad  suspicionem  criminis  quam  ad  ratio- 
nem   salutis. 

Cicero  will  Push  the  Trial. 

XVIII.  53.  Mihi  certum  est,  non  committere  ut  in  hac 
causa  praetor  nobis  consiliumque  miitetur.  Non  patiar  rem 
in  id  tempus  adduci,  ut  [Siculi],  quos  adhiic  servi  designa- 

20  torum  consulum  non  moverunt,  cum  eos  novo  exemplo  uni- 
verses arcesserent,  eos  turn  lictores  consulum  vocent ;  ut 
homines  miseri,  antea  socii  atque  amici  populi  Romani,  nunc 
servi  ac  supplices,  non  modo  ius  suum  fortiinasque  omnis 
eorum  imperio  amittant,  verum  etiam  deplorandi  iuris  sui 

25  potestatem  non  habeant.  54.  Non  sinam  profecto,  causa  a 
me  perorata  [quadraginta  diebus  interpositis],  tum  nobis 
denique  responderi,  cum  acciisatio  nostra  in  oblivionem 
diuturnitate  adducta  sit :  non  committam,  ut  tum  haec  res 
iudicetur,  cum  haec  frequentia  totius  Italiae  Roma  disces- 

30  serit :  quae  convenit  uno  tempore  undique,  comitiorum, 
ludorum,  censendique  causa.  Huius  iudici  et  laudis  fruc- 
tum,  et  offensionis  periculum,  vestrum  ;  laborem  sollicitudi- 


hnpeacJnnent  of   Verves  47 

nemque,    nostram ;     scientiam    quid    agatur,    memoriamque 
quid  a  quoque  dictum  sit,  omnium  puto  esse  oportere. 

His  Plan  for  Despatch. 

55.  Faciam  hoc  non  novum,  sed  ab  eis  qui  nunc  principes 
nostrae  civitatis  sunt  ante  factum,  ut  testibus  utar  statim  : 
illud  a  me  novum,  iudices,  cognoscetis,  quod  ita  testis  con-     5 
stituam,    ut    crimen    totum  explicem  ;    ut,    ubi    id   [interro- 
gando]  argumentis  atque  oratione  firmavero,  tum  testis  ad 
crimen  adcommodem  :  ut  nihil  inter  illam  iisitatam  accusa- 
tionem  atque  hanc  novam  intersit,   nisi  quod  in  ilia  tunc, 
cum  omnia  dicta  sunt,  testes   dantur;   hie  in  singulas   res  10 
dabuntur;    ut    illis    quoque    eadem    interrogandi    facultas, 
argumentandi  dicendique  sit.      Si  quis  erit,  qui  perpetuam 
orationem  accusationemque  desideret,  altera  actione  audiet  : 
nunc   id,   quod    facimus  —  ea   ratione    facimus,   ut   malitiae 
illorum  consilio  nostro  occurramus  —  necessario  fieri  intel-  15 
legat.     Haec  primae  action  is  erit  accusatio. 

Brief  Statement  of  the  Charges. 

56.  Dicimus  C.  Verrem,  cum  multa  libidinose,  multa 
crudeliter,  in  civis  Romanes  atque  in  socios,  multa  in  deos 
hominesque  nefarie  fecerit  tum  praeterea  quadringentiens 
sestertium  ex  Sicilia  contra  leges  abstulisse.  Hoc  testibus,  20 
hoc  tabulis  privatis  piiblicisque  auctoritatibus  ita  vobis 
planum  faciemus,  ut  hoc  statuatis,  etiam  si  spatium  ad 
dicendum  nostro  commodo,  vacuosque  dies  habuissemus, 
tamen  oratione  longa  nihil  opus  fuisse. 

Dixi.  25 


THE    PLUNDER    OF  SYRACUSE. 

{/fi   C.    Verrem  :    Actio  II.,  Lib.  IV.,  ch.  52-60.) 

The  passage  which  follows  is  from  the  fourth  oration  of  the  Accu- 
satio,  the  most  famous  of  all,  known  as  the  De  Signis  because  it  treats 
chiefly  of  the  works  of  art  stolen  by  Verres.  Cicero  has  been  describ- 
.  ing  the  plundering  of  many  temples  and  public  buildings,  and  in  this 
passage  he  recounts  in  detail  the  case  of  one  chief  city,  Syracuse,  as  a 
climax.  Syracuse  was  by  far  the  largest  and  richest  of  all  the  Greek 
cities  of  Italy  and  Sicily.  It  was  a  colony  of  Corinth,  founded  B.C.  734, 
and  in  course  of  time  obtained  the  rule  over  the  whole  eastern  part  of 
Sicily.  It  remained  independent,  with  a  considerable  territory,  after  the 
western  part  of  the  island  (far  the  larger  part)  passed  under  the  power  of 
Rome  in  the  First  Punic  War;  but  in  the  Second  Punic  War  (b.c.  212) 
it  was  captured  by  Marcellus,  and  ever  after  was  subject  to  Rome.  It 
was  at  this  time  the  capital  of  the  province. 

Verres  the  Governor:  Marcellus  the  Conqueror. 

NIUS  etiam  urbis  omnium  pulcherrimae  atque  ornatis- 

simae,  Syracusarum,  direptionem  commemorabo  et  in 

medium  proferam,  iiidices,  ut  aliquando  totam  huius  generis 

orationem  concliidam  atque  definiam.     Nemo  fere  vestrum 

5  est  quin  quern  ad  modum  captae  sint  a  M.  Marcello  Syracu- 

sae  saepe  audierit,  non  numquam  etiam  in  annalibus  legerit. 

Conferte  banc  pacem  cum  illo  hello,  huius  praetoris  adven- 

tum  cum  illius  imperatoris  victoria,  huius  cohortem  impuram 

cum  illius  exercitu  invicto,  huius  libidines  cum  illius  conti- 

10  nentia:   ah  illo,   qui  cepit,   conditas,  ab  hoc  qui  constitiitas 

accepit,  captas  dicetis  Syracusas. 

2.  Ac  iam  ilia  omitto,  quae  disperse  a  me  multis  in  locis 
dicentur  ac  dicta  sunt :   forum  Syracusanorum,  quod  introitu 

48 


TJie  Plunder  of  Syracuse 


49 


Marcelli  purum  caede  servatum  esset,  id  adventu  Verris 
Siculorum  innocentium  sanguine  redundasse  :  portum  Syra- 
cusanorum,  qui  turn  et  nostris  classibus  et  Karthaginiensium 
clausus  fuisset,  eum  isto  praetore  Cilicum  myoparoni  prae- 
donibusque  patuisse  :  mitto  adhibitam  vim  ingenuis,  matres    5 


Coin  of  Syracuse. 

familias  violatas,  quae  turn  in  urbe  capta  commissa  non  sunt 
neque  odio  hostill  neque  licentia  militari  neque  more  belli 
neque  iure  victoriae  :  mitto,  inquam,  haec  omnia,  quae  ab 
isto  per  triennium  perfecta  sunt :  ea,  quae  coniiincta  cum 
illis  rebus  sunt,   de  quibus  antea  dixi,   cognoscite.  10 

Description  of  Syracuse. 

3.  Urbem  Syraciisas  maximam  esse  Graecarum,  pulcher- 
rimam  omnium  saepe  audistis.  Est,  iiidices,  ita  ut  dicitur. 
Nam  et  sitii  est  cum  miinito  tum  ex  omni  aditii,  vel  terra 
vel  m.iri,  praeclaro  ad  aspectum,  et  portfis  habet  prope  in 
aedificatione  aspectuque  urbis  incliisos  :  qui  cum  diversos  15 
inter  se  aditus  habeant,  in  exitu  coniunguntur  et  confluunt. 
Eorum  coniiinctione  pars  oppidi,  quae  appellatur  Insula, 
mari  diiuncta  angusto,  ponte  rursus  adiungitur  et  conti- 
netur. 

LIII.    4.  Ea  tanta  est  urbs,  ut  ex  quattuor  urbibus  maxi-  20 
mis  constare  dicatur :   quarum  una  est  ea  quam  dixi  Insula, 


so 


Orations  of  Cic 


CIV 


quae  duobus  portubus  cincta,  in  utriusque  portus  ostium 
aditumque  proiecta  est,  in  qua  domus  est,  quae  Hieronis 
regis  fuit,  qua  praetores  liti  solent.  In  ea  sunt  aedes 
sacrae  compliires,  sed  duae  quae  longe  ceteris  antecellant : 
5  Dianae,  et  altera,  quae  fuit  ante  istius  adventum  ornatis- 
sima,    Minervae.       In   hac   insula   extrema   est   fons   aquae 


Coin  of  Hiero  II. 


dulcis,  cui  nomen  Arethusa  est,  incredibili  magnitiidine, 
plenissimus  piscium,  qui  fliictu  totus  operiretur,  nisi  muni- 
tione    ac   mole  lapidum  diiiinctus  esset  a  mari.     5.  Altera 

lo  autem  est  urbs  Syracusis,  cui  nomen  Achradina  est :  in  qua 
forum  maximum,  pulcherrimae  porticiis,  ornatissimum  pryta- 
neum,  amplissima  est  ciaria  templumque  egregium  lovis 
Olympii  ceteraeque  urbis  partes,  quae  una  via  lata  perpetua 
multisque  transversis  divisae  privatis  aedificiis  continentur. 

15  Tertia  est  urbs,  quae,  quod  in  ea  parte  Fortunae  fanum 
antiquum  fuit,  Tycha  nominata  est,  in  qua  gymnasium 
amplissimum  est  et  complures  aedes  sacrae  :  coliturque  ea 
pars  et  habitatur  frequentissime.  Quarta  autem  est,  quae 
quia  postrema  coaedificata  est,  Neapolis  nominatur :   quam 

20  ad  summam  theatrum  maximum :  praeterea  duo  templa  sunt 
egregia,  Cereris  unum,  alterum  Liberae  signumque  Apol- 
linis,  qui  Temenites  vocatur,  pulcherrimum  et  maximum  : 
quod  iste  si  portare  potuisset,  non  dubitasset  auferre. 


TJie  Plimder  of  Syracuse 


51 


Marcellus. 


Marcellus  Touched  Nothing. 

LIV.  6.  Nunc  ad  Marcellum  revertar,  ne  haec  a  me  sine 
causa  commemorata  esse  videantur  :  qui  cum  tam  prae- 
claram  urbem  vi  copiisque  cepisset,  non  putavit  ad  laudem 
populi  Romani  lioc  pertinere,  hanc  pulcliritudinem,  ex  qua 
praesertim  periculi  nihil  ostenderetur,  delere  et  exstinguere. 
Itaque  aedificiis  omnibus,  piiblicis  privatis,  sacris  profanis, 
sic  pepercit,  quasi  ad  ea  defendenda  cum  exercitu,  non 
oppugnanda  venisset.  In  ornatu  urbis  habuit  victoriae 
rationem,  habuit  humanitatis.  Victoriae  putabat  esse  multa 
Romam  deportare,  quae  ornamento  urbi  esse  possent,  hiima- 
nitatis  non  plane  exspoliare  urbem,  praesertim  quam  con- 
servare  voluisset.  7.  In  hac  partitione  ornatus  non  pliis 
victoria  Marcelli  populo  Romano  appetivit  quam  humanitas 
Syracusanis  reservavit.  Romam  quae  apportata  sunt,  ad 
aedem  Honoris  et  Virtutis  itemque  aliis  in  locis  videmus. 
Nihil  in  aedibus,  nihil  in  hortis  posuit,  nihil  in  suburbano  : 
putavit,  si  urbis  ornamenta  domum  suam  non  contulisset, 
domum  suam  ornamento  urbi  futuram.  Syracusis  autem 
permulta  atque  egregia  reliquit :  deum  vero  nullum  violavit, 
nullum  attigit.  Conferte  Verrem :  non  ut  hominem  cum 
homine  comparetis,  ne  qua  tali  viro  mortuo  fiat  iniCiria, 
sed  ut  pacem  cum  bello,  leges  cum  vi,  forum  et  iuris  dicti- 
onem  cum  ferro  et  armis,  adventum  et  comitatum  cum 
exercitu  et  victoria  conferatis. 


15 


52 


Orations  of  Cicero 


Verres  Plundered  even  Temples. 

LV.  8.  Aedis  Minervae  est  in  Insula,  de  qua  ante  dixi  : 
quam  Marcellus  non  attigit,  quam  plenam  atque  ornatam 
reliquit :  quae  ab  isto  sic  spoliata  atque  direpta  est,  non  ut 
ab  hoste  aliquo,  qui  tamen  in  bello  religionum  et  consuetu- 


't%\K 


^''^r^-' : 


-^^■6^^  ^' 


Church  at  Syracuse  (formerly  Temple  of  Minerva). 


5  dinis  iura  retineret,  sed  ut  a  barbaris  praedonibus  vexata 
esse  videatur.  Piigna  erat  equestris  Agathocli  regis  in 
tabulis  picta:  his  autem  tabulis  interiores  templi  parietes 
vestiebantur.  Nihil  erat  ea  pictura  nobilius,  nihil  Syracusis 
quod  magis  visendum  putaretur.  Has  tabulas  M.  Marcellus 
10  cum  omnia  victoria  ilia  sua  profana  fecisset,  tamen  religione 


The  Plunder  of  Syracuse  53 

impeditus  non  attigit :  iste,  cum  ilia  iam  propter  diuturnam 
pacem  fidelitatemque  populi  Syracusani  sacra  religiosaque 
accepisset,  omnes  eas  tabulas  abstulit :  parietes,  quorum 
ornatus  tot  saecula  manserant,  tot  bella  effugerant,  nudos 
ac  deformatos  reliquit.  9.  Et  Marcellus,  qui,  si  Syracusas  5 
cepisset,  duo  templa  se  Romae  dedicaturum  voverat,  is  id, 
quod  erat  aedificaturus,  iis  rebus  ornare,  quas  ceperat, 
noluit :  Verres,  qui  non  Honori  neque  Virtuti,  quem  ad 
modum  ille,  sed  Veneri  et  Cupidini  vota  deberet,  is  Minervae 
templum  spoliare  conatus  est.  Ille  deos  deorum  spoliis  10 
ornari  noluit :  hie  ornamenta  Minervae  virginis  in  meretri- 
ciam  domum  transtulit.  Viginti  et  septem  praeterea  tabulas 
pulcherrime  pictas  ex  eadem  aede  sustulit :  in  quibus  erant 
imagines  Siciliae  regum  ac  tyrannorum,  quae  non  solum 
pictorum  artificio  delectabant,  sed  etiam  commemoratione  15 
hominum  et  cognitione  formarum.  Ac  videte  quanto  tae- 
trior  hie  tyrannus  Syracusanus  fuerit  quam  quisquam  supe- 
riorum:  cum  illi  tamen  ornarint  templa  deorum  immortalium, 
hie  etiam  illorum  monumenta  atque  ornamenta  sustulerit. 

Robberies  Detailed. 

LVI.    10.   Iam  vero  quid  ego  de  valvis  illius  templi  com-  20 
memorem  ?     Vereor  ne,  haec  qui  non  viderint,   omnia  me 
nimis  augere  atque  ornare    arbitrentur  :   quod  tamen   nemo 
suspicari  debet,  tam  esse  me  cupidum,  ut  tot  viros  primaries 
velim,  praesertim  ex  iudicum  numero,  qui  Syracusis  fuerint, 
qui  haec  viderint,  esse  temeritati  et  mendacio  meo  conscios.  25 
Confirmare  hoc  liquido,  indices,  possum,  valvas  magnificen- 
tiores,  ex  auro  atque  ebore  perfectiores,  niillas  umquam  iillo 
in  templo  fuisse.      Incredibile  dictu  est  quam  multi  Graeci 
de    harum    valvarum    pulchritiidine    scriptum    reliquerint. 
Nimium  forsitan  haec  illi  mirentur  atque  efferant.     Esto  :  30 
verum  tamen   honestius    est    rei   pnblicae   nostrae,  iiidices, 
ea  quae  illis  pulchra  esse  videantur  imperatorem  nostrum  in 


54  Orations  of  Cicero 

bello  reliquisse,  quam  praetorem  in  pace  abstulisse.  Ex 
ebore  dlligentissime  perfecta  argiimenta  erant  in  valvis  :  ea 
detrahenda  ciiravit  omnia.  11.  Gorgonis  os  pulcherrimum, 
cinctum  anguibus,  revellit  atque  abstulit :  et  tamen  indicavit 
5  se  non  solum  artificio,  sed  etiam  pretio  quaestuque  duci. 
Nam  bullas  aureas  omnes  ex  iis  valvis,  quae  erant  multae 
et  graves,  non  dubitavit  auferre :  quarum  iste  non  opere 
delectabatur,  sed  pondere.  Itaque  eius  modi  valvas  reliquit, 
ut  quae   olim   ad   ornandum  templum  erant  maxime,   nunc 

lo  tantum  ad  claudendum  factae  esse  videantur.  Etiamne  gra- 
mineas  hastas  —  vidi  enim  vos  in  hoc  nomine,  cum  testis 
diceret,  commoveri,  quod  erat  eius  modi,  ut  semel  vidisse 
satis  esset ;  in  quibus  neque  manu  factum  quicquam  neque 
pulchritiido  erat  lilla,  sed  tantum  magnitude  incredibilis,  de 

15  qua  vel  audire  satis  esset,  nimium  videre  plus  quam  semel 
—  etiam  id  concupisti  ? 

Statue  of  Sappho  Stolen. 

LVII.  12.  Nam  Sappho,  quae  sublata  de  prytaneo  est, 
dat  tibi  iustam  exciisationem,  prope  ut  concedendum  atque 
ignoscendum  esse  videatur.     Silanionis  opus  tam  perfectum, 

20  tam  elegans,  tam  elaboratum  quisquam  non  modo  privatus, 
sed  populus  potius  haberet  quam  homo  elegantissimus  atque 
eruditissimus,  Verres  ?  Nimirum  contra  dici  nihil  potest. 
Nostrfun  enim  unus  quisque  —  qui  tam  beati  quam  iste  est 
non    sumus,  tam  delicati   esse  non  possumus  —  si  quando 

25  aliquid  istius  modi  videre  volet,  eat  ad  aedem  Felicitatis,  ad 
monumentum  Catuli,  in  porticum  Metelli ;  det  operam  ut 
admittatur  in  alicOius  istorum  Tusculanum ;  spectet  forum 
ornatum,  si  quid  iste  suorum  aedilibus  commodarit :  Verres 
haec    habeat    domi,    Verres  ornamentorum    fanorum    atque 

30  oppidorum  habeat  plenam  domum,  villas  refertas.  Etiamne 
huius  operari  studia  ac  delicias,  iudices,  perferetis  ?  qui  ita 
natus,  ita  educatus  est,  ita  factus  et  animo  et  corpore,  ut 


TJie  Plunder  of  Syi-acuse 


55 


multo  appositior  ad  ferenda  quam  ad  aiiferenda  signa  esse 
videatur.  13.  Atque  haec  Sappho  sublata  quantum  deside- 
rium  sul  reliquerit  dici  vix  potest.  Nam  cum  ipsa  fuit  egre- 
gie  facta,  tum  epigramma  Graecum  pernobile  incisum  est  in 


Sappho. 


basi  :  quod  iste  eruditus  homo  et  Graeculus,  qui  haec  sub-    5 
tiliter  iudicat,  qui  solus  intellegit,  si  unam  htteram  Graecam 
scisset,  certe  non  tulisset.     Nunc  enim,  quod  scriptum  est 
inani  in  basi,  declarat  quid  fuerit,  et  id  ablatum  indicat. 

Other  Thefts. 

14.  Quid  }  signum  Paeanis  ex  aede  Aesculapi  praeclare 
factum,  sacrum  ac  religiosum,  non  sustulisti  ?  quod  omnes  10 
propter    pulchritudinem    visere,    propter    religionem    colere 
solebant.     Quid  ?  ex  aede  Liberi  simulacrum  Aristaei  non 
tuo    imperio    palam    ablatum    est  t     Quid  1    ex    aede    lovis 


56  Orations  of  Cicero 

religiosissimum  simulacrum  lovis  Imperatoris,  pulcherrime 
factum,  nonne  abstulisti  ?  Quid  ?  ex  aede  Liberae,  t  parinum 
caput  illud  pulcherrimum,  quod  visere  solebamus,  num  dubi- 
tasti  tollere  ?  Atque  ille  Paean  sacrificils  anniversariis  simul 
5  cum  Aesculapio  apud  illos  colebatur :  x\ristaeus,  qui  [ut 
Graeci  ferunt,  Liberi  filius]  inventor  olei  esse  dicitur,  una 
cum  Libero  patre  apud  illos  eodem  erat  in  templo  con- 
secratus. 

Statue  of  Jupiter. 
LVIII.    15.   lovem  autem  Imperatorem  quantd  honore  in 

lo  suo  templo  fuisse  arbitramini  ?  Conicere  potestis,  si  recor- 
dari  volueritis  quanta  religione  fuerit  eadem  specie  ac  forma 
signum  illud,  quod  ex  Macedonia  captum  in  Capitolio 
posuerat  Flamininus.  Etenim  tria  ferebantur  in  orbe  ter- 
rarum  signa  lovis  Imperatoris   uno  in  genere  pulcherrime 

15  facta  :  iinum  illud  Macedonicum,  quod  in  Capitolio  vidimus; 
alterum  in  Ponti  ore  et  angustiis  ;  tertium,  quod  Syracusis 
ante  Verrem  praetorem  fuit.  Illud  Flamininus  ita  ex  aede 
sua  sustulit,  ut  in  Capitolio,  hoc  est,  in  terrestrl  domicilio 
lovis  poneret.     Quod  autem  est  ad  introitum  Ponti,  id,  cum 

20  tam  multa  ex  illo  mari  bella  emerserint,  tam  multa  porro  in 
Pontum  invecta  sint,  usque  ad  hanc  diem  integrum  inviola- 
tumque  servatum  est.  Hoc  tertium,  quod  erat  Syracusis, 
quod  M.  Marcellus  armatus  et  victor  viderat,  quod  religioni 
concesserat,   quod   cives   atque   incolae    Syracusani    colere, 

25  advenae  non  solum  visere,  verum  etiam  venerari  solebant, 
id  Verres  ex  templo  lovis  sustulit. 

16.  Ut  saepius  ad  Marcellum  revertar,  iudices,  sic  habe- 
tote  :  plijres  esse  a  Syracusanis  istius  adventu  deos,  quam 
victoria  Marcelli  homines  desiderates.    Etenim  ille  requisisse 

30  etiam  dicitur  Archimedem  ilium,  summo  ingenio  hominem  ac 
disciplina,  quem  cum  audisset  interfectum,  permoleste 
tulisse :  iste  omnia,  quae  requisivit,  non  ut  conservaret, 
verum  ut  asportaret  requisivit. 


The  Phmder  of  Syracuse  57 

Even  Trifles  Carried  off. 

LIX.  17.  lam  ilia  quae  leviora  videbuntur  ideo  prae- 
teribo,  —  quod  mensas  Delphicas  e  marmore,  crateras  ex 
aere  pulcherrimas,  vim  maximam  vasorum  Corinthiorum 
ex  omnibus  aedibus  sacris  abstulit  Syracusis.  Itaque, 
iudices,  ei  qui  hospites  ad  ea  quae  visenda  sunt  solent  5 
ducere,  et  linum  quidque  ostendere,  quos  illi  mystagogos 
vocant,  conversam  iam  habent  demonstrationem  suam. 
Nam,  ut  ante  demonstrabant  quid  ubique  esset,  item  nunc 
quid  undique  ablatum  sit  ostendunt. 

Feelings  of  the  Citizens  Outraged. 

18.  Quid   tum  ?    mediocrlne  tandem  dolore  eos  adfectos  10 
esse    arbitramini .''       Non    ita    est,    iudices :    primum,  quod 
omnes  religione  moventur,  et  deos  patrios,  quos  a  maioribus 
acceperunt,  colendos  sibi  diligenter  et  retinendos  esse  arbi- 
trantur :    deinde    hie    ornatus,    haec    opera    atque    artificia, 
signa,  tabulae  pictae,  Graecos  homines  nimio  opere  delec-  15 
tant.     Itaque  ex  illorum  querimoniis  intellegere  possumus, 
haec  illis  acerbissima  videri,  quae  forsitan  nobis  levia  et  con- 
temnenda  esse  videantur.     Mihi  credite,  iudices  — tametsi 
vosmet  ipsos  haec  eadem  audire  certo  scio, — cum  multas 
acceperint   per  hosce   annos   socii   atque    exterae   nationes  20 
calamitates  et  iniurias,  nCillas  Graeci  homines  gravius  ferunt 
ac  tulerunt,  quam  huiusce  modi  spoliationes  fanorum  atque 
oppidorum. 

Empty  Pretence  of  Purchase. 

19.  Licet  iste  dicat  emisse  se,  sicuti  solet  dicere,  credite 
hoc  mihi,  iudices  :  nulla  umquam  civitas  tota  Asia  et  Graecia  25 
signum  ullum,  tabulam  pictam,  uUum  denique  ornamentum 
urbis,  sua  voluntate  cuiquam  vendidit,  nisi  forte  existimatis, 
postea  quam  iudicia  severa  Romae  fieri  desierunt,  Graecos 
homines  haec  venditare  coepisse,  quae  tum  non  modo  non 


58  Orations  of  Cicero 

venditabant,  cum  iudicia  fiebant,  verum  etiam  coemebant;  aut 
nisi  arbitramini  L.  Crasso,  Q.  Scaevolae,  C.  Claudio,  potentis- 
simis  hominibus,  quorum  aedilitates  ornatissimas  vidimus, 
commercium  istarum  rerum  cum Graecis hominibus  nonfuisse, 
5  eis  qui  post  iudiciorum  dissolCitionem  aediles  facti  sunt  fuisse. 

Works  of  Art  Held  Priceless  by  Greeks. 

LX.  20.  Acerbiorem  etiam  scitote  esse  civitatibus  falsam 
istam  et  simulatam  emptionem,  quam  si  qui  clam  surripiat 
aut  eripiat  palam  atque  auferat.  Nam  turpitudinem  summam 
esse  arbitrantur  referri  in  tabulas  publicas,  pretio  adductam 

lo  civitatem  (et  pretio  parvo)  ea  quae  accepisset  a  maioribus 
vendidisse  atque  abalienasse.  Etenim  mirandum  in  modum 
Graeci  rebus  istis,  quas  nos  contemnimus,  delectantur. 
Itaque  maiores  nostri  facile  patiebantur,  haec  esse  apud 
illos  quam  plarima :   apud  socios,   ut  imperio  nostro  quam 

15  ornatissimi  florentissimique  essent :  apud  eos  autem,  quos 

vectigalis  aut  stipendiaries  fecerant,  tamen  haec  relinque- 

bant,    ut   illi   quibus   haec   iucunda   sunt,   quae    nobis  levia 

videntur,  haberent  haec  oblectamenta  et  solacia  servitutis. 

21.  Quid    arbitramini    Reginos,    qui    iam    cives    Romani 

20  sunt,  merere  velle,  ut  ab  eis  marmorea  Venus  ilia  aufera- 
tur  }  quid  Tarentinos,  ut  Europam  in  tauro  amittant  ?  ut 
Satyrum,  qui  apud  illos  in  aede  Vestae  est  ?  ut  cetera  ? 
quid  Thespienses,  ut  Cupidinis  signum  [propter  quod  anum 
visuntur  Thespiae]  ?  quid  Cnidios,  ut  Venerem  marmoream.? 

25  quid,  ut  pictam,  Coos  ?  quid  Ephesios,  ut  Alexandrum  ? 
quid  Cyzicenos,  ut  Aiacem  aut  Medeam .?  quid  Rhodios,  ut 
lalysum  ?  quid  Athenienses,  ut  ex  marmore  lacchum  aut  Para- 
lum  pictum  aut  ex  acre  Myronis  buculam  ?  Longum  est  et 
non  necessarium  commemorare  quae  apud  quosque  visenda 

30  sunt  tota  Asia  et  Graecia  :  verum  illud  est  quam  ob  rem  haec 
commemorem,  quod  existimare  hoc  vos  volo,  mirum  quendam 
dolorem  accipere  eos,  ex  quorum  urbibus  haec  auferantur. 


THE  QUARRIES   OF  SYRACUSE. 
(Dionysius'  liar.) 


CRUCIFIXION  OF  A    ROMAN  CITIZEN. 

{In  C.  Verrem  :  Actio  II.,  lib.  V.,  ch.  61-66.) 
Cruelties  of  Verres. 

QUID  nunc  agam?  Cum  iam  tot  horas  de  uno  genere 
ac  de  istius  nefaria  crudelitate  dicam,  —  cum  prope 
omnem  vim  verborum  eius  modi,  quae  scelere  istius  digna 
sint,  aliis  in  rebus  consumpserim,  neque  hoc  providerim,  ut 
varietate  criminum  vos  attentos  tenerem,  —  quem  ad  modum  5 
de  tanta  re  dicam?  Opinor,  unus  modus  atque  lina  ratio 
est.  Rem  in  medio  ponam,  quae  tantum  habet  ipsa  gravi- 
tatis,  ut  neque  mea  (quae  niilla  est)  neque  cuiusquam,  ad 
inflammandos  vestros  animos,  eloquentia  requiratur. 

Unguarded  Complaints  of  Gavius. 

2.  Gavius  hie,  quem  dico,  Consanus,  cum  in  illo  numero  10 
civium  Romanorum  ab  isto  in  vincla  coniectus  esset,  et 
nescio  qua  ratione  clam  e  lautumiis  profugisset,  Messa- 
namque  venisset,  —  qui  tam  prope  iam  Italian!  et  moenia 
Reginorum  civium  Romanorum  videret,  et  ex  illo  metu 
mortis  ac  tenebris,  quasi  luce  libertatis  et  odore  aliquo  15 
legum  recreatus,  revixisset,  —  loqui  Messanae  et  queri  coe- 
pit,  se  civem  Romanum  in  vincla  esse  coniectum ;  sibi 
recta  iter  esse  Romam;  Verri  se  praesto  advenienti  futu- 
rum. 

His  Words  Reported  to  Verres. 

3.  Non    intellegebat    miser    nihil    interesse,    utrum    haec  20 
Messanae,  an    apud   istum    in    praetorio   loqueretur.     Nam 
(ut  ante  vos  docui)  hanc  sibi  iste   urbem  delegerat,  quam 
haberet  adiutricem  scelerum,  furtorum  receptricem,  flagiti- 
orum  omnium  consciam.     Itaque  ad  magistratum  Mamer- 

59 


6o 


Orations  of  Cicero 


tinum  statim  deducitur  Gavius :  eoque  ipso  die  casu 
Messanam  Verres  venit.  Res  ad  eum  defertur :  esse 
civem    Romanum,    qui    se    Syraciisis    in    lautumiis    fuisse 


Coin  of  the  Mamertini. 

quereretur  :    quern,   iam    ingredientem    in    navem,   et   Verri 
5  nimis  atrociter  minitantem,  ab   se  retractum  esse  et  asser- 
vatum,   ut  ipse  in  eum  statueret  quod  videretur. 

Gavius  Scourged. 

4.  Agit  hominibus  gratias,  et  eorum  benevolentiam  erga 
se  diligentiamque  conlaudat.  Ipse,  inflammatus  scelere  et 
furore,  in  forum  venit.     Ardebant  oculi :  toto  ex  ore  crude- 

10  litas  eminebat.  Exspectabant  omnes,  quo  tandem  progres- 
surus  aut  quidnam  acturus  esset ;  cum  repente  hominem 
proripl,  atque  in  foro  medio  nudari  ac  deligari,  et  virgas 
expediri  iubet.  Clamabat  ille  miser,  se  civem  esse  Roma- 
num,   municipem    Consanum ;    meruisse    cum    L.    Raecio, 

15  splendidissimo  equite  Romano,  qui  Panhormi  negotiaretur, 
ex  quo  haec  Verres  scire  posset.  Tum  iste,  se  comperisse 
eum  speculandi  causa  in  Sicilian!  a  ducibus  fugitlvorum  esse 
missum ;  cuius  rei  neque  index,  neque  vestigium  aliquod, 
neque  suspicio  cuiquam  esset  ulla.      Deinde  iubet  undique 

20  hominem  vehementissime  verberari. 


He  is  Threatened  with  the  Cross. 

5.   Caedebatur  virgis  in  medio  foro  Messanae  civis  Roma- 
nus,    iudices ;    cum   interea   niillus   gemitus,   nulla  vox   alia 


Crucifixion  of  a  Roman   Citizen  6i 

illius  miseri  inter  dolorem  crepitumque  plagarum  audie- 
batur,  nisi  haec,  Cwis  Rdjjmnus  sum!  Hac  se  commemo- 
ratione  civitatis  omnia  verbera  depulsurum,  cruciatumque 
a  corpore  deiecturum,  arbitrabatur.  Is  non  modo  hoc  non 
perfecit,  ut  virgarum  vim  deprecaretur ;  sed,  cum  imploraret  5 
saepius,  usiirparetque  nomen  civitatis,  crux  —  crux,  inquam 
—  infelici  et  aerumnoso,  qui  numquam  istam  pestem  vide- 
rat,  comparabatur. 

Rights  of  a  Roman  Citizen  Outraged. 

LXIII.  6.  O  nomen  dulce  libertatis !  O  ius  eximium 
nostrae  civitatis !  O  lex  Porcia,  legesque  Semproniae !  10 
O  graviter  desiderata,  et  aliquando  reddita  plebi  Romanae, 
tribiinicia  potestas  !  Hiicine  tandem  omnia  reciderunt,  ut 
civis  Romanus,  in  provincia  populi  Romani,  in  oppido 
foederatorum,  ab  eo  qui  beneficio  populi  Romani  fascis  et 
securis  haberet,  deligatus  in  foro  virgis  caederetur?  Quid?  15 
cum  ignes  ardentesque  laminae  ceterique  cruciatus  admove- 
bantur,  si  te  illius  acerba  imploratio  et  vox  miserabilis  non 
inhibebat,  ne  civium  quidem  Romanorum,  qui  tum  aderant, 
fletii  et  gemitii  maximo  commovebare  ?  In  crucem  tCi  agere 
ausus  es  quemquam,  qui  se  civem  Romanum  esse  diceret  ?  20 
7.  Nolui  tam  vehementer  agere  hoc  prima  actione,  iudices  : 
nolui.  Vidistis  enim,  ut  animi  multitudinis  in  istum  dolore 
et  odio  et  commiinis  periculi  metCi  concitarentur.  Statui 
egomet  mihi  tum  modum  oration i  meae,  et  C.  Numitorio, 
equiti  Romano,  primo  homini,  testi  meo ;  et  Glabrionem,  id  25 
quod  sapientissime  fecit,  facere  laetatus  sum,  ut  repente 
consilium  in  medio  testimonio  dimitteret.  Etenim  vere- 
batur  ne  populus  Romanus  ab  isto  eas  poenas  vi  repetisse 
videretur,  quas  veritus  esset  ne  iste  legibus  ac  vestro  iudicio 
non  esset  persoluturus.  3° 


62  Orations  of  Cicero 

Gavius  was  not  a  Spy. 

8.  Nunc,  quoniam  exploratum  est  omnibus  quo  loco 
causa  tua  sit,  et  quid  de  te  futurum  sit,  sic  tecum  agam  : 
Gavium  istum,  quern  repentinum  speculatorem  fuisse  dicis, 
ostendam   in  lautumias    Syracusis    abs    te   esse   coniectum. 

5  Neque  id  solum  ex  litteris  ostendam  Syracusanorum,  ne 
possis  dicere  me,  quia  sit  aliquis  in  litteris  Gavius,  hoc 
fingere  et  eligere  nomen,  ut  hunc  ilium  esse  possim  dicere ; 
sed  ad  arbitrium  tuum  testis  dabo,  qui  istum  ipsum  Syra- 
cusis abs  te  in  lautumias  coniectum  esse   dicant.     Produ- 

lo  cam  etiam  Consanos,  municipes  illius  ac  necessaries,  qui  te 
nunc  sero  doceant,  iudices  non  sero,  ilium  P.  Gavium,  quem 
tu  in  crucem  egisti,  civem  Romanum  et  municipem  Con- 
sanum,  non  speculatorem  fugitivorum  fuisse. 

His  Claim  of  Citizenship  Deserved  Inquiry. 

LXIV.    9.  Cum    haec    omnia,    quae    polliceor,    cumulate 

15  tuis  patronis  plana  fecero,  tum  istuc  ipsum  tenebo,  quod 
abs  te  mihi  datur  :  eo  contentum  me  esse  dicam.  Quid 
enim  nuper  tu  ipse,  cum  populi  Romani  clamore  atque 
impetu  perturbatus  exsiluisti,  quid,  inquam,  locutus  es  ? 
Ilium,  quod  moram  supplicio  quaereret,  ideo  clamitasse  se 

20  esse  civem  Romanum,  sed  speculatorem  fuisse.  lam  mei 
testes  veri  sunt.  Quid  enim  dicit  aliud  C.  Numitorius  1 
quid  M.  et  P.  Cottii,  nobilissimi  homines,  ex  agro  Taurome- 
nitano  t  quid  Q.  Lucceius,  qui  argentariam  Regii  maximam 
fecit  t  quid  ceteri  ?     Adhuc  enim  testes  ex  eo  genere  a  me 

25  sunt  dati,  non  qui  novisse  Gavium,  sed  se  vidisse  dicerent, 
cum  is,  qui  se  civem  Romanum  esse  clamaret,  in  crucem 
ageretur.  Hoc  tu,  Verres,  idem  dicis ;  hoc  tu  confiteris 
ilium  clamitasse,  se  civem  esse  Romanum  ;  apud  te  nomen 
civitatis  ne  tantum   quidem   valuisse,   ut   dubitationem   ali- 

30  quam  crucis,  ut  crudelissimi  taeterrimique  supplici  aliquam 
parvam  moram  saltem  posset  adferre. 


Crucifixion  of  a  Roman  Citizen  6^ 


Coin  of  Rhegium. 

Roman  Citizenship  a  Protection  Anywhere. 

10.  Hoc  teneo,  hie  haere5,  iudices.  Hoc  sum  contentus 
uno;  omitto  ac  neglego  cetera;  sua  confessione  induatur  ac 
iuguletur  necesse  est.  Qui  esset  ignorabas ;  speculatorem 
esse  suspicabare.  Non  quaero  qua  suspicione :  tu.a  te 
acciiso  oratione.  Civem  Romanum  se  esse  dicebat.  Si  5 
tu,  apud  Persas  aut  in  extrema  India  deprehensus,  Verres, 
ad  supplicium  ducerere,  quid  aliud  clamitares,  nisi  te  civem 
esse  Romanum  ?  Et,  si  tibi  ignoto  apud  ignotos,  apud 
barbaros,  apud  homines  in  extremis  atque  ultimis  gentibus 
positos,  nobile  et  inlustre  apud  omnis  nomen  civitatis  tuae  10 
profuisset,  —  ille,  quisquis  erat,  quem  tu  in  crucem  rapiebas, 
qui  tibi  esset  ignotus,  cum  civem  se  Romanum  esse  dice- 
ret,  apud  te  praetorem,  si  non  effugium,  ne  moram  qui- 
dem  mortis,  mentione  atque  iisurpatione  civitatis,  adsequi 
potuit  ?  15 

LVX.  11.  Homines  tenues,  obscuro  loco  nati,  navigant ; 
adeunt  ad  ea  loca  quae  numquam  antea  viderunt ;  ubi 
neque  noti  esse  eis  quo  venerunt,  neque  semper  cum  cogni- 
toribus  esse  possunt.  Hac  lina  tamen  fidiicia  civitatis, 
non  modo  apud  nostros  magistratiis,  qui  et  legum  et  exis-  20 
timationis  periculo  continentur,  neque  apud  civis  solum 
Romanes,  qui  et  sermonis  et  iuris  et  multarum  rerum 
societate  iuncti  sunt,  fore   se  tiitos   arbitrantur ;   sed,  quo- 


64  Orations  of  Cicero 

cumque  venerint,  banc  sibi  rem  praesidio  sperant  futiiram. 
12.  Tolle  banc  spem,  tolle  boc  praesidium  civibus  Romanis  ; 
constitue  nibil  esse  opis  in  bac  voce,  Cn'is  Romdnus  sum, 
posse  impune  praetorem,  aut  aHum  quembbet,  suppbcium 
5  quod  vebt  in  eum  constituere  qui  se  civem  Romanum  esse 
dicat,  quod  eum  quis  ignoret :  iam  omnis  provincias,  iam 
omnia  regna,  iam  omnis  bberas  civitates,  iam  omnem  orbem 
terrarum,  qui  semper  nostris  bominibus  maxime  patuit, 
civibus    Romanis    ista    defensione     praeclCiseris.     Quid     si 

lo  L.  Raecium,  equitem  Romanum,  qui  tum  in  Siciba  erat, 
nominabat  ?  etiamne  id  magnum  fuit,  Panbormum  btteras 
mittere  ?  Adservasses  bominem  ;  custodiis  Mamertinorum 
tuorum  vinctum,  clausum  babuisses,  dum  Panbormo  Rae- 
cius  veniret ;   cognosceret  bominem,  aliquid  de  summo  sup- 

15  pbcio  remitteres.  Si  ignoraret,  tum,  si  ita  tibi  videretur, 
boc  iuris  in  omnis  constitueres,  ut,  qui  neque  tibi  notus 
esset,  neque  cognitorem  locupletem  daret,  quamvis  civis 
Romanus  esset,  in   crucem  toUeretur. 

Verres  the  Enemy  of  all  Roman  Citizens. 

LXVI.    13.   Sed    quid    ego    pliira    de    Gavio  ?    quasi    tu 

20  Gavio    tum    fueris    infestus,    ac    non    nomini,    generi,    iuri 

civium    bostis.       Non     illi    (inquam)    bomini,    sed    causae 

communi  libertatis,    inimicus    fuisti.      Quid    enim    attinuit, 

cum  Mamertini,  more  atque  institute  suo,  crucem  fixissent 

post  urbem,  in  via  Pompeia,  te  iubere  in  ea  parte  figere, 

25  quae   ad  fretum   spectaret;    et   boc   addere — quod   negare 

nubo  modo  potes,  quod  omnibus  audientibus  dixisti  palam 

—  te  idcirco  ibum  locum  debgere,  ut  iUe,  quoniam  se  civem 

Romanum  esse  diceret,  ex  cruce  Itabam  cernere  ac  domum 

suam    prospicere    posset  ?     Itaque    ilia    crux    sola,  iudices, 

30  post   conditam    Messanam,    illo    in    loco    fixa    est.     Italiae 

conspectus    ad    eam   rem    ab   isto   delectus   est,    ut   ille,   in 

dolore    cruciatuque    moriens,    perangusto    fretu   divisa    ser- 


Crucifixion  of  a  Roman   Citizeii  65 

vitutis  ac  libertatis  iiira  cognosceret ;  Italia  autem  alum- 
num  suLim  servitutis  extremo  summoque  supplicio  adfixum 
videret. 

Shameless  Audacity  of  the  Crime. 

14.   Facinus  est  vincire  civem  Romanum  ;  scelus  verbe- 
rare ;     prope    parricidium   necare :    quid   dicam    in    crucem     5 
tollere  t  verbo   satis  digno  tarn  nefaria  res  appellari  niillo 
modo  potest.      Non  fuit  his  omnibus  iste  contentus.     Spectet 
(in quit)  pat7'ia7?i :   in  conspcctu  leguvi   libertatisque  7noriatur. 
Non  tu  hoc  loco  Gavium,  non  unum  hominem  nescio  quern 
[civem    Romanum],   sed   communem   libertatis   et   civitatis  10 
causam   in   ilium    cruciatum    et    crucem    egisti.     lam   vero 
videte  hominis  audaciam.     Nonne  eum  graviter  tulisse  arbi- 
tramini,  quod  illam  civibus  Romanis  crucem  non  posset  in 
foro,  non  in  comitio,  non  in  rostris  defigere  ?     Quod  enim 
his  locis,   in  provincia  sua,   celebritate  simillimum,  regione  15 
proximum  potuit,   elegit.      Monumentum   sceleris  audaciae- 
que  suae  voluit  esse  in  conspectCi  Italiae,  vestibule  Siciliae 
praetervectione  omnium  qui  ultro  citroque  navigarent. 


POMPEY'S  MILITARY  COMMAND. 


{Pro  Lege  Manilid.) 


B.C.  66. 

The  last  serious  resistance  to  the  Roman  power  in  the  East  was 
offered  by  Mithridates  VI.,  king  of  Pontus,  the  most  formidable  enemy 
encountered  by  Rome  since  the  death  of  Hannibal.  The  dominions 
of  Mithridates  embraced  the  whole  eastern  coast  of  the  Black  Sea 
(Pontus  Euxinus),  including  the  kingdom  of  Bosporus  (Crimea)  on 
the  one  hand,  and  Paphlagonia  on  the  other,  while  the  king  of  Armenia 
also  was  closely  allied  to  him  by  marriage.  There  were  three  several 
"  Mithridatic  Wars."  In  the  First  the  Romans  were  commanded  by 
Sulla  (8S-84  B.C.),  who  gained  great  successes,  and  forced  Mithridates 
to  pay  a  large  sum  of  money.  In  the  Second  (83-S2),  a  short  and 
unimportant  affair,  Murena,  the  Roman  commander,  was  worsted. 
The  Third  broke  out  B.C.  74,  and  was  successfully  conducted  by  Lucius 
Licinius  Lucullus,  the  ablest  general  of  the  aristocracy. 

When  this  war  had  continued  for  several  years,  the  democratic 
faction  {popular es)  took  advantage  of  some  temporary  reverses  sus- 
tained by  Lucullus,  and  of  the  unpopularity  of  his  administration,  to 
revoke  his  command  and  give  to  the  consul  of  B.C.  67,  M'.  Acilius 
Glabrio  (the  same  who  had  presided  at  the  trial  of  Verres),  the  eastern 
war  as  his  "  province."     The  law  effecting  this  change  was  proposed  by 

66 


POMPEY. 
(Bust  in  the  Vatican.) 


Pompey^s  Military   Coniviand  6y 

the  tribune  A.  Gabinius,  one  of  the  most  active  demagogues  of  the  time. 
Another  law  {lex  Gabinia),  proposed  B.C.  67  by  the  same  poUtician, 
required  the  Senate  to  appoint  a  commander  of  consular  rank,  with 
extraordinary  powers  for  three  years  by  land  and  sea,  to  suppress  the 
piracy  which  infested  every  part  of  the  Mediterranean,  having  its  chief 
seat  in  Cilicia.  It  was  understood  as  a  matter  of  course  that  Gnaeus 
(or  Cneius)  Pompey,  who  had  been  living  in  retirement  since  his  con- 
sulship, B.C.  70,  would  receive  this  appointment.  Pompey  accomplished 
his  task  with  the  most  brilliant  success,  and  in  three  months  had  the 
seas  completely  cleared.     (See  below,  ch.  xii.) 

Meantime  Glabrio  had  shown  himself  wholly  incompetent  to  conduct 
the  war  against  Mithridates,  and  early  in  B.C.  66,  the  tribune  Caius 
Manilius  proposed  a  law  extending  Pompey's  command  over  the  entire 
East.  Power  like  this  was  quite  inconsistent  with  the  republican  insti- 
tutions of  Rome  and  with  the  established  authority  of  the  Senate;  so 
that  the  law  was  of  course  opposed  by  the  aristocracy  {optimates),  led  by 
Hortensius  and  Catulus.  Cicero  was  now  praetor.  He  was  no  demo- 
crat of  the  school  of  Gabinius  and  Caesar;  but  on  the  other  hand  he 
had  no  hereditary  sympathies  with  the  Senate,  and  he  probably  failed 
to  recognize  the  revolutionary  character  of  the  proposition  and  con- 
sidered merely  its  practical  advantages.  He  therefore  advocated  the 
passage  of  the  Manilian  law  with  ardor. 

The  law  was  passed,  and  Pompey  fulfilled  the  most  sanguine  expec- 
tations of  his  friends.  Pie  brought  the  Mithridatic  War  to  an  end, 
organized  the  Roman  power  throughout  the  East,  and  returned  home, 
B.C.  61,  with  greater  prestige  and  glory  than  had  ever  been  won  by 
any  Roman  before  him. 

The  Oration  on  the  Manilian  Law  was  Cicero's  first  political  speech. 
Till  now  he  had  been  a  public-spirited  lawyer;  from  this  time  on  he 
was  essentially  a  politician,  and  it  is  not  hard  to  see  how  unfavorably 
his  character  was  influenced  by  contact  with  the  corrupt  politics  of  that 
day. 

Cicero's  Reasons  for  Addressing  a  Political  Assembly. 

OUAMQUAM  mihi  semper  frequens  conspectus  vester 
multo  iucundissimus,  hie  autem  locus  ad  agendum 
amplissimus,  ad  dicendum  ornatissimus  est  visus,  Quirites, 
tamen  hoc  aditu  laudis,  qui  semper  optimo  cuique  maxime 
patuit,  non  mea  me  voluntas  adhuc,  sed  vitae  meae  ratio- 


6S  Oj'atio7is  of  Cicero 

nes  ab  ineunte  aetate  susceptae  prohibuerunt.  Nam  cum 
antea  per  aetatem  nondum  hiiius  auctoritatem  loci  attingere 
auderem,  statueremque  nihil  hue  nisi  perfectum  ingenio, 
elaboratum  industria  adferri  oportere,  omne  meum  tempus 
5  amicorum  teraporibus  transmittendum  putavi.  2.  Ita  neque 
hie  locus  vacuus  umquam  fuit  ab  eis  qui  vestram  causam 
defenderent,  et  meus  labor,  in  privatorum  periculis  caste 
integreque  versatus,  ex  vestro  iiidicio  fructum  est  amplis- 
simum  consecutus.       Nam  cum  propter  dilationem   comiti- 

10  orum  ter  praetor  primus  centuriis  cCmctis  renuntiatus  sum, 
facile  intellexi,  Quirites,  et  quid  de  me  iudicaretis,  et  quid 
aliis  praescriberetis.  Nunc  cum  et  auctoritatis  in  me  tan- 
tum  sit,  quantum  vos  honoribus  mandandis  esse  voluistis, 
et  ad  agendum  facultatis  tantum,  quantum  homini  vigilanti 

15  ex  forensi  usn  prope  cotidiana  dicendi  exercitatio  potuit 
adferre,  certe  et  si  quid  auctoritatis  in  me  est,  apud  eos 
utar  qui  eam  mihi  dederunt,  et  si  quid  in  dicendo  consequi 
possum,  eis  ostendam  potissimum,  qui  ei  quoque  rei  fruc- 
tum suo  iudicio  tribuendum  esse  duxerunt.     3.  Atque  illud 

20  in  primis  mihi  laetandum  iiire  esse  video,  quod  in  hac 
insolita  mihi  ex  hoc  loco  ratione  dicendi  causa  talis  oblata 
est,  in  qua  oratio  deesse  nemini  possit.  Dicendum  est  enim 
de  Cn.  Pompei  singulari  eximiaque  virtute  :  huius  autem 
orationis    difficilius  est  exitum   quam    principium    invenire. 

25  Ita  mihi  non  tam  copia  quam  modus  in  dicendo  quaeren- 

dus  est. 

The  Situation  in  Asia. 

II.  4.  Atque,  —  ut  inde  oratio  mea  proficiscatur,  unde 
haec  omnis  causa  ducitur, — bellum  grave  et  periculosum 
vestris  vectigalibus  ac  sociis  a  duobus  potentissimis  regibus 
30  infertur,  Mithridate  et  Tigrane,  quorum  alter  relictus,  alter 
lacessitus,  occasionem  sibi  ad  occupandam  Asiam  oblatam 
esse  arbitrantur.  Equitibus  Romanis,  honestissimis  viris, 
adferuntur    ex    Asia    cotidie    litterae,   quorum    magnae    res 


Pompey's  Military  Covirnaiid 


69 


aguntur  in  vestris  vectigalibus  exercendis  occupatae  :  qui 
ad  me,  pro  necessitudine  quae  mihi  est  cum  illo  ordine, 
causam  rei  piiblicae  periculaque  rerum  suarum  detulerunt : 
5.  Bithyniae,  quae  nunc  vestra  provincia  est,  vicos  exustos 
esse  compluris  ;  regnum  Ariobarzanis,   quod  finitimum  est    5 


MiTHRIDATES    VI. 


vestris  vectigalibus,  totum  esse  in  hostium  potestate ;  L. 
Lijcullum,  magnis  rebus  gestis,  ab  eo  bello  discedere  ;  huic 
qui  successerit  non  satis  esse  paratum  ad  tantum  bellum 
administrandum  ;  unum  ab  omnibus  sociis  et  civibus  ad  id 
bellum  imperatorem  deposci  atque  expeti,  eundem  hunc  10 
unum  ab  hostibus  metui,  praeterea  neminem. 


Importance  of  the  Mithridatic  War. 

6.  Causa  quae  sit  videtis  :  nunc  quid  agendum  sit  con- 
siderate. Primum  mihi  videtur  de  genere  belli,  deinde  de 
magnitudine,  tum  de  imperatore  deligendo  esse  dicendum. 
Genus  est  belli  eius  modi,  quod  maxime  vestros  animos  15 
excitare  atque  inflammare  ad  persequendi  studium  debeat : 
in  quo  agitur  populi  Romani  gloria,  quae  vobis  a  maioribus 
cum  magna  in  omnibus  rebus  tum  summa  in  re  militari 
tradita  est  ;  agitur  salus  sociorum  atque  amicorum,  pro 
qua  multa  maiores  vestri  magna  et  gravia  bella  gesserunt ;  20 
aguntur  certissima  populi  Romani  vectigalia  et  maxima, 
quibus  amissis  et  pacis  ornamenta  et  subsidia  belli  requi- 


70  Oratio7is  of  Cicero 

retis;   aguntur   bona   multorum  civium,   quibus  est  a  vobis 
et  ipsorum  et  rei   publicae  causa  consulendum. 

Ill  Success  of  the  Former  Wars  in  Asia. 

III.  7.  Et   quoniam   semper    appetentes    gloriae    praeter 
ceteras  gentis  atque  avidi  laudis  fuistis,  delenda  est  vobis. 

5  ilia  macula  [Mithridatico]  bello  superiore  concepta,  quae 
penitus  iam  insedit  ac  nimis  inveteravit  in  populi  Romani 
nomine, — quod  is,  qui  iano  die,  tota  in  Asia,  tot  in  civita- 
tibus,  uno  niintio  atque  una  significatione  [litterarum]  civis 
Roman5s    necandos    trucidandosque    denotavit,    non   modo 

lo  adhiic  poenam  niillam  suo  dignam  scelere  suscepit,  sed  ab 

.illo  tempore  annum  iam  tertium  et  vicesimum  regnat,  et  ita 

regnat,  ut  se  non  Ponti  neque  Cappadociae  latebris  occul- 

tare  velit,   sed   emergere  ex  patrio   regno   atque   in  vestris 

vectigalibus,    hoc    est,    in    Asiae    luce    versari.      8.  Etenim 

15  adhuc  ita  nostri  cum  illo  rege  contenderunt  imperatores, 
ut  ab  illo  insignia  victoriae,  non  victoriam  reportarent. 
Triumphavit  L.  Sulla,  triumphavit  L.  Murena  de  Mithri- 
date,  duo  fortissimi  viri  et  summi  imperatores ;  sed  ita 
triumpharunt,  ut  ille  pulsus  superatusque  regnaret.     Verum 

20  tamen  illis  imperatoribus  laus  est  tribuenda  quod  egerunt, 
venia  danda  quod  reliquerunt,  propterea  quod  ab  eo  bello 
SuUam  in  Italiam  res  publica,  Murenam  Sulla  revocavit. 

Strength  of  the  Enemy, 

IV.  9.  Mithridates  autem  omne  reliquum  tempus  non  ad 
oblivionem  veteris  belli,  sed  ad  comparationem  novi   con- 

25  tulit :  qui  [postea]  cum  maximas  aedificasset  ornassetque 
classis  exercitusque  permagnos  quibuscumque  ex  gentibus 
potuisset  comparasset,  et  se  Bosporanis  finitimis  suis  bellum 
inferre  simularet,  usque  in  Hispaniam  legates  ac  litteras 
misit  ad  eos  duces  quibuscum  tum  bellum  gerebamus,  ut, 

30  cum  duobus  in  locis  disiunctissimis  maximeque  diversis  uno 


fe-ol 


''..a    1 1  f  )i-«S^~ 


Pompey's  Military  Command  yi 

consilio  a  biiiis  hostium  copiis  bellum  terra  marique  gerere- 
tur,  vos  ancipiti  contentione  district!  de  imperio  dimicaretis. 
10.  Sed  tamen  alterius  partis  periculum,  Sertorianae  atque 
Hispaniensis,  quae  multo  pliis  firmamenti  ac  roboris  habe- 
bat,  Cn.  Pompei  divino  consilio  ac  singular!  virtute  depul-  5 
sum  est ;  in  altera  parte  ita  res  a  L.  Lucullo  summo  viro 
est  administrata,  ut  initia  ilia  rerum  gestarum  magna  atque 
praeclara  non  felicitati  eius,  sed  virtuti,  haec  autem  extrema, 
quae  nCiper  acciderunt,  non  culpae,  sed  fortunae  tribuenda 
esse  videantur.  Sed  de  Lucullo  dicam  alio  loco,  et  ita  10 
dicam,  Quirites,  ut  neque  vera  laus  ei  detracta  oratione 
mea  neque  falsa  adficta  esse  videatur  :  11.  de  vestri  imperi 
dignitate  atque  gloria  —  quoniam  is  est  exorsus  orationis 
meae  —  videte  quem  vobis  animum  suscipiendum  putetis. 

Is  the  Roman  Spirit  Declining  ? 
V.   Maiores    nostri    saepe    mercatoribus    aut    naviculariis  15 
nostris  iniuriosius   tractatis   bella  gesserunt:   vos,   tot   mili- 
bus    civium    Romanorum    uno    nuntio    atque    uno   tempore 
necatis,    quo    tandem    animo    esse    debetis  ?     Legati    quod 
erant   appellati   superbius,    Corinthum    patres  vestri    totius 
Graeciae  lumen  exstinctum  esse  voluerunt :  vos  eum  regem  20 
inultum   esse   patiemini,    qui   legatum   populi    Romani   con- 
sularem    vinculis    ac    verberibus     atque     omni     supplicio 
excruciatum    necavit .''     Illi    libertatem    imminutam    civium 
Romanorum  non  tulerunt :   vos  ereptam  vitam  neglegetis  ? 
ills  legationis  verbo  violatum  illi  persecuti  sunt :  vos  lega-  25 
tum    omni    supplicio    interfectum    relinquetis?     12.  Videte 
ne,  ut  illis  pulcherrimum  fuit  tantam  vobis  imperi  gloriam 
tradere,  sic  vobis  turpissimum  sit,  id  quod  accepistis  tueri 
et  conservare  non  posse. 

The  Allies  in  Peril :  they  Call  for  Pompey. 
Quid  ?  quod  saliis  sociorum  summum  in  periculum  ac  dis-  30 
crimen  vocatur,  quo  tandem  animo  ferre  debetis  1     Regno 


72  Orations  of  Cicero 

est  expulsus  Ariobarzanes  rex,  socius  populi  Roman!  atque 
amicus;  imminent  duo  reges  t5ti  Asiae  non  solum  vobis 
inimicissimi,  sed  etiam  vestris  sociis  atque  amicis ;  civitates 
autem  omnes  cuncta  Asia  atque  Graecia  vestrum  auxilium 

5  exspectare  propter  periculi  magnitudinem  coguntur;  impe- 
ratorem  a  vobis  certum  deposcere,  cum  praesertim  vos 
alium  miseritis,  neque  audent,  neque  se  id  facere  sine 
summo  periculo  posse  arbitrantur.  13.  Vident  et  sentiunt 
hoc  idem   quod   vos,  —  iinum  virum    esse,    in    quo   summa 

lo  sint  omnia,  et  eum  propter  esse,  quo  etiam  carent  aegrius  ; 
cuius  adventu  ipso  atque  nomine,  tametsi  ille  ad  maritimum 
bellum  venerit,  tamen  impetus  hostium  represses  esse  intel- 
legunt  ac  retardates.  Hi  vos,  quoniam  libere  loqui  non 
licet,  tacite  rogant,  ut  se  quoque,  sicut   ceterarum   provin- 

15  ciarum  socios,  dignos  existimetis,  quorum  salutem  tali  viro 
commendetis;  atque  hoc  etiam  magis,  quod  ceteros  in  pro- 
vinciam  eius  modi  homines  cum  imperio  mittimus,  ut  etiam 
si  ab  hoste  defendant,  tamen  ipsorum  adventus  in  urbis 
sociorum    non   multum    ab    hostili    expugnatione    differant. 

20  Hunc  audiebant  antea,  nunc  praesentem  vident,  tanta  tem- 
perantia,  tanta  mansuetudine,  tanta  humanitate,  ut  ei  beatis- 
simi  esse  videantur,  apud  quos  ille  diutissime  commoratur. 

The  Revenues  at  Stake. 

VI.  14.  Qua  re  si  propter  socios,  nulla  ipsi  iniuria  laces- 
siti,  maiores  nostri  cum  Antiocho,  cum  Philippo,  cum  Aeto- 

25  lis,  cum  Poenis  bella  gesserunt,  quanto  vos  studio  convenit 
iniuriis  prpvocatos  sociorum  salutem  una  cum  imperi  vestri 
dignitate  defendere,  praesertim  cum  de  maximis  vestris  vec- 
tigalibus  agatur  ?  Nam  ceterarum  provinciarum  vectigalia, 
Quirites,  tanta  sunt,  ut  eis  ad  ipsas  provincias  tutandas  vix 

30  content!  esse  possimus  :  Asia  vero  tam  opima  est  ac  fertilis, 
ut  et  ubertate  agrorum  et  varietate  fructuum  et  magnitudine 
pastionis    et   multitudine    earum    rerum    quae    exportantur, 


Pompey's  Military   Commaftd 


73 


facile  omnibus  terris  antecellat.  Itaque  haec  vobis  pro- 
vincia,  Quirites,  si  et  belli  utilitatem  et  pacis  dignitatem 
retinere  voltis,  non  modo  a  calamitate,  sed  etiam  a  metu 
calamitatis  est  defendenda.  15.  Nam  in  ceteris  rebus  cum 
venit  calamitas,  tum  detrimentum  accipitur  ;  at  in  vecti- 
galibus  non  solum  adventus  mali,  sed  etiam  metus  ipse 
adfert  calamitatem.  Nam  cum  hostium  copiae  non  longe 
absunt,  etiam   si   inruptio   nulla   facta   est,  tamen   pecuaria 


Antiochus  III. 


Philip  V. 


relinquitur,    agri    cultura    deseritur,    mercatorum    navigatio 
conquiescit.     Ita  neque  ex  portu  neque  ex  decumis  neque  lo 
ex  scriptura  vectigal  conservari  potest :  qua  re  saepe  totius 
anni    fructus   uno  rumore   periculi   atque   uno  belli   terrore 
amittitur.     16.  Quo   tandem   igitur  animo   esse   existimatis 
aut  eos  qui  vectigalia  nobis  pensitant,  aut  eos  qui  exercent 
atque  exigunt,  cum  duo  reges  cum  maximis  copiis  propter  15 
adsint  ?  cum  una  excursio  equitatus  perbrevi  tempore  totius 
anni  vectigal  auferre  possit  ?  cum  publican i  familias  maxi- 
mas,  quas  in  saltibus  habent,  quas  in  agris,  quas  in  portubus 
atque    custodiis,    magno    periculo    se    habere    arbitrentur? 
Putatisne  vos  illis  rebus  frui  posse,  nisi  eos  qui  vobis  friictui  20" 
sunt  conservaritis  non  solum  (ut  ante  dixi)  calamitate,  sed 
etiam  calamitatis  formidine  liberates  ? 


74  Orations  of  Cicero 


Financial  Crisis  at  Rome. 

VII.  17.  Ac  ne  illud  quidem  vobis  neglegendum  est,  quod 
mihi  ego  extremum  proposueram,  cum  essem  de  belli  genere 
dicturus,  quod  ad  multorum  bona  civium  Romanorum  perti- 
net,  quorum  vobis  pro  vestra  sapientia,  Quirites,  habenda 
5  est  ratio  diligenter.  Nam  et  publicani,  homines  honestissimi 
atque  ornatissimi,  suas  rationes  et  copias  in  illam  provin- 
ciam  contulerunt,  quorum  ipsorum  per  se  res  et  fortfmae 
vobis  curae  esse  debent.  Etenim  si  vectigalia  nervos  esse 
rei  piiblicae  semper  duximus,  eum  certe  ordinem,  qui  exercet 
10  ilia,  firmamentum  ceterorum   ordinum  recte  esse  dicemus. 

18.  Deinde  ex  ceteris  ordinibus  homines  gnavi  atque  indus- 
trii  partim  ipsi  in  Asia  negotiantur,  quibus  vos  absentibus 
consulere  debetis,  partim  eorum  in   ea  provincia  pecunias  ^^C 
magnas  conlocatas  habent.     Est  igitur  humanitatis  vestrae- 

15  magnum  numerum  eorum  civium  calamitate  prohibere,  sapi- 
entiae  videre  multorum  civium  calamitatem  a  re  publica 
seiunctam  esse  non  posse.  Etenim  primum  illud  parvi 
refert,  nos  publica  his  amissis  [vectigalia]  postea  victoria 
recuperare.      Neque    enim    isdem    redimendi   facultas    erit 

20  propter  calamitatem,  neque  aliis  voluntas  propter  timorem. 

19.  Deinde  quod  nos  eadem  Asia  atque  idem  iste  Mithri- 
dates  initio  belli  Asiatici  docuit,  id  quidem  certe  calamitate 
docti  memoria  retinere  debemus.  Nam  turn,  cum  in  Asia 
res  magnas    permulti    amiserant,  scimus   Romae,  solutione 

25  impedita,  fidem  concidisse.  Non  enim  possunt  una  in 
civitate  multi  rem  ac  fortiinas  amittere,  ut  non  plures  secum 
in  eandem  trahant  calamitatem.  A  quo  periculo  prohibete 
rem  publicam,  et  mihi  credite  id  quod  ipsi  videtis :  haec 
fides  atque  haec  ratio   pecuniarum,   quae  Romae,   quae   in 

30  foro  versatur,  implicata  est  cum  illis  pecuniis  Asiaticis  et 
cohaeret.  Ruere  ilia  non  possunt,  ut  haec  non  eodem  labe- 
facta  motu  concidant.     Qua  re  videte  num  dubitandum  vobis 


"     o 

>  ^ 

i  § 

■^  o 
o 
> 


Pompey's  Military  Conimaiid  75 

sit  omni  studio  ad  id  bellum  incumbere,  in  quo  gloria  nomi- 
nis  vestri,  salus  sociorum,  vectigalia  maxima,  fortunae  pluri- 
morum  civium  coniunctae  cum  re  publica  defendantur. 

Exploits  of  LucuUus. 

VIII.    20.  Quoniam  de  genere  belli  dixl,  nunc  de  magni- 
tudine  pauca  dicam.      Potest  hoc  enim  dici,  belli  genus  esse     5 
ita  necessarium  ut  sit  gerendum,  non  esse  ita  magnum  ut 
sit  pertimescendum.     In  quo  maxime  elaborandum   est,  ne 
forte  ea  vobis  quae  diligentissime  providenda  sunt,  contem- 
nenda  esse  videantur.     Atque  ut  omnes  intellegant  me  L. 
LucuUo  tantum  impertire  laudis,  quantum  forti  viro  et  sapi-  10 
enti  homini  et  magno  imperatori  debeatur,  dico  eius  adventu 
maximas    Mithridati   copias   omnibus   rebus    ornatas    atque 
instriictas    fuisse,    urbemque    Asiae    clarissimam    nobisque 
amicissimam,   Cyzicenorum,    obsessam    esse    ab    ipso    rege 
maxima  multitudine  et  oppugnatam  vehementissime,  quam  15 
L.  Lucullus  virtiite,  adsiduitate,  consilio,  summis  obsidionis 
periculis  liberavit :  21.  ab  eodem  imperatore  classem  mag- 
nam  et  ornatam,  quae  ducibus  Sertorianis  ad  Italiam  studi5 
atque    odio    inflammata    raperetur,    superatam    esse    atque 
depressam  ;  magnas  hostium  praeterea  copias  multis  proeliis  20 
esse  deletas,  patefactumque  nostris  legionibus  esse  Pontum, 
qui  antea  populo  Romano  ex  omni  aditu  clausus  fuisset ; 
Sinopen  atque  Amisum,  quibus  in  oppidis  erant  domicilia 
regis,  omnibus  rebus  ornatas  ac  refertas,  ceterasque  urbis 
Ponti  et  Cappadociae  permultas,  iino  aditu  adventuque  esse  25 
captas ;  regem,  spoliatum  regno  patrio  atque  avito,  ad  alios 
se  reges  atque  ad  alias  gentis  supplicem  contulisse  ;  atque 
haec  omnia  salvis  populi  Romani  sociis  atque  integris  vecti- 
galibus  esse  gesta.     Satis  opinor  haec  esse  laudis,  atque  ita, 
Quirites,  ut  hoc  vos  intellegatis,   a  nullo  istorum,  qui  huic  30 
obtrectant  legi  atque  causae,  L.  Lucullum    similiter  ex  hoc 
loco  esse  laudatum. 


J 6  Oratiojis  of  Cicero 

The  War  still  a  Great  One. 

IX.  22.  Requiretur  fortasse  nunc  quern  ad  modum,  cum 
haec  ita  sint,  reliquum  possit  magnum  esse  bellum.  Cognos- 
cite,  Quirites.  Non  enim  hoc  sine  causa  quaeri  videtur. 
Primum  ex  suo  regno  sic  Mithridates  profiigit,  ut  ex  eodem 
5  Ponto  Medea  ilia  quondam  profugisse  dicitur,  quam  praedi- 
cant  in  fuga  fratris  sui  membra  in  eis  locis,  qua  se  parens 
persequeretur,  dissipavisse,  ut  eorum  conlectio  dispersa, 
maerorque  patrius,  celeritatem  persequendl  retardaret.  Sic 
Mithridates  fugiens  maximam  vim   auri  atque  argenti  pul- 

10  cherrimarumque  rerum  omnium,  quas  et  a  maioribus  acce- 
perat  et  ipse  bello  superiore  ex  tota  Asia  direptas  in  suum 
regnum  congesserat,  in  Ponto  omnem  reliquit.  Haec  dum 
nostri  conligunt  omnia  diligentius,  rex  ipse  e  manibus 
effugit.     Ita  ilium  in  persequendi  studio  maeror,  hos  laetitia 

15  tardavit.  23.  Hunc  in  illo  timore  et  fuga  Tigranes  rex 
Armenius  excepit,  diffidentemque  rebus  suis  confirmavit,  et 
adflictum  erexit,  perditumque  recreavit.  Cuius  in  regnum 
postea  quam  L.  Lucullus  cum  exercitu  venit,  plures  etiam 
gentes  contra  imperatorem  nostrum  concitatae  sunt.     Erat 

20  enim  metus  iniectus  eis  nationibus,  quas  numquam  populus 
Romanus  neque  lacessendas  bello  neque  temptandas  puta- 
vit :  erat  etiam  alia  gravis  atque  vehemens  opinio,  quae 
animos  gentium  barbararum  pervaserat,  fani  locupletissimi 
et  religiosissimi  diripiendi  causa  in  eas  oras  nostrum  esse 

25  exercitum  adductum,  Ita  nationes  multae  atque  magnae 
novo  quodam  terrore  ac  metu  concitabantur.  Noster  autem 
exercitus,  tametsi  urbem  ex  Tigrani  regno  ceperat,  et  proeliis 
usus  erat  secundis,  tamen  nimia  longinquitate  locorum  ac 
desiderio  suorum  commovebatur. 

Mithridates  Defeated  but  not  Subdued. 
30       24.  Hie  iam  plura  non  dicam.      Fuit  enim  illud  extremum 
ut   ex  eis   locis  a  militibus   nostris   reditus   magis  matiirus 


Pompey  ' s  Militaiy   Command 


77 


quam  processio  longior  quaereretur.  Mithridates  aiitem  et 
suam  manum  iam  confirmarat,  [et  eorum]  qui  se  ex  ipsius 
regno  conlegerant,  et  magnis  adventiciis  auxiliis  multorum 
regum  et  nationum  iuvabatur.  Iam  hoc  fere  sic  fieri  solere 
accepimus,  ut  regum  adflictae  fortiinae  facile  multorum 
opes  adliciant  ad  misericordiam,  maximeque  eorum  qui  aut 


LUCULLUS. 


reges  sunt  aut  vivunt  in  regno,  ut  eis  nomen  regale  magnum 
et  sanctum  esse  videatur.  25.  Itaque  tantum  victus  efficere 
potuit,  quantum  incolumis  numquam  est  ausus  optare.  Nam 
cum  se  in  regnum  suum  recepisset,  non  fuit  eo  contentus, 
quod  ei  praeter  spem  acciderat,  —  ut  illam,  postea  quam 
pulsus  erat,  terram  umquam  attingeret,  —  sed  in  exercitum 
nostrum  clarum  atque  victorem  impetum  fecit.      Sinite  hoc 


yS  Orations  of  Cicero 

loco,  Quirites,  sicut  poetae  solent,  qui  res  Romanas  scribunt, 
praeterire  me  nostram  calamitatem,  quae  tanta  fuit,  ut  earn 
ad  auris  [Luculli]  imperatoris  non  ex  proelio  nuntius,  sed  ex 
sermone  rumor  adferret. 

Lucullus  Superseded. 

5  26.  Hie  in  illo  ipso  malo  gravissimaque  belli  offensione, 
L.  Lucullus,  qui  tamen  aliqua  ex  parte  eis  incommodis 
mederi  fortasse  potuisset,  vestro  iussii  coactus,  —  qui  imperi 
diuturnitati  modum  statuendum  vetere  exemplo  putavistis,  — 
partem  militum,  qui  iam  stipendiis  confecti  erant,  dimisit, 
lo  partem  M'.  Glabrioni  tradidit.  Multa  praetereo  consulto, 
sed  ea  vos  coniectiira  perspicite,  quantum  illud  bellum 
factum  putetis,  quod  coniungant  reges  potentissimi,  renovent 
agitatae  nationes,  suscipiant  integrae  gentes,  novus  imperator 
noster  accipiat,  vetere  exercitu  pulso. 

Who  shall  be  Appointed  Commander? 

15  X.  27.  Satis  mihi  multa  verba  fecisse  videor,  qua  re  esset 
hoc  bellum  genere  ipso  necessarium,  magnitudine  periculo- 
sum.  Restat  ut  de  imperatore  ad  id  bellum  deligendo  ac 
tantis  rebus  praeficiendo  dicendum  esse  videatur. 

Pompey's  Military  Experience. 

Utinam,  Quirites,  virorum  fortium  atque  innocentium 
20  copiam  tantam  haberetis,  ut  haec  vobis  deliberatio  difficilis 
esset,  quemnam  potissimum  tantis  rebus  ac  tanto  bello 
praeficiendum  putaretis  !  Nunc  vero  —  cum  sit  unus  Cn. 
Pompeius,  qui  non  modo  eorum  hominum  qui  nunc  sunt 
gloriam,  sed  etiam  antiquitatis  memoriam  virtiite  superarit 
25  —  quae  res  est  quae  cuiusquam  animum  in  hac  causa  dubium 
f acere  possit  1  28.  Ego  enim  sic  existimo,  in  summo 
imperatore  quattuor  has  res  inesse  oportere,  —  scientiam 
rei  militaris,  virtutem,  auctoritatem,  felicitatem.  Quis  igitur 
hoc  homine   scientior  umquam   aut  fuit    aut    esse   debuit  ? 


Pompey's  Military   Command  79 

qui  e  ludo  atque  e  pueritiae  disciplinis  bello  maximo  atque 
acerrimis  hostibus  ad  patris  exercitum  atque  in  militiae 
disciplinam  profectus  est;  qui  extrema  pueritia  miles  in 
exercitu  fuit  summi  imperatoris,  ineunte  adulescentia  maximi 
ipse  exercitus  imperator ;  qui  saepius  cum  hoste  conflixit  5 
quam  quisquam  cum  inimico  concertavit,  plCira  bella  gessit 
quam  ceteri  legerunt,  plures  provincias  confecit  quam  alii 
concupiverunt  ;  cuius  adulescentia  ad  scientiam  rei  militaris 
non  alienis  praeceptis  sed  suis  imperiis,  non  offensionibus 
belli  sed  victoriis,  non  stipendiis  sed  triumphis  est  erudita.  10 
Quod  denique  genus  esse  belli  potest,  in  quo  ilium  non 
exercuerit  fortuna  rei  pCiblicae  ?  Civile,  Africanum,  Trans- 
alpinum,  Hispaniense  [mixtum  ex  civitatibus  atque  ex  belli- 
cosissimis  nationibus],  servile,  navale  bellum,  varia  et  diversa 
genera  et  bellorum  et  hostium,  non  solum  gesta  ab  hoc  fmo,  15 
sed  etiam  confecta,  ntillam  rem  esse  declarant  in  lisu  posi- 
tam  militari,  quae  huius  viri  scientiam  fugere  possit. 

His  Former  Successes. 

XI.    29.  lam  vero  virtiiti  Cn.  Pompei  quae  potest  oratio 
par  inveniri  ?       Quid   est   quod   quisquam  aut  illo  dignum 
aut  vobis   novum   aut   cuiquam   inauditum   possit   adferre  ?  20 
Neque    enim    illae    sunt    solae   virtutes    imperatoriae,  quae 
volgo  existimantur,  — labor  in  negotiis,  fortitudo  in  periculis, 
industria  in  agendo,  celeritas  in  conficiendo,  consilium   in 
providendo  :  quae  tanta  sunt  in  hoc  lino,  quanta  in  omnibus 
reliquis  imperatoribus,  quos  aut  vidimus,  aut  audivimus,  non  25 
fuerunt.     30.  Testis  est  Italia,  quam  ille  ipse  victor  L.  Sulla 
huius  virtute  et  subsidio  confessus  est  liberatam.     Testis  est 
Sicilia,  quam  multis  undique  cinctam  periculis  non  terrore 
belli,  sed  consili  celeritate   explicavit.       Testis  est  Africa, 
quae,  magnis  oppressa  hostium  copiis,  eorum  ipsorum  san-  30 
guine  redundavit.     Testis  est  Gallia,  per  quam  legionibus 
nostris  iter  in  Hispaniam  Gallorum  internecione  patefactum 


8o 


Orations  of  Cice^'o 


est.  Testis  est  Hispania,  quae  saepissime  plurimos  hostis 
ab  hoc  superatos  prostratosque  conspexit.  Testis  est  iterum 
et  saepius  Italia,  quae  cum  servili  bello  taetro  periculosoque 
premeretur,  ab  hoc  auxilium  absente  expetivit :  quod  belhim 
5  exspectatione  eius  attenuatum  atque  imminutum  est,  adventu 
sublatum  ac  sepultum. 

His  Recent  Success  against  the  Pirates. 

31.  Testes  nunc  vero  iam  omnes  orae  atque  omnes  exterae 
gentes  ac  nationes,  denique  maria  omnia  cum  universa,  tum 


View  near  Cape  Misenum  (p.  82). 

in  singulis  oris  omnes  sinus  atque  portus.  Quis  enim  toto 
[o  mari  locus  per  hos  annos  aut  tam  firmum  habuit  praesidium 
ut  tutus  esset,  aut  tam  fuit  abditus  ut  lateret  t  Quis  navi- 
gavit  qui  non  se  aut  mortis  aut  servitutis  periculo  commit- 
teret,  cum  aut  hieme  aut  referto  praedonum  mari  navigaret  t 
Hoc  tantum  bellum,  tam  turpe,  tam  vetus,  tam  late  divisum 
[5  atque  dispersum,  quis  umquam  arbitraretur  aut  ab  omnibus 
imperatoribus  imo  anno  aut  omnibus  annis  ab  uno  impera- 


Pompey's  Military  Command  8 1 

tore  confici  posse  ?  32.  Quam  provinciam  tenuistis  a  prae- 
donibus  liberam  per  hosce  annos  ?  quod  vectigal  vobis  tutiim 
fuit  ?  quern  socium  defendistis  ?  cui  praesidio  classibus 
vestrig  fuistis  ?  quam  multas  existimatis  insulas  esse  deser- 
tas  ?  quam  multas  aut  metu  relictas  aut  a  praedonibus  captas  5 
urbis  esse  sociorum  ? 

XII.    Sed  quid   ego   longinqua   commemoro  ?     Fuit  hoc 
quondam,  fuit  proprium  populi  Romani,  longe  a  domo  bel- 


PORT   OF   OSTIA. 

lare,  et  propiignaculls  imperi  sociorum  fortunas,  non  sua 
tecta  defendere.  Sociis  ego  nostris  mare  per  hos  annos  10 
clausum  fuisse  dicam,  cum  exercitiis  vestrl  numquam  a 
Brundisio  nisi  hieme  summa  transmlserint  ?  Qui  ad  vos  ab 
exteris  nationibus  venirent  captos  querar,  cum  legatl  populi 
Romani  redempti  sint  ?  Mercatoribus  tutum  mare  non  fuisse 
dicam,  cum  duodecim  secures  in  praedonum  potestatem  15 
pervenerint  ?      33.  Cnidum    aut    Colophonem    aut    Samum, 


82  Orations  of  Cicerv 

nobilissimas  urbis,  innumerabillsque  alias  captas  esse  com- 
memorem,  cum  vestros  portus,  atque  eos  portus  quibus  vitam 
ac  spiritum  diicitis,  in  praedonum  fuisse  potestatem  sciatis  ? 
An  vero  ignoratis  portum  Caietae  celeberrimum  ac  plenissi- 
5  mum  navium  inspectante  praetore  a  praedonibus  esse  direp- 
tum  ?  ex  Miseno  autem  eius  ipsius  liberos,  qui  cum 
praedonibus  antea  ibi  bellum  gesserat,  a  praedonibus  esse 
sublatos  ?  Nam  quid  ego  Ostiense  incommodum  atque  illam 
labem  atque  ignominiam  rei  publicae  querar,  cum,  prope 
lo  inspectantibus  vobis,  classis  ea,  cui  consul  populi  Roman! 
praepositus  esset,  a  praedonibus  capta  atque  oppressa  est  ? 

The  Celerity  of  his  Movements, 

Pro  di  immortales  !  tantamne  Cmius  hominis  incredibilis 
ac  divina  virtus  tam  brevi  tempore  ICicem  adferre  rei  publicae 
potuit,  ut  vos,  qui  mode   ante   ostium  Tiberinum  classem 


View  in   Pamphylia  (Port  of  Adalia). 

15  hostium  videbatis,  ei  nunc  nullam  intra  Oceani  ostium  prae- 
donum navem  esse  audiatis  ?  34.  Atque  haec  qua  celeritate 
gesta  sint  quamquam  videtis,  tamen  a  me  in  dicendo  praeter- 
eunda  non  sunt.  Quis  enim  umquam  aut  obeundi  negoti 
aut  consequendi  quaestus  studio  tam  brevi  tempore  tot  loca 

20  adire,  tantos  cursus  conficere  potuit,  quam  celeriter  Cn. 
Pompeio  duce  tanti  belli  impetus  navigavit  ?     Qui  nondum 


Pompey's  Military  Coimnand  83 

tempestivo  ad  navigandum  marl  Siciliam  adiit,  Africam 
exploravit ;  inde  Sardinian!  cum  classe  venit,  atque  haec 
tria  frumentaria  subsidia  rei  piiblicae  firmissimis  praesidiis 
classibusque  mimivit ;  35.  inde  cum  se  in  Italiam  recepisset, 
duabus  Hispaniis  et  Gallia  [transalpina]  praesidiis  ac  5 
navibus  confirmata,  missis  item  in  oram  Illyrici  maris  et  in 
Achaiam  omnemque  Graeciam  navibus,  Italiae  duo  maria 
maximis  classibus  firmissimisque  praesidiis  adornavit ;  ipse 
autem  ut  Brundisio  profectus  est,  undequinquagesimo  die 
totam  ad  imperium  populi  Romani  Ciliciam  adiOnxit ;  omnes,  10 
qui  ubique  praedones  fuerunt,  partim  capti  interfectique 
sunt,  partim  unius  huius  se  imperio  ac  potestati  dediderunt. 
Idem  Cretensibus,  cum  ad  eum  usque  in  Pamphyliam  lega- 
tes deprecatoresque  misissent,  spem  deditionis  non  ademit, 
obsidesque  imperavit.  Ita  tantum  bellum,  tam  diuturnum,  15 
tarn  longe  lateque  dispersum,  quo  bello  omnes  gentes  ac 
nationes  premebantur,  Cn.  Pompeius  extrema  hieme  appara- 
vit,  ineunte  vere  suscepit,  media  aestate  confecit. 

Pompey  has  all  the  Qualities  of  a  General. 

XIII.    36.   Est  haec  divina  atque  incredibilis  virtus  impera- 
toris.     Quid  ceterae,  quas  paulo  ante  commemorare  coepe-  20 
ram,  quantae  atque  quam  multae  sunt  ?     Non  enim  bellandi 
virtiis  solum  in  summo  ac   perfect©   imperatore  quaerenda 
est,  sed  multae  sunt  artes  eximiae  hiiius  administrae  comi- 
tesque  virtiitis.     Ac  primum,  quanta  innocentia  debent  esse 
imperatores  ?  quanta  deinde  in  omnibus  rebus  temperantia  ?  25 
quanta  fide?    quanta    facilitate?    quanto    ingenio  ?    quanta 
hiimanitate  ?     Quae    breviter    qualia    sint  in    Cn.  Pompeio 
consideremus  :    summa   enim  omnia  sunt,   Quirites,   sed  ea 
magis  ex  aliorum  contentione  quam  ipsa  per  sese  cognosci 
atque  intellegi  possunt.     37.  Quem  enim  imperatorem  possu-  30 
mus   iillo   in   numero   putare,  cuius  in   exercitu  centuriatus 
veneant  atque  venierint  ?     Quid    hunc    hominem    magnum 


84  Oj'ations  of  Cicero 

aut  amplum  de  re  publica  cogitare,  qui  pecuniam,  ex  aerario 
depromptam  ad  bellum  administrandum,  aut  propter  cupidi- 
tatem  provinciae  magistratibus  diviserit,  aut  propter  avari- 
tiam   Romae  in  quaestu  reliquerit  ?     Vestra  admurmuratio 

5  facit,  Quirites,  ut  agnoscere  videamini  qui  haec  fecerint : 
ego  autem  nomino  neminem  ;  qua  re  irasci  mihi  nemo  pote- 
rit,  nisi  qui  ante  de  se  voluerit  confiteri.  Itaque  propter 
hanc  avaritiam  imperatorum  quantas  calamitates,  quocum- 
que  ventum  est,  nostri  exercitus  ferant  quis  ignorat  ?    38.  Iti- 

10  nera  quae  per  hosce  annos  in  Italia  per  agros  atque  oppida 
civium  Romanorum  nostri  imperatores  fecerint  recordamini : 
turn  facilius  statuetis  quid  apud  exteras  nationes  fieri  existi- 
metis.  Utrum  pluris  arbitramini  per  hosce  annos  militum 
vestrorum  armis  hostium  urbis,  an  hibernis  sociorum  civi- 

15  tates  esse  deletas  ?  Neque  enim  potest  exercitum  is  conti- 
nere  imperator,  qui  se  ipse  non  continet,  neque  severus  esse 
in  iudicando,  qui  alios  in  se  severos  esse  iudices  non  volt. 
39.  Hie  miramur  hunc  hominem  tantum  excellere  ceteris, 
cuius  legiones  sic  in  Asiam  pervenerint,  ut  non  modo  manus 

20  tanti  exercitus,  sed  ne  vestigium  quidem  cuiquam  pacato 
nocuisse  dicatur  ?  lam  vero  quem  ad  modum  milites  hiber- 
nent  cotidie  sermones  ac  litterae  perferuntur  :  non  modo  ut 
sumptum  faciat  in  militem  nemini  vis  adfertur,  sed  ne  cupi- 
enti  quidem  cuiquam  permittitur.     Hiemis  enim,  non  ava- 

25  ritiae  perfugium  maiores  nostri  in  sociorum  atque  amicorum 
tectis  esse  voluerunt. 

His  Self-Restraint  and  Consequent  Popularity. 

XR^.  40.  Age  vero  :  ceteris  in  rebus  quali  sit  temperantia 
considerate.  Unde  illam  tantam  celeritatem  et  tam  incredi- 
bilem  cursum  inventum  putatis  ?  Non  enim  ilium  eximia 
30  vis  remigum  aut  ars  in  audita  quaedam  gubernandi  aut  venti 
aliqui  novi  tam  celeriter  in  ultimas  terras  pertulerunt ;  sed 
eae  res  quae  ceteros  remorari  solent,  non  retardarunt :  non 


Ponipey  's  Military   Command 


85 


avaritia  ab  instituto  cursu  ad  praedam  aliquam  devocavit, 
non  libido  ad  voluptatem,  non  amoenitas  ad  delectationem, 
non  nobilitas  urbis  ad  cognitionem,  non  denique  labor  ipse 
ad  quietem ;  postremo  signa  et  tabulas  ceteraque  ornamenta 
Graecorum  oppidorum,  quae  ceteri  tollenda  esse  arbitrantur, 
ea  sibi  ille  ne  visenda  quidem  existiraavit.  41.  Itaque  omnes 
nunc  in  eis  locis  Cn.  Pompeium  sicut  aliquem  non  ex  hac 


Galley.      (From  the  Pr^neste  Relief.) 

urbe  missum,  sed  de  caelo  delapsum  intuentur.  Nunc  deni- 
que incipiunt  credere  fuisse  homines  Romanes  hac  quon- 
dam continentia,  quod  iam  nationibus  exteris  incredibile  ac  10 
falso  memoriae  proditum  videbatur.  Nunc  imperi  vestri 
splendor  illis  gentibus  lucem  adferre  coepit.  Nunc  intelle- 
gunt  non  sine  causa  maiores  suos,  tum  cum  ea  temperantia 
magistrates  habebamus,  servire  populo  Romano  quam  impe- 
rare  aliis  maluisse.  Iam  vero  ita  faciles  aditus  ad  eum  pri-  15 
vatorum,  ita  liberae  querimoniae  de  aliorum  iniuriis  esse 
dicuntur,  ut  is,   qui  dignitate  principibus  excellit,  facilitate 


86  Orations  of  Cicero 

infimis  par  esse  videatur.  42.  lam  quantum  consilio,  quan- 
tum dicendi  gravitate  et  copia  valeat,  —  in  quo  ipso  inest 
quaedam  dignitas  imperatoria,  —  vos,  Quirites,  hoc  ipso  ex 
loco  saepe  cognovistis.  Fidem  vero  eius  quantam  inter 
5  socios  existimari  putatis,  quam  hostes  omnes  omnium  gene- 
rum  sanctissimam  iudicarint?  Humanitate  iam  tanta  est, 
ut  difficile  dictu  sit  utrum  hostes  magis  virtutem  eius  pug- 
nantes  timuerint,  an  mansuetiidinem  victi  dilexerint.  Et 
quisquam  dubitabit  quin  huic  hoc  tantum  bellum  transmit- 
10  tendum  sit,  qui  ad  omnia  nostrae  memoriae  bella  conficienda 
divino  quodam  consilio  natus  esse  videatur  ? 

His  Prestige  as  a  Commander. 

XV.  43.  Et  quoniam  auctoritas  quoque  in  bellis  adminis- 
trandis  multum  atque  in  imperio  militari  valet,  certe  nemini 
dubium  est  quin  ea  re  idem  ille  imperator  plurimum  possit. 

15  Vehementer  autem  pertinere  ad  bella  administranda  quid 
hostes,  quid  socii  de  imperatoribus  nostris  existiment  quis 
i£:norat,  cum  sciamus  homines  in  tantis  rebus,  ut  aut  con- 
temnant  aut  metuant  aut  oderint  aut  ament,  opinione  non 
minus  et  fama  quam  aliqua  ratione  certa  commoveri }     Quod 

20  igitur  nomen  umquam  in  orbe  terrarum  clarius  fuit }  cuius 
res  gestae  pares?  de  quo  homine  vos,  —  id  quod  maxime 
facit  auctoritatem,  —  tanta  et  tam  praeclara  iudicia  fecistis  ? 
44.  An  vero  iillam  Cisquam  esse  oram  tam  desertam  putatis, 
quo  non  illius  diei  fama  pervaserit,  cum  liniversus  populus 

25  Romanus,  referto  foro  completisque  omnibus  templis  ex 
quibus  hie  locus  conspici  potest,  Cmum  sibi  ad  commune 
omnium  gentium  bellum  Cn.  Pompeium  imperatorem  depo- 
poscit  ?  Itaque  —  ut  pliira  non  dicam,  neque  aliorum  exem- 
plis  confirmem  quantum  [huius]  auctoritas  valeat  in  bello  — 

30  ab  eodem  Cn.  Pompeio  omnium  rerum  egregiarum  exempla 
sumantur  :  qui  quo  die  a  vobis  maritime  bello  praepositus 
est  imperator,  tanta  repente  vilitas  annonae  ex  summa  inopia 


Ponipcy's  Military   Command  Zj 

et  caritate  rei  frumentariae  consecuta  est  unius  hominis  spe 
ac  nomine,  quantam  vix  in  summa  ubertate  agrorum  diiiturna 
pax  efficere  potuisset.  45.  lam  accepta  in  Ponto  calamitate 
ex  eo  proelio,  de  quo  vos  paulo  ante  invitus  admonui,  — 
cum  socii  pertimuissent,  hostium  opes  animique  crevissent,  5 
satis  firmum  praesidium  provincia  non  haberet,  —  amisissetis 
Asiam,  Quirites,  nisi  ad  ipsum  discrimen  eius  temporis  divi- 
nitus  Cn.  Pompeium  ad  eas  regiones  fortuna  populi  Roman! 
attulisset.  Huius  adventus  et  Mithridatem  insolita  inflam- 
matum  victoria  continuit,  et  Tigranem  magnis  copiis  mini-  10 
tantem  Asiae  retardavit.  Et  quisquam  dubitabit  quid  virtute 
perfecturus  sit,  qui  tantum  auctoritate  perfecerit  ?  aut  quam 
facile  imperio  atque  exercitu  socios  et  vectlgalia  conserva- 
turus  sit,  qui  ipso  nomine  ac  rumore  defenderit  ? 

His  Special  Reputation  in  the  East. 

XVI.    46.  Age  vero,  ilia  res  quantam   declarat  eiusdem  15 
hominis  apud  hostis  populi  Roman!  auctoritatem,  quod  ex 
locis   tarn   longinquis   tamque   diversis    tarn   brevi   tempore 
omnes  huic   se   imi   dediderunt  ?   quod  a  communi  Creten- 
sium  legati,  cum  in  eorum  insula  noster  imperator  exerci- 
tusque    esset,  ad    Cn.  Pompeium    in    ultimas   prope   terras  20 
venerunt,  eique  se  omnis  Cretensium  civitates  dedere  velle 
dixerunt  ?     Quid .?  idem  iste  Mithridates  nonne  ad  eundem 
Cn.  Pompeium  legatum  lisque  in  Hispaniam  misit  ?  eum  quem 
Pompeius  legatum  semper  iiidicavit,  ei  quibus  erat  [semper] 
molestum  ad  eum  potissimum  esse  missum,  speculatorem  quam  25 
legatum  iudicari  maluerunt.     Potestis  igitur  iam  constituere, 
Quirites,  hanc  auctoritatem,  multis  postea  rebus  gestis  magnis- 
que  vestris  iudiciis  amplificatam,  quantum  apud  illos  reges, 
quantum  apud  exteras  nationes  valituram  esse  existimetis. 

His  Lucky  Star. 

47.  Reliquum  est  ut  de  felicitate  (quam  praestare  de  se  30 
ipso   nemo   potest,    meminisse   et   commemorare    de    altero 


S8  Oi'ations  of  Cicero 

possumus,  sicut  aequum  est  homines  de  potestate  deorura) 
timide  et  pauca  dicamus.  Ego  enim  sic  existimo  :  Maximo, 
Marcello,  Scipioni,  Mario,  et  ceteris  magnis  imperatoribus  non 
solum  propter  virtutem,  sed  etiam  propter  fortunam  saepius 
5  imperia  mandata  atque  exercitas  esse  commissos.  Fuit 
enim  profecto  quibusdam  summis  viris  quaedam  ad  amplitCi- 
dinem  et  ad  gloriam  et  ad  res  magnas  bene  gerendas  divi- 
nitiis  adiuncta  fortuna.  De  huius  autem  hominis  felicitate, 
de  quo  nunc  agimus,  hac  iitar  moderatione  dicendi,  non  ut  in 

10  illius  potestate  fortimam  positam  esse  dicam,  sed  ut  praeter- 
ita  meminisse,  reliqua  sperare  videamur,  ne  aut  invisa  dis 
immortalibus  oratio  nostra  aut  ingrata  esse  videatur.  48.  Ita- 
que  non  sum  praedicattirus  quantas  ille  res  domi  militiae, 
terra  marique,  quantaque  felicitate  gesserit ;  ut  eius  semper 

15  voluntatibus  non  modo  cives  adsenserint,  socii  obtempera- 
rint,  hostes  obedierint,  sed  etiam  venti  tempestatesque  obse- 
cundarint :  hoc  brevissime  dicam,  neminem  umquam  tarn 
impudentem  fuisse,  qui  ab  dis  immortalibus  tot  et  tantas 
res   tacitus  auderet  optare,   quot  et  quantas  di  immortales 

20  ad  Cn.  Pompeium  detulerunt.  Quod  ut  illi  proprium  ac 
perpetuum  sit,  Quirites,  cum  communis  saliitis  atque  imperi 
tum  ipsius  hominis  causa,  sicuti  facitis,  velle  et  optare 
debetis. 

49.  Qua  re,  —  cum  et  bellum  sit  ita  necessarium  ut  neglegi 

25  non  possit,  ita  magnum  ut  accuratissime  sit  administrandum  ; 
et  cum  ei  imperatorem  praeficere  possitis,  in  quo  sit  eximia 
belli  scientia,  singularis  virtus,  clarissima  auctoritas,  egregia 
fortijna,  —  dubitatis  Quirites,  quin  hoc  tantum  boni,  quod 
vobis  ab  dis   immortalibus   oblatum   et   datum  est,  in  rem 

30  publicam  conservandam  atque  amplificandam  conferatis  ? 

He  is  on  the  Spot. 

XVII.    50.  Quod  Si  Romae  Cn.  Pompeius  privatus  esset 
hoc  tempore,  tamen  ad   tantum  bellum  is  erat  deligendus 


Pompey's  Militajy  Cormnand  89 

atque  mittendus  :  nunc  cum  ad  ceteras  summas  utilitates 
haec  quoque  opportiinitas  adiungatur,  ut  in  eis  ipsis  locis 
adsit,  ut  habeat  exercitum,  ut  ab  eis  qui  habent  accipere 
statim  possit,  quid  exspectamus  ?  aut  cur  non  ducibus  dis 
immortalibus  eidem,  cui  cetera  summa  cum  salute  rei  piib-  5 
licae  commissa  sunt,  hoc  quoque  bellum  regium  commit- 
tamus  ? 

Objection  of  Hortensius  and  Catulus. 

51.  At  enim  vir  clarissimus,  amantissimus  rei  piiblicae, 
vestris  beneficiis  amplissimis  adfectus,  Q.  Catulus,  itemque 
summis  ornamentis  honoris,  fortunae,  virtutis,  ingeni  prae-  10 
ditus,  Q.  Hortensius,  ab  hac  ratione  dissentiunt.  Quorum 
ego  auctoritatem  apud  vos  multis  locis  plurimum  valuisse  et 
valere  oportere  confiteor ;  sed  in  hac  causa,  tametsi  cognos- 
citis  auctoritates  contrarias  virorum  fortissimorum  et  claris- 
simorum,  tamen  omissis  auctoritatibus  ipsa  re  ac  ratione  15 
exquirere  possumus  veritatem,  atque  hoc  facilius,  quod  ea 
omnia  quae  a  me  adhuc  dicta  sunt,  eidem  isti  vera  esse 
concedunt,  —  et  necessarium  bellum  esse  et  magnum,  et 
in  uno  Cn.  Pompeio  summa  esse  omnia.  52.  Quid  igitur 
ait  Hortensius  ?  Si  uni  omnia  tribuenda  sint,  dignissimum  20 
esse  Pompeium,  sed  ad  unum  tamen  omnia  deferri  non 
oportere.  Obsolevit  iam  ista  oratio,  re  multo  magis  quam 
verbis  refutata.  Nam  tii  idem,  Q.  Hortensi,  multa  pro  tua 
summa  copia  ac  singulari  facultate  dicendi  et  in  senate  con- 
tra virum  fortem,  A.  Gabinium,  graviter  ornateque  dixisti,  25 
cum  is  de  uno  imperatore  contra  praedones  constituendo 
legem  promulgasset,  et  ex  hoc  ipso  loco  permulta  item 
contra  eam  legem  verba  fecisti. 

Hortensius  Answered  by  Facts. 

53.  Quid  t  turn  (per  deos  immortalis  !)  si  plus  apud  popu- 
lum  Romanum  auctoritas  tua  quam  ipsius  populi  Romani  30 
salus  et  vera  causa  valuisset,  hodie  banc  gloriam  atque  hoc 


90  Orations  of  Cicero 

orbis  terrae  imperium  teneremus  ?  An  tibi  turn  imperium 
hoc  esse  videbatur,  cum  populi  Romani  legati  quaestores 
praetoresque  capiebantur  ?  cum  ex  omnibus  provinciis  com- 
meatu  et  private  et  publico  prohibebamur  ?  cum  ita  clausa 
5  nobis  erant  maria  omnia,  ut  neque  privatam  rem  transmari- 
nam  neque  publicam  iam  obire  possemus  ? 

XVIIL  54.  •  Quae  civitas  antea  umquam  fuit,  —  non  dico 
Atheniensium,  quae  satis  late  quondam  mare  tenuisse  dici- 
tur ;  non  Karthaginiensium,  qui  permultum  classe  ac  mari- 

10  timis  rebus  valuerunt ;  non  Rhodiorum,  quorum  usque  ad 
nostram  memoriam  disciplina  navalis  et  gloria  remansit,  — 
sed  quae  civitas  umquam  antea  tam  tenuis,  quae  tam  parva 
insula  fuit,  quae  non  portus  suos  et  agros  et  aliquam  partem 
regionis  atque  orae  maritimae  per  se  ipsa  defenderet  ?     At 

15  (hercule)  aliquot  annos  continues  ante  legem  Gabiniam  ille 
populus  Romanus,  cCiius  iisque  ad  nostram  memoriam  nomen 
invictum  in  navalibus  piignis  permanserit,  magna  ac  multo 
maxima  parte  non  modo  utilitatis,  sed  dignitatis  atque  imperi 


Coin  of  Rhodes. 

caruit.  55.  Nos,  quorum  maiores  Antiochum  regem  classe 
20  Persenque  superarunt,  omnibusque  navalibus  pugnis  Kar- 
thaginiensis,  homines  in  maritimis  rebus  exercitatissimos 
paratissimosque,  vicerunt,  ei  nfiUo  in  loco  iam  praedonibus 
pares  esse  poteramus  :  nos,  qui  antea  non  modo  Italiam 
ttitam  habebamus,  sed  omnis  socios  in  ultimis  oris  auctori- 
25  tate  nostri  imperi  salvos  praestare  poteramus,  —  tum  cum 


Ponipcy's  Military   Coviniajid  91 

insula  Delos,  tarn  procul  a  nobis  in  Aegaeo  mari  posita,  quo 
omnes  undique  cum  mercibus  atque  oneribus  comnieabant, 
referta  divitiis,  parva,  sine  miiro,  nihil  timebat,  —  eidem  non 
modo  provinciis  atque  oris  Italiae  maritimis  ac  portubus  nos- 
tris,  sed  etiam  Appia  iam  via  carebamus  ;  et  eis  temporibus 


non  pudebat  magistrates  populi  Roman i  in  hunc  ipsum 
locum  escendere,  cum  eum  nobis  maiores  nostri  exuviis 
nauticis  et  classium  spoliis  ornatum  reliquissent. 

Brilliant  Success  of  the  Gabinian  Law. 

XIX.    56,   Bono    te    animo    tum,    Q.    Hortensi,    populus 
Romanus  et  ceteros  qui   erant  in  eadem  sententia,   dicere  10 
existimavit  ea  quae  sentiebatis  :   sed  tamen  in  salute  com- 
miini  idem  populus  Romanus  dolori  suo  maluit  quam  aucto- 
ritati  vestrae  obtemperare.     Itaque  una  lex,  unus  vir,  unus 
annus  non  modo  nos  ilia  miseria  ac  turpitiidine  liberavit, 
sed  etiam  effecit,  ut  aliquando  vere  videremur  omnibus  gen-  15 
tibus  ac  nationibus  terra  marique  imperare.     57.  Quo  mihi 
etiam  indignius  videtur  obtrectatum  esse  adhiic,  —  Gabinio 
dicam  anne   Pompeio,   an  utrique,   id  quod    est  verius  .''  — 
ne  legaretur  A.  Gabinius  Cn.  Pompeio  expetenti  ac  postu- 
lanti.     Utrum  ille,  qui  postulat  ad  tantum  bellum  legatum  20 
quem  velit,  idoneus  non  est  qui  impetret,  cum  ceteri  ad  expi- 
landos  socios  diripiendasque  provincias  quos  voluerunt  lega- 


92  Orations  of  Cicero 

tos  eduxerint ;  an  ipse,  ciiius  lege  salus  ac  dignitas  populo 
Romano  atque  omnibus  gentibus  constitiita  est,  expers  esse 
debet  gloriae  eius  imperatoris  atque  eius  exercitus,  qui  con- 
silio  ipsius  ac  periculo  est  constitutus  ?  58.  An  C.  Falci- 
5  dius,  Q.  Metellus,  Q.  Caelius  Latiniensis,  Cn.  Lentulus, 
quos  omnis  honoris  causa  nomino,  cum  tribuni  plebi  fuis- 
sent,  anno  proximo  legati  esse  potuerunt :  in  uno  Gabinio 
sunt  tam  diligentes,  qui  in  hoc  bello,  quod  lege  Gabinia 
geritur,   in   hoc   imperatore   atque    exercitu,   quem   per   vos 

10  ipse  constituit,  etiam  praecipuo  iure  esse  deberet  ?  De  quo 
legando  consules  spero  ad  senatum  relaturos.  Qui  si  dubi- 
tabunt  aut  gravabuntur,  ego  me  profiteer  relatiirum.  Neque 
me  impediet  cuiusquam  inimicum  edictum,  quo  minus  vobis 
fretus  vestrum  ius  beneficiumque  defendam  ;   neque  praeter 

15  intercessionem  quicquam  audiam,  de  qua  (ut  arbitror)  isti 
ipsi,  qui  minantur,  etiam  atque  etiam  quid  liceat  conside- 
rabunt.  Mea  quidem  sententia,  Quirites,  Onus  A.  Gabinius 
belli  maritimi  rerumque  gestarum  Cn.  Pompeio  socius  ascri- 
bitur,  propterea  quod  alter  uni  illud  bellum  suscipiendum 

20  vestris  suffragiis  detulit,  alter  delatum  susceptumque  con- 
fecit. 

Catulus  Answered :  Breach  of  Precedent  not  Unheard  of. 

XX.  59.  Reliquum  est  ut  de  Q.  Catuli  auctoritate  et  sen- 
tentia dicendum  esse  videatur.  Qui  cum  ex  vobis  quaereret, 
si  in  iano  Cn.  Pompeio  omnia  poneretis,  si  quid  eo  factum 

25  esset,  in  quo  spem  essetis  habituri, — cepit  magnum  suae 
virtutis  fructum  ac  dignitatis,  cum  omnes  iina  prope  voce 
in  [eo]  ipso  vos  spem  habituros  esse  dixistis.  Etenim  talis 
est  vir,  ut  nulla  res  tanta  sit  ac  tam  difficilis,  quam  ille  non 
et  consilio  regere  et  integritate  tueri  et  virtute  conficere  pos- 

30  sit.  Sed  in  hoc  ipso  ab  eo  vehementissime  dissentio,  quod, 
quo  minus  certa  est  hominum  ac  minus  diuturna  vita,  hoc 
magis  res  publica,  dum  per  deos  immortalis  licet,  frui  debet 
summi  viri  vita  atque  virtute.     60.  'At  enim  ne  quid  novi  fiat 


Pompey's  Military  Command  93 

contra  exempla  atque  instituta  maiorum.'  Non  dicam  hoc 
loco  maiores  nostros  semper  in  pace  consuetudini,  in  bello 
utilitati  paruisse  ;  semper  ad  novos  casus  temporum  novo- 
rum  consiliorum  rationes  adcommodasse  :  non  dicam  duo 
bella  maxima,  Punicum  atque  Hispaniense,  ab  uno  impera-  5 
tore  esse  confecta,  duasque  urbis  potentissimas,  quae  huic 
imperio  maxime  mmitabantur,  Karthaginem  atque  Numan- 
tiam,  ab  eodem  Scipione  esse  deletas  :  non  commemorabo 
nuper  ita  vobis  patribusque  vestris  esse  visum,  ut  in  uno 
C.  Mario  spes  imperi  poneretur,  ut  idem  cum  lugurtha,  10 
idem  cum  Cimbris,  idem  cum  Teutonis  bellum  administraret. 
61.  In  ipso  Cn.  Pompeio,  in  quo  novi  constitui  nihil  volt 
Q.  Catulus,  quam  multa  sint  nova  summa  Q.  Catuli  volun- 
tate  constitiita  recordamini.  XXI.  Quid  tarn  novum  quam 
adulescentulum  privatum  exercitum  difficili  rei  publicae  tem-  15 
pore  conficere  ?  Confecit.  Huic  praeesse  1  Praefuit.  Rem 
optime  ductu  suo  gerere  ?  Gessit.  Quid  tam  praeter  con- 
suetildinem  quam  homini  peradulescenti,  cuius  aetas  a  sena- 
torio  gradu  longe  abesset,  imperium  atque  exercitum  dari, 
Siciliam  permitti,  atque  Africam  bellumque  in  ea  provincia  20 
administrandum  ?  Fuit  in  his  provinciis  singulari  innocen- 
tia,  gravitate,  virtute  :  bellum  in  Africa  maximum  confecit, 
victorem  exercitum  deportavit.  Quid  vero  tam  inauditum 
quam  equitem  Romanum  triumphare  ?  At  eam  quoque  rem. 
populus  R5manus  non  modo  vidit,  sed  omnium  etiam  studio  25 
visendam  et  concelebrandam  putavit.  62.  Quid  tam  inCisi- 
tatum  quam  ut,  cum  duo  consules  clarissimi  fortissimique 
essent,  eques  Romanus  ad  bellum  maximum  formidolosis- 
simumque  pro  consule  mitteretur  ?  Missus  est.  Quo  qui- 
dem  tempore,  cum  esset  non  nemo  in  senatu  qui  diceret  30 
nd7i  oportere  mittl  homifiem  privatum  pro  consule,  L.  Philippus 
dixisse  dicitur  noji  se  ilium  sua  sententia  pro  consule,  sed  pro 
consulibus  mittere.  Tanta  in  eo  rei  piiblicae  bene  gerendae 
spes  constituebatur,  ut  duorum  consulum  munus  unius  adu- 


94  Orations  of  Cicero 

lescentis  virtuti  committeretur.  Quid  tarn  singulare  quam 
ut  ex  senatus  consulto  legibus  solutus  consul  ante  fieret, 
quam  uUum  alium  magistratum  per  leges  capere  licuisset  ? 
quid  tarn  incredibile  quam  ut  iterum  eques  Romanus  ex 
5  senatus  consulto  triumpharet  ?  Quae  in  omnibus  homini- 
bus  nova  post  hominum  memoriam  constituta  sunt,  ea  tarn 
multa  non  sunt  quam  haec,  quae  in  hoc  uno  homine  vide- 
mus.  63.  Atque  haec  tot  exempla,  tanta  ac  tam  nova,  pro- 
fecta  sunt  in  eundem  hominem  a  Q.  Catuli  atque  a  ceterorum 
10  eiusdem  dignitatis  amplissimorum  hominum  auctoritate. 

Judgment  of  the  People  should  Overrule  such  Objections. 

XXII.  Qua  re  videant  ne  sit  periniquum  et  non  ferun- 
dum,  illorum  auctoritatem  de  Cn.  Pompei  dignitate  a  vobis 
comprobatam  semper  esse,  vestrum  ab  illis  de  eodem  homine 
iudicium  populique   Roman!  auctoritatem  improbari ;  prae- 

15  sertim  cum  iam  suo  iure  populus  Romanus  in  hoc  homine 
suam  auctoritatem  vel  contra  omnis  qui  dissentiunt  possit 
defendere,  propterea  quod,  isdem  istis  reclamantibus,  vos 
unum  ilium  ex  omnibus  delegistis  quem  bello  praedonum 
praeponeretis.     64.   Hoc  si  vos  temere  fecistis,  et  rei  publi- 

20  cae  parum  consuluistis,  recte  isti  studia  vestra  suis  consiliis 
regere  conantur.  Sin  autem  vos  plus  turn  in  re  publica 
vidistis,  vos  eis  repugnantibus  per  vosmet  ipsos  dignitatem 
huic  imperio,  saliitem  orbi  terrarum  attulistis,  aliquando  isti 
principes  et  sibi  et  ceteris  populi  Romani  ijniversi  auctoritati 

25  parendum  esse  fateantur. 

Pompey  Alone  can  Retrieve  the  Roman  Reputation. 

Atque  in  hoc  bello  Asiatico  et  regio  non  solum  militaris 
ilia  virtus,   quae  est  in   Cn.   Pompeio   singularis,   sed   aliae 
quoque  virtiites  animi  magnae  et  multae  requiruntur.      Diffi- 
cile est  in  Asia,  Cilicia,  Syria  regnisque  interiorum  nationum 
30  ita  versari  nostrum  imperatorem,  ut  nihil  aliud  nisi  de  hoste 


Pompey's  Militaiy  Cofjima7id  95 

ac  de  laude  cogitet.  Deinde  etiam  si  qui  sunt  pudore  ac 
temperantia  moderatiores,  tamen  eos  esse  talis  propter  mul- 
titudinem  cupidorum  hominum  nemo  arbitratur.  65.  Diffi- 
cile est  dictii,  Quirites,  quanto  in  odio  simus  apud  exteras 
nationes  propter  eorum,  quos  ad  eas  per  hos  annos  cum  5 
imperio  misimus,  libidines  et  iniurias.  Quod  enim  fanum 
putatis  in  illis  terris  nostris  magistratibus  religiosum,  quam 
civitatem  sanctam,  quam  domum  satis  clausam  ac  munitam 
fuisse  ?  Urbes  iam  locupletes  et  copiosae  requiruntur,  qui- 
bus  causa  belli  propter  diripiendi  cupiditatem  inferatur.  10 
66.  Libenter  haec  coram  cum  Q.  Catulo  et  Q.  Hortensio, 
summis  et  clarissimis  viris,  disputarem.  Noverunt  enim 
sociorum  volnera,  vident  eorum  calamitates,  querimonias 
audiunt.  Pro  sociis  vos  contra  hostis  exercitum  mittere 
putatis,  an  hostium  simulatione  contra  socios  atque  ami-  15 
cos  ?  Quae  civitas  est  in  Asia  quae  non  modo  imperatoris 
aut  legati,  sed  tanius  tribuni  militum  animos  ac  spiritiis 
capere  possit  ? 

XXIII.  Qua  re,  etiam  si  quern  habetis  qui  conlatis  signis 
exercitus  regies  superare  posse  videatur,  tamen  nisi  erit  20 
idem,  qui  [se]  a  pecuniis  sociorum,  qui  ab  eorum  coniugi- 
bus  ac  liberis,  qui  ab  ornamentis  fanorum  atque  oppidorum, 
qui  ab  aur5  gazaque  regia  manus,  oculos,  animum  cohibere 
possit,  non  erit  idoneus  qui  ad  bellum  Asiaticum  regiumque 
mittatur.  67.  Ecquam  putatis  civitatem  pacatam  fuisse  quae  25 
locuples  sit  1  ecquam  esse  locupletem  quae  istis  pacata  esse 
videatur.^  Ora  maritima,  Quirites,  Cn.  Pompeium  non  solum 
propter  rei  militaris  gloriam,  sed  etiam  propter  animi  con- 
tinentiam  requisivit.  Videbat  enim  praetores  locupletari 
quot  annis  pecunia  publica  praeter  paucos ;  neque  eos  30 
quicquam  aliud  adsequi,  classium  nomine,  nisi  ut  detrimen- 
tis  accipiendis  maiore  adfici  turpitudine  videremur.  Nunc 
qua  cupiditate  homines  in  provincias,  quibus  iactiiris  et 
quibus  condicionibus  proficiscantur,  ignorant  videlicet  isti, 


96  Oratiojis  of  Cicero 

qui  ad  unum  deferenda  omnia  esse  non  arbitrantur  ?  Quasi 
vero  Cn.  Pompeium  non  cum  suis  virtutibus  turn  etiam  ali- 
enis  vitiis  magnum  esse  videamus.  68.  Qua  re  nolite  dubi- 
tare  quin  huic  lini  credatis  omnia,  qui  inter  tot  annos  unus 
5  inventus  sit,  quem  socii  in  urbis  suas  cum  exercitu  venisse 
gaudeant. 

Favorable  Opinions  of  Leading  Men. 

Quod  si  auctoritatibus  hanc  causam,  Quirites,  confirman- 
dam  putatis,  est  vobis  auctor  vir  bellorum  omnium  maxi- 
marumque  rerum  peritissimus,  P.  Servilius,  cuius  tantae  res 

10  gestae  terra  marique  exstiterunt,  ut  cum  de  bello  deliberetis, 
auctor  vobis  gravior  nemo  esse  debeat ;  est  C.  Curio,  summis 
vestris  beneficiis  maximisque  rebus  gestis,  summo  ingenio  et 
prudentia  praeditus ;  est  Cn.  Lentulus,  in  quo  omnes  pro 
amplissimis  vestris  honoribus  summum  consilium,  summam 

15  gravitatem  esse  cognovistis ;  est  C.  Cassius,  integritate,  vir- 
tute,  constantia  singular!.  Qua  re  videte  ut  horum  auctori- 
tatibus illorum  orationi,  qui  dissentiunt,  respondere  posse 
videamur. 

Peroration. 

XXIV.    69.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  C.  Manili,  primum  istam 

20  tuam  et  legem  et  voluntatem  et  sententiam  laudo  vehemen- 

tissimeque  comprobo  :  deinde  te  hortor,  ut  auctore  populo 

Romano    maneas    in    sententia,    neve    cuiusquam    vim    aut 

minas  pertimescas.     Primum  in  te  satis  esse  animi  perse- 

verantiaeque    arbitror :    deinde    cum    tantam    multitudinem 

25  cum  tanto  studio   adesse  videamus,   quantam   iterum   nunc 

in  eodem  homine  praeficiendo  videmus,  quid  est  quod  aut 

de  re  aut  de  praeficiendi  facultate  dubitemus  ?     Ego  autem 

quicquid  est  in  me  studi,   consili,  laboris,  ingeni,  quicquid 

hoc  beneficio  populi  Romani  atque  hac  potestate  praetoria, 

30  quicquid  auctoritate,  fide,  constantia  possum,  id  omne  ad 

hanc  rem  conficiendam  tibi  et  populo  Romano  polliceor  ac 


Povipey's  Militaiy   Coinviaiid  97 

defero  :  70.  testorque  omnis  deos,  et  eos  maxime  qui  huic 
loco  temploque  praesident,  qui  omnium  mentis  eorum  qui 
ad  rem  piiblicam  adeunt  maxime  perspiciunt,  me  hoc  neque 
rogatii  facere  ciiiusquam,  neque  quo  Cn.  Pompei  gratiam 
mihi  per  hanc  causam  conciliari  putem,  neque  quo  mihi  ex  5 
cuiusquam  amplitudine  aut  praesidia  periculis  aut  adiiimenta 
honoribus  quaeram  ;  propterea  quod  pericula  facile,  ut  homi- 
nem  praestare  oportet,  innocentia  tecti  repellemus,  honorem 
autem  neque  ab  uno  neque  ex  hoc  loco,  sed  eadem  ilia 
nostra  laboriosissima  ratione  vitae,  si  vestra  voluntas  feret,  10 
consequemur.  71.  Quam  ob  rem  quicquid  in  hac  causa 
mihi  susceptum  est,  Quirites,  id  ego  omne  me  rei  publicae 
causa  suscepisse  confirmo  ;  tantumque  abest  ut  aliquam  mihi 
bonam  gratiam  quaesisse  videar,  ut  multas  me  etiam  simul- 
tates  partim  obsciiras,  partim  apertas  intellegam  mihi  non  15 
necessarias,  vobis  non  inutilis  suscepisse.  Sed  ego  me  hoc 
honore  praeditum,  tantis  vestris  beneficiis  adfectum  statui, 
Quirites,  vestram  voluntatem  et  rei  publicae  dignitatem  et 
saliitem  provinciarum  atque  sociorum  meis  omnibus  com- 
modis  et  rationibus  praeferre  oportere.  20 


THE    CONSPIRACY  GF   CATILINE. 


B.C.  63. 

Lucius  Sergius  Catiline  was  a  Roman  noble  of  ruined  fortunes 
and  the  vilest  character;  he  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Verres,  the 
plunderer  of  Sicily,  and  was,  like  him,  distinguished  for  an  infamous 
career  in  the  army  of  Sulla.  Fearless,  ambitious,  and  unscrupulous, 
such  a  man  was  well  adapted  to  act  as  ringleader  in  arraying  the  dis- 
contented elements  of  Roman  society  in  any  desperate  enterprise 
against  the  state. 

The  absence  of  Pompey  in  the  East,  by  removing  from  Rome  the 
only  man  powerful  enough  to  maintain  order,  gave  Catiline  his  oppor- 
tunity. He  expected,  probably,  to  make  himself  tyrant,  as  Dionysius 
and  Agathocles  —  men  no  better  than  he  —  had  done  in  Syracuse;  but 
it  was  suspected  at  the  time,  and  is  believed  by  many  at  the  present 
day,  that  he  was,  after  all,  only  a  tool  of  Ccesar  and  Crassus,  the 
leaders  of  the  democratic  party. 

Catiline's  plan  was  to  make  use  of  the  consulship  as  a  stepping-stone 
to  absolute  power ;  and  accordingly  he  desired  to  be  a  candidate  for 
this  office  for  the  year  B.C.  65.  He  was  shut  out  both  that  "year  and  the 
next,  on  account  of  a  charge  of  repetundae  pending  against  him ;  but  of 
this  he  was  at  last  acquitted  in  season  to  present  himself  for  the  year 
B.C.  63.  There  followed  a  very  exciting  canvass,  which  resulted  in  the 
election  of  Cicero,  the  candidate  of  the  moderate  party,  by  an  over- 

98 


Fij'st  Oration  against  Catiline  99 

whelming  majority,  while  a  confederate  of  Catiline,  Caius  Antonius, — 
who  was  son  of  the  distinguished  orator,  and  uncle  of  the  triumvir,  — 
was  elected  as  his  colleague.  Catiline,  nothing  daunted,  offered  him- 
self again  at  the  next  election.  This  time,  however,  he  found  himself 
opposed  by  both  consuls.  For  Cicero  had  transferred  the  rich  province 
of  Macedonia,  which  had  fallen  to  him  for  his  proconsular  year,  to 
Antonius,  and  had  thus  obtained  the  cooperation  of  the  latter  in  pro- 
curing the  defeat  of  Catiline. 

Catiline  now  gave  up  the  attempt  to  gain  his  ends  by  means  of  the 
consulship,  and  conspired  with  other  men  of  desperate  fortunes  for  an 
immediate  outbreak.  As  a  private  citizen  he  had  lost  the  advantages 
which  the  consulship  would  have  given  him,  and  even  among  his  asso- 
ciates the  only  conspirator  who  held  a  magistracy  was  the  vain  and 
indolent  Lentulus,  praetor  and  of  consular  rank.  In  the  course  of 
October,  B.C.  63,  a  body  of  troops  was  collected  at  Faesulae  (now 
Fiesole,  close  to  Florence)  by  the  conspirators ;  this  was  put  in  com- 
mand of  the  centurion  Caius  Manlius,  Catiline  himself  remaining  in  the 
city  to  direct  operations  there.  Cicero,  however,  had  kept  track  of 
every  move  of  the  conspiracy,  and,  in  consequence  of  his  representations, 
the  Senate,  October  21,  invested  the  consuls  with  dictatorial  power.  On 
November  7  Cicero  called  a  special  meeting  of  the  Senate  in  the  temple 
of  Jupiter  Stator.  Catiline  had  the  effrontery  to  appear  in  his  usual 
place,  w^hereupon  Cicero  burst  upon  him  with  the  fiery  invective  which 
follows  —  the  first  of  his  four  "  Orations  against  Catiline." 

J'his  speech,  probably  the  best  known  of  all  Roman  orations,  is  a 
striking  example  both  of  Cicero's  power  and  of  that  violent  invective 
which  was  one  of  the  characteristics  of  Roman  oratory. 

/.     INVECTIVE   AGAINST  CATILINE. 

{In  L.  Catilina??i  Ordtio  I.) 

In    the    Senate,    Nov.    7. 

Effrontery  of  Catiline. 

QUO  usque  tandem  abiatere,  Catilina,  patientia  nostra? 
Quam  diii  etiam  furor  iste  tuus  nos  eludet  ?  Quern 
ad  finem  sese  effrenata  iactabit  audacia  ?  Nihilne  te 
nocturnum  praesidium  Palati,  nihil  urbis  vigiliae,  nihil 
timor  populi,   nihil  concursus   bonorum   omnium,  nihil   hie    5 


lOO  Orations  of  Cicero 

mimitissimus  habendi  senatus  locus,  nihil  horum  ora  voltus- 
que  moverunt  ?  Patere  tua  consilia  non  sentis  ?  constrictam 
iam  horum  omnium  scientia  teneri  coniurationem  tuam  non 
vides  ?  Quid  proxima,  quid  superiore  nocte  egeris,  ubi 
5  fueris,  quos  convocaveris,  quid  consili  ceperis,  quern  nostrum 
ignorare  arbitraris  ? 

Culpable  Weakness  of  the  Consuls. 

2.  O  tempora !    O  mores !     Senatus   haec  intellegit,  con- 
sul   videt :    hie    tamen    vivit.     Vivit  ?    immo  vero   etiam  ^hi_ 
senatum  venit,  fit  public!  consili  particeps,  notat  et  designat 

io"ocuris  ad  caedem  unum  quemque  nostrCim.  Nos  autem, 
fortes  viri,  satis  facere  rei  publicae  videmur,  si  istius  furo- 
rem  ac  tela  vitemus.  Ad  mortem  te,  Catilina,  duci  iussu 
consulis  iam  pridem  oportebat ;  in  te  conferri  pestem  quam 
tu  in  nos  [iam  diu]  machinaris.     3.   kxi  vero  vir  amplissimus, 

15  P.  Scipio,  pontifex  maximus,  Ti.  Gracchum  mediocriter  labe- 
factantem  statum  rei  publicae  privatus  interfecit :  Catilinam, 
orbem  terrae  caede  atque  incendiis  vastare  cupientem,  nos 
consules  perferemus?  Nam  ilia  nimis  antiqua  praetereo, 
quod  C.  Servilius  Ahala  Sp.  Maelium  novis  rebus  studentem 

20  manu  sua  occidit.  Fuit,  fuit  ista  quondam  in  hac  re  piiblica 
virtiis^  ut  viri  fortes  acrioribus  suppliciis  civem  perniciosum 
quam  acerbissimum  hostem  coercerent.  Habemus  senatus 
consultum  in  te,  Catilina,  vehemens  et  grave.  Non  deest 
rei  publicae  consilium,  neque  auctoritas  hiiius  ordinis  :  nos, 

25  nos,  dico  aperte,  consules  desumus. 

Contrast  with  Former  Magistrates. 

II.    4.  Decrevit  quondam  senatus,  ut  L.  Opimius  consul 

videret  ne  quid  res  publica  detrimenti  caperet.     Nox  nulla 

intercessit :  interfectus  est  propter  quasdam  seditionum  sus- 

piciones  C.  Gracchus,  clarissimo  patre,  avo,  maioribus  ;  occi- 

30  sus  est  cum  liberis  M.  Fulvius  consularis.     Simili  senatiis 


First  Oration  against  Catiline  loi 

consulto  C.  Mario  et  L.  Valerio  cor-sul'bns  est.perrrissa  res 
publica  :  num  unum  diem  postea  L.  SaLurninum  tribunum 
plebis  et  C.  Servilium  praetorem  [aic-rs  a-.]  re)  '  p-^bli'^cae 
poena  remorata  est?  At  nos  vicesiinaia'  iam*  ditim  pati- 
mur  hebescere  aciem  horum  auctoritatis.  Habemus  enim  5 
huiusce  modi  senatus  consultum,  verum  inclusum  in  tabulis, 
tamquam  in  vagina  reconditum,  quo  ex  senates  consulto 
confestim  te  interfectum  esse,  Catilina,  convenit.  Vivis,  et 
vivis  non  ad  deponendam,  sed  ad  confirmandam  audaciam. 
Cupio,  patres  conscripti,  me  esse  clementem  :  cupio  in  tan-  10 
tis  rei  publicae  periculis  me  non  dissoliitum  videri ;  sed  iam 
me  ipse  inertiae  nequitiaeque  condemno. 

The  Situation  Calls  for  Immediate  Action. 

5.  Castra  sunt  in  Italia  contra  populum  Romanum  in 
Etruriae  faucibus  conlocata :  crescit  in  dies  singulos  hos- 
tium  numerus  ;  eorum  autem  castrorum  imperatorem  ducem-  15 
que  hostium  intra  moenia  atque  adeo  in  senatu  videmus, 
intestinam  aliquam  cotidie  perniciem  rei  publicae  molien- 
tem.  Si  te  iam,  Catilina,  comprehendi,  si  interfici  iussero, 
credo,  erit  verendum  mihi  ne  non  hoc  potius  omnes  boni 
serius  a  me,  quam  quisquam  crCidelius  factum  esse  dicat.         20 

Reasons  for  the  Delay. 

Verum  ego  hoc,  quod  iam  pridem  factum  esse  oportuit, 
certa  de  causa  nondum  adducor  ut  faciam.  Tum  denique 
interficiere,  cum  iam  nemo  tam  improbus,  tam  perditus,  tam 
tui  similis  inveniri  poterit,  qui  id  non  iure  factum  esse  fateatur. 
6.  Quam  diu  quisquam  erit  qui  te  defendere  audeat,  vives  ;  25 
et  vives  ita  ut  vivis,  multis  meis  et  firmis  praesidiis  oppres- 
sus,  ne  commovere  te  contra'fem  publicam  possis.  Multo- 
rum  te  etiam  oculi  et  aures  non  sentientem,  sicut  adhiic 
fecerunt,  speculabuntur  atque  custodient. 


102  Oratio7is  of  Cicero 

The  Con.suls  fully  Informed  of  the  Conspiracy. 

.  III.  .Etenim  quid  est,  Catilina,  quod  iam  amplius  exspec- 
tes,  £l  neque  nox  teaebris  obscurare  coetiis  nefarios,  nee 
privata  domus  parietibus  continere  voces  coniurationis  [tuae] 
potest  ?  si  inlustrantur,  si  erumpunt  omnia  t  MOta  iam 
5  istam  mentem :  mihi  crede,  obliviscere  caedis  atque  incen- 
diorum.  Teneris  undique :  luce  sunt  clariora  nobis  tua 
consilia  omnia,  quae  iam  mecum  licet  recognoscas.  7.  Me- 
ministine  me  ante  diem  xii.  Kalendas  Novembris  dicere  in 
senatu,  fore  in  armis  certo  die  —  qui  die^s  futiirus  esset  ante 

10  diem  vi.  Kal.  Novembris  —  C.  Manlium,  audaciae  satellitem 
atque  administrum  tuae  ?  Num  me  fefellit,  Catilina,  non 
modo  res  tanta,  tam  atrox  tamque  incredibilis,  verum  —  id 
quod  multo  magis  est  admirandum  —  dies  ?  Dixi  ego  idem 
in   senatu  caedem  te  optimatium  contulisse   in   ante   diem 

IS  v.  Kalendas  Novembris,  tum  cum  multi  principes  civitatis 
Roma  non  tam  sui  conservandi  quam  tuorum  consiliorum 
reprimendorum  causa  proffigerunt.  Num  infitiari  potes  te 
illo  ipso  die,  meis  praesidiis,  mea  diligentia  circumclusum, 
commovere  te  contra  rem  piiblicam  non   potuisse,  cum  tu 

2o  discessu  ceterorum,  nostra  tamen  qui  remansissemus  caede, 
te  contentum  esse  dicebas  ?  8.  Quid  1  cum  te  Praeneste 
Kalendis  ipsis  Novembribus  occupaturum  nocturno  impetu 
esse  confideres,  sensistine  illam  coloniam  meo  iussii  [meis] 
praesidiis  custodiis  vigiliis  esse  mfmitam  ?     Nihil  agis,  nihil 

25  moliris,  nihil  cogitas,  quod  non  ego  non  modo  audiam,  sed 
etiam  videam  planeque  sentiam. 

Latest  Acts  of  the  Conspirators. 

IV.    Recognosce    tandem    mecum    noctem    illam    superi- 

orem :  iam  intelleges  multo  me  vigilare  acrius   ad   saliitem 

quam  te  ad  perniciem  rei  pOblicae.     Dico  te  priore  nocte 

30  venisse  inter  falcarios  —  non  agam  obscure  —  in  M.  Laecae 


First  Oratio7i  against  Catiline  103 

domum ;  convenisse  eodem  compliirls  eiusdem  amentiae 
scelerisque  socios.  Num  negare  audes  ?  quid  taces  ?  con- 
vincam,  si  negas.  Video  enim  esse  hie  in  senatii  quosdam, 
qui  tecum  una  fuerunt.  9.  O  di  immortales !  ubinam  gen- 
tium sumus  ?  in  qua  urbe  vivimus  ?  quam  rem  publicam  5 
habemus  ?  Hie,  hie  sunt,  in  nostro  numero,  patres  con- 
scripti,  in  hoc  orbis  terrae  sanctissimo  gravissimoque  consi- 
lio,  qui  de  nostro  omnium  interitu,  qui  de  huius  urbis  atque 
adeo  de  orbis  terrarum  exitio  cogitent.  Hos  ego  video 
[consul]  et  de  re  publica  sententiam  rogo,  et  quos  ferro  10 
trucidari  oportebat,  eos  nondum  voce  volnero.  Fuisti  igitur 
apud  Laecam  ilia  nocte,  Catilina:  distribuisti  partis  Italiae ; 
statuisti  quo  quemque  proficisci  placeret ;  delegisti  quos 
Romae  relinqueres,  quos  tecum  educeres ;  descripsisti  urbis 
partis  ad  incendia  :  confirmasti  te  ipsum  iam  esse  exiturum  ;  15 
dixisti  paulum  tibi  esse  etiam  nunc  morae,  quod  ego  viverem. 
Reperti  sunt  duo  equites  Romani  qui  te  ista  ciira  liberarent, 
et  sese  ilia  ipsa  nocte  paulo  ante  liicem  me  in  meo  lectulo 
interfecturos  esse  pollicerentur.  10.  Haec  ego  omnia,  vix- 
dum  etiam  coetii  vestro  dimisso,  comperi :  domum  meam  20 
maioribus  praesidiis  munivi  atque  firmavi ;  excliisi  eos  quos 
tu  ad  me  salutatum  miseras,  cum  illi  ipsi  venissent,  quos 
ego  iam  multis  ac  summis  viris  ad  me  id  temporis  ventures 
esse  praedixeram. 

Why  does  not  Catiline  Leave  the  City? 

V.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  Catilina,  perge  quo  coepisti.  25 
Egredere  aliquando  ex  urbe :  patent  portae :  proficiscere. 
Nimium  diu  te  imperatorem  tua  ilia  Manliana  castra  deside- 
rant.  Ediic  tecum  etiam  omnis  tuos ;  si  minus,  quam  pluri- 
mos  :  purga  urbem.  Magno  me  metu  liberabis,  dum  modo 
inter  me  atque  te  murus  intersit  Nobiscum  versari  iam  2,0 
diutius  non  potes :  non  feram,  non  patiar, '  non  sinam. 
11.  Magna  dis  immortalibus  habenda   est,   atque  huic  ipsi 


I04  O ratio 7is  of  Cicero 

Jovi  Statori,  antiquissimo  custodi  huius  urbis,  gratia,  quod 
banc  tarn  taetram,  tarn  horribilem  tamque  infestam  rei 
publicae  pestem  totiens  iam  effugimus.  Non  est  saepius  in 
uno  homine  summa  salus  periclitanda  rei  publicae.  Quam 
5  dill  mihi  consul!  designato,  Catilina,  insidiatus  es~  non 
publico  me  praesidio,  sed  privata  diligentia  defend!.  Cum 
proximis  comitiis  consularibus  me  consulem  in  Campo  et 
competitores  tuos  interficere  voluisti,  compress!  conatiis 
tuos  nefarios  amicorum  praesidio  et  copiis,   nullo  tumultu 

lo  publice  concitato  :  denique,  quotienscumque  me  petisti,  per 
me  tibi  obstiti,  quamquam  videbam  perniciem  meam  cum 
magna  calamitate  rei  publicae  esse  coniunctam.  12.  Nunc 
iam  aperte  rem  publicam  universam  petis  :  templa  deorum 
immortalium,   tecta    urbis,    vitam   omnium    civium,    Italiam 

15  [denique]  totam  ad  exitium  ac  vastitatem  vocas.  Qua  re, 
quoniam  id  quod  est  primum,  et  quod  huius  imperi  discipli- 
naeque  maiorum  proprium  est,  facere  nondum  audeo,  faciam 
id  quod  est  ad  severitatem  lenius,  et  ad  communem  salutem 
utilius.     Nam  si  te  interfici  iussero,  residebit  in  re  pOblica 

20  reliqua  coniuratorum  manus.  Sin  tii,  quod  te  iam  dudum 
hortor,  exieris,  exhaurietur  ex  urbe  tuorum  comitum  magna 
et  perniciosa  sentina  rei  publicae. 

Life  There  should  be  Intolerable  to  him. 

13.  Quid  est,  Catilina  ?  num  dubitas  id  me  imperante 
facere,  quod  iam  tua  sponte  faciebas  ?     Exire  ex  urbe  iubet 

25  consul  hostem.  Interrogas  me,  num  in  exsilium  t  Non 
iubeo  ;  sed,  si  me  consulis,  suadeo.  VI.  Quid  est  enim, 
Catilina,  quod  te  iam  in  hac  urbe  delectare  possit  1  in  qua 
nemo  est  extra  istam  coniurationem  perditorum  hominum 
qui  te  non  metuat,  nemo  qui  non  oderit.      Quae  nota  domes- 

30  ticae  turpitiidinis  non  iniista  vitae  tuae  est  ?  Quod  priva- 
tarum  rerum  dedecus  non  haeret  in  fama  ?  quae  libido  ab 
oculis,  quod  facinus  a  manibus  umquam  tuis,  quod  fiagitium 


First  Oration   against  Catiline  105 

a  t6t5  corpora  afuit  ?  Cui  tu  adulescentulo,  quern  corrupte- 
larum  inlecebris  inretisses,  non  aut  ad  audaciam  ferrum  aut 
ad  libidinem  facem  praetulisti  ?  14.  Quid  vero  ?(,  nuper  cum 
morte  superioris  uxoris  novis  nuptiis  domum  vacuefecisses', 
nonne  etiam  alio  incredibili  scelere  hoc  scelus  cumulasti  ?  5 
quod  ego  praetermitto  et  facile  patior  sileri,  ne  in  hac  civi- 
tate  tanti  facinoris  immanitas  aut  exstitisse  aut  non  vindi- 
cata  esse  videatur.  Praetermitto  ruinas  fortunarum  tuarum, 
quas  omnis  impendere  tibi  proximis  Idibus  senties.  Ad 
ilia  venio,  quae  non  ad  privatam  ignominiam  vitiorum  tuo-  10 
rum,  non  ad  domesticam  tuam  difficultatem  ac  turpitudinem, 
sed  ad  summam  rem  publicam  atque  ad  omnium  nostrum 
vitam  saliitemque  pertinent.  15.  Potestne  tibi  haec  lux, 
Catilina,  aut  huius  caeli  spiritus  esse  iucundus,  cum  scias 
horum  esse  neminem  qui  nesciat  te  pridie  Kalendas  lanu-  15 
arias  Lepido  et  Tullo  consulibus  stetisse  in  comitio  cum 
telo  ?  manum  consulum  et  principum  civitatis  interficien- 
dorum  causa  paravissej  sceleri  ac  furori  tuo  non  mentem 
aliquam  aut  timorem  [tuum],  sed  fortunam  populi  RomanI 
obstitisse  .^  Ac  iam  ilia  omitto  —  neque  enim  sunt  aut  20 
obscura  aut  non  multa  commissa  —  quotiens  tu  me  designa- 
tum,  quotiens  consulem  interficere  conatus  es !  quot  ego 
tuas  petitiones,  ita  coniectas  ut  vitari  posse  non  viderentur, 
parva  quadam  declinatione  et  (ut  aiunt)  corpore  effugi ! 
[Nihil  agis,]  nihil  adsequeris,  [nihil  moliris,]  neque  tamen  25 
conari  ac  velle  desistis.  16.  Quotiens  tibi  iam  extorta  est 
ista  sica  de  manibus !  quotiens  vero  excidit  casu  aliquo  et 
elapsa  est !  [Tamen  ea  carere  diutius  non  potes,]  quae 
quidem  quibus  abs  te  initiata  sacris  ac  devota  sit  nescio, 
quod  eam  necesse  putas  esse  in  consulis  corpore  defigere.      ^o 

All  Good  Citizens  Fear  and  Hate  him. 

VII.    Nunc  vero  quae  tua  est  ista  vita.-*     Sic  enim  iam 
tecum  loquar,  non  ut  odio  permotus  esse  videar,  quo  debeo, 


io6  O ratio jis  of  Cicero 

sed  ut  misericordia,  quae  tibi  nulla  debetur.  Venisti  paulo 
ante  in  senatum.  Quis  te  ex  hac  tanta  frequentia,  tot  ex 
tuis  amicis  ac  necessariis  salutavit  ?  Si  hoc  post  hominum 
memoriam  contigit  nemini,  vocis  exspectas  contumeliam, 
5  cum  sis  gravissimo  iiidicio  taciturnitatis  oppressus  ?  Quid, 
quod  adventu  tuo  ista  subsellia  vacuefacta  sunt  ?  quod 
omnes  consulares,  qui  tibi  persaepe  ad  caedem  constituti 
fuerunt,  simul  atque  adsedisti,  partem  istam  subselliorum 
niidam  atque    inanem   reliquerunt,   quo  tandem    animo  tibi 

lo  ferendum  putas  ?  17.  Servi  (mehercule)  mei  si  me  isto 
pacto  metuerent,  ut  te  metuunt  omnes  cives  tui,  domum 
meam  relinquendam  putarem  :  tu  tibi  urbem  non  arbitraris  ? 
et,  si  me  meis  civibus  iniuria  suspectum  tam  graviter  atque 
offensum  viderem,  carere  me  aspectu  civium  quam  infestis 

15  omnium  oculis  conspici  mallem.  Tu,  cum  conscientia  scele- 
rum  tuorum  agnoscas  odium  omnium  iustum  et  iam  diu  tibi 
debitum,  dubitas  quorum  mentis  sensiisque  volneras,  eorum 
aspectum  praesentiamque  vitare  ?  Si  te  parentes  timerent 
atque  odissent  tui,   neque  eos  ulla  ratione  placare  posses, 

20  tu  (opinor)  ab  eorum  oculis  aliquo  concederes.  Nunc  te 
patria,  quae  communis  est  parens  omnium  nostrum,  odit  ac 
metuit,  et  iam  diu  te  nihil  iudicat  nisi  de  parricidio  suo 
cogitare  :  hiiius  tu  neque  auctoritatem  verebere,  nee  iudi- 
cium  sequere,  nee  vim  pertimesces  ? 

His  Native  City  Begs  him  to  be  Gone. 

25  18.  Quae  tecum,  Catilina,  sic  agit,  et  quodam  modo  tacita 
loquitur  :  '  Nullum  iam  aliquot  annis  f acinus  exstitit  nisi  per 
te,  nullum  fiagitium  sine  te  :  tibi  lini  multorum  civium  neces, 
tibi  vexatio  direptioque  sociorum  impunita  fuit  ac  libera  :  tu 
non  solum  ad  neglegendas  leges  et  quaestiones,  verum  etiam 

30  ad  evertendas  perfringendasque  valuisti.  Superiora'  ilia, 
quamquam  ferenda  non  fuerunt,  tamen,  ut  potui,  tuli :  nunc 
vero  me  totam  esse  in  metu  propter  unum  te,  quicquid  incre- 


First  Oration  against  Catiline  107 

puerit  Catilinam  timeri,  nullum  videri  contra  me  consilium 
iniri  posse  quod  a  tuo  scelere  abhorreat,  non  est  ferendum. 
Quam  ob  rem  discede,  atque  hunc  mihi  timorem  eripe  :  si 
est  verus,  ne  opprimar ;  sin  falsus,  ut  tandem  aliquando 
timere  desinam.'  VIII.  19.  Haec  si  tecum,  ut  dixi,  patria  5  (<^^ 
loquatur,  nonne  impetrare  debeat,  etiam  si  vim  adhibere 
non  possit  ?  Quid,  quod  tu  te  ipse  in  custodiam  dedisti  ? 
quod  vitandae  suspicionis  causa,  ad  M'.  Lepidum  te  habitare 
velle  dixisti  t  a  quo  non  receptus  etiam  ad  me  venire  ausus 
es,  atque  ut  domi  meae  te  adservarem  rogasti.  Cum  a  me  10 
quoque  id  responsum  tulisses,  me  nullo  modo  posse  isdem 
parietibus  tiito  esse  tecum,  qui  magno  in  periculo  essem 
quod  isdem  moenibus  contineremur,  ad  Q.  Metellum  prae- 
torem  venisti :  a  quo  repudiatus  ad  sodalem  tuum,  virum 
optimum,  M.  Marcellum  demigrasti ;  quem  tu  videlicet  et  ad  15 
custodiendum  [te]  diligentissimum  et  ad  suspicandum  saga- 
cissimum  et  ad  vindicandum  fortissimum  fore  putasti.  Sed 
quam  longe  videtur  a  carcere  atque  a  vinculis  abesse  debere, 
qui  se  ipse  iam  dignum  custodia  iudicarit  ?  20.  Quae  cum 
ita  sint,  Catilina,  dubitas,  si  emori  aequo  animo  non  potes,  20 
abire  in  aliquas  terras,  et  vitam  istam,  multis  suppliciis 
iustis  debitisque  ereptam,  fugae  solitudinique  mandare  1 

All  Good  Men  Urgent  for  his  Departure.  ^• 

'Refer'  inquis  'ad  senatum  :  '  id  enim  postulas,  et,  si  hie 
ordo  placere  decreverit  te  ire  in  exsilium,  obtemperaturum 
te  esse  dicis.  Non  referam,  id  quod  abhorret  a  meis  mori-  25 
bus  ;  et  tamen  faciam  ut  intellegas  quid  hi  de  te  sentiant. 
Egredere  ex  urbe,  Catilina ;  libera  rem  publicam  metu ;  in 
exsilium,  si  hanc  vocem  exspectas,  proficiscere.  Quid  est, 
Catilina  ?  ecquid  attendis  ?  ecquid  animadvertis  horum 
silentium  ?  Patiuntur,  tacent.  Quid  exspectas  auctorita-  30 
tem  loquentium,  quorum  voluntatem  tacitorum  perspicis  1 
21.  At  si  hoc  idem   huic   adulescenti  optimo  P.   Sestio,   si    -732^ 


io8  Orations  of  Cice7'o 

fortissimo  viro  M.  Marcello  dixissem,  iam  mihi  consul!,  h5c 
ipso  in  templo,  senatus  iiire  opiimo  vim  et  maniis  intulisset. 
De  te  autem,  Catilina,  cum  quiescunt,  probant :  cum  patiun- 
tur,  decernunt :  cum  tacent,  clamant.  Neque  hi  solum,  — 
5  quorum  tibi  auctoritas  est  videlicet  cara,  vita  vilissima,  —  sed 
etiam  illi  equites  Roman i,  honestissimi  atque  optimi  viri, 
ceterique  fortissimi  cives,  qui  circumstant  senatum,  quorum 
tu  et  frequentiam  videre  et  studia  perspicere  et  voces  paulo 
ante  exaudire  potuisti.  Quorum  ego  vix  abs  te  iam  diu 
10  manus  ac  tela  contineo,  eosdem  facile  adducam,  ut  te  haec, 
quae  vastare  iam  pridem  studes,  relinquentem  usque  ad 
portas  prosequantur. 

The  Consul  Entreats  him  to  Go. 

^  IX.    22.  Quamquam  quid  loquor  ?     Te  ut  iilla  res  frangat  ? 

tu  ut  umquam  te  corrigas  ?  tu  ut  uUam  fugam  meditere?  tu 

15  ut  exsilium  cogites  .^  Utinam  tibi  istam  mentem  di  immor- 
tales  duint !  tametsi  video,  si  mea  voce  perterritus  ire  in 
exsilium  animum  induxeris,  quanta  tempestas  invidiae  nobis 
—  si  minus  in  praesens  tempus,  recenti  memoria  scelerum 
tuorum,  at  in  posteritatem  - — •  impendeat :   sed  est  tanti,  dum 

20  modo  ista  sit  privata  calamitas,  et  a  rei  publicae  periculis 
seiungatur.  Sed  tu  ut  vitiis  tuis  commoveare,  ut  legum 
poenas  pertimescas,  ut  temporibus  rei  publicae  cedas,  non 
est  postulandum.  Neque  enim  is  es,  Catilina,  ut  te  aut 
pudor  umquam  a  turpitudine  aut  metus  a  periculo  aut  ratio 

25  a  furore  revocarit.  23.  Quam  ob  rem,  ut  saepe  iam  dixi, 
proficiscere ;  ac,  si  mihi  inimico  (ut  praedicas)  tuo  conflare 
vis  invidiam,  recta  perge  in  exsilium  :  vix  feram  sermones 
hominum  si  id  feceris  ;  vix  molem  istius  invidiae,  si  in  exsi- 
lium   iussu    consulis    ieris,    sustinebo.     Sin    autem    servire 

30  meae  laudi  et  gloriae  mavis,  egredere  cum  importiina  scele- 
ratorum  manu:  confer  te  ad  Manlium,  concita  perditos 
civis,  secerne  te  a  bonis,  infer  patriae  bellum,  exsulta  impio 


First  Oration  against   Catiline  109 

latrocinio,  ut  a  me  non  eiectus  ad  alienos,  sed  invitatus  ad 
tuos  isse  videaris. 

But  he  will  Go  Out  only  as  a  Declared  Enemy. 

24.  Quamquam  quid  ego  te  invitem,  a  quo  iam  sciam  esse 
praemissos    qui    tibi    ad    Forum   Aurelium    praestolarentur 
armati  1  cui  sciam  pactam  et  constitutam  cum  Manlio  diem  ?     5 
a  quo   etiam    aquilam    illam    argenteam    quam  tibi  ac  tuls 
omnibus  confido  perniciosam  ac  fiinestam  futuram,  cui  domi 
tuae    sacrarium    scelerum    tuorum   constitutum    fuit,    sciam 
esse  praemissam  ?     Tu  ut  ilia  carere  diiitius  possis,  quam 
venerari  ad  caedem  proficiscens  solebas,  a  cuius  altaribus  10 
saepe  istam  impiam  dexteram  ad  necem  civium  transtulisti  ? 
X.    25.  Ibis  tandem  aliquando,  quo  te  iam  pridem  ista  tua 
cupiditas  effrenata  ac  furiosa  rapiebat.     Neque   enim  tibi 
haec  res  adfert  dolorem,  sed  quandam  incredibilem  volup- 
tatem.     Ad  hanc  te  amentiam  natura  peperit,  voluntas  exer-  15 
cuit,  fortuna  servavit.     Numquam  tu  non  modo  otium,  sed 
ne  bellum  quidem  nisi  nefarium  concupisti.     Nanctus  es  ex 
perditis  atque  ab  omni  non  modo  fortuna  verum  etiam  spe 
derelictis  conflatam  improborum  manum.     26.  Hie  tu  qua 
laetitia   perfruere !    quibus    gaudils    exsultabis !     quanta    in  20 
voluptate  bacchabere,  cum  in  tanto  numero  tuorum  neque 
audies  virum  bonum  quemquam  neque  videbis  !     Ad  huius 
vitae  studium  meditati  illi  sunt  qui  feruntur  labores  tui,  — 
iacere  humi  non  solum  ad  obsidendum  stuprum,  verum  etiam 
ad  facinus  obeundum  ;  vigilare  non  solum  insidiantem  somno  25 
maritorum,  verum  etiam  bonis  otiosorum.     Habes  ubi  osten- 
tes  tuam  illam  praeclaram  patientiam  famis,  frigoris,  inopiae 
rerum    ornnium^  quibus    te    brevi  tempore   confectum    esse 
senties.     27.  Tantum  profeci  tum,  cum  te  a  consulatu  rep- 
puli,  ut  exsul  potius  temptare  quam  consul  vexare  rem  publi-  30 
cam  posses,  atque  ut  id  quod  est  a  te  scelerate  susceptum, 
latrocinium  potius  quam  bellum  nominaretur. 


no  Oratio7is  of  Cicei'O 

The  Consul  may  be  Charged  with  Remissness. 

XI.  Nunc,  ut  a  me,  patres  conscript!,  quandam  prope 
iustam  patriae  querimoniam  detester  ac  deprecer,  percipite, 
quaeso,  diligenter  quae  dicam,  et  ea  penitus  animis  vestris 
mentibusque  mandate.      Etenim  si  mecum  patria,  quae  mihi 

5  vita  mea  multo  est  carior,  si  cuncta  Italia,  si  omnis  res 
publica,  loquatur  :  '  M.  Tulli,  quid  agis  ?  Tune  eum,  quem 
esse  hostem  comperisti,  quem  ducem  belli  futiarum  vides, 
quem  exspectari  imperatorem  in  castris  hostium  sentis,  auc- 
torem  sceleris,  principem  coniurationis,  evocatorem  servo- 

10  rum  et  civium  perditorum,  exire  patiere,  ut  abs  te  non 
emissus  ex  urbe,  sed  immissus  in  urbem  esse  videatur? 
Non  hunc  in  vincula  duci,  non  ad  mortem  rapi,  non  summo 
supplicio  mactari  imperabis  ?  28.  Quid  tandem  te  impedit  ? 
Mosne    maiorum  ?     At    persaepe    etiam    privati    in    hac  re 

15  publica  perniciosos  civis  morte  multaverunt.  An  leges, 
quae  de  civium  Romanorum  supplicio  rogatae  sunt  ?  At 
numquam  in  hac  urbe  qui  a  re  piablica  defecerunt  civium 
iura  tenuerunt.  An  invidiam  posteritatis  times  ?  Praecla- 
ram  vero  populo  Romano  refers  gratiam,  qui  te  hominem 

20  per  te  cognitum,  nulla  commendatione  maiorum,  tam  matiire 
ad  summum  imperium  per  omnis  honorum  gradus  extulit, 
si  propter  invidiae  aut  aliciiius  periculi  metum  saliitem 
civium  tuorum  neglegis.  29.  Sed  si  quis  est  invidiae  metus, 
num  est  vehementius  severitatis  ac  fortitudinis  invidia  quam 

25  inertiae  ac  nequitiae  pertimescenda .?  An  cum  bello  vasta- 
bitur  Italia,  vexabuntur  urbes,  tecta  ardebunt,  tum  te  non 
existimas  invidiae  incendio  conflagraturum  ? ' 

But  he  has  been  Biding  his  Time. 

XII.    His  ego  sanctissimis  rei  publicae  vocibus,  et  eorum 

hominum   qui   hoc  idem  sentiunt  mentibus,  pauca  respon- 

30  debo.      Ego,   si  hoc  optimum  factii  iudicarem,  patres  con- 

scripti,  Catilinam  morte  multari,  unius  usuram  horae  gladia- 


First    Oration   against  Catiline  1 1 1 

tori  isti  ad  vivendum  non  dedissem.  Etenim  si  summi  et 
clarissimi  viri  Saturnini  et  Gracchorum  et  Flacci  et  superio- 
rum  compliirium  sanguine  non  modo  se  non  contaminarunt, 
sed  etiam  honestarunt,  certe  verendum  mihi  non  erat  ne 
quid  hoc  parricida  civium  interfecto  invidiae  mihi  in  posteri-  5 
tatem  redundaret.  Quod  si  ea  mihi  maxime  impenderet, 
tamen  hoc  animo  fui  semper,  ut  invidiam  virtute  partam 
gloriam,  non  invidiam  putarem.  30.  Quamquam  non  nulli 
sunt  in  hoc  ordine,  qui  aut  ea  quae  imminent  non  videant, 
aut  ea  quae  vident  dissimulent :  qui  spem  Catilinae  molUbus  10 
sententiis  aluerunt,  coniurationemque  nascentem  non  cre- 
dendo  corroboraverunt :  quorum  auctoritatem  secCiti  multi 
non  solum  improbi,  verum  etiam  imperiti,  si  in  hunc  ani- 
madvertissem,  criideliter  et  regie  factum  esse  dicerent. 
Nunc  intellego,  si  iste,  quo  intendit,  in  Manliana  castra  15 
pervenerit,  neminem  tarn  stultum  fore  qui  non  videat  con- 
iurationem  esse  factam,  neminem  tam  improbum  qui  non 
fateatur.  Hoc  autem  uno  interfecto,  intellego  hanc  rei 
publicae  pestem  paulisper  reprimi,  non  in  perpetuum  com- 
primi  posse.  Quod  si  se  eiecerit,  secumque  suos  eduxerit,  20 
et  eodem  ceteros  undique  conlectos  naufragos  adgregarit, 
exstinguetur  atque  delebitur  non  modo  haec  tam  adulta 
rei  publicae  pestis,  verum  etiam  stirps  ac  semen  malorum 
omnium. 

For  Half-way  Measures  would  have  been  of  No  Avail. 

XIII.  31.  Etenim  iam  diii,  patres  conscripti,  in  his  peri-  25 
culis  coniurationis  insidiisque  versamur,  sed  nescio  quo 
pacto  omnium  scelerum  ac  veteris  furoris  et  audaciae  matu- 
ritas  in  nostri  consulatus  tempus  erupit.  Quod  si  ex  tanto 
latrocinio  iste  iinus  tolletur,  videbimur  fortasse  ad  breve 
quoddam  tempus  cura  et  metii  esse  relevati ;  periculum  30 
autem  residebit,  et  erit  inclusum  penitus  in  venis  atque  in 
visceribus   rei   publicae.      Ut  saepe   homines   aegri    morbo 


112 


Oratiojis   of  Cicei'o 


gravi,  cum  aestu  febrique  iactantur,  si  aquam  gelidam  bibe- 
rint,  primo  relevari  videntur,  deinde  multo  gravius  vehemen- 
tiusque  adfiictantur ;  sic  hie  morbus,  qui  est  in  re  publica, 
relevatus  istius  poena,  vehementius  reliquis  vivis  ingraves- 
5  cet.  32.  Qua  re  secedant  improbi,  secernant  se  a  bonis, 
iTmum    in   locum    congregentur,    miaro    denique    ([id]    quod 


Ruins  of  Temple  of  Jupiter  Stator. 


saepe    iam    dixi)   discernantur    a    nobis:  desinant    insidiari 

'•    domi   suae   consuli,    circumstare   tribunal   praetoris   urbani, 

obsidere  cum  gladiis  curiam,  malleolos  et  faces  ad  inflam- 

10  mandam  urbem  comparare  :  sit  denique  inscriptum  in  fronte 

unius  cuiusque  quid  de  re  publica  sentiat.     Polliceor  hoc 

vobis,  patres   conscripti,  tantam    in    nobis   consulibus  fore 

diligentiam,  tantam  in  vobis  auctoritatem,  tantam  in  equiti- 

bus  Romanis  virtiitem,  tantam  in  omnibus  bonis  consensio- 

15  nem,  ut  Catilinae   profectione   omnia   patefacta,   inlustrata, 

oppressa,  vindicata  esse  videatis. 


Second  Oration  against  Catiline  113 

Appeal  to  Jupiter  to  Save  Rome. 

33.  Hisce  ominibus,  Catilina,  cum  summa  rei  publicae 
salute,  cum  tua  peste  ac  pernicie,  cumque  eorum  exitio  qui 
se  tecum  omni  scelere  parricidioque  iunxerunt,  proficiscere 
ad  impium  helium  ac  nefarium.  Tu,  luppiter,  qui  isdem 
quibus  haec  urbs  auspiciis  [a  Romulo]  es  constitutus,  quem  5 
Statorem  huius  urbis  atque  imperi  vere  nominamus,  hunc 
et  huius  socios  a  tuis  ceterisque  templis,  a  tectis  urbis  ac 
moenibus,  a  vita  fortunisque  civium  [omnium]  arcebis,  et 
homines  bonorum  inimicos,  hostis  patriae,  latrones  Italiae, 
scelerum  foedere  inter  se  ac  nefaria  societate  coniunctos,  10 
aeternis  suppliciis  vivos  mortuosque  mactabis. 


//.     CHARACTER    OF   THE    CONSPIRACY. 

{In  I.   Catiiinam   Ordtio  II) 

Before  the   People,  Nov.  8. 

When  Cicero  had  finished  his  speech  and  taken  his  seat,  Catiline 
attempted  to  reply,  but  was  interrupted  by  the  cries  and  reproaches 
of  the  Senators.  With  a  few  threatening  words,  he  rushed  from  the 
temple,  and  left  the  city  the  same  night,  for  the  camp  of  Manlius.  The 
next  morning  the  consul  assembled  the  people,  and  announced  to  them 
the  news,  in  the  triumphant  speech  which  follows. 

Catiline  is  Gone. 

TANDEM  aliquando,  Quirites,  L.  Catiiinam,  furentem 
audacia,  scelus  anhelantem,  pestem  patriae  nefarie 
molientem,  vobis  atque  huic  urbi  ferro  flammaque  minitan- 
tem,  ex  urbe  vel  eiecimus  vel  emisimus,  vel  ipsum  egre-  15 
dientem  verbis  proseciiti  sumus.  Abiit,  excessit,  evasit, 
erupit.     Nijlla  iam  pernicies  a  monstro  illo  atque  prodigio 


114  Oi^ations  of  Cicero 

moenibus  ipsis  intra  moenia  comparabitur.  Atque  hunc 
quidem  unum  huius  belli  domestici  ducem  sine  controversia 
vicimus.  Non  enim  iam  inter  latera  nostra  sica  ilia  versa- 
bitur :  non  in  campo,  non  in  foro,  non  in  curia,  non  denique 
5  intra  domesticos  parietes  pertimescemus.  Loco  ille  motus 
est,  cum  est  ex  urbe  depulsus.  Palam  iam  cum  hoste  nullo 
impediente  bellum  [iustum]  geremus.  Sine  dubio  perdidi- 
mus  hominem  magnificeque  vicimus,  cum  ilium  ex  occultis 
insidiis  in  apertum  latrocinium  coniecimus.     2.  Quod  vero 

lo  non  cruentum  mucronem  (ut  voluit)  extulit,  quod  vivis  nobis 
egressus  est,  quod  ei  ferrum  e  manibus  extorsimus,  quod 
incolumis  civis,  quod  stantem  urbem  reliquit,  quanto  tandem 
ilium  maerore  esse  adflictum  et  profligatum  putatis  ?  lacet 
ille  nunc   prostratusque   est,  et  se   perculsum   atque   abiec- 

15  tum  esse  sentit,  et  retorquet  oculos  profecto  saepe  ad  hanc 
urbem,  quam  e  suis  faucibus  ereptam  esse  liiget :  quae 
quidem  mihi  laetari  videtur,  quod  tantam  pestem  evomuerit 
forasque  proiecerit. 

He  Ought  to  have  been  Put  to  Death. 

11.    3.  Ac  si  quis  est  talis,  qualis  esse  omnis  oportebat, 

20  qui  in  hoc  ipso,  in  quo  exsultat  et  triumphat  oratio  mea,  me 

vehementer  accuset,  quod  tam  capitalem  hostem  non  com- 

prehenderim  potius  quam  emiserim,  non  est  ista  mea  culpa, 

sed   temporum.      Interfectum  esse  L.   Catilinam  et  gravis- 

simo  supplicio  adfectum  iam  pridem  oportebat,  idque  a  me 

25  et  mos   maiorum   et   huius   imperi   severitas  et  res   pCiblica 

postulabat.      Sed  quam  multos  fuisse  putatis  qui  quae  ego 

deferrem  non  crederent?   [quam  multos  qui  propter  stulti- 

tiam  non  putarent  ?]  quam  multos  qui  etiam  defenderent  ? 

[quam  multos  qui  propter  improbitatem  faverent  ?]     Ac  si 

30  illo  sublato  depelli  a  vobis  omne  periculum  iudicarem,  iam 

pridem  ego  L.  Catilinam  non  modo  invidiae  meae,  verum 

etiam  vitae  periculo  sustulissem. 


Second  Oration  against  Catiline  115 

But  the  Time  was  not  Ripe. 

4.  Sed  cum  viderem,  ne  vobis  quidem  omnibus  re  etiam 
tum  probata,  si  ilium,  ut  erat  meritus,  morte  multassem,  fore 
ut  eius  socios  invidia  oppressus  persequi  non  possem,  rem 
hue  deduxi,  ut  tum  palam  pugnare  possetis,  cum  hostem 
aperte  videretis.  Quem  quidem  ego  hostem  quam  vehe-  5 
menter  foris  esse  timendum  putem,  licet  hinc  intellegatis, 
quod  etiam  moleste  fero,  quod  ex  urbe  parum  comitatus 
exierit.  Utinam  ille  omnis  secum  suas  copias  ediixisset  ! 
Tongilium  mihi  ediixit,  quem  amare  in  praetexta  coeperat, 
Publicium  et  Minucium,  quorum  aes  alienum  contractum  in  10 
popina  nullum  rel  publicae  motum  adferre  poterat :  reliquit 
quos  viros  !  quanto  acre  alieno !  quam  valentis !  quam 
nobills  ! 

His  Worthless  Partisans  Remain,  but  are  Powerless, 

III.    5.  Itaque  ego  ilium  exercitum  prae  Gallicanis  legio- 
nibus,   et  hoc  dilectu   quem   in   agro  Piceno  et  Gallico  Q.  15 
Metellus    habuit,  et   his   copiis  quae  a  nobis  cotidie  com- 
parantur,    magno    opere    contemno,   conlectum    ex    senibus 
desperatis,  ex  agresti  ICixuria,   ex  rusticis   decoctoribus,  ex 
eis  qui  vadimonia    deserere    quam   ilium    exercitum    malu- 
erunt :    quibus  ego    non    modo    si    aciem    exercitus   nostri,  20 
verum    etiam    si    edictum    praetoris    ostendero,    concident. 
Hos,  quos  vide5  volitare    in    foro,  quos   stare   ad    curiam, 
quos   etiam   in    senatum  venire,    qui   nitent   unguentis,    qui 
fulgent    purpura,    mallem   secum    milites   eduxisset :   qui   si 
hie  permanent,   mementote   non   tam   exercitum   ilium  esse  25 
nobis  quam  hos,  qui  exercitum  deseruerunt,  pertimescendos. 
Atque  hoc  etiam  sunt  timendi  magis,  quod  quicquid  cogi- 
tant  me  scire  sentiunt,  neque  tamen  permoventur.     6.  Video 
cui  sit  Apiilia  attributa,  quis  habeat  Etruriam,  quis  agrum 
Picenum,  quis  Gallicum,  quis  sibi  has  urbanas  insidias  caedis  30 
atque   incendiorum    depoposcerit :    omnia    superioris   noctis 


1 1 6  Orations  of  Cicero 

consilia  ad  me  perlata  esse  sentiunt :  patefeci  in  senatu 
hesterno  die :  Catilina  ipse  pertimuit,  profugit :  hi  quid 
exspectant  ?  Ne  illi  vehementer  errant,  si  illam  meam  pris- 
tinam  lenitatem  perpetuam  sperant  futuram. 

Let  them  Follow  him. 

5  IV.  Quod  exspectavi,  iam  sum  adsecutus,  ut  vos  omnes 
factam  esse  aperte  coniCirationem  contra  rem  publicam  vide- 
retis :  nisi  vero  si  quis  est  qui  Catilinae  similis  cum  Catilina 
sentire  non  putet.  Non  est  iam  lenitati  locus  :  severitatem 
res  ipsa  flagitat.  Unum  etiam  nunc  concedam  :  exeant, 
10  proficiscantur  ;  ne  patiantur  desiderio  sui  Catilinam  miserum 
tabescere.  Demonstrabo  iter  :  Aurelia  via  profectus  est :  si 
adcelerare  volent,  ad  vesperam  consequentur. 

He  was  the  Ringleader  of  all  Scoundrels  and  Profligates. 

7.  O  fortunatam  rem  publicam,  si  quidem  banc  sentinam 
urbis  eiecerit  !     Uno  (mehercule)  Catilina  exhausto,  levata 

15  mihi  et  recreata  res  publica  videtur.  Quid  enim  mali  aut 
sceleris  fingi  aut  cogitari  potest  quod  non  ille  conceperit  ? 
Quis  tota  Italia  veneficus,  quis  gladiator,  quis  latro,  quis 
sicarius,  quis  parricida,  quis  testamentorum  subiector,  quis 
circumscriptor,  quis  ganeo,  quis  nepos,  quis  adulter,   quae 

20  mulier  infamis,  quis  corruptor  iuventutis,  quis  corruptus, 
quis  perditus  inveniri  potest,  qui  se  cum  Catilina  non  fami- 
liarissime  vixisse  fateatur  ?  quae  caedes  per  hosce  annos 
sine  illo  facta  est  ?  quod  nefarium  stuprum  non  per  ilium  } 
8.  Iam  vero  quae  tanta  umquam  in  uUo  homine  iuventutis 

25  inlecebra  fuit,  quanta  in  illo  ?  qui  alios  ipse  amabat  turpis- 
sime,  aliorum  amori  flagitiosissime  serviebat :  aliis  fructum 
libidinum,  aliis  mortem  parentum  non  modo  impellendo, 
verum  etiam  adiuvando  pollicebatur.  Nunc  vero  quam 
subito  non  solum  ex  urbe,  verum  etiam  ex  agris  ingentem 

30  numerum    perditorum    hominum    conlegerat  !     Nemo    non 


Second  Oration  against  Catiline  117 

modo  Romae,  sed  ne  ullo  quidem  in  angulo  totius  Italiae 
oppressus  aere  alieno  fuit,  quern  non  ad  hoc  incredibile 
sceleris  foedus  asciverit. 

V.  9.  Atque  ut  eius  diversa  studia  in  dissimili  ratione 
perspicere  possitis,  nemo  est  in  liido  gladiatorio  paulo  ad  5 
facinus  audacior,  qui  se  non  intimum  Catilinae  esse  fatea- 
tur;  nemo  in  scaena  levior  et  nequior,  qui  se  non  eiusdem 
prope  sodalem  fuisse  commemoret.  Atque  idem  tamen, 
stuprorum  et  scelerum  exercitatione  adsuefactus,  frigore  et 
fame  et  siti  et  vigiliis  perferendis,  fortis  ab  istis  praedicaba-  10 
tur,  cum  industriae  subsidia  atque  instrumenta  virtutis  in 
libidine  audaciaque  consumeret. 

Let  his  Associates  Depart  or  Take  the  Consequences. 

10.  Hunc  vero  si   secuti   erunt    sui    comites,  si   ex  urbe 
exierint    desperatorum    liominum    flagitiosi    greges,    O    nos 
beatos !     O  rem  publicam  fortunatam  !     O  praeclaram  lau-  15 
dem  consulatus  mei !     Non  enim  iam  sunt  mediocres  liomi- 
num libidines,  non  liumanae  ac  tolerandae  audaciae  :  niliil 
cogitant    nisi    caedem,    nisi   incendia,  nisi   rapinas.      Patri- 
monia  sua  profuderunt,  fortunas  suas  obligaverunt :  res  eos 
iam  pridem,  fides  nuper  deficere  coepit :  eadem  tamen  ilia,  20 
quae  erat  in  abundantia,  libido  permanet.      Quod  si  in  vino 
et  alea  comissationes  solum  et  scorta  quaererent,  essent  illi 
quidem  desperandi,  sed  tamen  essent  ferendi :  hoc  vero  quis 
ferre  possit,  inertis  homines  fortissimis  viris  insidiari,  stultis- 
simos  priidentissimis,  ebriosos  sobriis,  dormientis  vigilanti-  25 
bus  .''    qui  mihi  accubantes  in  conviviis,  complex!  mulieres 
impudicas,  vino  languidi,  conferti  cibo,  sertis  redimiti,  un- 
guentis   obliti,  debilitati  stupris,   eructant   sermonibus   suis 
caedem    bonorum    atque  urbis  incendia,      11.  Quibus    ego 
confido  impendere  fatum  aliquod,  et  poenam  iam  diu  impro-  30 
bitati,   nequitiae,    sceleri,   libidini   debitam   aut   instare   iam 
plane,  aut  certe  appropinquare.     Quos  si  mens  consulatus, 


1 1 8  07'ations  of  Cice^v 

quoniam  sanare  non  potest,  sustulerit,  non  breve  nescio 
quod  tempus,  sed  multa  saecula  propagarit  rei  publicae. 
Nulla  est  enim  natio  quam  pertimescamus,  nullus  rex  qui 
helium  populo  Romano  facere  possit.      Omnia  sunt  externa 

5  unius  virtute  terra  marique  pacata :  domesticum  bellum 
manet;  intus  insidiae  sunt,  intus  inclusum  periculum  est, 
intus  est  hostis.  Cum  luxuria  nobis,  cum  amentia,  cum 
scelere  certandum  est.  Huic  ego  me  bello  ducem  profi- 
teor,    Quirites :    suscipio    inimicitias    hominum    perditorum. 

lo  Quae  sanari  poterunt,  quacumque  ratione  sanabo ;  quae 
resecanda  erunt,  non  patiar  ad  perniciem  civitatis  manere. 
Proinde  aut  exeant,  aut  quiescant,  aut,  si  et  in  urbe  et  in 
eadem  mente  permanent,  ea  quae  merentur  exspectent. 

Catiline  is  not  in  Exile  :   he  has  Joined  his  Hostile  Army. 

VI.    12.  At  etiam  sunt  qui  dicant,  Quirites,  a  me  in  exsi- 

15  Hum  eiectum  esse  Catilinam.  Qupd  ego  si  verbo  adsequi 
possem,  istos  ipsos  eicerem,  qui  haec  loquuntur.  Homo 
enim  videlicet  timidus  aut  etiam  permodestus  vocem  con- 
sulis  ferre  non  potuit :  simul  atque  ire  in  exsilium  iussus 
est,   paruit.      Quid  ?    ut   hesterno   die,   Quirites,    cum   domi 

20  meae  paene  interfectus  essem,  senatum  in  aedem  lovis  Sta- 
toris  convocavi,  rem  omnem  ad  patres  conscriptos  detuli : 
qu5  cum  Catilina  venisset,  quis  eum  senator  appellavit  ? 
quis  salutavit  ?  quis  denique  ita  aspexit  ut  perditum  civem, 
ac  non   potius  ut  importunissimum   hostem  ?      Quin   etiam 

25  principes  eius  ordinis  partem  illam  subselliorum,  ad  quam 
ille  accesserat,  nudam  atque  inanem  reliquerunt.  13.  Hie 
ego  vehemens  ille  consul,  qui  verbo  civis  in  exsilium  eicio, 
quaesivi  a  Catilina  in  nocturne  conventu  ad  M.  Laecam 
fuisset   necne.     Cum   ille,   homo   audacissimus,  conscientia 

30  convictus,  primo  reticuisset,  patefeci  cetera  :  quid  ea  nocte 
egisset,  quid  in  proximam  constituisset,  quem  ad  modum 
esset  ei  ratio  totius  belli  descripta,  edocui.     Cum  haesita- 


Second  Oration  against  Catiline  119 

ret,  cum  teneretur,  quaesivi  quid  dubitaret  prolicisci  e5,  quo 
iam  pridem  pararet,  cum  arma,  cum  seciiris,  cum  fascis,  cum 
tubas,  cum  signa  militaria,  cum  aquilam  illam  argenteam, 
cui  ille  etiam  sacrarium  [scelerum]  domi  suae  fecerat,  scirem 
esse  praemissam.  14.  In  exsilium  eiciebam,  quem  iam  5 
ingressum  esse  in  bellum  videbam  ?  Etenim,  credo,  Manlius 
iste  centurio,  qui  in  agro  Faesulano  castra  posuit,  bellum 
populo  Romano  suo  nomine  indixit,  et  ilia  castra  nunc  non 
Catilinam  ducem  exspectant,  et  ille  eiectus  in  exsilium  se 
Massiliam,   ut  aiunt,  non  in  haec  castra  conferet.  10 

Men  Say  the  Consul  has  Driven  him  into  Exile :   Would  the  Charge 
were  True ! 

VII.  O  condicionem  miseram  non  modo  administrandae, 
verum  etiam  conservandae  rei  publicae  !  Nunc  si  L.  Cati- 
lina  consiliis,  laboribus,  periculis  meis  circumclusus  ac  debi- 
litatus  subito  pertimuerit,  sententiam  mutaverit,  deseruerit 
suos,  consilium  belli  faciendi  abiecerit,  ex  hoc  cursii  sceleris  15 
ac  belli  iter  ad  fugam  atque  in  exsilium  converterit,  —  non 
ille  a  me  spoliatus  armis  audlciae,  non  obstupefactus  ac 
perterritus  mea  diligentia,  non  de  spe  conatiique  depulsus, 
sed  indemnatus,  innocens,  in  exsilium  eiectus  a  consule  vi 
et  minis  esse  dicetur ;  et  erunt  qui  ilium,  si  hoc  fecerit,  non  20 
improbum,  sed  miserum,  me  non  diligentissimum  consulem, 
sed  criidelissimum  tyrannum  existimari  velint !  15.  Est 
mihi  tanti,  Quirites,  huius  invidiae  falsae  atque  iniquae 
tempestatem  subire,  dum  modo  a  vobis  huius  horribilis  belli 
ac  nefarii  periculum  depellatur.  Dicatur  sane  eiectus  esse  25 
a  me,  dum  modo  eat  in  exsilium.  Sed,  mihi  credite,  non 
est  iturus.  Numquam  ego  a  dis  immortalibus  optabo,  Qui- 
rites, invidiae  meae  levandae  causa,  ut  L.  Catilinam  diicere 
exercitum  hostium  atque  in  armis  volitare  audiatis  :  sed 
tridup  tamen  audietis  :  multoque  magis  illud  timeo,  ne  mihi  30 
sit  invidiosum  aliquando,  quod  ilium  emiserim  potius  quam 


I20  Orations  of  Cicero 

quod  eiecerim.  Sed  cum  sint  homines  qui  ilium,  cum  pro- 
lectus  sit,  eiectum  esse  dicant,  eidem  si  interfectus  esset 
quid  dicerent?  16.  Quamquam  isti,  qui  Catilinam  Massi- 
liam  ire  dictitant,  non  tarn  hoc  queruntur  quam  verentur. 
5  Nemo  est  istorum  tam  misericors,  qui  ilium  non  ad  Man- 
lium  quam  ad  Massiliensis  ire  malit.  Ille  autem,  si  (me- 
hercule)  hoc  quod  agit  numquam  antea  cogitasset,  tamen 
latrocinantem  se  interfici  mallet  quam  exsulem  vivere.  Nunc 
vero,  cum  ei  nihil  adhuc  praeter  ipsius  voluntatem  cogita- 
lo  tionemque  acciderit,  nisi  quod  vivis  nobis  Roma  profectus 
est,  optemus  potius  ut  eat  in  exsilium  quam  queramur. 

Character  of  his  Partisans. 

VIII.  17.  Sed  cur  tam  diu  de  un5  hoste  loquimur,  et  de 
hoste  qui  iam  fatetur  se  esse  hostem,  et  quem,'  quia  (quod 
semper  volui)  murus  interest,  non  timeo :  de  eis  qui  dissi- 

15  mulant,  qui  Romae  remanent,  qui  nobiscum  sunt,  nihil  dici- 
mus  ?  Quos  quidem  ego,  si  iillo  modo  fieri  possit,  non  tam 
ulcisci  studeo  quam  sanare  sibi  ipsos,  placare  rei  publicae, 
neque  id  qua  re  fieri  non  possit,  si  me  audire  volent,  intel- 
lego.      Exponam  enim  vobis,  Quirites,  ex  quibus  generibus 

20  hominum  istae  copiae  comparentur:  deinde  singulis  medi- 
cinam  consili  atque  orationis  meae,  si  quam  potero,  adferam. 

First:   Rich  Men  in  Debt. 

18.  Unum  genus  est  eorum,  quj  magno  in  aere  alieno 
maiores  etiam  possessiones  habent,  quarum  amore  adducti 
dissolvi  nuUo  modo  possunt.      Horum  hominum  species  est 

25  honestissima —  sunt  enim  locupletes  :  voluntas  vero  et  causa 
impudentissima.  Tu  agris,  tu  aedificiis,  tu  argento,  tu 
familia,  tu  rebus  omnibus  ornatus  et  copiosus  sis,  et  dubites 
de  possessione  detrahere,  adquirere  ad  fidem  ?  Quid  enim 
exspectas?    bellum  ?      Quid    ergo?    in    vastatione    omnium, 

30  tuas  possessiones  sacrosanctas  futuras  putas  ?     An  tabulas 


Second  Oration  agaijist  Catiline  I2i 

novas?  Errant  qui  istas  a  Catilina  exspectant :  meo  bene- 
ficio  tabulae  novae  proferentur,  verum  auctionariae.  Neque 
enim  isti,  qui  possessiones  habent,  alia  ratione  iilla  salvi 
esse  pos3unt.  Quod  si  maturius  facere  voluissent,  neque  — 
id  quod  stultissimum  est  —  certare  cum  tisuris  fructibus  prae-  5 
diorum,  et  locupletioribus  his  et  melioribus  civibus  uteremur. 
Sed  hosce  homines  minime  puto  pertimescendos,  quod  aut 
deduci  de  sententia  possunt,  aut,  si  permanebunt,  magis 
mihi  videntur  vota  facttiri  contra  rem  piiblicam  quam  arma 
latiiri.  '  10 

Second :  Men  Eager  for  Power  and  Wealth. 

IX.  19.  Alterum  genus  est  eorum  qui,  quamquam  pre- 
muntur  aere  alieno,  dominationem  tamen  exspectant,  rerum 
potiri  volunt,  honores,  quos  quieta  re  publica  desperant, 
perturbata  se  consequi  posse  arbitrantur.  Quibus  hoc 
praecipiendum  videtur,  — -  Cmum  scilicet  et  idem  quod  reli-  15 
quis  omnibus,  —  ut  desperent  id  quod  conantur  se  consequi 
posse :  primum  omnium  me  ipsum  vigilare,  adesse,  provi- 
dere  rei  piiblicae ;  deinde  magnos  animos  esse  in  bonis 
viris,  magnam  concordiam  in  maxima  multitudine,  magnas 
praeterea  copias  militum ;  deos  denique  immortalis  huic  20 
invicto  populo,  clarissimo  imperio,  pulcherrimae  urbi,  con- 
tra tantam  vim  sceleris  praesentis  auxilium  esse  latiiros. 
Quod  si  iam  sint  id,  quod  cum  summo  furore  cupiunt, 
adepti,  num  illi  in  cinere  urbis  et  in  sanguine  civium,  quae 
ment'e  conscelerata  ac  nefaria  concupiverunt,  se  consules  ac  25 
dictatores  aut  etiam  reges  sperant  futures  ?  Non  vident  id 
se  cupere,  quod  si  adepti  sint,  fugitive  alicui  aut  gladiatori 
concedi  sit  necesse  ? 

Third  :   Old  Soldiers  of  Sulla. 

20.  Tertium  genus  est  aetate   iam   adfectum,    sed   tamen 
exercitatione    robustum  ;    quo   ex   genere   iste  est  Manlius,  30 
cui  nunc  Catilina  succedit.      Sunt  homines  ex  eis  coloniis 


122  Oratiojis  of  Cicero 

quas  Sulla  constituit :  quas  ego  universas  civium  esse  opti- 
morum  et  fortissimorum  virorum  sentio  ;  sed  tamen  ei  sunt 
coloni,  qui  se  in  insperatis  ac  repentinis  pecuniis  sumptuo- 
sius  insolentiusque  iactarunt.  Hi  dum  aedificant  tamquam 
5  beati,  dum  praediis  lectis,  familiis  magnis,  conviviis  appa- 
ratis  delectantur,  in  tantum  aes  alienum  inciderunt,  ut,  si 
salvi  esse  velint,  Sulla  sit  [eis]  ab  inferis  excitandus :  qui 
etiam  non  niillos  agrestis,  homines  tenuis  atque  egentis,  in 
eandem  illam  spem  rapinarum  veterum  impulerunt.  Quos 
lo  ego  utrosque  in  eodem  genere  praedatorum  direptorumque 
pono.  Sed  eos  hoc  moneo  :  desinant  furere  ac  proscrip- 
tiones  et  dictaturas  cogitare.  Tantus  enim  illorum  tempo- 
rum  dolor  inustus  est  civitati,  ut  iam  ista  non  modo  homines, 
sed  ne  pecudes  quidem  mihi  passurae  esse  videantur. 

Fourth :   Ruined  Debtors. 

15  X.  21.  Quartum  genus  est  sane  varium  et  mixtum  et  tur- 
bulentum,  qui  iam  pridem  premuntur,  qui  numquam  emer- 
gunt,  qui  partim  inertia,  partim  male  gerendo  negotio,  partim 
etiam  sumptibus  in  vetere  aere  alieno  vacillant ;  qui  vadi- 
moniis,  iiidiciis,  proscriptione  bonorum  defatigati,  permulti 

20  et  ex  urbe  et  ex  agris  se  in  ilia  castra  conferre  dicuntur. 
Hosce  ego  non  tam  milites  acris  quam  infitiatores  lentos 
esse  arbitror.  Qui  homines  primum,  si  stare  non  possunt, 
conruant ;  sed  ita,  ut  non  modo  civitas,  sed  ne  vicini  quidem 
proximi  sentiant.      Nam  illud  non  intellego,  quam  ob  rem, 

25  si  vivere  honeste  non  possunt,  perire  turpiter  velint;  aut 
cur  minore  dolore  perituros  se  cum  multis,  quam  si  soli 
pereant,   arbitrentur. 

Fifth  and  Sixth:   Cut-throats  and  Debauchees. 

22.  Quintum  genus  est  parricidarum,  sicariorum,  denique 

omnium  facinorosorum  :    quos  ego  a  Catilina  non   revoco  ; 

30  nam  neque  ab  eo  divelli  possunt,  et  pereant  sane  in  latro- 


Second  Oration  against   Catiline  123 

cinio,  quoniam  sunt  ita  multi  ut  eos  career  eapere  non  possit. 
Postremum  autem  genus  est  non  solum  numero,  verum  etiam 
genere  ipso  atque  vita,  quod  proprium  Catilinae  est,  —  de 
eius  dilectu,  immo  vero  de  complexu  eius  ac  sinu  ;  quos 
pexo  capillo,  nitidos,  aut  imberbis  aut  bene  barbatos  videtis,  5 
manicatis  et  talaribus  tunicis,  velis  amictos  non  togis,  quo- 
rum omnis  industria  vitae  et  vigilandi  labor  in  antelucanis 
cenis  expromitur.  23.  In  his  gregibus  omnes  aleatores, 
omnes  adulteri,  omnes  impiiri  impudicique  versantur.  Hi 
pueri  tam  lepidi  ac  delicati  non  solum  amare  et  amari,  neque  10 
saltare  et  cantare,  sed  etiam  sicas  vibrare  et  spargere  venena 
didicerunt ;  qui  nisi  exeunt,  nisi  pereunt,  etiam  si  Catilina 
perierit,  scitote  hoc  in  re  publica  seminarium  Catilinarum 
futurum.  Verum  tamen  quid  sibi  isti  miseri  volunt  ?  Num 
suas  secum  mulierculas  sunt  in  castra  ducturi  ?  Quem  ad  15 
modum  autem  illis  carere  poterunt,  his  praesertim  iam  noc- 
tibus?  Quo  autem  pacto  illi  Apenninum  atque  illas  pruinas 
ac  nivis  perferent  ?  nisi  idcirco  se  facilius  hiemem  tolera- 
tijros  putant,   quod  niidi  in  conviviis  saltare  didicerunt. 

These  Followers  of  Catiline  Contrasted  with  the  Defenders  of  the  State. 

XI.    24.  O   bellum    magno    opere    pertimescendum,  cum  20 
hanc  sit  habiturus  Catilina  scortorum  cohortem  praetoriam  ! 
Instruite  nunc,  Quirites,  contra  has  tam  praeclaras  Catilinae 
copias  vestra  praesidia  vestrosque  exercitiis.       Et  primum 
gladiatori   illi   confecto   et  saucio   consules   imperatoresque 
vestros  opponite  ;  deinde  contra  illam  naufragorum  eiectam  25 
ac  debilitatam  manum  florem  totius  Italiae  ac  robur  ediicite. 
Jam  vero  urbes  coloniarum  ac  municipiorum  respondebunt 
Catilinae  tumulis  silvestribus.      Neque  ego  ceteras  copias, 
ornamenta,  praesidia  vestra  cum  illius  latronis  inopia  atque 
egestate    conferre    debeo.     25.   Sed   si,   omissis    his    rebus,  30 
quibus  nos  suppeditamur,  eget  ille,  —  senatii,  equitibus  Ro- 
manis,  urbe,  aerario,  vectigalibus,  cOncta  Italia,  provinciis 


124  Orations  of  Cicero 

omnibus,  exteris  nationibus,  —  si,  his  rebus  omissis,  causas 
ipsas  quae  inter  se  confligunt  contendere  velimus,  ex  eo  ipso 
quam  valde  illi  iaceant  intellegere  possumus.  Ex  hac  enim 
parte  pudor  pugnat,  illinc  petulantia  ;  hinc  pudicitia,  illinc 
5  stuprum ;  hinc  fides,  illinc  fraudatio  ;  hinc  pietas,  illinc  sce- 
lus;  hinc  constantia,  illinc  furor;  hinc  honestas,  illinc  tur- 
pitiido ;  hinc  continentia,  illinc  libido ;  denique  aequitas, 
temperantia,  fortitudo,  prudentia,  [virtutes  omnes,]  certant 
cum  iniquitate,  luxuria,  ignavia,  temeritate  [cum  vitiis  omni- 

lo  bus]  ;  postremo  copia  cum  egestate,  bona  ratio  cum  perdita, 
mens  sana  cum  amentia,  bona  denique  spes  cum  omnium 
rerum  desperatione  confligit.  In  eius  modi  certamine  ac 
proelio,  nonne,  etiam  si  hominum  studia  deficiant,  di  ipsi 
immortales  cogant   ab   his  praeclarissimis  virtutibus  tot  et 

15  tanta  vitia  superari  ? 

Citizens  Need  not  Fear:  the  Consul  will  Protect  the  City. 

XII.    26.   Quae    cum    ita    sint,    Quirites,    vos,    quem    ad 

modum  iam  antea,  vestra  tecta  custodiis  vigiliisque  defen- 

dite  :  mihi,  ut  urbi  sine  vestro  motu  ac  sine  ullo  tumultu 

satis  esset  praesidi,  consultum  atque  provisum  est.     Coloni 

20  omnes  municipesque  vestri,  certiores  a  me  facti  de  hac 
nocturna  excursione  Catilinae,  facile  urbis  suas  finisque 
defendent.  Gladiatores,  quam  sibi  ille  manum  certissimam 
fore  putavit,  —  quamquam  animo  meliore  sunt  quam  pars 
patriciorum,  —  potestate    tamen    nostra   continebuntur.     Q. 

25  Metellus,  quem  ego  hoc  prospiciens  in  agrum  Gallicum 
Picenumque  praemisi,  aut  opprimet  hominera,  aut  omnis 
eius  motus  conatusque  prohibebit.  Reliquis  autem  de 
rebus  constituendis,  maturandis,  agendis,  iam  ad  senatum 
referemus,  quem  vocari  videtis. 

The  Conspirators  Warned. 
30       27.  Nunc  illos  qui  in  urbe  remanserunt,  atque  adeo  qui 
contra  urbis  salutem  omniumque  vestrum  in  urbe  a  Catilina 


Second  Oration  against  Catiline  125 

relicti  sunt,  quamquam  sunt  hostes,  tamen,  quia  sunt  cives, 
monitos  etiam  atque  etiam  volo.  Mea  lenitas  si  cui  adliuc 
solutior  visa  est,  hoc  exspectavit,  ut  id  quod  latebat  erum- 
peret.  Quod  reliquum  est,  iam  non  possum  oblivisci  meam 
lianc  esse  patriam,  me  horum  esse  consulem,  milii  aut  cum  5 
liis  vivendum  aut  pro  liis  esse  moriendum.  Nullus  est  portis 
custos,  nullus  insidiator  viae  :  si  qui  exire  volunt,  conivere 
possum.  Qui  vero  se  in  urbe  commoverit,  cuius  ego  non 
modo  factum,  sed  inceptum  ullum  conatumve  contra  patriam 
deprehendero,  sentiet  in  hac  urbe  esse  consules  vigilantis,  10 
esse  egregios  magistrates,  esse  fortem  senatum,  esse  arma, 
esse  carcerem,  quern  vindicem  nefariorum  ac  manifestorum 
scelerum  maiores  nostri  esse  voluerunt. 

There  shall  be  No  Disturbance. 

XIII.  28.  Atque  haec  omnia  sic  agentur,  Quirites,  ut 
maximae  res  minimo  motu,  pericula  summa  nullo  tumultu,  15 
bellum  intestinum  ac  domesticum  post  hominum  memoriam 
crudelissimum  et  maximum,  me  uno  togato  duce  et  impera- 
tore  sedetur.  Quod  ego  sic  administrabo,  Quirites,  ut,  si 
ullo  modo  fieri  poterit,  ne  improbus  quidem  quisquam  in 
hac  urbe  poenam  sui  sceleris  sufferat.  Sed  si  vis  manifestae  20 
audaciae,  si  impendens  patriae  periculum  me  necessario  de 
hac  animi  lenitate  deduxerit,  illud  profecto  perficiam,  quod 
in  tanto  et  tam  insidioso  bello  vix  optandum  videtur,  ut 
neque  bonus  quisquam  intereat,  paucorumque  poena  vos 
omnes  salvi  esse  possitis.  25 

The  People  may  Trust  in  the  Immortal  Gods. 

29.  Quae  quidem  ego  neque  mea  prudentia  neque  hii- 
manis  consiliis  fretus  polliceor  vobis,  Quirites,  sed  multis 
et  non  dubiis  deorum  immortalium  significationibus,  quibus 
ego  ducibus  in  hanc  spem  sententiamque  sum  ingressus ; 
qui  iam  non  procul,  ut  quondam  solebant,  ab  externo  hoste  30 


126  Orations  of  Cicero 

atque  longinquo,  sed  hie  praesentes  suo  numine  atque  auxilio 
sua  templa  atque  urbis  teeta  defendunt.  Quos  vos,  Quirites, 
precari,  venerari,  implorare  debetis,  ut,  quam  urbem  pul- 
eherrimam  florentissimamque  esse  voluerunt,  banc,  omnibus 
5  hostium  copiis  terra  marique  superatis,  a  perditissimorum 
civium  nefario  scelere  defendant. 


///.     HOW    THE    CONSPIRACY   WAS  SUPPRESSED. 

[In  I.  Catilinafti   Or  at  id  III) 

Before   the    People,    Dec.    3. 

Now  that  Catiline  had  been  driven  into  open  war,  the  conspiracy 
within  the  city  was  in  the  hands  of  utterly  incompetent  men.  Lentulus, 
who  claimed  the  lead  by  virtue  of  his  consular  rank,  was  vain,  pompous, 
and  inefficient.  The  next  in  rank,  Cethegus,  was  energetic  enough,  but 
rash  and  bloodthirsty.  The  consul  easily  kept  the  run  of  events,  and  at 
last  succeeded  in  getting  the  conspirators  to  commit  themselves  in 
writing,  when  he  had  no  difficulty  in  arresting  them  and  securing  the 
documents.     How  this  was  accomplished  is  told  in  the  third  oration. 

The  Citizens  Congratulated  on  their  Deliverance, 

REM  PUBLICAM,  Quirites,  vitamque  omnium  vestrum, 
bona,  fortunas,  coniuges  liberosque  vestros,  atque  hoc 
domicilium  clarissimi  imperi,  fortCmatissimam  pulcherrimam- 

10  que  urbem,  hodierno  die  deorum  immortalium  summo  erga 
vos  amore,  laboribus,  consiUis,  periculis  meis,  e  flamma  atque 
ferro  ac  paene  ex  faucibus  fati  ereptam  et  vobis  conser- 
vatam  ac  restitutam  videtis.  2.  Et  si  non  minus  nobis 
iucundi  atque  inlustres   sunt    ei   dies   quibus  conservamur, 

15  quam  illi  quibus  nascimur,  —  quod  salCitis  certa  laetitia  est, 
nascendi  incerta  condicio ;  et  quod  sine  sensii  nascimur, 
cum    voluptate    servamur,  —  profecto,    quoniam    ilium    qui 


TJiird  Oration  against  Catiline  127 

hanc  urbem  condidit  ad  deos  immortalis  benevolentia 
famaque  sustulimus,  esse  apud  vos  posterosque  vestros  in 
honore  debebit  is  qui  eandem  hanc  urbem  conditam  ampli- 
ficatamque  servavit.  Nam  toti  urbl,  templis,  delubris, 
tectis  ac  moenibus  subiectos  prope  iam  ignis  circumda-  5 
tosque  restinximus ;  idemque  gladios  in  rem  publicam 
destrictos  rettudimus,  mucronesque  eorum  a  iugulis  vestris 
deiecimus.  3.  Quae  quoniam  in  senatu  inlustrata,  pate- 
facta,  comperta  sunt  per  me,  vobis  iam  exponam  breviter, 
Quirites,  ut  et  quanta  et  qua  ratione  investigata  et  compre-  10 
hensa  sint,  vos  qui  ignoratis  et  exspectatis  scire  possitis. 

The  Story  of  the  Arrest. 

Principio,  ut  Catilina  paucis  ante  diebus  erupit  ex  urbe, 
cum  sceleris  sui  socios,  huiusce  nefarii  belli  acerrimos 
duces,  Romae  reliquisset,  semper  vigilavi  et  providi,  Qui- 
rites, quem  ad  modum  in  tantis  et  tam  absconditis  insidiis  15 
salvi  esse  possemus.  II.  Nam  tum,  cum  ex  urbe  Catilinam 
eiciebam,  — non  enim  iam  vereor  huius  verbi  invidiam,  cum 
ilia  magis  sit  timenda,  quod  vivus  exierit,  —  sed  tum,  cum 
ilium  exterminari  volebam,  aut  reliquam  coniuratorum  ma- 
num  simul  exituram,  aut  eos  qui  restitissent  infirmos  sine  20 
illo  ac  debilis  fore  putabam.  4.  Atque  ego,  ut  vidi  quos 
maximo  furore  et  scelere  esse  inflammatos  sciebam  eos 
nobiscum  esse,  et  Romae  remansisse,  in  eo  omnis  dies  noc- 
tisque  consumpsi,  ut  quid  agerent,  quid  molirentur,  sentirem 
ac  viderem ;  ut,  quoniam  auribus  vestris  propter  incredi-  25 
bilem  magnitiidinem  sceleris  minorem  fidem  faceret  oratio 
mea,  rem  ita  comprehenderem,  ut  tum  demum  animis  saluti 
vestrae  provideretis,  cum  oculis  malelicium  ipsum  videretis. 
Itaque,  ut  comperi  legates  Allobrogum,  belli  Transalpini  et 
tumultus  Gallici  excitandi  causa,  a  P.  Lentulo  esse  sollici-  30 
tatos,  eosque  in  Galliam  ad  suos  civis,  eodemque  itinere 
cum  litteris  mandatisque    ad  Catilinam  esse  missos,  comi- 


128 


Orations  of  Cice7V 


temque  eis  adiunctum  esse  T.  Volturcium,  atque  huic  ad 
Catilinam  esse  datas  litteras,  facultatem  mihi  oblatam  pu- 
tavl,  ut  —  quod  erat  difficillimum,  quodque  ego  semper 
optabam  ab  dis  immortalibus  —  tota  res  non  solum  a  me, 
5  sed  etiam  a  senatu  et  a  vobis  manifesto  deprehenderetur. 

At  the  Mulvian  Bridge. 

5.  Itaque  hesterno  die  L.  Flaccum  et  C.  Pomptinum 
praetores,  fortissimos  atque  amantissimos  rei  publicae  viros, 
ad  me  vocavi ;  rem  exposui,  quid  fieri  placeret  ostendi.      Illi 


^  r  4/^ 


The  Mulvian  Bridge. 

autem,  qui  omnia  de  re  publica  praeclara  atque  egregia  sen- 
lo  tirent,  sine  reciisatione  ac  sine  ulla  mora  negotium  suscepe- 
runt,  et,  cum  advesperasceret,  occulte  ad  pontem  Mulvium 
pervenerunt,  atque  ibi  in  proximis  villis  italDipartito  fuerunt, 
utrTiberis\  inter  eos  et  pons  interesset.  Eodem  autem  et 
ipsi  sine  ciiiusquam  suspicione  multos  fortis  viros  eduxerant, 
15  et  ego  ex  praefectura    Reatina  compluris  delectos  adules- 


TJiird  Oration  against   Catiline  129 

centis,  quorum  opera  utor  adsidue  in  re  publica  praesidi9^  — 
cum  gladiis  miseram.     6.  Interim,  tertia  fere  vigilia  exactk, 
cum    iam    pontem    Mulvium    magno    comitatu    legati   Allo- 
brogum    ingredi    inciperent,    unaque  Volturcius,  fit    in   eos 
impetus ;    educuntur   et   ab   illis    gladii    et  a  nostris.     J^^_     5 
praetoribus^_erat  nota  soils,   ignorabatur  a  ceteris. 

The  Conspirators  Arrested. 

III.  Tum,  interventii  Pomptini  atque  Flacci,  pugna  [quae 
erat  commissa]  sedatur.  Litterae,  quaecumque  erant  in  eo 
comitatu,  integris  signis  praetoribus  traduntur;  ipsi  compre- 
hensi  ad  me,  cum  iam  dilucesceret,  dediicuntur.  Atque  10 
horum  omnium  scelerum  improbissimum  machinatorem 
Cimbrum  Gabinium  statim  ad^  ine,  nihil  dum  suspicantem, 
vocavi ;  deinde  item  arcessitus  est  L.  Statilius,  et  post  eum 
C.  Cethegus ;  tardissime  autem  Lentulus  venit,  credo  quod 

in  litteris  dandis  praeter  consuetiidinem  proximo  nocte  vigi-  15 

larat.      7.  Cum  summis  ac  clarissimis   huius  civitatis  viris 

(qui  audita  re  frequentes  ad  me  mane  convenerant)  litteras 

a  me  prius  aperiri  quam  ad  senatum  deferrem  placeret,  — 

ne,  si  nihil  esset  ihventum,   temere  a  me  tantus   tumultus 

_  -  /      _ 

iniectus  civitati  videretur,  — (negayi  me  esse  facturum,  ut  d^  20 

periculo  publico  jion  ad  consilium  publicum  rem  integram'  ^'^ 

deferremJ   Etenim,  Quirites,  si  ea  quae  erant  ad  me  delata 

reperta  non  essent,  tamen  ego  non  arbitrabar,  in  tantis  rei 

publicae  periculis,  esse  mihi  nimiam  diligentiam  pertimes- 

cendam.       Senatum  frequentem  celeriter,  ut  vidistis,  coegi.  25 

8.  Atque  interea  statim,  admonitu  Allobrogum,  C.  Sulpicium 

praetorem,   fortem   virum,  misi,   qui  ex  aedibus  Cethegi  si 

quid  telorum  esset  efferret :   ex  quibus  ille  maximum  sica- 

rum  numerum  et  gladiorum  extulit. 

The  Conspirators  before  the  Senate. 

IV.  Introduxi   Volturcium   sine   Gallis  :  fidem    publicam  30 
iussii  senatiis  dedi :    hortatus   sum,   ut   ea  quae  sciret  sine 


130  Orations  of  Cicero 

timore  indicaret.  Turn  ille  dixit,  cum  vix  se  ex  magno 
tinioxe  recreasset,  ab  Lentulo  se  habere  ad  Catilinam  man- 
data  et  litteras,  ut  servorum  praesidio  uteretur,  ut  ad  urbem 
quam  primum  cum  exercitu  accederet:  id  autem  eo  con- 
5  silio,  ut,  cum  urbem  ex  omnibus  partibus  quem  ad  modum 
descriptum  distribiitumque  erat  incendissent,  caedemque 
infinitam  civium  fecissent,  praesto  esset  ille,  qui  et  fugi- 
entls  exciperet,  et  se  cum  his  urbanis  ducibus  coniungeret. 

—  9.  Introducti  autem  Galli'^s^s  iurandum   sihPet  litteras   ab 
10  Lentulo,  Cethego,  Statilio  ad  suam  gentem  data  esse  dixe- 

runt,  atque  ita  sibi  ab  his  et  a  L.  Cassio  esse  praescriptum, 
ut  equitatum  in  Italiam  quam  primum  mitterent;  pedestris 
sibi  copias  non  defuturas.  Lentulum  autem  sibijconfirmasse, 
ex  fatis  Sibyllinis  haruspicumque  responsis,  se  esse  tertium 
15  ilium  Cornelium,  ad  quem  regnum  huius  urbis  atque  impe- 
rium  pervenire   esset  necesse ;    Cinnam   ante  se  et  Sullam 

—  fuisse ;  eundemque  dixisse  fatalem  hunc  annum  esse  ad 
interitum  huius  urbis  atque  imperi,  qui  esset  annus  decimus 
post  virginum  absoliitionem,  post  Capitoli  autem  incensio- 

20  nem  vicesimus.     10.   Hanc  autem  Cethego  cum  ceteris  con-  ^0 
troversiam  fuisse  dixerunt,  quod  Lentulo  et  aliis  Saturnalibus 
caedem  fieri  atque  urbem  incendi  placeret,  Cethego  nimium 
id  longum  videretur. 

The  Letters  Produced. 

V.  Ac  ne  longum  sit,  Quirites,  tabellas  proferri  iussimus, 
25  quae  a  quoque  dicebantur  datae.  Primum  ostendimus  Ce- 
thego signum :  cognovit.  Nos  linum  incidimus :  legimus. 
Erat  scriptum  ipsius  manu  Allobrogum  senatui  et  populo, 
sese  quae  eorum  legatis  confirmasset  facturum  esse  ;  orare 
ut  item  illi  facerent  quae  sibi  eorum  legati  recepissent. 
30  Tum  Cethegus,  qui  paulo  ante  aliquid  tamen  de  gladiis  ac 
sicis,  quae  apud  ipsum  erant  deprehensa,  respondisset  dixis- 
setque  se  semper  bonorum  ferramentorum  studiosum  fuisse, 


Third  Oration  against  Catiline  131 

recitatis  litteris  debilitatus  atque  abiectus  conscientia  repente 
conticuit.  Introductus  est  Statilius  :  cognovit  et  signum  et 
manum  suam.  Recitatae  sunt  tabellae  in  eandeni  fere  sen- 
tentiam :  confessus  est.  Turn  ostendi  tabellas  Lentulo,  et 
quaesivi  cognosceretne  signum.  Adnuit.  '  Est  vero,'  in- 
quam,  '  notum  quidem  signum,  imago  avi  tui,  clarissimi  viri, 
qui  amavit  unice  patriam  et  civis  suos  ;  quae  quidem  te  a 
tanto  scelere  etiam  muta  revocare  debuit.'  11.  Leguntur 
eadem  ratione  ad  senatum  AUobrogum  populumque  litterae. 

Lentulus  Confesses. 

Si  quid  de  his  rebus  dicere  vellet,  feci  potestatem.     Atque  i 
ille  privo  quidem  negavit ;  post  autem  aliquanto,  toto  iam 
indicio   exposito   atque   edito,    surrexit ;    quaesivit  a  Gallis 


One  of  the  Lentuli. 

quid  sibi  esset  cum  eis,  quam  ob  rem  domum  suam  venis- 
sent,  itemque  a  Volturcio.  Qui  cum  illi  breviter  constanter- 
que  respondissent,  per  quern  ad  eum  quotiensque  venissent, 
quaesissentque  ab  eo  nihilne  secum  esset  de  fatis  Sibyllinis 
locutus,  tum  ille  subito,  scelere  demens,  quanta  conscientiae 


132  Of-atioiis  of  Cicero 

vis  esset  ostendit.  Nam  cum  id  posset  infitiari,  repente 
praeter  opinionem  omnium  confessus  est.  Ita  eum  non 
modo  ingenium  illud  et  dicendi  exercitatio,  qua  semper 
valuit,  sed  etiam  propter  vim  sceleris  manifest!  atque  depre- 
5  hensi  impudentia,  qua  superabat  omnis,  improbitasque  de- 
fecit. 

12.  Volturcius  vero  subito  litteras  proferri  atque   aperiri    ^ 
iubet,  quas  sibi  a  Lentulo  ad  Catilinam  datas  esse  dicebat. 
Atque  ibi  vehementissime   perturbatus    Lentulus   tamen    et 

10  signum  et  manum  suam  cognovit.  Erant  autem  [scriptae] 
sine  nomine,  sed  ita  :  Quis  sim  scies  ex  eo  quern  ad  te  misl. 
Curd  ut  vir  sis,  et  cogitd  quern  in  locum  sis  p?'dgressus ;  vide 
ecquid  tibi  iam  sit  necesse,  et  curd  ut  onuiium  tibi  auxilia  adiun- 
gds,   etiam   itifinidriwi.     Gabinius    deinde    introductus,    cum 

15  primo  impudenter  respondere  coepisset,  ad  extremum  nihil 
ex  eis  quae  Galli  insimulabant  negavit.  13.  Ac  mihi  qui- 
dem,  Quirites,  cum  ilia  certissima  visa  sunt  argiimenta  atque 
indicia  sceleris,  —  tabellae,  signa,  manus,  denique  unius 
ciiiusque  confessio ;  tum  multo  certiora  ilia,  —  color,  oculi, 

20  voltus,  taciturnitas.  Sic  enim  obstupuerant,  sic  terram 
intuebantur,  sic  furtim  non  numquam  inter  sese  aspiciebant, 
ut  non  iam  ab  aliis  indicari,  sed  indicare  se  ipsi  viderentur. 

Action  of  the  Senate. 

VI.  Indiciis  expositis  atque  editis,  senatum  consului  de 
summa   re    publica    quid    fieri    placeret.       Dictae    sunt    a 

25  principibus  acerrimae  ac  fortissimae  sententiae,  quas 
senatus  sine  ulla  varietate  est  secutus.  Et  quoniam 
nondum  est  perscriptum  senatus  consultum,  ex  memoria 
vobis,  Quirites,  quid  senatus  censuerit  exponam.  14.  Pri- 
mum  mihi  gratiae  verbis  amplissimis  aguntur,  quod  virtute, 

30  consilio,  providentia  mea  res  publica  maximis  periculis 
sit  liberata:  deinde  L.  Flaccus  et  C.  Pomptinus  prae- 
tores,  quod  eorum  opera  forti  fidelique  usus  essem,  merito 


Third  Oration  agaiiist  Catiliite  133 

ac  iure    laudantur  ;    atque   etiam   viro  forti,   conlegae  meo, 
laus  impertitur,  quod  eos  qui  huius  coniiirationis  participes 
fuissent  a  suis  et  a  rei  publicae  consiliis  removisset.     Atque 
ita  censuerunt,  ut  P.  Lentulus,  cum  se  praetura  abdicasset, 
in  custodiam  traderetur ;  itemque  uti  C.  Cethegus,  L.  Stati-    5 
lius,  P.  Gabinius,  qui  omnes  praesentes  erant,  in  custodiam 
traderentur  ;  atque  idem  hoc  decretum  est  in  L.  Cassium, 
qui  sibi  procurationem  incendendae  urbis  depoposcerat,  in 
M.  Ceparium,   cui  ad  sollicitandos  pastores  Apuliam  attri- 
butam   esse    erat    indicatum,  in  P.   Furium,   qui  est  ex  eis  lo 
colonis  quos  Faesulas  L.  SCiUa  deduxit,  in  Q.  Annium  Chi- 
lonem,  qui  una  cum  hoc  Furio  semper  erat  in  hac  AUobro- 
gum    solHcitatione    versatus,   in    P.   Umbrenum,    libertinum 
hominem,    a    quo    primum    Gallos  ad  Gabinium  perductos 
esse  constabat.^     Atque  ea  lenitate  senatus  est  lisus,   Qui-  15 
rites,  ut  ex   tanta    coniiiratione,  tantaque    hac    multitiidine 
domesticorum    hostium,   novem    hominum    perditissimorum 
poena    re    publica    conservata,    reliquorum    mentis    sanari 
posse  arbitraretur.     15.  Atque  etiam  supplicatio  dis  immor-      ^tf 
talibus  pro  singular!  eorum  merito  meo  nomine  decreta  est,  20 
quod  mihi  primum  post  hanc  urbem  conditam  togato  con- 
tigit.       Et    his    verbis    decreta    est  :    quod  urbem    incendiis^ 
caede    clvis^   Italiam    hello    llberassem.     Quae    supplicatio   si 
cum    ceteris    conferatur,    hoc    interest,   quod    ceterae    bene 
gesta,  haec  iin a  conservata  re  publica  .constituta  est.     Atque  25 
illud,  quod  faciendum  primum  fuit,  factum  atque  transactum 
est.       Nam    P.   Lentulus  —  quamquam    patefactis    indiciis, 
confessionibus   suis,    iudicio    senatus    non    modo    praetoris 
ius,    verum    etiam    civis    amiserat  —  tamen    magistratii    se 
abdicavit,  ut,   quae   religio   C.  Mario,  clarissimo  viro,  non  30 
fuerat,  quo  minus  C.  Glauciam,  de  quo  nihil  nominatim  erat 
decretum,  praetorem  occideret,.  ea  nos  religione  in  privato 
P.  Lentulo  puniendo  liberaremur.    ... 


134  Orations  of  Cicero 

The  Conspiracy  now  Thwarted. 

VII.  16.  Nunc  quoniam,  Quirites,  consceleratissimi  peri-  '1  ^' 
culosissimique  belli  nefarios  duces  captos  iam  et  compre- 
hensos  tenetis,  existimare  debetis  omnis  Catilinae  copias, 
omnis  spes  atque  opes,  his  depulsis  urbis  periculis,  conci- 
5  disse.  Quern  quidem  ego  cum  ex  urbe  pellebam,  hoc  pro- 
videbam  animo,  Quirites,  —  remoto  Catilina,  non  mihi  esse 
P.  Lentuli  somnum,  nee  L.  Cassi  adipes,  nee  C.  Cethegi 
furiosam  temeritatem  pertimescendam. 

Character  of  Catiline. 

Ille  erat  unus  timendus  ex  istis   omnibus,   sed  tam  diia, 

10  dum  urbis  moenibus  continebatur.  Omnia  norat,  omnium 
aditiis  tenebat :  appellare,  temptare,  sollicitare  poterat,  aude- 
bat :  erat  ei  consilium  ad  facinus  aptum,  consilio  autem 
neque  manus  neque  lingua  deerat.  Iam  ad  certas  res  con- 
ficiendas  certos  homines    delectos    ac   descriptos   habebat. 

15  Neque  vero,  cum  aliquid  mandarat,  confectum  putabat : 
nihil  erat  quod  non  ipse  obiret,  occurreret,  vigilaret,  labo- 
raret.  Frigus,  sitim,  famem,  ferre  poterat.  17.  Hunc  ego 
hominem  tam  acrem,  tam  audacem,  tam  paratum,  tam  calli- 
dum,  tam  in  scelere  vigilantem,  tam  in  perditis  rebus  dili- 

20  gentem,  nisi  ex  domesticis  insidiis  in  castrense  latrocinium 
compulissem,  —  dicam  id  quod  sentio,  Quirites,  — non  facile 
hanc  tantam   molem   mali  a  cervicibus  vestris  depulissem. 

■^  '^ox^.  ille  nobis  Saturnalia  constituisset,  neque  tanto  ante 
exsili  ac  fati  diem  rei  publicae  deniintiavisset ;  neque  com- 

25  mississet  ut  signum,  ut  litterae  suae  testes  manifesti  sceleris 
deprehenderentur.)  Quae  nunc  illo  absente  sic  gesta  sunt, 
ut  nullum  in  privata  domo  furtum  umquam  sit  tam  palam 
inventum,  quam  haec  tanta  in  re  publica  coniuratio  mani- 
festo inventa  atque  deprehensa  est.      Quod  si  Catilina  in 

30  urbe    ad    hanc    diem    remansisset,   quamquam,   quoad  fuit, 


Third  Oration  against  Catiline  135 

omnibus  eius  consiliis  occurri  atque  obstiti,  tamen,  ut  levis- 
sime  dicam,  dimicandum  nobis  cum  illo  fuisset ;  neque  nos 
umquam,  cum  ille  in  urbe  hostis  esset,  tantis  periculis  rem 
publicam  tanta  pace,  tanto  otio,  tanto  silentio  liberassemus. 

Thanks  Due  to  the  Gods. 

VIII.  18.  Quamquam  haec  omnia,  Quirltes,  ita  sunt  a  5 
me  administrata,  ut  deorum  immortalium  niitu  atque  con- 
silio  et  gesta  et  provisa  esse  videantur ;  idque  cum  coniec- 
tiira  consequi  possumus,  quod  vix  videtur  human!  consill 
tantarum  rerum  gubernatio  esse  potuisse ;  tum  vero  ita 
praesentes  his  temporibus  opem  et  auxilium  nobis  tulerunt,  10 
ut  eos  paene  oculis  videre  possemus.     Nam  ut  ilia  omittam, 

—  visas  nocturno  tempore  ab  occidente  faces,  ardoremque 
caeli,  ut  fulminum  iactiis,  ut  terrae  motias  relinquam,  ut 
omittam  cetera,  quae  tam  multa  nobis  consulibus  facta  sunt, 

ut  haec,  quae  nunc  fiunt,  canere  di  immortales  viderentur,  15 

—  hoc  certe,  quod  sum  dicturus,  neque  praetermittendum 
neque  reliquendum  est. 

Signs  and  Omens. 

19.  Nam   profecto   memoria  tenetis,    Cotta   et    Torquato 
consulibus,  compluris  in  Capitolio   res   de   caelo   esse   per- 
cussas,  cum  et  simulacra  deorum  depulsa  sunt,  et  statuae  20 
veterum  hominum  deiectae,  et  legum  aera  liquefacta :  tac- 
tus  est  etiam  ille  qui  hanc  urbem  condidit  Romulus,  quem 
inauratum  in  Capitolio,  parvum  atque  lactentem,  uberibus 
lupinis  inhiantem,  fuisse  meministis.     Quo  quidem  tempore 
cum  haruspices  ex  tota  Etruria  convenissent,  caedes  atque  25 
incendia  et  legum  interitum  et  bellum  civile  ac  domesticum, 
et  totius  urbis  atque  imperi  occasum  appropinquare  dixe- 
runt,  nisi  di  immortales,  omni  ratione  placati,  suo  nCimine 
prope    fata    ipsa    flexissent.     20.  Itaque    illorum    responsis    ^^ 
tum  et  ludi  per  decem  dies  facti  sunt,  neque  res  ulla  quae  30 


136  Oi'atiojis  of  Cicero 

ad  placandos  deos  pertineret  praetermissa  est;  idemque 
iusserunt  simulacrum  lovis  facere  maius,  et  in  excelso  con- 
locare,  et  (contra  atque  antea  fuerat)  ad  orientem  conver- 
tere ;  ac  se  sperare  dixerunt,  si  illud  signum,  quod  videtis, 
5  solis  ortum  et  forum  curiamque  conspiceret,  fore  ut  ea  con- 
silia,  quae  clam  essent  inita  contra  saliitem  urbis  atque 
imperi,  inlustrarentur,  ut  a  senatu  populoque  Romano  per- 
spici  possent.  Atque  [illud  signum]  conlocandum  consules 
illi  locaverunt ;  sed  tanta  fuit  operis  tarditas,  ut  neque 
10  superioribus  consulibus,  neque  nobis  ante  hodiernum  diem, 
conlocaretur. 

Jupiter  Watches  over  the  City. 

IX.  21.  Hie  quis  potest  esse  tarn  aversus  a  vero,  tarn 
praeceps,  tam  mente  captus,  qui  neget  haec  omnia  quae 
videmus,    praecipueque   banc   urbem,    deorum   immortalium 

15  nutu  ac  potestate  administrari  ?  Etenim  cum  esset  ita 
responsum,  caedes,  incendia,  interitum  rei  publicae  com- 
parari,  et  ea  per  civis,  —  quae  tum  propter  magnitudinem 
scelerum  non  nullis  incredibilia  videbantur,  —  ea  non  modo 
cogitata  a  nefariis  civibus,  verum  etiam  suscepta  esse  sen- 

20  sistis.  Illud  vero  nonne  ita  praesens  est,  ut  nutu  lovis 
Optimi  iMaximi  factum  esse  videatur,  ut,  cum  hodierno  die 
mane  per  forum  meo  iussu  et  coniurati  et  eorum  indices  in 
aedem  Concordiae  ducerentur,  eo  ipso  tempore  signum  sta- 
tueretur  ?  quo  conlocato  atque  ad  vos  senatumque  converse, 

25  omnia  [et  senatus  et  vos]  quae  erant  cogitata  contra  salii- 
tem omnium,  inlustrata  et  patefacta  vidistis.  22.  Quo  etiam 
maiore  sunt  isti  odio  supplicioque  digni,  qui  non  solum 
vestris  domiciliis  atque  tectis,  sed  etiam  deorum  templis 
atque  delubris  sunt  fiinestos  ac  nefarios  ignis  inferre  conati. 

30  Quibus  ego  si  me  restitisse  dicam.  nimium  mihi  siimam,  et 
non  sim  ferendus.  Ille,  ille  luppiter  restitit :  ille  Capito- 
lium,  ille  haec  templa,  ille  ciinctam  urbem,  ille  vos  omnis 
salvos    esse    voluit.     Dis    ego    immortalibus    ducibus    banc 


!is«8^.'.r:3^s^' 


/^' 


-^      ^^^^^' 


MARCUS    AURELIUS    SACRIFICING. 
(Temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  in  the  Background.) 


Third  Oration  against  Catiline  137 

mentem,  Quirites,  voluntatemque  suscepi,  atque  ad  haec 
tanta  indicia  pervenl.  lam  vero  [ilia  Allobrogum  soUici- 
tatio]  ab  Lentiilo  ceterisque  domesticis  hostibus  tarn  demen- 
ter  tantae  res  creditae  et  ignotis  et  barbaris  [commissae 
litterae]  numquam  essent  profecto,  nisi  ab  dis  immortalibus  5 
huic  tantae  audaciae  consilium  esset  ereptum.  Quid  vero  ? 
ut  homines  Galli,  ex  civitate  male  pacata,  quae  gens  una 
restat  quae  bellum  populo  Romano  facere  posse  et  non 
nolle  videatur,  spem  imperi  ac  rerum  maximarum  ultro  sibi 
a  patriciis  hominibus  oblatam  neglegerent,  vestramque  salii-  10 
tem  suis  opibus  anteponerent,  id  non  divinitus  esse  factum 
putatis  ?  praesertim  qui  nos  non  pugnando,  sed  tacendo 
superare  potuerint  ? 

Citizens  Exhorted  to  Thanksgiving. 

X.    23.  Quam  ob  rem,  Quirites,  quoniam  ad  omnia  pul- 
vinaria  supplicatio  decreta   est,  celebratote   illos   dies   cum  15 
coniugibus   ac   liberis   vestris.     Nam   multi   saepe    honores 
dis  immortalibus  iusti  habiti   sunt  ac   debiti,   sed  profecto 
iustiores  numquam.     Erepti  enim  estis  ex  crudelissimo  ac 
miserrimo   interitii ;   erepti  sine  caede,  sine  sanguine,   sine 
exercitii,  sine  dimicatione.     Togati  me  uno  togato  duce  et  20 
imperatore  vicistis.     24.  Etenim  recordamini,  Quirites,  om- 
nls  civilis  dissensiones  :  non  solum  eas  quas  audistis,  sed 
eas  quas  vosmet  ipsi  meministis  atque  vidistis.     L.  Sulla  P. 
Sulpicium  oppressit ;   [eiecit  ex  urbe]  C.  Marium,  custodem 
hiiius  urbis,  multosque  fortis  viros  partim  eiecit  ex  civitate,  25 
partim    interemit.     Cn.    Octavius    consul    armis   expulit  ex 
urbe  conlegam :  omnis  hie  locus  acervis  corporum  et  civium 
sanguine  redundavit,      Superavit  postea  Cinna  cum  Mario  : 
tum  vero,  clarissimis   viris   interfectis,  lumina   civitatis   ex- 
stincta  sunt.     Ultus  est  huius  victoriae  crudelitatem  postea  30 
Sulla :  ne  dici  quidem  opus  est  quanta  diminutione  civium, 
et   quanta   calamitate   rei   publicae.     Dissensit  M.  Lepidus 


I3S 


Orations  of  Cicero 


a  clarissimo  ac  fortissimo  viro  Q.  Catulo :  attulit  non 
tain  ipsius  interitus  rei  publicae  luctum  quam  ceterorum. 
25.  Atque  illae  tamen  omnes  dissensiones  erant  eius  modi, 
quae  non  ad  delendam,  sed  ad  commiitandam  rem  publicam 
5  pertinerent.  Non  illi  nullam  esse  rem  publicam,  sed  in  ea 
quae  esset,  se  esse  principes ;  neque  hanc  urbem  confla- 
grare,  sed  se  in  hac  urbe  florere  voluerunt.  [Atque  illae 
tamen  omnes  dissensiones,  quarum  nulla  exitium  rei  publi- 


^  _^  = 


4.h^ 


A  Roman  Sacrificial  Procession. 

cae  quaesivit,  eius  modi  luerunt,  ut  non  reconciliatione  con- 
10  cordiae,  sed  internecione  civium  diiudicatae  sint.]  In  hoc 
autem  uno  post  hominum  memoriam  maximo  crudelissimo- 
que  bello,  quale  bellum  nulla  umquam  barbaria  cum  sua 
gente  gessit,  quo  in  bello  lex  haec  fuit  a  Lentulo,  Catilina, 
Cethego,  Cassio  constituta,  ut  omnes,  qui  salva  urbe  salvi 
IS  esse  possent,  in  hostium  numero  ducerentur,  ita  me  gessi, 
Quirites,  ut  salvi  omnes  conservaremini ;  et  cum  hostes 
vestri  tantum  civium  superfuturum  putassent,  quantum  infi- 
nitae  caedi  restitisset,  tantum  autem  urbis,  quantum  flamma 


TJiird  Oratio)i  against  Catiline  139 

obire  non  potuisset,  et  urbem  et  civis  integros  incolumisque 

servavi. 

Cicero  Asks  for  No  Reward. 

XI.  26.  Quibus  pro  tantis  rebus,  Quirites,  nullum  ego  a 
vobis  praemium  virtutis,  nullum  inslgne  honoris,  nullum 
monumentum  laudis  postulo,  praeterquam  huius  diei  memo-  5 
riam  sempiternam.  In  animis  ego  vestris  omnis  triumphos 
meos,  omnia  ornamenta  honoris,  monumenta  gloriae,  laudis 
insignia  condi  et  conlocari  volo.  Nihil  me  mutum  potest 
delectare,  nihil  tacitum,  nihil  denique  eius  modi,  quod  etiam 
minus  digni  adsequi  possint.  Memoria  vestra,  Quirites,  res  10 
nostrae  alentur,  sermonibus  crescent,  litterarum  monumentis 
inveterascent  et  conroborabuntur ;  eandemque  diem  intel- 
lego,  quam  spero  aeternam  fore,  propagatam  esse  et  ad 
salutem  urbis  et  ad  memoriam  consulatus  mei ;  linoque 
tempore  in  hac  re  publica  duos  civis  exstitisse,  quorum  15 
alter  finis  vestri  imperi  non  terrae,  sed  caeli  regionibus 
terminaret,  alter  eiusdem  imperi  domicilium  sedlsqiie  ser- 
varet. 

He  Relies  on  the  Devotion  of  the  Citizens. 

XII.  27.   Sed  quoniam  earum  rerum  quas  ego  gessi  non 
eadem  est  fortuna  atque  condicio  quae  illorum  qui  externa  20 
bella  gesserunt,  —  quod  mihi  cum  eis  vivendum  est  quos  vici 
ac  subegi,  isti  hostis  aut  interfectos  aut  oppresses  reliquerunt, 
—  vestrum  est,  Quirites,  si  ceteris  facta  sua  recte  prosunt, 
mihi  mea  ne  quando  obsint  providere.      Mentes  enim  homi- 
num  audacissimorum  sceleratae  ac  nefariae  ne  vobis  nocere  25 
possent  ego  providi ;    ne   mihi   noceant  vestrum   est  provi- 
dere.    Quamquam,  Quirites,  mihi  quidem  ipsi  nihil  ab  istis 
iam  noceri  potest.      Magnum  enim  est  in  bonis  praesidium, 
quod    mihi   in    perpetuum    comparatum   est;  magna    in   re 
pablica  dignitas,  quae  me  semper  tacita  defendet ;    magna  30 
vis  conscientiae,  quam  qui  neglegunt,  cum  me  violare  volent, 

se  [ipsi]  indicabunt. 


I40 


Orations  of  Cicei'o 


He  has  No  Fear  for  the  Future. 

28.  Est  etiam  nobis  is  animus,  Quirites,  ut  non  modo 
nullius  audaciae  cedamus,  sed  etiam  omnis  improbos  ultro 
semper  lacessamus.  Quod  si  omnis  impetus  domesticorum 
hostium,  depulsus  a  vobis,  se  in  me  iinum  convertit,  vobis 
5  erit  videndum,  Quirites,  qua  condicione  posthac  eos  esse 
velitis,  qui  se  pro  salute  vestra  obtulerint  invidiae  periculis- 


li. 


Temple  of  Jupiter  (Restored). 


que  omnibus  :  mihi  quidem  ipsi,  quid  est  quod  iam  ad  vitae 
friictum  possit  adquiri,  cum  praesertim  neque  in  honore 
vestro,  neque  in  gloria  virtutis,  quicquam  videam  altius,  quo 

lo  mihi  libeat  ascendere  t  29.  Illud  profecto  perficiam,  Qui- 
rites, ut  ea  quae  gessi  in  consulatu  privatus  tuear  atque 
ornem  :  ut  si  qua  est  invidia  conservanda  re  publica  sus- 
cepta,  laedat  invidos,  mihi  valeat  ad  gloriam.  Denique 
ita  me  in  re  publica  tractabo,  ut  meminerim  sem-per  quae 

15  gesserim,  ciaremque  ut  ea  virtute,  non  casu  gesta  esse 
videantur. 


FoiirtJi  Oration  against  Catiline  141 

The  Assembly  Dismissed, 

Vos,  Quirites,  quoniam  iam  nox  est,  venerati  lovem,  ilium 
custodem  huius  urbis  ac  vestrum,  in  vestra  tecta  discedite ; 
et  ea,  quamquam  iam  est  periculum  depulsum,  tamen'aeque 
ac  priore  nocte  custodiis  vigiliisque  defendite.  Id  ne  vobis 
diiitius  faciendum  sit,  atque  ut  in  perpetua  pace  esse  pos- 
sitis,  providebo. 


IV.     SENTENCE    OF    THE    CONSPIRATORS. 

{In    I.    Catilinam,    Ordtio    IF.) 
In  the  Senate,  Dec.  5. 

Two  days  later  the  Senate  was  convened,  to  determine  what  was  to 
be  done  with  the  prisoners.  It  was  a  fundamental  principle  of  the 
Roman  constitution  that  no  citizen  should  be  put  to  death  without  the 
right  of  appeal  to  the  people.  Against  the  view  of  Caesar,  which 
favored  perpetual  confinement,  Cicero  urged  that,  by  the  fact  of  taking 
up  arms  against  the  Republic,  the  conspirators  had  forfeited  their 
citizenship,  and  that  therefore  the  law  did  not  protect  them.  This  view 
prevailed,  and  the  conspirators  —  Lentulus,  Cethegus,  Statilius,  Gabi- 
nius,  and  Caeparius  —  were  strangled  by  the  public  executioners. 

Solicitude  of  the  Senate  for  Cicero. 

VIDEO,  patres  conscript!,  in  me  omnium  vestrum  ora 
atque  oculos  esse  converses.  Video  vos  non  solum  de 
vestro  ac  rei  piiblicae,  verum  etiam,  si  id  depails-um  sit,  de  "^ 
meo  periculo  esse  sollicitos.  Est  mihi  iiicunda  in  mails  et  10 
grata  in  dolore  vestra  erga  me  voluntas :  sed  eam,  per  deos 
immortalis,  deponite ;  atque  obliti  salutis  meae,  de  vobis  ac 
de  yestris  liberis  cogitate.  Mihi  si  haec  condicio  consulatiis 
data  est,  ut  omnis  acerbitates,  omnis  dolores  cruciatiisque 
perferrem,  feram  non  solum  fortiter,  verum  etiam  libenter,  15 


14-  Oratio7is  of  Cicero 

dum  modo  meis  laboribus  vobis  populoque  Romano  dignitas 
salusque  pariatur.  2.  Ego  sum  ille  consul,  patres  conscripti, 
cui  non  forum,  in  quo  omnis  aequitas  continetur,  non 
campus  consularibus  auspiciis  consecratus,  non  curia,  sum- 
5  mum  auxilium  omnium  gentium,  non  domus,  commune  per- 
fugium,  non  lectus  ad  quietem  datus,  non  denique  haec 
sedes  honoris  [sella  curulis]  umquam  vacua  mortis  periculo 

-^  at  que  ms|diis  fuit.  Ego  multa  tacui,  multa  pertuli,  multa 
concessi,  multa  meo  quodam  dolore  in  vestro  timore  sanavi. 

lo  Nunc  si  hunc  exitum  consulatus  mei  di  immortales  esse 
voluerunt,  ut  vos  populumque  Roman um  ex  caede  miser- 
rima,  coniuges  liberosque  vestros  virginesque  Vestalis  ex 
acerbissima  vexatione,  templa  atque  delubra,  banc  pulcher- 
rimam    patriam    omnium     nostrum    ex    foedissima    flamma, 

15  totam  Italiam  ex  bello  et  vastitate  eriperem,  quaecumque 
mihi  unl  proponetur  fortuna,  subeatur.  Etenim  si  P.  Lentu- 
ius  suum  nomen,  mdiictus  a  vatibus,  fatal e  ad  perniciem  rei 
publicae  fore  putavit,  cCir  ego  non  laeter  meum  consulatum 
ad  salCitem  populi  Romani  prope  latalem  exstitisse  ? 

They  Need  not  Fear  for  him, 

20  II.  3.  Qua  re,  patres  conscripti,  consulite  vobis,  prospi- 
cite  patriae,  conservate  vos,  coniuges,  liberos  fortunasque 
vestras,  populi  Romani  nomen  salutemque  defendite  :  mihi 
parcere  ac  de  me  cogitare  desinite.  Nam  primum  debeo 
sperare  omnis  deos,  qui  huic  urbi  praesident,^pio  eo  mihi  ac 

25  mereor)  relaturos  esse  gratiam  ;  deinde,  si  quid  obtigerit, 
aequo  animo  paratoque  moriar.  Namj'neque  turpis  mors 
forti  viro  potest  accidere,  neque  immatura  consulari,  nee 
misera  sapienti.  Nee  tamen  ego  sum  ille  ferreus,  qui  fratris 
carissimi  atque  amantissimi  praesentis  maerore  non  movear, 

30  horumque  omnium  lacrimis,  a  quibus  me  circumsessum 
videtis.  Neque  meam  mentem  non  domum  saepe  revocat 
exanimata   uxor,  et   abiecta   metu  filia,   et   parvolus    filius, 


5  X 

p  O 

o  ro 

i  o 

"5-  -I 


Fourth   Oration  against  Catiline  143 

quem  mihi  videtur  amplecti  res  publica  tamquam  obsidem 
consulatus  mei,  neque  ille,  qui  exspectans  huius  exitum  diei 
adstat  in  conspectu  me5  gener.  Moveor  his  rebus  omnibus, 
sed  in  earn  partem,  uti  salvi  sint  vobiscum  omnes,  etiam  si 
me  vis  aliqua  oppresserit,  potius  quam  et  illi  et  nos  una  rei  5 
publicae  peste  pereamus. 

4.  Qua  re,  patres  conscripti,  incumbite  ad  salutem  rei 
publicae,  circumspicite  omnis  procellas,  quae  impendent 
nisi  providetis.  Non  Ti.  Gracchus,  quod  iterum  tribunus 
plebis  fieri  voluit,  non  C.  Gracchus,  quod  agrarios  concitare  10 
conatus  est,  non  L.  Saturninus,  quod  C.  Memmium  occidit, 
in  discrimen  aliquod  atque  in  vestrae  severitatis  indicium 
adducitur  :  tenentur  ei  qui  ad  urbis  incendium,  ad  vestram 
omnium  caedem,  ad  Catilinam  accipiendum,  Romae  restite- 
runt ;  tenentur  litterae,  signa,  manils,  denique  unius  cuius-  15 
que  confessio ;  sollicitantur  Allobroges,  servitia  excitantur, 
Catilina  arcessitur ;  id  est  initum  consilium,  ut  interfectis 
omnibus  nemo  ne  ad  deplorandum  quidem  populi  Romani 
nomen  atque  ad  lamentandam  tanti  imperi  calamitatem 
relinquatur.  20 

How  shall  the  Conspirators  be  Punished? 

III.    5.   Haec  omnia  indices  detulerunt,  rei  confessi  sunt,      j^r^^ 
vos    muitis    iam    iudiciis    iiidicavistis :    primum    quod    mihi    ' 
gratias    egistis    singularibus    verbis,    et   mea   virtute    atque 
diligentia   perditorum   hominum    coniurationem   patefactam 
esse    decrevistis ;    deinde    quod   P.    Lentulum    se    abdicare  25 
praetura    coegistis ;  tum   quod   eum   et   ceteros,    de   quibus 
iOdicastis,    in    custodiam     dandos     censuistis ;     maximeque 
quod   meo   nomine    supplicationem    decrevistis,    qui    honos 
togato  habitus  ante  me  est  nemini ;   postremo  hesterno  die 
praemia  legatis  AUobrogum  Titoque  Volturcio  dedistis  am-  30 
plissima.      Quae  sunt  omnia  eius  modi,  ut  ei  qui  in  custo- 
diam   nominatim   dati    sunt    sine   ulla   dubitatione   a   vobis 
damnati  esse  videantur.  , 


144  Orations  of  Cicero 

6.  Sed  ego  institui  referre  ad  vos,  patres  conscript!,  tam- 
quam  integrum,  et  de  facto  quid  iudicetis,  et  de  poena  quid 
censeatis.  Ilia  praedicam  quae  sunt  consulis.  Ego  mag- 
num in  re  publica  versari  furorem,  et  nova  quaedam  misceri 
5  et  concitari  mala  iam  pridem  videbam ;  sed  hanc  tantam, 
tarn  exitiosam  haberi  coniurationem  a  civibus  numquam 
putavi.  Nunc  quicquid  est,  quocumque  vestrae  mentes 
inclinant  atque  sententiae,  statuendum  vobis  ante  noctem 
est.     Quantum  facinus  ad  vos  delatum  sit  videtis.     Huic  si 

10  paucos  putatis  adfinis  esse,  vehementer  erratis.  Latins 
opinione  disseminatum  est  hoc  malum  :  inanavit  non  solum 
per  Italiam,  verum  etiam  transcendit  Alpis,  et  obsciare  ser- 
pens multas  iam  provincias  occupavit.  Id  opprimi  susten- 
tando  ac  prolatando  nullo  pacto  potest.     Quacumque  ratione 

15  placet,  celeriter  vobis  vindicandum  est. 

Silanus  Proposes  Death;   Caesar,  Imprisonment. 

IV.  7.  Video  adhuc  duas  esse  sententias  :  unam  D. 
Silani,  qui  censet  e.os,  qui  haec  delere  conati  sunt,  morte 
esse  multandos ;  -alteram  C.  Caesaris,  qui  mortis  poenam 
removet,  ceterorum  suppliciorum  omnis  acerbitates  amplec- 

20  titur.  Uterque  et  pro  sua  dignitate  et  pro  rerum  magnitii- 
dine  in  summa  severitate  versatur.  Alter  eos  qui  nos 
omnis,  [qui  populum  Romanum,]  vita  privare  conati  sunt, 
qui  delere  imperium,  qui  populi  Romani  nomen  exstinguere, 
punctum  temporis  frui  vita  et  hgc  commimi  spiritu  non  putat 

25  oportere; /atque  hoc  genus  poertae  saepe  in  improbos  civis 

in  hac  re  piablica  esse  Cisurpatum  recordatur.  £j\lter  intel- 

rj       legit  mortem  ab  dis  immortalibus  non  esse  supplici  causa 

^?!?><J-  constitutam,  sed  aut  necessitatem  naturae,  aut  laborum  ac 

miseriarum   quietem.     Itaque   eam  sapientes  numquam  in- 

30  viti,  fortes  saepe  etiam  libenter  oppetiverunt.  Vincula  vero 
et  ea  sempiterna  certe  ad  singularem  poenam  nefarii  sceleris 
inventa  sunt.     Municipiis  dispertiri  iubet.     Habere  videtur 


^. 


Fourth   Oration  agaifist  Catiline  145 

ista  res  iniquitatem  si  imperare  velis,  difficultatem  si  rogare. 
Decefrnatur  tamen,  si  placet.     8.   Ego  enim  suscipiam,  et  (ut 
spero)  reperiam  qui  id  quod  salutis  omnium  causa  statueritis,    ^ 
non  putent  esse  suae  dignitatis  recusare.     Cldiungit  gravem 
poenam  mimicipibus,  si  quis  eorum  vincula  ruperit/  horri-     5 
bilis  custodies  circumdat,  et  dignas  scelere  hominum  perdi- 
torum ;   sancit  ne  quis  eorum  poenam  quos  condemnat,  aut 
per  senatum  aut  per   populum,   levare  possit ;    eripit  etiam 
spem,  quae  sola  hominem  in  miseriis  consolari  solet ;   bona 
praeterea  pCiblicari    iubet ;    vitam    solam    relinquit    nefariis  10 
hominibus,    quam   si   eripuisset,  multos    uno   dolores   animi 
atque  corporis  et  omnis  scelerum  poenas  ademisset.     Itaque, 
ut  aliqua  in  vita  formido  improbis  esset  posita,  apud  inferos 
eius  modi  quaedam   illi  antiqui  supplicia  irapiis  constituta 
esse  voluerunt,  quod  videlicet  intellegebant,  eis  remotis,  non  15 
esse  mortem  ipsam  pertimescendam. 

Caesar's  Proposition  Discussed. 

V.  9.  Nunc,  patres  conscripti,  ego  mea  video  quid  intersit. 
Si  eritis  secuti  sententiam  C.  Caesaris,  quoniam  banc  is  in 
re  piiblica  viam  quae  popularis  habetur  seciitus  est,  fortasse 
minus  erunt  —  hoc  auctore  et  C6gnit5re  huiusce  sententiae  20 
—  mihi  populares  impetus  pertimescendi :  sin  illam  alteram, 
nescio  an  amplius  mihi  negoti  contrahatur.  Sed  tamen 
meorum  periculorum  rationes  utilitas  j;ei  publicae  vincat. 
Habemus  enim  a  Caesare,  sicut  ipsius  dignitas  et  maiorum 
eius  amplitude  postulabat,  sententiam  tamquam  obsidem  25 
perpetuae  in  rem  piiblicam  voluntatis.  -Jntellectum  est  quid 
interesset  inter  levitatem  contionatorum  et  animum  vere 
popularem,  saliiti  populi  consulentem.  10.  Video  de  istis, 
qui  se  popularis  haberi  volunt,  abesse  non  neminem^ne  de 
capite  videlicet  civium  Romanorum  sententiam  feratr--'  At  30 
is  et  nudius  tertius  in  custodiam  civis  Romanos  dedit,  et 
supplicationem  mihi  decrevit,  et  indices  hesterno  die  maxi- 


146  Orations  of  Cicero 

mis  praemiis  adfecit.  lam  hoc  nemini  dubium  est,  qui  reo 
custodiam,  quaesitori  gratulationem,  indici  praemium  decre- 
vit,  quid  de  tota  re  et  causa  iudicarit.  At  vero  C.  Caesar 
intellegit  legem  Semproniam  esse  de  civibus  Romanis  con- 
5  stitutam  ;  qui  autem  rei  publicae  sit  ho^Jti^,  eum  civem  nullo 
modo  esse  posse  ;  denique  ipsum  latorem^  Semproniae  legis 
iussu  populi  poenas  rei  publicae  dependisse.  Idem  ipsum 
Lentulum,  largitorem  et  prodigum,  non  putat,  cum  de  per- 
nicie  populi   Romani,   exitio   huius   urbis   tam   acerbe,  tam 

10  crudeliter  cogitarit,  etiam  appellari  posse  popularem.  Ita- 
que  homo  mitissimus  atque  lenissimus  non  dubitat  P.  Len- 
tulum aeternis  tenebris  vinculisque  mandare,  et  sancit  in 
posterum,  ne  quis  huius  supplicio  levando  se  iactare,  et  in 
perniciem   populi   Romani   posthac    popularis    esse   possit : 

15  adiungit  etiam  pOblicationem  bonorum,  ut  omnis  animi  cru- 
ciatus  et  corporis  etiam  egestas  ac  rriendicitas  consequatur. 

Death  None  too  Severe  a  Penalty, 

VI.  11.  Quam  ob  rem,  sive  hoc  statueritis,  dederitis 
mihi  comitem  ad  cBiitionem  populo  carum  atque  ificundum  ; 
sive    Silani   sententiam   sequi   malueritis,  facile   me  [atque 

20  vos]  crudelitatis  vituperatione  e^s^Tveritis,  atque  obtinebo 
eam  multo  leniorem  fuisse.  Quamquam,  patres  conscript!, 
quae  potest  esse  in  tanti  sceleris  immanitate  punienda  crCi- 
delitas  ?  Ego  enim  de  meo  sensu  iudico.  Nam  ita  mihi 
salva  re  piiblica  vobiscum  perfrui  liceat,  ut  ego,  quod  in  hac 

25  causa  vehementior  sum,  non  atrocitate  animi  moveor  —  quis 
est  enim  me  mitior  ?  —  sed  singular!  quadam  humanitate  et 
misericordia.  A^ideor  enim  mihi  videre  banc  urbem,  liicem 
orbis  terrarum  atque  arcem  omnium  gentium,  subito  Cmo 
incendio  concidentem,     Cerno  animo  s%)'ulta  in  patria  mise- 

30  ros  atque  insepultos  acervos  civium.  Versatur  mihi  ante 
oculos  aspectus  Cethegi,  et  furor  in  vestra  caede  bacchantis. 
12.  Cum  vero  mihi  proposu!  regnantem  Lentulum,  sicut  ipse 


Foui'tJi   Oration  against  Catiline  147 

ex  fatis  se  sperasse  confessus  est,  purpuratum  esse  huic 
Gabinium,  cum  exercitu  venisse  Catilinam,  turn  lamentatio- 
nem  matrum  familias,  turn  fugam  virginum  atque  puerorum 
ac  vexationem  virginum  Vestalium  perhorresco ;  et  quia 
mihi  vehementer  haec  videntur  misera  atque  miseranda,  5 
idcirco  in  eos  qui  ea  perficere  voluerunt  me  severum  vehe- 
mentemque  praebeo.  Etenim  quaero,  si  quis  pater  familias, 
liberis  suis  a  servo  interfectis,  uxore  occisa,  incensa  domo, 

vsupplicium    de    servo    non    quam    acerbissimum   sumpserit,    / 
utrum  is  clemens  ac  misericors,  an  inhumanissimus  et  cru-  10 
delissimus  esse  videatur^.^  Mihi  vero  importunus  ac  ferreus, 
qui  non  dolore  et  cruciatii  nocentis  suum  dolorem  crucia- 
tumque  lenierit.     Sic  nos  in  his  hominibus,  —  qui  nos,  qui 
coniuges,  qui  liberos  nostros  trucidare  voluerunt ;   qui  sin- 

^gulas  iinius  ciiiusque  nostrum  domos  et  hoc  Oniversum  rei  15 
publicae  domicilium  delere  conati  sunt ;  qui  id  egerunt,  ut 
gentem  Allobrogum(in  vestigiis  hiiius  urbis  atque  in  cinere 
deflagrati  imperi  conlocarent/Y-  si  vehementissimi  fuerimus, 
misericordes  habebimur :  sin  remissiores  esse  voluerimus, 
summae  nobis  crudelitatis  in  patriae  civiumque  pernicie  20 
fama  subeunda  est. 

Opinion  of  L.  Caesar. 

13.  Nisi  vero,,Guipiam  L.  Caesar,  vir  fortissimus  et  aman-    " 
tissimus  rei  publicae,  crudelior  niidius  tertius  visus  est,  cum 
sororis  suae,  feminae  lectissimae,  virum  praesentem  et  audi- 
entem   vita  privandum   esse   dixit,    cum   av;um   suum    iussii  25 
consulis  interfectum,  filiumque  eius  impuberem,  legatum  a 
patre  missum,  in  carcere  necatum  esse  dixit.     Quorum  quod 
simile  factum  ?    quod  initum   delendae   rei   publicae   consi- 
lium ?     Largitionis  voluntas  turn  in  re  piiblica  versata  est, 
et  partium    quaedam    contentio,      Atque   eo   tempore  huius  30 
avus  Lentuli,  vir  clarissimus,  armatus  Gracchum  est  perse- 
cutus.      Ille   etiam   grave   tum  volnus   accepit,    ne   quid   de 


148  Orations  of  Cicero 

SLimma  re  publica  deminueretur :  hie  ad  evertenda  rei  publi- 
cae  fundamenta  Gallos  arcessit,  servitia  concitat,  Catilinam 
vocat,  attribuit  nos  trucidandos  Cethego,  et  ceteros  civis 
interficiendos  Gabinio,  urbem  inflammandam  Cassio,  totam 
5  Italiam  vastandam  diripiendamque  Catilinae.  Vereamini, 
censeo,  ne  in  hoc  scelere  tarn  immani  ac  nefando  nimis 
ahquid  severe  statuisse  videamini  :  multo  magis  est  veren- 
diim  ne  remissione  poenae  crudeles  in  patriam,  quam  ne 
severitate  animadversionis  nimis  vehementes  in  acerbissimos 
10  hostis,  fuisse  videamur. 

Severe  Measures  will  be  Supported  by  the  People. 

VII.  14.  Sed  ea  quae  exaudi5,  patres  conscripti,  dissimu- 
lare  non  possum.  laciuntur  enim  voces,  quae  perveniunt 
ad  auris  meas,  eorum  qui  vereri  videntur  ut  habeam  satis 
praesidi  ad  ea  quae  vos  statueritis  hodierno  die  transigunda. 

15  Omnia  et  provisa  et  parata  et  constituta  sunt,  patres  con- 
scripti, cum  mea  summa  ciira  atque  diligentia,  tum  multo 
etiam  maiore  populi  Romani  ad  summum  imperium  reti- 
nendum  et  ad  communis  fortunas  conservandas  voluntate. 
Omnes  adsunt  omnium  ordinum  homines,  omnium  denique 

20  aetatum  :  plenum  est  forum,  plena  templa  circum  forum, 
pleni  omnes  aditus  huius  templi  ac  loci.  Causa  est  enim 
post  urbem  conditam  haec  inventa  sola,  in  qua  omnes  sen- 
tirent  unum  atque  idem,  praeter  eos  qui,  cum  sibi  viderent 
esse  pereundum,  cum  omnibus  potius  quam  soli  perire  volu- 

25  erunt.  15.  Hosce  ^go  homines  excipi5  et  secerno  libenter, 
neque  in  improborum  civium,  sed  in  acerbissimorum  hostium 
numero  habendos  puto. 

All  Orders  in  the  State  United. 

Ceteri  vero,   di  immortales  !    qua  frequentia,  quo  studio, 

qua  virtute  ad  communem   saliitem   dignitatemque  consen- 

30  tiunt !     Quid  ego  hie  equites  Romanos  commemorem  ?    qui 


FourtJi   Oration  against   Catiline  14^ 

vobis  ita  summam  ordinis  consilique  concedunt,  ut  vobiscum 
de  amore  rei  publicae  certent ;  quos  ex  multorum  annorum 
dissensione  hiiius  ordinis  ad  societatem  concordiamque  revo- 
catos  hodiernus  dies  vobiscum  atque  haec  causa  coniungit : 
quam  si  coniunctionem,  in  consulatu  confirmatam  meo,  per-  5 
petuam  in  re  publica  tenuerimus,  confirmo  vobis  nullum 
posthac  malum  civile  ac  dmnesticum  ad  ullam  rei  publicae 
partem  esse  venturum.  Pari  studio  defendundae  rei  pub- 
licae convenisse  video  tribunes  aerarios,  fortissimos  viros  ; 
scribas  item  universes,  quos  cum  casu  hie  dies  ad  aerarium  10 
frequentasset,  video  ab  exspectatione  sortis  ad  salutem  com- 
mimem  esse  converses.  16.  Omnis  ingenuorum  adest  mul- 
titndo,  etiam  tenuissimorum.  Quis  est  enim  cui  non  haec 
templa,  aspectus  urbis,  possessio  libertatis,  lux  denique  haec 
ipsa  et  [hoc]  commune  patriae  solum,  cum  sit  carum  turn  15 
vero  dulce  atque  iiicundum  ? 

The  Humblest  Citizens  are  Staunch. 

VIII.    Operae  pretium  est,  patres  conscripti,  libertinorum 
hominum  studia  cognoscere,  qui,  sua  virtute  fortunam  hiiius 
civitatis   consecuti,    hanc    suam    patriam    iudicant,  —  quam 
quidam  hie  nati,  et  summo  loco  nati,  non  patriam  suam  sed  20 
urbem    hostium    esse    iudicaverunt.      Sed    quid    ego    hosce 
homines    ordinesque    commemoro,   quos   privatae   fortunae, 
quos  communis  res  publica,  quos  denique  libertas,  ea  quae 
dulcissima  est,  ad  salutem  patriae  defendendam  excitavit  ? 
Servus  est  nemo,  qui  modo  tolerabili  condicione  sit  servi-  25 
tiitis,  qui  non  audaciam  civium  perhorrescat,  qui  non  haec 
stare   cupiat,   qui  non   quantum    audet   et   quantum   potest 
conferat  ad   salutem  jvohjiilalis.     17.  Qua  re  si  quem  v.es-    ~ 
trum  forte  commovet  hoc,  quod  auditum  est,  lerionem  quen- 
dam    Lentuli    concursare    circum    tabernas,    pretio    sperare  30 
sollicitari  posse  animos  egentium  atque  imperitorum,  —  est 
id  quidem  coeptum  atque  temptatum  ;  sed  nulli  sunt  inventi 


ISO 


Orations  of  Cicero 


tain  aut  fortuna  miseri  aut  voluntate  perditi,  qui  non  ilium 
ipsum  sellae  atque  operis  et  quaestus  cotidiani  locum,  qui 
non  cubile  ac  lectulum  suum,  qui  denique  non  cursum  hunc 
otiosum  vitae  suae  salvum  esse  velint.  Multo  vero  maxima 
5  pars  eorum  qui  in  tabernis  sunt,  immo  vero  —  id  enim  potius 
est  dicendum  —  genus  hoc  liniversum,  amantissimum  est  oti. 
Etenim  omne  instrumentum,  omnis  opera  atque  quaestus 
frequentia  civium  sustentatur,  alitur  otio  :  quorum  si  quaes- 
tus occlusis  tabernis  minui  solet,  quid  tandem  incensis  futii- 

lo  rum  fuit  ? 

The  Senators  Urged  to  Act  Fearlessly. 

18.  Quae    cum    ita   sint,    patres    conscripti,    vobis    populi 
Romani    praesidia    non    desunt  :    vos    ne    populo    Romano 


Site  of  the  Arx  (Church  of  S.  Maria  in  Aracceli). 


deesse    videamini    providete.       IX.    Habetis    consulem    ex 

plurimis  periculis  et  insidiis  atque  ex  media  morte,  non  ad 

15  vitam  suam,  sed  ad  salutem  vestram   reservatum.     Omnes 


FoitrtJi   Oration  against   Catiline  151 

ordines  ad  conservandam  rem  publicam  mente,  voluntate, 
voce  consentiunt.  Obsessa  facibus  et  telis  impiae  coniura- 
tionis  vobis  supplex  maniis  tendit  patria  communis ;  vobis 
se,  vobis  vitam  omnium  civium,  vobis  arcem  et  Capitolium, 
vobis  aras  Penatium,  vobis  ilium  ignem  Vestae  sempiter-  5 
num,  vobis  omnium  deorum  templa  atque  delObra,  vobis 
miiros  atque  urbis  tecta  commendat.  Praeterea  de  vestra 
vita,  de  coniugum  vestrarum  atque  liberorum  anima,  de 
fortnnis  omnium,  de  sedibus,  de  focis  vestris,  hodierno  die 
vobis  iudicandum  est.  19.  Habetis  ducem  memorem  vestri,  10 
oblitum  sui,  quae  non  semper  facultas  datur :  habetis  omnis 
ordines,  omnis  homines,  universum  populum  Romanum  — 
id  quod  in  civili  causa  hodierno  die  primum  videmus  — 
unum  .^atque  idem  sentientem.  Cogitate  quantis  laboribus 
fundatum  imperium,  quanta  virtCite  stabilitam  libertatem,  15 
quanta  deorum  benignitate  auctas  exaggeratasque  fortunas, 
una  nox  paene  delerit.  Id  ne  umquam  posthac  non  modo 
non  confici,  sed  ne  cogitari  quidem  possit  a  civibus,  hodierno 
die  providendum  est.  Atque  haec  non  ut  vos,  qui  mihi 
studio  paene  praecurritis,  excitarem,  locutus  sum  ;  sed  ut  20 
mea  vox,  quae   debet   esse   in   re   piiblica  princeps,  officio  "^ 

functa  consulari  videretur. 

Cicero  is  Undismayed. 

X.    20.  Nunc,   ante    quam   ad   sententiam   redeo,   de   me     ^q^ 
pauca  dicam.     Ego,  quanta  manus  est  coniuratorum,  quam 
videtis  esse  permagnam,  tantam  me  inimicorum  multitiidi-  25 
nem  suscepisse  video  :  sed  earn  iudico  esse  turpem  et  infir- 
mam  et  abiectam.      Quod   si   aliquando   alicOius  furore  et 
scelere  concitata  manus  ista  plias  valuerit  quam  vestra  ac 
rei  publicae  dignitas,  me  tamen  meorum  factorum  atque  con-      "" 
siliorum   numquam,  patres  conscripti,  ppenitebit.      Etenim  30 
mors,    quam   illi   fortasse   minitantur,   omnibus   est   parata  :^  _,^ 
vitae  tantam  laudem,  quanta  vos  me  vestris  decretis  hones-^ 


152  Orations  of  Cicero 

tastis,  nemo  est  adsecutus.     Ceteris  enim  semper  bene  gesta, 
mihi  uni  conservata  re  publica,  gratulationem  decrevistis. 

His  Fame  is  Secure. 

21.  Sit  Scipio  ille  clarus,  cuius  consilio  atque  virtute 
Hannibal  in  Africam  redire  atque  Italia  decedere  coactus 
5  est;  5rnetur  alter  eximia  laude  Africanus,  qui  duas  urbis 
huic  imperio  infestissimas,  Karthaginem  Numantiamque, 
delevit ;  habeatur  vir  egregius  Paulus  ille,  cuius  currum  rex 
potentissimus  quondam  et  nobilissimus  Perses  honestavit ; 
sit  aeterna  gloria  Marius,  qui  bis  Italiam  obsidione  et  metu 

10  servitutis  liberavit;    anteponatur  omnibus  Pompeius,(^uius 

-  res  gestae  atque  virtutes  isdem  quibus  solis  cursus  regioni- 
bus  ac  terminis  continenturj)  erit  profecto  inter  horum 
laudes  aliquid  loci  nostrae  gloriae,  —  nisi  forte  maius  est 
patefacere    nobis    provincias    quo    exffe    possimus,    quam 

15  cOrare  ut  etiam  illi  qui  absunt  habeant  quo  victores  rever- 
tantur.  22.  Quamquam  est  lino  loco  condicio  melior  exter- 
nae  victoriae  quam  domesticae,  —  quod  hostes  alienigenae 
aut  oppressi  serviunt,  aut  recepti  in  amicitiam  beneficio  se 
obligates  putant ;    qui  autem  ex  numero   civium,   dementia 

20  aliqua  depravati,  hostes  patriae  semel  esse  coeperunt,  eos 
cum  a  pernicie  rei  piiblicae  reppuleris,  nee  vi  coercere  nee 
beneficio  placere  possis.  Qua  re  mihi  cum  perditis  civibus 
aeternum  bellum  susceptum  esse  video.  Id  ego  vestro 
bonorumque  omnium  auxilio,  memoriaque  tantorum  pericu- 

25  lorum,  —  quae  non  modo  in  hoc  populo,  qui  servatus  est, 
sed  in  omnium  gentium  sermonibus  ac  mentibus  semper 
haerebit,  —  a  me  atque  a  meis  facile  propulsare  posse  con- 
fide. Neque  ulla  profecto  tanta  vis  reperietur,  quae  con- 
iimctionem    vestram    equitumque    Romanorum,    et    tantam 

30  conspirationem  bonorum  omnium,  confringere  et  labefac- 
tare  possit. 


SCIPIO  AFRICANUS. 


Fourth  Oration  against  Catili?te  153 

Let  the  Senate  Dare  to  Act  Rigorously. 

XI.  23,  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  pro  imperio,  pro  exercitu, 
pro  provincia,  quam  neglexi,  pro  triumpho  ceterisque  laudis 
insignibus,  quae  sunt  a  me  propter  urbis  vestraeque  salutis 
custodiam  repudiata,  pro  clientelis  hospitiisque  provincia- 
libus/quae  tamen  urbanis  opibus  non  minore  labore  tueor  5 
quam  compare,"  pro  his  igitur  omnibus  rebus,  pro  meis  in 
vos  singularibus  studiis,  proque  hac  quam  perspicitis  ad 
conservandam  rem  publicam  diligentia,  nihil  a  vobis  nisi 
huius  temporis  totiusque  mei  consulatus  memoriam  postulo  : 
quae  dum  erit  vestris  fixa  mentibus,  tutissimo  me  miiro  10 
saeptum  esse  arbitrabor.  Quod  si  meam  spem  vis  impro- 
borum  fefellerit  atque  superaverit,  commendo  vobis  parvum 
meum  filium,  cui  profecto  satis  erit  praesidi  non  solum  ad 
salutem,  verum  etiam  ad  dignitatem,  si  eius,  qui  haec  omnia 
suo  solius  periculo  conservarit,  ilium  filium  esse  memineritis.  15 
24.  Quapropter  de  summa  salute  vestra  populique  Romani, 
de  vestris  coniugibus  ac  liberis,  de  arls  ac  focis,  de  fanis 
atque  templis,  de  totius  urbis  tectis  ac  sedibus,  de  imperio 
ac  libertate,  de  salute  Italiae,  de  imiversa  re  piiblica,  decer- 
nite  diligenter,  ut  instituistis,  ac  fortiter.  Habetis  eum  con-  20 
sulem  qui  et  parere  vestris  decretis  non  dubitet,  et  ea  quae 
statueritis,  quoad  vivet,  defendere  et  per  se  ipsum  praestare 
possit. 


THE    CITIZENSHIP    OF  ARC  HI  AS. 

[P}d  A.  Licitiio  Arch  id  Poetd.) 

B.C.  62. 

The  case  of  Archias,  though  not  a  pubUc  one,  yet  had  its  origin  in 
the  politics  of  the  time.  The  aristocratic  faction,  suspecting  that  much 
of  the  strength  of  their  opponents  was  derived  from  the  fraudulent 
votes  of  those  who  were  not  citizens,  procured  in  B.C.  65  the  passage  of 
the  Lex  Papia,  by  which  "  all  the  strangers  who  possessed  neither 
Roman  nor  Latin  burgess-rights  were  to  be  ejected  from  the  capital." 
Archias,  the  poet,  a  native  of  Antioch,  but  for  many  years  a  Roman 
citizen,  a  friend  and  client  of  Lucius  Lucullus,  was  accused  in  B.C.  62, 
by  a  certain  Gratius,  under  this  law,  on  the  ground  that  he  was  not  a 
citizen.  Cicero,  a  personal  friend  of  Archias,  undertook  the  defence, 
and  the  case  was  tried  before  the  brother  of  the  orator,  Quintus  Cicero, 
then  praetor. 

It  was  a  very  small  matter  to  disprove  the  charge  and  establish 
Archias'  claims  to  citizenship.  The  greater  part  of  this  speech,  there- 
fore, is  made  up  of  a  eulogy  upon  the  poet  and  upon  poetry  and  litera- 
ture in  general.  It  is,  for  this  reason,  one  of  the  most  agreeable  of 
Cicero's  orations,  and  perhaps  the  greatest  favorite  of  them  all. 


Cicero's  Obligations  to  Archias. 

SI   QUID  est  in  me  ingeni,  iiidices,  quod  sentio  quam  sit 
exiguum,  aut   si   qua   exercitatio   dicendi,   in   qua   me 
non  infitior  mediocriter  esse  versatum,   aut   si   hiiiusce   rei 

^=54 


The   CitizejisJiip  of  ArcJiias  155 

ratio  aliqua  ab  optimarum  artium  studiis  ac  disciplina  pro- 
fecta,  a  qua  ego  nullum  confiteor  aetatis  meae  tempus  abhor- 
ruisse,  earum  rerum  omnium  vel  in  primis  hie  A.  Licinius 
fructum  a  me  repetere  prope  suo  iure  debet.  Nam  quoad 
longissime  potest  mens  mea  respicere  spatium  praeteriti  5 
temporis,  et  pueritiae  memoriam  recordari  ultimam,  inde 
usque  repetens  hunc  video  mihi  principem  et  ad  suscipien- 
dam  et  ad  ingrediendam  rationem  horum  studiorum  exsti- 
tisse.  Quod  si  haec  vox,  hiiius  hortatii  praeceptisque 
conformata,  non  nullis  aliquando  saliiti  fuit,  a  quo  id  acce-  10 
pimus  quo  ceteris  opitulari  et  alios  servare  possemus,  huic 
profecto  ipsi,  quantum  est  situm  in  nobis,  et  opem  et  saliTi- 
tem  ferre  debemus.  2.  Ac  ne  quis  a  nobis  hoc  ita  dici  forte 
miretur,  quod  alia  quaedam  in  hoc  facultas  sit  ingeni,  neque 
haec  dicendi  ratio  aut  disciplina,  ne  nos  quidem  huic  iini  15 
studio  penitus  umquam  dediti  fuimus.  Etenim  omnes  artes, 
quae  ad  humanitatem  pertinent,  habent  quoddam  commune 
vinculum,  et  quasi  cognatione  quadam  inter  se  continentur. 

He  Justifies  the  Unusual  Tone  of  his  Argument. 

II.    3.  Sed   ne   cui  vestrum   mirum   esse  videatur  me  in 
quaestione  legitima  et  in  iiidicio  piiblico  —  cum  res  agatur  20 
apud  praetorem  populi  Romani,  lectissimum  virum,  et  apud 
severissimos  iiidices,  tanto  conventu  hominum  ac  frequen- 
tia  —  hoc  uti  genere  dicendi,  quod  non  modo  a  consuetu- 
dine  iiidiciorum,  verum  etiam  a  forensi  sermone  abhorreat ; 
quaeso  a  vobis,  ut  in  hac  causa   mihi  detis  hanc  veniam,  25 
adcommodatam  huic  reo,  vobis  (quem  ad  modum  spero)  non 
molestam,  ut  me  pro  summo  poeta  atque  eruditissimo  homine 
dicentem,  hoc  concursu  hominum  literatissimorum,  hac  ves- 
tra  humanitate,  hoc  denique   praet5re   exercente  iudicium, 
patiamini  de  studiis  humanitatis  ac  litterarum  paulo  loqui  30 
liberius,  et  in  eius   modi   persona,   quae   propter   otium  ac 
studium   minime   in    iodiciis    periculisque   tractata  est,  fiti 


156  Oratiojis  of  Cicero 

prope  novo  quodam  et  inusitato  genere  dicendl.  4.  Quod 
si  mihi  a  vobis  tribui  concedique  sentiam,  perficiam  profecto 
ut  hunc  A.  Licinium  non  modo  non  segregandum,  cum  sit 
civis,  a  numero  civium,  verum  etiam  si  non  esset,  putetis 
5  asciscendum  fuisse. 

Earlier  Career  of  Archias. 

III.  Nam  ut  primum  ex  pueris  excessit  Archias,  atque  ab 
eis  artibus  quibus  aetas  puerilis  ad  humanitatem  informari 
solet  se  ad  scribendi  studium  contulit,  primum  Antiochiae  — 
nam   ibi  natus   est   loco   nobili  —  celebri  quondam  urbe  et 

10  copiosa,  atque  eruditissimis  hominibus  liberalissimisque 
studiis  adfluenti,  celeriter  antecellere  omnibus  ingeni  gloria 
contigit.  Post  in  ceteris  Asiae  partibus  ciTmctaeque  Grae- 
ciae  sic  eius  adventus  celebrabantur,  ut  famam  ingeni 
exspectatio  hominis,  exspectationem  ipsius  adventus  admi- 

15  ratioque  superaret.  5.  Erat  Italia  tunc  plena  Graecarum 
artium  ac  disciplinarum,  studiaque  haec  et  in  Latio  vehe- 
mentius  tum  colebantur  quam  nunc  eisdem  in  oppidis,  et 
hie  Romae  propter  tranquillitatem  rei  publicae  non  negle- 
gebantur.      Itaque  hunc  et  Tarentini  et  Regini  et  Neapoli- 

20  tani  civitate  ceterisque  praemiis  donarunt ;  et  omnes,  qui 
aliquid  de  ingeniis  poterant  iudicare,  cognitione  atque 
hospitio  dignum  existimarunt.  Hac  tanta  celebritate  famae 
cum  esset  iam  absentibus  notus,  Romam  venit  Mario  con- 
sule  et  Catulo. 

His  Distinguished  Patrons  at  Rome. 

25  Nactus  est  primum  consules  eos,  quorum  alter  res  ad 
scribendum  maximas,  alter  cum  res  gestas  tum  etiam  stu- 
dium atque  auris  adhibere  posset.  Statim  Liiculli,  cum 
praetextatus  etiam  tum  Archias  esset,  eum  domum  suam 
receperunt.     Sic  etiam  hoc  non  solum  ingeni  ac  litterarum, 

30  verum  etiam  naturae  atque  virtutis,  ut  domus,  quae  hiiius 
adulescentiae  prima  fuit,  eadem  esset  familiarissima  senec- 


TJie  CitizejisJiip  of  Arc  J li as  157 

tiiti.  6.  Erat  temporibus  illis  iucundus  Metello  illi  Numi- 
dico  et  eius  Pio  filio  ;  audiebatur  a  M.  Aemilio  ;  vivebat 
cum  Q.  Catulo  et  patre  et  filio ;  a  L.  Crasso  colebatur ; 
Liicullos  vero  et  Drusum  et  Octavios  et  Catonem  et  totam 
Hortensiorum  domum  devinctam  consuetiidine  cum  teneret, 
adficiebatur  summ5  honore,  quod  eum  non  solum  colebant 
qui  aliquid  percipere  atque  audire  studebant,  verum  etiam 
si  qui  forte  simulabant. 

He  Becomes  a  Citizen  of  Heraclia. 

IV.  Interim  satis  longo  intervallo,  cum  esset  cum  M. 
Lucullo  in  Sicilian!  profectus,  et  cum  ex  ea  provincia  cum 
eodem  Lucullo  decederet,  venit  Heracliam  :  quae  cum  esset 

- '  ^''  v'>^^ 


10 


Coin  of  Hekaclia. 

civitas  aequissim5  iure  ac  foedere,  ascribi  se  in  eam  civita- 
tem  voluit ;  idque,  cum  ipse  per  se  dignus  putaretur,  tum 
auctoritate  et  gratia  Luculli  ab  Heracliensibus  impetravit. 

He  is  Enrolled  as  a  Roman  Citizen. 

7.  Data  est  civitas  Silvani  lege  et  Carbonis  :  Si  qui  foedc-  15 
rails  clvitatibics  ascrlptl  fuissent ;  si  tiim^  cum  lex  ferebatur^ 
in  Italia  domicilitcm  habuissent ;  et  si  sexaginta  diebus  apud 
praetdrcfn  essent  professl.  Cum  hie  domicilium  Romae  mul- 
tos  iam  annos  haberet,  professus  est  apud  praetorem  Q. 
Metellum  familiarissimum  suum.  8.  Si  nihil  aliud  nisi  de  20 
civitate  ac  lege  dicimus,  nihil  dico  amplius  :  causa  dicta  est. 
Quid  enim  horum  infirmari,  Grati,  potest  ?  Heracliaene  esse 
tum   ascriptum   negabis  ?     Adest  vir  summa  auctoritate  et 


158  Oratio7is  of  Cicero 

religione  et  fide,  M.  Lucullus,  qui  se  non  opinari  sed  scire, 
non  audisse  sed  vidisse,  non  interfuisse  sed  egisse  dicit. 
Adsunt  Heraclienses  legati,  nobilissimi  homines :  huius 
iudici  causa  cum  mandatis  et  cum  publico  testimonio  [vene- 
5  runt];  qui  hunc  ascriptum  Heracliensem  dicunt.  Hie  tu 
tabulas  desideras  Heracliensium  publicas  :  quas  Italico  bello 
incenso  tabulario  interisse  scimus  omnis.  Est  ridiculum  ad 
ea  quae  habemus  nihil  dicere,  quaerere  quae  habere  non  pos- 
sumus  ;  et  de  hominum  memoria  tacere,  litterarum  memo- 
10  riam  flagitare  ;  et,  cum  habeas  amplissimi  viri  religionem, 
integerrimi  municipi  ius  iurandum  fidemque,  ea  quae  depra- 
vari  nullo  modo  possunt  repudiare,  tabulas,  quas  idem  dicis 
solere  corrumpi,  desiderare. 

9.  An  domicilium  Romae  non  habuit  is,  qui  tot  annis  ante 
15  civitatem  datam  sedem  omnium  rerum  ac  fortunarum  sua- 

rum  Romae  conlocavit  ?  At  non  est  professus.  Immo 
vero  eis  tabulis  professus,  quae  solae  ex  ilia  professione 
conlegioque  praetorum  obtinent  publicarum  tabularum  auc- 
toritatem.     V.    Nam  —  cum  Appi  tabulae   neglegentius  ad- 

20  servatae  dicerentur ;  Gabini,  quam  diu  incolumis  fuit,  levitas, 
post  damnationem  calamitas  omnem  tabularum  fidem  resig- 
nasset  —  Metellus,  homo  sanctissimus  modestissimusque 
omnium,  tanta  diligentia  fuit,  ut  ad  L.  Lentulum  praetorem 
et  ad  iiidices  venerit,  et  unius  nominis  litura  se  commotum 

25  esse  dixerit.  Li  his  igitur  tabulis  niillam  lituram  in  nomine 
A.  Licini  videtis. 

Evidence  of   the  Census  not   Necessary. 

10.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  quid  est  quod  de  eius  civitate 
dubitetis,  praesertim  cum  aliis  quoque  in  civitatibus  fuerit 
ascriptus  ?      Etenim   cum   mediocribus   multis  et   aut  niilla 

30  aut  humili  aliqua  arte  praeditis  gratuito  civitatem  in  Grae- 
cia  homines  impertiebant,  Reginos  credo  aut  Locrensis  aut 
Neapolitanos  aut  Tarentinos,  quod  scenicis  artificibus  largiri 


The  Citize7isliip  of  Archias  159 

solebant,  id  huic  summa  ingeni  praedito  gloria  noluisse  ! 
Quid  ?  cum  ceteri  non  modo  post  civitatem  datam,  sed 
etiam  post  legem  Papiam  aliquo  modo  in  eorum  mimici- 
piorum  tabulas  inrepserunt,  hic,  qui  ne  iititur  quidem  illis 
in  quibus  est  scriptus,  quod  semper  se  Heracliensem  esse  5 
voluit,  reicietur  ?  11.  Census  nostros  requiris  scilicet.  Est 
enim  obscurum  proximis  censoribus  hunc  cum  clarissimo 
imperatore  L.  LOcullo  apud  exercitum  fuisse  ;  superioribus, 
cum  eodem  quaestore  fuisse  in  Asia;  primis  lulio  et  Crasso 
nOUam  populi  partem  esse  censam.  Sed  —  quoniam  census  10 
non  ius  civitatis  confirmat,  ac  tantum  modo  indicat  eum  qui 
sit  census  [ita]  se  iam  turn  gessisse  pro  cive  —  eis  tempori- 
bus  quibus  tii  criminaris  ne  ipsius  quidem  iudicio  in  civium 
Romanorum  iiire  esse  versatum,  et  testamentum  saepe  fecit 
nostris  legibus,  et  adiit  hereditates  civium  Romanorum,  et  15 
in  beneficiis  ad  aerarium  delatus  est  a  L.  Lucullo  pro  con- 
sule.  VI.  Quaere  argumenta,  si  qua  potes  :  numquam 
enim  hic  neque  suo  neque  amicorum  iiidicio  revincetur. 

Study  of  Letters  an  Indispensable  Relaxation. 

12.  Quaeres  a  nobis,  Grati,  cOr  tanto  opere  hoc  homine 
delectemur.  Quia  suppeditat  nobis  ubi  et  animus  ex  hoc  20 
forensi  strepitu  reficiatur,  et  aures  convicio  defessae  con- 
quiescant.  An  tii  existimas  aut  suppetere  nobis  posse  quod 
cotidie  dicamus  in  tanta  varietate  rerum,  nisi  animos  nostros 
doctrina  excolamus ;  aut  ferre  animos  tantam  posse  conten- 
tionem,  nisi  eos  doctrina  eadem  relaxemus  ?     £2:0  vero  fateor  2^ 


&^ 


me  his  studiis  esse  deditum  :  ceteros  pudeat,  si  qui  se  ita 
litteris  abdiderunt  ut  nihil  possint  ex  eis  neque  ad  com- 
munem  adferre  fructum,  neque  in  aspectum  lucemque  pro- 
ferre  :  me  autem  quid  pudeat,  qui  tot  annos  ita  vivo,  iudices, 
ut  a  nullius  umquam  me  tempore  aut  commodo  aut  otium  30 
meum  abstraxerit,  aut  voluptas  avocarit,  aut  denique  somnus 
retardarit  ?     13.   Qua  re  quis  tandem   me  reprehendat,  aut 


i6o  Oratio7is  of  Cicero 

quis  mihi  iure  suscenseat,  si,  quantum  ceteris  ad  suas  res 
obeundas,  quantum  ad  festos  dies  ludorum  celebrandos, 
quantum  ad  alias  voluptates  et  ad  ipsam  requiem  animi  et 
corporis  conceditur  temporum,  quantum  alii  tribuunt  tem- 
5  pestivis  conviviis,  quantum  denique  alveolo,  quantum  pilae, 
tantum  mihi  egomet  ad  haec  studia  recolenda  sumpsero  ? 
Atque  hoc  ideo  mihi  concedendum  est  magis,  quod  ex  his 
studiis  haec  quoque  crescit  oratio  et  facultas  ;  quae,  quan- 
tacumque  in  me  est,  numquam  amicorum  periculis  defuit. 
lo  Quae  si  cui  levior  videtur,  ilia  quidem  certe,  quae  summa 
sunt,  ex  quo  fonte  hauriam  sentio. 

Literature  a  Source  of  Moral  Strength. 

14.  Nam  nisi  multorum  praeceptis  multisque  litteris  mihi 
ab  adulescentia  suasissem,  nihil  esse  in  vita  magno  opere 
expetendum   nisi    laudem    atque    honestatem,   in    ea   autem 

15  persequenda  omnis  cruciatiis  corporis,  omnia  pericula  mor- 
tis atque  exsili  parvi  esse  ducenda,  numquam  me  pro  salute 
vestra  in  tot  ac  tantas  dimicationes  atque  in  hos  profligato- 
rum  hominum  cotidianos  impetus  obiecissem.  Sed  pleni 
omnes  sunt  libri,  plenae  sapientium  voces,  plena  exemplorum 

20  vetustas  :  quae  iacerent  in  tenebris  omnia,  nisi  litterarum 
lumen  accederet.  Quam  multas  nobis  imagines  —  non  solum 
ad  intuendum,  verum  etiam  ad  imitandum  —  fortissimorum 
virorum  expressas  scriptores  et  Graeci  et  Latini  reliquerunt? 
Quas  ego  mihi  semper  in  administranda  re  pfiblica  propo- 

25  nens,  animum  et  mentem  meam  ipsa  cogitatione  hominum 
excellentium  conformabam. 

All  Famous  Men  have  been  Devoted  to  Letters, 

VII.    15.  Quaeret  quispiam  :  'Quid?  illi  ipsi  summi  viri, 

quorum  virtutes  litteris  proditae  sunt,  istane  doctrina,  quam 

tu  effers   laudibus,  eruditi   fuerunt  ?  '      Difficile  est   hoc  de 

30  omnibus  confirmare,  sed  tamen  est  certe  quod  respondeam. 


The  Citizenship  of  Arc  J  das  i6i 

Ego  multos  homines  excellenti  animo  ac  virtute  fuisse,  et 
sine  doctrina  naturae  ipsius  habitu  prope  divino  per  se 
ipsos  et  moderates  et  gravis  exstitisse,  fateor:  etiam  illud 
adiungo,  saepius  ad  laudem  atque  virtutem  natiiram  sine 
doctrina  quam  sine  natura  valuisse  doctrinam.  Atque  idem  5 
ego  contendo,  cum  ad  naturam  eximiam  atque  inliistrem 
accesserit  ratio  quaedam  conformatioque  doctrinae,  tum 
illud  nescio  quid  praeclarum  ac  singulare  solere  exsistere. 
16.  Ex  hoc  esse  hunc  numero,  quern  patres  nostri  viderunt, 
divinum  hominem  Africanum  ;  ex  hoc  C.  Laelium,  L.  Furium,  10 
moderatissimos  homines  et  continentissimos ;  ex  hoc  fortis- 
simum  virum  et  illis  temporibus  doctissimum,  M.  Catonem 
ilium  senem  :  qui  profecto  si  nihil  ad  percipiendam  [colen- 
dam]  virtutem  litteris  adiuvarentur,  numquam  se  ad  earum 
studium  contulissent.  Quod  si  non  hie  tantus  fructus  osten-  15 
deretur,  et  si  ex  his  studiis  delectatio  sola  peteretur,  tamen 
(ut  opinor)  hanc  animi  adversionem  humanissimam  ac  libera- 
lissimam  iudicaretis.  Nam  ceterae  neque  temporum  sunt 
neque  aetatum  omnium  neque  locorum  :  haec  studia  adules- 
centiam  alunt,  senectiitem  oblectant,  secundas  res  ornant,  20 
adversis  perfugium  ac  solacium  praebent,  delectant  domi, 
non  impediunt  foris,  pernoctant  nobiscum,  peregrinantur, 
rusticantur. 

Great  Artists  are  of  Themselves  Worthy  of  Admiration. 

17.  Quod  si  ipsi  haec  neque  attingere  neque  sensu  nostro 
gustare  possemus,  tamen  ea  mirari  deberemus,  etiam  cum  25 
in  aliis  videremus.  VIII.  Quis  nostrtjm  tam  animo  agresti 
ac  duro  fuit,  ut  Rosci  morte  nuper  non  commoveretur  ?  qui 
cum  esset  senex  mortuus,  tamen  propter  excellentem  artem 
ac  venustatem  videbatur  omnino  mori  non  debuisse.  Ergo 
ille  corporis  motu  tantum  amorem  sibi  conciliarat  a  nobis  30 
omnibus  :  nos  animorum  incredibilis  motus  celeritatemque 
ingeniorum  neglegemus  ?     18.  Quotiens  ego  hunc  Archiam 


1 62  Orations  of  Cicero 

vidi,  iudices,  —  iitar  enim  vestra  benignitate,  quoniam  me 
in  hoc  novo  genere  dicendi  tarn  diligenter  attenditis,  —  quo- 
tiens  ego  hunc  vidi,  cum  litteram  scripsisset  nOllam,  magnum 
numerum  optimorum  versuum  de  eis  ipsis  rebus  quae  tum 
5  agerentur  dicere  ex  tempore  !  Quotiens  revocatum  eandem 
rem  dicere,  commiitatis  verbis  atque  sententiis  !  Quae  vero 
adcijrate  cogitateque  scripsisset,  ea  sic  vidi  probari,  ut  ad 
veterum  scriptorum  laudem  perveniret.  Hunc  ego  non  dili- 
gam?  non  admirer?  non  omni  ratione  defendendum  putem? 

The  Poet  Especially  Sacred. 

lo  Atque  sic  a  summis  hominibus  eruditissimisque  accepi- 
mus,  ceterarum  rerum  studia  et  doctrina  et  praeceptis  et 
arte  constare :  poetam  natura  ipsa  valere,  et  mentis  viribus 
excitari,  et  quasi  divino  quodam  spiritu  inflari.  Qua  re  suo 
iure  noster  ille  Ennius  sanctos  appellat  poetas,  quod  quasi 

15  deorum  aliquo  dono  atque  munere  commendati  nobis 
esse  videantur.  19.  Sit  igitur,  iudices,  sanctum  apud  vos, 
hiimanissimos  homines,  hoc  poetae  nomen,  quod  nulla  um- 
quam  barbaria  violavit.  Saxa  et  solitudines  voci  respondent, 
bestiae  saepe   immanes  cantii  flectuntur  atque  consistunt : 

20  nos,  institiiti  rebus  optimis,  non  poetarum  voce  moveamur  ? 
Homerum  Colophonii  civem  esse  dicunt  suum,  Chii  suum 
vindicant,  Salaminii  repetunt,  Smyrnaei  vero  suum  esse  con- 
firmant,  itaque  etiam  deliibrum  eius  in  oppido  dedicaverunt  : 
permulti  alii  praeterea  pugnant  inter  se  atque  contendunt. 

25  IX.  Ergo  illi  alienum,  quia  poeta  fuit,  post  mortem  etiam 
expetunt  :  nos  hunc  vivum,  qui  et  voluntate  et  legibus  noster 
est,  repudiabimus  ?  praesertim  cum  omne  olim  studium  atque 
omne  ingenium  contulerit  Archias  ad  populi  Roman!  gloriam 
laudemque  celebrandam  ?     Nam  et  Cimbricas  res  adulescens 

30  attigit,  et  ipsi  illi  C.  Mario,  qui  durior  ad  haec  studia  vide- 
batur,  iucundus  fuit. 


TJie   CitizensJiip  of  A  re  hi  as 


163 


The  Poet  is  the  Herald  of  Fame. 

20.  Neque  enim  quisquam  est  tarn  aversus  a  Musis,  qui 
non  mandari  versibus  aeternum  suorum  laborum  facile 
praeconium  patiatur.  Themistoclem  ilium,  summum  Athe- 
nis  virum,  dixisse  aiunt,  cum  ex  eo  quaereretur,  quod 
acroama  aut  cuius  vocem  libentissime  audiret  :  Eiiis,  a  quo 
sua  virtus  optirne  praedicairtur.  Itaque  ille  Marius  item 
eximie  L.  Plotium  dilexit,  cuius  ingenio  putabat  ea  quae 
gesserat  posse  celebrari.     21.   Mithridaticum  vero    bellum. 


Marius. 


magnum  atque  difficile  et  in  multa  varietate  terra  marique 
versatum,  totum  ab  hoc  expressum  est  :  qui  libri  non  modo  10 
L.  Lucullum,  fortissimum  et  clarissimum  virum,  verum 
etiam  populi  Romani  nomen  inlustrant.  Populus  enim 
Romanus  aperuit  LucuUo  imperante  Pontum,  et  regiis  quon- 
dam opibus  et  ipsa  natura  et  regione  vallatum  :  populi 
Romani  exercitus,  eodem  duce,  non  maxima  manii  innu-  15 
merabilis  Armeniorum  copias  fiidit :  populi  Romani  laus 
est  urbem  amicissimam  Cyzicenorum  eiusdem  consilio  ex 
omni  impetu  regio  atque  totius  belli  ore  ac  faucibus  erep- 
tam  esse  atque  servatam  :  nostra  semper  feretur  et  prae- 
dicabitur,   L.    LucuUo    dimicante,   cum    interfectis    ducibus  20 


164  Orations  of  Cicero 

depressa  hostium  classis,  et  incredibilis  apud  Tenedum 
piigna  ilia  navalis  :  nostra  sunt  tropaea,  nostra  monimenta, 
nostri  triumphi.  Quae  quorum  ingeniis  efferuntur,  ab  eis 
populi  Roman!  fama  celebratur.  22.  Carus  fuit  Africano 
5  superior!  noster  Ennius,  itaque  etiam  in  sepulcro  Scipionum 
putatur  is  esse  constitutus  ex  marmore.  At  eis  laudibus 
certe  non  solum  ipse  qui  laudatur,  sed  etiam  populi  Romani 
nomen  ornatur.  In  caelum  huius  proavus  Cato  toUitur : 
magnus   honos   populi   Romani   rebus   adiungitur.      Omnes 

10  denique  illi  Maximi,  Marcelli,  Fulvii,  non  sine  commiini 
omnium  nostrum  laude  decorantur.  X.  Ergo  ilium,  qui 
haec  fecerat,  Rudinum  hominem,  maiores  nostri  in  civita- 
tem  receperunt  :  nos  hunc  Heracliensem,  multis  civitatibus 
expetitum,  in  hac  autem  legibus  constitutum,  de  nostra  civi- 

15  tate  eiciemus  ? 

Alexander  at  the  Tomb  of  Achilles. 

23.  Nam  si  quis  minorem  gloriae  fructum  putat  ex  Grae- 
cis  versibus  percipi  quam  ex  Latinis,  vehementer  errat : 
propterea  quod  Graeca  leguntur  in  omnibus  fere  gentibus, 


Alexander  the  Great  (from  a  Coin). 

Latina  suis   finibus,   exiguis   sane,  continentur.     Qua  re  si 

20  res  eae   quas  gessimus  orbis  terrae  region ibus  definiuntur, 

cupere  debemus,  quo  manuum  nostrarum  tela  pervenerint, 


TJie  Citizenship  of  ArcJiias  165 

eodem  gloriam  famamque  penetrare  :  quod  cum  ipsis  popu- 
lis  de  quorum  rebus  scribitur,  haec  ampla  sunt,  tum  eis 
certe,  qui  de  vita  gloriae  causa  dimicant,  hoc  maximum  et 
periculorum  incitamentum  est  et  laborum.  24.  Quam  mul- 
tos  scriptores  rerum  suarum  magnus  ille  Alexander  secum  5 
habuisse  dicitur  !  Atque  is  tamen,  cum  in  Sigeo  ad  Achillis 
tumulum  astitisset  :  O  fortfDiate  inquit  aduiescefis,  qui  tuae 
virtiltis  Ho7nenim  praecdnc7?i  inveneris  I  Et  vere.  Nam  nisi 
Ilias  ilia  exstitisset,  idem  tumulus,  qui  corpus  eius  contex-. 
erat,  nomen  etiam  obruisset.  Quid  ?  noster  hie  Magnus,  10 
qui  cum  virtute  fortimam  adaequavit,  nonne  Theophanem 
Mytilenaeum,  scriptorem  rerum  suarum,  in  contione  mili- 
tum  civitate  donavit ;  et  nostri  illi  fortes  viri,  sed  riistici  ac 
milites,  dulcedine  quadam  gloriae  commoti,  quasi  participes 
eiusdem  laudis,  magno  illud  clamore  approbaverunt  ?  15 

Many  would  have  been  Eager  to  Give  Archias  the  Citizenship. 

25.  Itaque,  credo,  si  civis  Romanus  Archias  legibus  non 
esset,  ut  ab  aliquo  imperatore  civitate  donaretur  perficere 
non  potuit.  Sulla  cum  Hispanos  donaret  et  Gallos,  credo 
hunc  petentem  repudiasset :  quem  nos  in  contione  vidimus, 
cum  ei  libellum  malus  poeta  de  populo  subiecisset,  quod  20 
epigramma  in  eum  fecisset,  tantummodo  alternis  versibus 
longiusculis,  statim  ex  eis  rebus  quas  tunc  vendebat  iubere 
ei  praemium  tribui,  sed  ea  condicione,  ne  quid  postea  scri- 
beret.  Qui  sedulitatem  mali  poetae  duxerit  aliquo  tamen 
praemio  dignam,  huius  ingenium  et  virtutem  in  scribendo  25 
et  copiam  non  expetisset  ?  26.  Quid  ?  a  Q.  Metello  Pio, 
familiarissimo  suo,  qui  civitate  multos  donavit,  neque  per  se 
neque  per  Liicullos  impetravisset  ?  qui  praesertim  Osque  eo 
de  suis  rebus  scribi  cuperet,  ut  etiam  Cordubae  natis  poetis, 
pingue  quiddam  sonantibus  atque  peregrinum,  tamen  auris  30 
suas  dederet. 


1 66  Orations  of  Cicero 

All  Men  Thirst  for  Glory. 

XI.  Neque  enim  est  hoc  dissimulandum  (quod  obscurari 
non  potest)  sed  prae  nobis  ferendum :  trahimur  omnes 
studio  laudis,  et  optimus  quisque  maxinie  gloria  ducitur. 
Ipsi  illi  philosophi,  etiam  in  eis  libellis  quos  de  contem- 
5  nenda  gloria  scribunt,  nomen  suum  inscribunt :  in  eo  ipso, 
in  quo  praedicationem  nobilitatemque  despiciunt,  praedicari 
de  se  ac  nominari  volunt.  27.  Decimus  quidem  Brutus, 
summus  vir  et  imperator,  Acci,  amicissimi  sui,  carminibus 
templorum    ac    monumentorum    aditus    exornavit    suorum. 

lo  lam-  vero  ille,  qui  cum  Aetolis  Ennio  comite  bellavit,  Ful- 
vius,  non  dubitavit  Martis  manubias  Musis  consecrare. 
Qua  re  in  qua  urbe  imperatores  prope  armati  poetarum 
nomen  et  Musarum  deliibra  coluerunt,  in  ea  non  debent 
togati    iudices    a    Musarum   honore    et    a    poetarum    salute 

15  abhorrere. 

28.  Atque  ut  id  libentius  faciatis,  iam  me  vobis,  iudices, 
indicabo,  et  de  meo  quodam  amore  gloriae,  nimis  acri  for- 
tasse  verum  tamen  honesto,  vobis  confitebor.  Nam  quas 
res    nos    in    consulatfi    nostro    vobiscum    simul    pro    salute 

20  huiusce  imperi  et  pro  vita  civium  proque  universa  re 
publica  gessimus,  attigit  hie  versibus  atque  inchoavit :  qui- 
bus  auditis,  quod  mihi  magna  res  et  iucunda  visa  est,  hunc 
ad  perficiendum  adornavi.  Nullam  enim  virtus  aliam  mer- 
cedem    laborum    periculorumque    desiderat,    praeter    hanc 

25  laudis  et  gloriae  :  qua  quidem  detracta,  iudices,  quid  est 
quod  in  hoc  tarn  exiguo  vitae  curriculo  [et  tam  brevi]  tantis 
nos  in  laboribus  exerceamus  ?  29.  Certe  si  nihil  animus 
praesentiret  in  posterum,  et  si  quibus  regionibus  vitae  spa- 
tium  circumscriptum  est,  eisdem  omnis  cogitationes  termi- 

30  naret  suas ;  nee  tantis  se  laboribus  frangeret,  neque  tot 
curis  vigiliisque  angeretur,  nee  totiens  de  ipsa  vita  dimi- 
caret.      Nunc    insidet    quaedam  in   optimo   quoque   virtus, 


TJie  Citize7tsJiip  of  Archias  167 

quae  noctis  ac  dies  animum  gloriae  stimulis  concitat,  atque 
admonet  non  cum  vitae  tempore  esse  dimittendam  comme- 
morationem  nominis  nostri,  sed  cum  omni  posteritate  adae- 
quandam. 

Literature  the  Most  Enduring  of  Monuments. 

XII.    30.  An  vero  tam  parvi  animi  videamur  esse  omnes,     5 
qui  in  re  publica  atque  in  his  vitae  periculis  laboribusque 
versamur,  ut,  cum  usque  ad  extremum  spatium  nullum  tran- 
quillum  atque  otiosum  spiritum  diixerimus,  nobiscum  simul 
moritura  omnia  arbitremur  .^     An  statuas  et  imagines,  non 
animorum  simulacra   sed   corporum,   studiose  multi   summi  10 
homines    reliquerunt  ;     consiliorum   relinquere   ac   virtutum 
nostrarum    effigiem   nonne   multo   malle    debemus,    summis 
ingeniis  expressam  et  politam  ?     Ego  vero  omnia  quae  gere- 
bam,  iam  tum  in  gerendo  spargere  me  ac  disseminare  arbi- 
trabar  in  orbis  terrae  memoriam  sempiternam.     Haec  vero  15 
sive  a  meo  sensu  post  mortem  afutura  est  sive  —  ut  sapien- 
tissimi  homines  putaverunt  —  ad  aliquam  mei  partem  per- 
tinebit,    nunc    quidem    certe    cogitatione    quadam    speque 
delector. 

Archias  the  Poet  should  be  Protected  in  his  Rights. 

31.    Qua    re    conservate,    ifidices,    hominem    pudore    eo,  20 
quem    amicorum    videtis    comprobari    cum    dignitate    tum 
etiam    vetustate ;    ingenio    autem    tanto,    quantum    id    con- 
venit    existimari,    quod    summorum    hominum    ingeniis    ex- 
petitum   esse  videatis ;    causa   vero  eius   modi,   quae   bene- 
ficio  legis,  auctoritate  municipi,  testimonio   Luculli,  tabulis  25 
Metelli  comprobetur.     Quae  cum  ita  sint,  petimus  a  vobis, 
ifidices,  si  qua  n5n  modo  humana,  verum  etiam  divina  in 
tantis  ingeniis  commendatio  debet  esse,  ut  eum  qui  vos,  qui 
vestros  imperatores,  qui  populi  Romani  res  gestas   semper 
ornavit,  qui  etiam  his  recentibus  nostris  vestrisque  domes-  30 
ticis  periculis  aeternum  se  testimonium  laudis  dati^irum  esse 


1 68  O ratio )is  of  Cicero 

profitetur,  estque  ex  eo  numero  qui  semper  apud  omnis 
sancti  sunt  habiti  itaque  dicti,  sic  in  vestram  accipiatis 
fidem,  ut  hiimanitate  vestra  levatus  potius  quam  acerbitate 
violatus  esse  videatur.  32.  Quae  de  causa  pro  mea  consue- 
5  tiidine  breviter  simpliciterque  dixi,  iudices,  ea  confido  pro- 
bata esse  omnibus.  Quae  autem  remota  a  mea  itadicialique 
consuetCidine,  et  de  hominis  ingenio  et  commiiniter  de 
ipsius  studio  locutus  sum,  ea,  iudices,  a  vobis  spero  esse  in 
bonam  partem  accepta  ;  ab  eo  qui  iudicium  exercet,  certo 
10  scio. 


SELECT   LETTERS    OF   CICERO 


I.      {Att.   2.    lO.) 

A  friendly  and  somewhat  jocose  note  written  by  Cicero  (B.C.  59) 
at  Appii  Forum  while  on  his  way  from  Rome  to  his  villa  at  Formiae. 
T.  Pomponius  Atticus,  a  wealthy  Roman  banker,  was  Cicero's  most 
intimate  friend.  The  letters  to  Atticus  cover  every  subject  in  which 
Cicero  felt  an  interest,  from  the  fate  of  the  republic  to  the  choice  of 
words  in  composition.  Atticus  belonged  to  the  equestrian  order  —  the 
"capitalist  class"  among  the  Romans.  He  was  a  highly  cultivated 
man,  of  honorable  character,  and  deeply  interested  in  literature  and 
philosophy.  He  had  spent  much  time  in  Greece  and  was  noted  for  his 
thorough  acquaintance  with  the  niceties  of  the  Greek  language  —  hence 
his  surname  "the  Attic." 

CICERO    ATTICO    SAL. 


VOLO  ames  meam  constantiam  :  liidos  Anti  spectare  non 
placet ;  est  enim  virodoXoixov,  cum  velim  vitare  omnium 
deliciarum  suspicionem,  repente  dvit(f>atveaOaL  non  solum  deli- 
cate, sed  etiam  inepte  peregrinantem  :  qua  re  usque  ad  Nonas 

169 


I/O  Letters  of  Cieero 

Maias  te  in  Formiano  exspectabo.  Nunc  fac  ut  sciam  quo 
die  te  visuri  simus.  Ab  Appi  Foro,  hora  quarta.  Dederam 
aliam  paulo  ante  a  Tribus  Tabernis. 

II.     {Att.  2.  2  1.) 

This  letter  was  written  from  Rome  (B.C.  59)  shortly  before  Cicero's 
banishment.  Atticus,  to  whom  it  is  addressed,  was  on  his  estate  in 
Epirus.  The  so-called  First  Triumvirate  was  in  power,  and  Caesar  had 
received  the  consulship  as  a  part  of  the  political  bargain  which  he  had 
made  with  Pompey  and  Crassus.  His  colleague  Bibulus  was  in  vain 
attempting  to  prevent  him  from  carrying  out  his  plans.  Clodius, 
Cicero's  bitterest  enemy,  was  active,  and  Cicero  was  beginning  to  fear 
that  Pompey's  protection  might  not  be  sufficient.  For  the  political 
situation  and  the  causes  of  Cicero's  banishment,  see  Life  of  Cicero, 
Introduction,  pp.  xix-xx. 

Cicero  expresses  the  fear  that  the  course  of  the  "  Triumvirs  "  may 
lead  to  civil  war.  Pompey,  by  his  compact  with  Caesar,  has  alien- 
ated his  own  party.  His  popularity  is  waning.  He  has  lately  had  a 
mortifying  experience  in  a  public  assembly,  where  he  vainly  attempted 
to  reply  effectively  to  the  attacks  of  Bibulus.  Finally,  Cicero  expresses 
much  anxiety  as  to  his  own  prospects. 

CICERO    ATTICO    SAL. 

De  re  publica  quid  ego  tibi  subtiliter  ?  Tota  periit  atque 
5  hoc  est  miserior  quam  reliquisti,  quod  turn  videbatur  eius 
modi  dominatio  civitatem  oppressisse,  quae  iucunda  esset 
multitudini,  bonis  autem  ita  molesta,  ut  tamen  sine  pernicie, 
nunc  repente  tanto  in  odio  est  omnibus,  ut  quorsus  eruptura 
sit  horreamus ;  nam  iracundiam  atque  intemperantiam  illo- 
10  rum  sumus  expert!,  qui  Catoni  irati  omnia  perdiderunt.  Sed 
ita  lenibus  uti  videbantur  venenis,  ut  posse  videremur  sine 
dolore  interire  :  nunc  vero  sibilis  volgi,  sermonibus  honesto- 
rum,  fremiti!  Italiae  vereor  ne  exarserint. 

Equidem  sperabam,  ut  saepe  etiam  loqui  tecum  solebam, 
15  sic  orbem  rei  publicae  esse  conversum,  ut  vix  sonitum  audire 


To  Atticiis 


17 


vix  impressam  orbitam  videre  possemus,  et  fuisset  ita,  si 
homines  transitum  tempestatis  exspectare  potuissent,  sed 
cum  diu  occulte  suspirassent,  postea  iam  gemere,  ad  extre- 
mum  vero  loqui  omnes  et  clamare  coeperunt.  Itaque  ilie 
amicus  noster,  insolens  infamiae,  semper  in  laude  versatus, 
circumfluens  gloria,  deformatus  corpore,  fractus  animo,  quo 


Cato. 


se  conferat  nescit ;  progressum  praecipitem,  inconstantem 
reditum  videt;  bonos  inimicos  habet,  improbos  ipsos  non 
amicos. 

Ac  vide  mollitiem  animi  :   non  tenui   lacrimas,  cum  ilium  10 
a.  d.  VIII.  Kal.  Sextilis  vidi  de  edictis  Bibuli  contionantem  ; 
qui  antea  solitus  esset   iactare   se   magnificentissime  illo  in 
loco,  summo  cum   amoje  populi,  cunctis  faventibus,  ut  ille 
tum  humilis,  ut  demissus  erat,  ut  ipse  etiam  sibi,  non  eis 


1/2  Letters  of  Cicero 

solum,  qui  aderant,  displicebat  !  O  spectaculum  uni  Crasso 
iucundum,  ceteris  non  item  !  Nam,  quia  deciderat  ex  astris, 
lapsus  quam  progressus  potius  videbatur,  et,  ut  Apelles,  si 
Venerem,  aut  Protogenes,  si  lalysum  ilium  suum  caeno  obli- 

5  tum  videret,  magnum,  credo,  acciperet  dolorem,  sic  ego  hunc 
omnibus  a  me  pictum  et  politum  artis  coloribus  subito 
deformatum  non  sine  magno  dolore  vidi. 

Quamquam  nemo  putabat,  propter  Clodianum  negotium, 
me   illi    amicum   esse   debere,   tamen   tantus   fuit   amor,    ut 

lo  exhauriri  nulla  posset  iniuria.  Itaque  Archilochia  in  ilium 
edicta  Bibuli  populo  ita  sunt  iucunda,  ut  eum  locum,  ubi 
proponuntur,  prae  multitudine  eorum,  qui  legunt,  transire 
nequeamus,  ipsi  ita  acerba,  ut  tabescat  dolore,  mihi  meher- 
cule  molesta,  quod  et  eum,  quem  semper  dilexi,  nimis  excru- 

15  ciant,  et  timed  tam  vehemens  vir  tamque  acer  in  ferro  et  tam 
insuetus  contumeliae  ne  omni  animi  impetu  dolori  et  ira- 
cundiae  pareat. 

Bibuli  qui  sit  exitus  futurus,  nescio ;  ut  nunc  res  se  habet, 
admirabili  gloria  est :   qui  cum  comitia  in  mensem  Octobrem 

20  distulisset,  quod  solet  ea  res  populi  voluntatem  offendere, 
putarat  Caesar  oratione  sua  posse  impelli  contionem,  ut  iret 
ad  Bibulum  ;  multa  cum  seditiosissime  diceret,  vocem  expri- 
mere  non  potuit.  Quid  quaeris  ?  Sentiunt  se  nCillam  iallius 
partis  voluntatem  tenere ;   eo  magis  vis  nobis  est  timenda. 

25  Clodius  inimicus  est  nobis ;  Pompeius  confirmat  eum  nihil 
esse  factnrum  contra  me :  mihi  periculosum  est  credere  ;  ad 
resistendum  me  paro. 

Studia  spero  me  summa  habiturum  omnium  ordinum.      Te 
cum  ego  desidero,  tum  vero  res  ad  tempus  illud  vocat.      Plii- 

30  rimum  consili,  animi,  praesidi  denique  mihi,  si  te  ad  tempus 
videro,  accesserit.  Varro  mihi  satis  facit ;  Pompeius  loquitur 
divinitus.  Spero  nos  aut  cum  summa  gloria  aut  certe  sine 
molestia  discessuros.  Tu,  quid  agas,  quem  ad  modum  te 
oblectes,  quid  cum   Sicyoniis  egeris,   ut  sciam  cijra. 


To  his  Family  173 

III.    {Fam.  14.  I.) 

A  family  letter,  addressed  to  Cicero's  wife  Terentia,  his  daughter 
TuUia,  and  his  son  Marcus.  It  was  written  from  Dyrrachium,  n.c.  58, 
while  Cicero  was  in  exile.     See  Life  of  Cicero,  Introduction,  pp.  ix-xxi. 

TULLIUS    TERENTIAE    SUAE,    TULLIOLAE    SUAE, 
CICERONI    SUO    SALUTEiM    DICIT. 

Et  litteris  multorum  et  sermone  omnium  perfertur  ad  mu, 
incredibilem  tuam  virtutem  et  fortitudinem  esse  teque  nee 
animi  neque  corporis  laboribus  defatigari.  Me  miserum  !  te 
ista  virtfite,  fide,  probitate,  humanitate  in  tantas  aerumnas 
propter  me  incidisse  !  Tulliolamque  nostram,  ex  quo  patre  5 
tantas  voluptates  capiebat,  ex  eo  tantos  percipere  liictus  ! 
Nam  quid  ego  de  Cicerone  dicam  ?  qui  cum  primum  sapere 
coepit,  acerbissimos  dolores  miseriasque  percepit.  Quae  si, 
tu  ut  scribis,  fato  facta  putarem,  ferrem  paulo  facilius,  sed 
omnia  sunt  mea  culpa  commissa,  qui  ab  eis  me  amari  puta-  10 
bam,  qui  invidebant,  eos  non  sequebar,  qui  petebant. 

Quod  si  nostris  consiliis  usi  essemus  neque  apud  nos  tan- 
tum  valuisset  sermo  aut  stultorum  amicorum  aut  improbo- 
rum,  beatissimi  viveremus  :  nunc,  quoniam  sperare  nos  amici 
iubent,  dabo  operam,  ne  mea  valetiido  tuo  labori  desit.  Res  15 
quanta  sit,  intellego,  quantoque  fuerit  facilius  manere  domi 
quam  redire  ;  sed  tamen,  si  omnis  tribunes  pi.  habemus,  si 
Lentulum  tarn  studiosum,  quam  videtur,  si  vero  etiam  Pom- 
peium  et  Caesarem,  non  est  desperandum. 

De  familia,  quo  modo  placuisse  scribis  amicis,  faciemus ;  20 
de  loco,  nunc  quidem  iam  abiit  pestilentia,  sed  quam  diu  fuit, 
me  non  attigit.  Plancius,  homo  officiosissimus,  me  cupit 
esse  secum  et  adhuc  retinet.  Ego  volebam  loco  magis 
deserto  esse  in  Epiro,  quo  neque  Hispo  veniret  nee  milites, 
sed  adhuc  Plancius  me  retinet ;  sperat  posse  fieri,  ut  mecum  25 
in  Italiam  decedat :  quem  ego  diem  si  videro  et  si  in  vestrum 
complexum  venero   ac  si   et  vos   et  me  ipsum  recuperaro, 


174  Letter's  of  Cice^'o 

satis  magnum  mihi  friictum  videbor  percepisse  et  vestrae 
pietatis  et  meae.  Pisonis  hiimanitas,  virtus,  amor  in  omnis 
nos  tantus  est,  ut  nihil  supra  possit :  utinam  ea  res  ei  volup- 
tati  sit !  Gloriae  quidem  video  fore. 
5  De  Q.  fratre  nihil  ego  te  accusavi,  sed  vos,  cum  praesertim 
tam  pauci  sitis,  volui  esse  quam  coniunctissimos.  Quibus  me 
voluisti  agere  gratias,  egi  et  me  a  te  certiorem  factum  esse 
scrips!.  Quod  ad  me,  mea  Terentia,  scribis  te  vicum  vendi- 
turam,  quid,  obsecro  te,  —  me  miserum  !  —  quid  futurum  est .'' 

lo  Et,  si  nos  premet  eadem  fortuna,  quid  puero  misero  fiet .? 
Non  que5  reliqua  scribere  —  tanta  vis  lacriraarum  est,  — 
neque  te  in  eundem  fletum  adducam. 

Tantum  scribo  :  si  erunt  in  officio  amici,  pecunia  non  deerit; 
si  non  erunt,  tu  efificere  tua  peciinia  non  poteris.    Per  fortiinas 

15  miseras  nostras,  vide,  ne  puerum  perditum  perdamus.  Cui 
si  aliquid  erit,  ne  egeat,  mediocri  virtute  opus  est  et  mediocri 
fortiina,  ut  cetera  consequatur.  Fac  valeas  et  ad  me  tabella- 
rios  mittas,  ut  sciam,  quid  agatur  et  vos  quid  agatis.  Mihi 
omnino  iam  brevis   exspectatio   est.     Tulliolae  et  Ciceroni 

20  salutem  die.     Valete.     D.  a.  d.  vi.  K.  Decemb.  Dyrrachi. 
Dyrrachium    veni,    quod   et   libera    civitas   est   et   in   me 
ofificiosa  et  proxima  Italiae ;   sed  si  offendet  me  loci  cele- 
britas,  alio  me  conferam,  ad  te  scribam. 

IV.  {^Att.  3.  27.) 
A  hasty  note,  written  at  Dyrrachium,  when  Cicero's  immediate 
recall  from  exile  seemed  unlikely,  and  begging  Atticus  to  help  him  and 
to  protect  his  family.  The  precise  occasion  of  the  letter  is  unknown  ; 
perhaps  it  was  the  affray  of  Jan.  25,  B.C.  57,  when  Clodius  by  mob 
violence  prevented  the  passing  of  a  law  recalling  Cicero. 

CICERO    ATTICO    SAL. 
Ex  tuis  litteris  et  ex  re  ipsa  nos  funditus  perisse  video  : 
25  te  oro  ut,  quibus  in  rebus  tui  mei  indigebunt,  nostris  miseriis 
ne  desis ;  ego  te,  ut  scribis,  cito  videbo. 


To  Lent  II I  us  175 


V.    (Fam.  I.  6.) 

B.C.  56.  Between  this  letter  and  the  preceding  came  Cicero's  tri- 
umphant return  from  exile  (by  a  law  passed  Aug.  4,  B.C.  57) :  see  Life 
of  Cicero,  Introduction,  p.  xxi.  The  Lentulus  to  whom  the  letter  is, 
addressed  (P.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Spinther)  was  consul  when  Cicero 
was  recalled.  He  was  now  proconsul  in  Cilicia.  He  had  been  eager 
for  the  office  of  restoring  to  the  throne  of  Egypt  Ptolemy  XH  (Auletes), 
father  of  Cleopatra,  whose  subjects  had  driven  him  out,  but  the  busi- 
ness had  dragged  along  at  Rome,  and  Lentulus  was  mortified  by  having 
the  commission  withdrawn  after  it  had  passed  the  Senate.  Ptolemy 
was  restored  by  Gabinius,  B.C.   55. 

Cicero  expresses  his  regret  at  the  turn  which  the  affair  is  taking, 
and  declares  that  Lentulus  has  not  been  fairly  treated.  He  refers  to 
his  own  exile  and  finds  some  consolation  for  Lentulus  in  remembering 
how  that  ended  in  increased  honor.  He  urges  Gabinius  to  endure  the 
attacks  of  his  enemies  with  fortitude  and  dignity.  In  closing,  Cicero 
promises  to  stand  by  his  coi respondent  to  the  best  of  his  power.  The 
letter  is  full  of  good  sense  and  kindly  feeling  skilfully  expressed. 


M.    CICERO    S.    D.    P.    LENTULO    PROCOS. 

Quae  gerantur,  accipies  ex  PoUione,  qui  omnibus  nego- 
tiis  non  interfuit  solum,  sed  praefuit.  Me  in  summo  dolore, 
quern  in  tuis  rebus  capio,  maxime  scilicet  consolatur  spes, 
quod  valde  suspicor  fore,  ut  infringatur  hominum  improbitas 
et  consiliis  tuorum  amicorum  et  ipsa  die,  quae  debilitat  5 
cogitationes  et  inimicorum  et  proditorum  tuorum.  Facile 
secundo  loco  me  consolatur  recordatio  meorum  temporum, 
quorum  imaginem  video  in  rebus  tuis ;  nam  etsi  minore  in 
re  violatur  tua  dignitas  quam  mea  adflicta  est,  tamen  est 
tanta  similitudo,  ut  sperem  te  mihi  ignoscere,  si  ea  non  10 
timuerim,  quae  ne  tii  quidem  umquam  timenda  duxisti.  Sed 
praesta  te  eum,  qui  mihi  a  teneris,  ut  Graeci  dicunt,  ungui- 
culis  es  cognitus  :  inlustrabit,  mihi  crede,  tuam  amplitudi- 
nem  hominum  iniuria.  A  me  omnia  summa  in  te  studia 
ofificiaque  exspecta ;  non  fallam  opinionem  tuam.  15 


1/6  Lett  CIS  of  Cicero 

VI.    {Fam.  7.  I.) 

Cicero  has  observed  that  his  friend  Marius  did  not  attend  the  dedica- 
tion of  Pompey's  Theatre  and  his  temple  of  Venus  Victrix,  and  writes 
to  congratulate  him  on  his  superiority  to  vulgar  fashion  (see  Letter  L). 
He  expresses  the  hope  that  it  was  not  ill  health  that  kept  his  friend 
away  and  gives  a  lively  criticism  of  the  performances,  which  had 
offended  him  by  their  ostentation  and  brutality.  The  celebration  here 
described  took  place  in  B.C.  55.  It  lasted  for  several  days  and  eclipsed 
anything  of  the  kind  that  the  Romans  had  ever  seen.  The  theatre, 
which  stood  in  the  Campus  Martins,  was  the  first  Roman  theatre  to  be 
built  of  stone  and  held  forty  thousand  spectators. 

Nothing  is  known  of  this  C.  Marius  except  what  is  contained  in 
Cicero's  four  letters  to  him.  He  seems  to  have  been  a  man  of  wealth 
and  of  cultivated  tastes,  whose  delicate  health  forced  him  to  live  in 
retirement  on  his  estates  in  the  country. 

M.  CICERO  S.   D.  M.   MARIO. 

Si  te  dolor  aliqui  corporis  aut  infirmitas  valetCidinis  tuae 
tenuit,  quo  minus  ad  liidos  venires,  fortunae  magis  tribuo 
quam  sapientiae  tuae;  sin  haec,  quae  ceterl  mirantur, 
contemnenda  diixisti  et,  cum  per  valetudinem  posses,  venire 
5  tamen  noluisti,  utrumque  laetor,  et  sine  dolore  corporis  te 
fuisse  et  animo  valuisse,  cum  ea,  quae  sine  causa  mirantur 
alii,  neglexeris  ;  modo  ut  tibi  constiterit  fructus  oti  tui,  quo 
quidem  tibi  perfrui  mirifice  licuit,  cum  esses  in  ista  amoeni- 
tate  paene  solus  relictus. 

10  Neque  tamen  dubito  quin  tu  in  illo  cubiculo  tuo,  ex  quo 
tibi  Stabianum  perforasti  et  patefecisti  Misenum,  per  eos 
dies  matiitina  tempora  lectiunculis  consumpseris,  cum  illi 
interea,  qui  te  istic  reliquerunt,  spectarent  communis  mimos 
semisomnl.      Reliquas   vero  partis  diel   tu   consumebas   els 

15  delectationibus,  quas  tibi  ipse  ad  arbitrium  tuum  compa- 
raras  ;  nobis  autem  erant  ea  perpetienda,  quae  Sp.  Maecius 
probavisset. 

Omnino,  si  quaeris,  liidi  adparatissimi,  sed  non  tui  stoma- 
ch! ;  coniectiiram  enim  facio  de  meo  :  nam  primum  honoris 


To  M.  Marius 


177 


causa  in  scaenam  redierant  ei,  quos  ego  hon5ris  causa 
de  scaena  decesse  arbitrabar ;  deliciae  vero  tuae,  noster 
Aesopus,  eius  modi  fuit,  ut  ei  desinere  per  omnis  homines 
liceret.  Is  iiarare  cum  coepisset,  vox  eum  defecit  in  illo 
loco  '  si  sciens  fallo.'  Quid  tibi  ego  alia  narrem  ?  nosti  5 
enim  reliquos  ludos,  qui  ne  id  quidem  leporis  habuerunt, 
quod  Solent  mediocres  ludi ;  adparatas  enim  spectatio  toUe- 
bat  omnem  hilaritatem,  quo  quidem  adparatu  non  dubito 
quin    anim5    aequissimo   cariieris  :    quid   enim   delectationis 


Pompey's  Theatre  (Restored). 


habent  sescenti  muli  in  Clytaemnestra  ?  aut  in  Equo  Tro- 
iano  creterrarum  tria  milia  ?  aut  armatiira  varia  peditatus 
et  equitatus  in  aliqua  pugna  ?  quae  popularem  admirationem 
habuerunt,  delectationem  tibi  nuUam  attulissent. 

Quod  si  tu  per  eos  dies  operam  dedisti  Protogeni  tuo,  dum 
modo  is  tibi  quidvis  potius  quam  orationes  meas  legerit,  ne 
tii  baud  pauio  plus  quam  quisquam  nostrum  delectationis 
habuisti ;  non  enim  te  puto  Graecos  aut  Oscos  ludos  deside- 
rasse,    praesertim    cum   Oscos    ludos  vel   in    senatu  vestro 


1^8  Letters  of  Cicero 

spectare  possis,  Graecos  ita  non  ames,  ut  ne  ad  villam  quidem 
tuam  via  Graeca  ire  soleas.  Nam  quid  ego  te  athletas  putem 
desiderare,  qui  gladiatores  contempseris  ?  In  quibus  ipse 
Pompeius  confitetur  se  et  operam  et  oleum  perdidisse. 
5  Reliquae  sunt  venationes  biriae  per  dies  quinque,  magni- 
ficae  —  nemo  negat,  —  sed  quae  potest  tiomini  esse  polito 
delectatio,  cum  aut  homo  imbecillus  a  valentissima  bestia 
laniatur  aut  praeclara  bestia  venabulo  transverberatur  ?  quae 
tamen,  si  videnda  sunt,  saepe  vidisti ;   neque  nos,  qui  haec 

10  spectamus,quicquam  novi  vidimus.  Extremus  elephantorum 
dies  fuit,  in  quo  admiratio  magna  volgi  atque  turbae,  delec- 
tatio niilla  exstitit  :  quin  etiam  misericordia  quaedam  conse- 
cuta  est  atque  opinio  eius  modi,  esse  quandam  illi  beluae 
cum  genere  hiimano  societatem. 

15  His  ego  tamen  diebus  [ludis  scaenicis],  ne  forte  videar  tibi 
non  modo  beatus,  sed  liber  omnino  fuisse,  dirupi  me  paene 
in  iudicio  Galli  Canini,  familiaris  tui.  Quod  si  tam  facilem 
populum  haberem,  quam  Aesopus  habuit,  libenter  meher- 
cule    artem    desinerem    tecumque   et   cum   similibus   nostri 

20  viverem ;  nam  me  cum  antea  taedebat,  cum  et  aetas  et 
ambitio  me  hortabatur  et  licebat  denique,  quem  nolebam, 
non  defendere,  tum  vero  hoc  tempore  vita  nialla  est;  neque 
enim  fructum  iillum  laboris  exspecto,  et  cogor  non  numquam 
homines  non  optime  de  me  meritos  rogatu  eorum,  qui  bene 

25  meriti  sunt,  defendere. 

Itaque  quaero  causas  omnis  aliquando  vivendi  arbitratu 
meo,  teque  et  istam  rationem  oti  tui  et  laudo  vehementer  et 
probo,  quodque  nos  minus  intervisis,  hoc  fero  animo  aequi- 
5re,  quod,  si  Romae  esses,  tamen  neque  nos  lepore  tuo  neque 

^o  te  —  si  qui  est  in  me  —  meo  frui  liceret  propter  molestissimas 
occupationes  meas  ;  quibus  si  me  relaxaro  —  nam,  ut  plane 
exsolvam,  non  postulo,  —  te  ipsum,  qui  multos  annos  nihil 
aliud    commentaris,    docebo    profecto,    quid    sit    humaniter 


To  AncJiarius  179 

Til  modo  istam  imbecillitatem  valetudinis  tuae  sustenta  et 
tuere,  ut  facis,  ut  nostras  villas  obire  et  mecum  simul  lecti- 
cula  concursare  possis.  Haec  ad  te  pluribus  verbis  scripsi 
quam  soleo,  non  oti  abundantia,  sed  amoris  erga  te,  quod 
me  quadam  epistula  subinvitaras,  si  memoria  tenes,  ut  ad  5 
te  aliqiiid  eius  modi  scriberem,  quo  minus  te  praetermisisse 
ludos  paeniteret.  Quod  si  adsecutus  sum,  gaudeo ;  sin 
minus,  hoc  me  tamen  consolor,  quod  posthac  ad  ludos 
venies  nosque  vises  neque  in  epistulis  relinques  meis 
spem  aliquam  delectationis  tuae.  10 

VII.  {Fam.  13.  40.) 

B-C.  55.  Q.  Ancharius  was  proconsul  in  Macedonia.  Little  is  known 
of  the  young  men  for  whom  Cicero  wrote  this  note,  which  is  here  given 
as  a  good  specimen  of  a  letter  of  introduction. 

M.    CICERO    S.    D.    Q.    ANCHARIO    Q.    F.    PROCOS. 

L.  et  C.  Aurelios  L.  filios,  quibus  et  ipsis  et  patre  eorum, 
viro  Optimo,  familiarissime  iitor,  commendo  tibi  maiorem  in 
modum,  adulescentis  omnibus  optimis  artibus  ornatos,  meos 
pernecessarios,  tua  amicitia  dignissimos.  Si  iilla  mea  apud 
te  commendatio  valuit,  quod  scio  multas  plurimum  valuisse,  15 
haec  ut  valeat,  rogo.  Quod  si  eos  honorifice  liberaliterque 
tractaris,  et  tibi  gratissimos  optimosque  adulescentis 
adiunxeris  et  mihi  gratissimum  feceris. 

VIII.  {Fcmi.  7.  10.) 

B.C.  54.  C.  Trebatius  Testa  was  a  jurisconsult  of  about  thirty-five, 
whom  Cicero  had  befriended.  He  was  at  this  time  with  Caesar  in 
Gaul,  whither  Cicero  had  despatched  him,  in  this  same  year,  with  a 
warm  letter  of  recommendation,  which  had  ensured  him  a  favorable 
reception,  for  Cicero  was  now  on  good  terms  with  Caesar.  Campaigning 
was  not  to  the  city  lawyer's  taste,  and  Cicero  seems  to  have  feared  that 


I  80  Letters  of  Cicero 

he  would  return  without  making  his  fortune.  His  bantering  letters  were 
successful,  however,  and  Trebatius  came  back  in  easy  circumstances. 
He  lived  to  become  very  distinguished  as  a  jurist  in  the  Augustan 
age.     Horace  addressed  one  of  his  Satires  to  him. 

CICERO    S.   D.  TREBATIO. 

Legi  tuas  litteras,  ex  quibus  intellexi  te  Caesari  nostro 
valde  iiire  consultum  videri :  est  quod  gaudeas  te  in  ista  loca 
venisse,  ubi  aliquid  sapere  viderere.  Quod  si  in  Britanniam 
quoque  profectus  esses,  profecto  nemo  in  ilia  tanta  insula 

5  peritior  te  fuisset.  Verum  tamen  —  rideamus  licet ;  sum 
enim  a  te  invitatus  —  subinvideo  tibi,  ultro  te  etiam  arces- 
situm  ab  eo,  ad  quern  ceteri,  non  propter  superbiam  eius, 
sed  propter  occupationem,  adspirare  non  possunt.  Sed  tu 
in    ista   epistula   nihil   mihi   scripsisti  de   tuis   rebus,    quae 

10  mehercule  mihi  non  minori  curae  sunt  quam  meae. 

Valde  metuo  ne  frigeas  in  hibernis  ;  quam  ob  rem  camino 
liiculento  utendum  censeo  —  idem  Miicio  et  Manilio  placebat, 
—  praesertim  qui  sagis  non  abundares  :  quamquam  vos  nunc 
istic  satis  calere  audio  ;  quo  quidem  nuntio  valde  mehercule 

15  de  te  timueram.  Sed  tu  in  re  militari  multo  es  cautior  quam 
in  advocationibus,  qui  neque  in  Oceano  natare  volueris,  stu- 
diosissimus  homo  natandi,  neque  spectare  essedarios,  quem 
antea  ne  andabata  quidem  defraudare  poteramus.  Sed  iam 
satis  iocati  sumus. 

20  Ego  de  te  ad  Caesarem  quam  diligenter  scripserim,  tOte 
scis  ;  quam  saepe,  ego.  Sed  mehercule  iam  intermiseram, 
ne  viderer  liberalissimi  hominis  meique  amantissimi  volun- 
tati  erga  me  diffidere  ;  sed  tamen  eis  litteris,  quas  proxime 
dedi,  putavi  esse  hominem  commonendum.     Id  feci :  quid 

25  profecerim,  facias  me  velim  certiorem  et  simul  de  toto  statu 
tuo  consiliisque  omnibus  ;  scire  enim  cupio  quid  agas,  quid 
exspectes,  quam  longum  istum  tuum  discessum  a  nobis  futu 
rum  putes. 


To  Marcclliis  1 8 1 

Sic  enim  tibi  persuadeas  velim,  iinum  mihi  esse  solatium, 
qua  re  facilius  possim  pati  te  esse  sine  nobis,  si  tibi  esse  id 
emolumento  sciam  ;  sin  autem  id  non  est,  nihil  duobus  nobis 
est  stultius :  me,  qui  te  non  Romam  attraham,  te,  qui  non 
hiic  advoles.  Una  mehercule  nostra  vel  severa  vel  iocosa  5 
congressio  pKiris  erit  quam  non  modo  hostes,  sed  etiam  fra- 
tres  nostri  Haedui.  Qua  re  omnibus  de  rebus  fac  ut  quam 
primum  sciam  : 

aut  consolando  aut  consilio  aut  re  iuvero. 

IX.    {Fam.  15.  II.) 

This  letter  was  written  from  Cilicia  (B.C.  50)  just  before  the  Civil  War 
broke  out.  Cicero  had  finished  his  provincial  administration  in  Cilicia 
and  was  about  to  return  home.  He  had  hoped  for  a  triumph,  but  in 
vain.  The  Senate  voted  him  the  honor  of  a  supplicatio  (or  thanksgiving 
to  the  gods),  and  in  this  letter  he  thanks  Marcellus,  the  consul,  for 
exerting  himself  to  procure  him  this  tribute  of  respect.  This  was 
C.  Marcellus,  cousin  of  Cicero's  friend  M.  Marcellus  (in  whose  behalf 
the  oration  Pro  AT.  Mar  cello  was  delivered). 

M.  CICERO    IMP.    S.    D.    C.    MARCELLO    COS. 

Quantae    ciirae   tibi  meus    honos    fuerit    et    quam    idem  10 
exstiteris  consul  in  me  ornando  et  amplificando,  qui  fueras 
semper  cum  parentibus  tuis  et  cum  tota  domo,  etsi  res  ipsa 
loquebatur,    cognovi    tamen    ex    meorum    omnium    litteris ; 
itaque  nihil  est  tantum,  quod  ego  non  tua  causa  debeam 
facturusque  sim  studiose  ac  libenter.     Nam  magni  interest  15 
cui   debeas ;    debere    autem    nemini    malui   quam    tibi,    cui 
me   cum   studia    commiinia,    beneficia    paterna   tuaque   iam 
ante  coniunxerant,  tum  accedit  mea  quidem  sententia  maxi- 
mum vinculum,  quod  ita  rem  publicam  geris  atque  gessisti, 
qua   mihi   carius   nihil   est,    ut,    quantum    tibi   omnes    boni  20 
debeant,    quo    minus    tantundem    ego    Onus    debeam,    non 
recusem.     Quam    ob    rem    tibi   velim    ei    sint    exitiis,    quos 


1 82  Letters  of  Cicero 

mereris   et   quos   fore   confido :    ego, 

morabitur,  quae  incurrebat  in  ipsos  etesias,  propediem  te, 

ut  spero,  videbo. 

X.    {Fam.  1 6.  II.) 

Cicero  had  returned  from  his  Cilician  proconsulship  in  B.C.  50,  reach- 
ing Brundisium  Nov.  25.  This  letter  was  written  Jan.  12,  B.C.  49.  He 
had  not  yet  entered  Rome,  but  was  outside  the  walls,  awaiting  the 
decision  of  the  Senate  as  to  the  triumph  which  he  desired  in  recognition 
of  his  victories  over  certain  mountaineers. 

The  letter  is  addressed  to  M.  Tullius  Tiro,  Cicero's  freedman  and 
secretary,  who  had  been  with  him  in  Asia  and  had  fallen  sick  on  the 
way  back  and  was  now  at  Patree.  Tiro  was  a  highly  accomplished 
man,  and  the  relations  between  him  and  his  patron  were  very  honorable 
to  both.  He  survived  Cicero  and  is  thought  to  have  been  active  in 
collecting  and  arranging  his  works,  particularly  his  correspondence. 

The  great  Civil  War  had  just  broken  out  and  Cicero  was  vacillating, 
while  both  Caesar  and  Pompey  made  efforts  to  secure  his  support.  He 
did  not  actually  set  out  to  join  the  Pompeian  party  until  June  of  this 
year.     See  Life  of  Cicero,  Introduction,  p.  xxiv. 

TULLIUS    ET   CICERO,    TERENTIA,   TULLIA,    Q.  Q. 
TIRONI    SAL.    PLURIMAM    DIC. 

Etsi  opportiinitatem  operae  tuae  omnibus  locis  desidero, 
5  tamen  non  tarn  mea  quam  tua  causa  doleo  te  non  valere  ; 
sed  quoniam  in  quartanam  conversa  vis  est  morbi  —  sic 
enim  scribit  Curius,  —  spero  te  diligentia  adhibita  iam  fir- 
miorem  fore.  Modo  fac,  id  quod  est  hfimanitatis  tuae,  ne 
quid  aliud  ciires  hoc  tempore,  nisi  ut  quam  commodissime 
10  convalescas.  Non  ignoro,  quantum  ex  desiderio  labores  ;  sed 
erunt  omnia  facilia,  si  valebis.  Festinare  te  nolo,  ne  nauseae 
molestiam  suscipias  aeger  et  periculose  hieme  naviges. 

Ego  ad  urbem  accessi  pr.  Non.   Ian.     Obviam  mihi  sic 

est   proditum,  ut   nihil   possit   fieri   ornatius ;   sed   incidi   in 

15  ipsam  flammam  civilis  discordiae  vel  potius  belli,   cui  cum 


MARK  ANTONY. 


To  J  lis  FaiJiily 


8 


cupcrem  mederi  et,  ut  arbitror,  possem,  cupiditates  certo- 
rum  hominum  —  nam  ex  utraque  parte  sunt  qui  pugnare 
cupiant^ —  impedimento  mihi  fuerunt.  Omnino  et  ipse  Cae- 
sar, amicus  noster,  minacis  ad  senatum  et  acerbas  litteras 
mlserat,  et  erat  adhiic  impudens,  qui  exercitum  et  provin-  5 
ciam  invito  senatu  teneret,  et  Curio  meus  ilium  incitabat. 
Antonius  quidem  noster  et  Q.  Cassius,  nulla  vi  expulsi,  ad 
Caesarem  cum  Curione  profecti  erant,  postea  quam  senatus 
consulibus,  praetoribus,  tribunis  pi.  et  nobis,  qui  pro  coss. 
sumus,  negotium  dederat  ut  curaremus  ne  quid  res  publica  10 
detrimenti  caperet. 

Numquam    maiore    in    periculo    civitas    fuit ;     numquam 
improbi    cives   habuerunt    paratiorem    ducem.     omnino    ex 


Coin  of  Mark  Antony  and  Octavia. 


hac  quoque  parte  diligentissime  comparatur ;  id  fit  aucto- 
ritate  et  studio  Pompei  nostri,  qui  Caesarem  sero  coepit  15 
timere.  Nobis  inter  has  turbas  senatus  tamen  frequens 
flagitavit  triumphum  ;  sed  Lentulus  consul,  quo  maius 
suum  beneficium  faceret,  simul  atque  expedisset  quae 
assent  necessaria  de  re  piiblica,  dixit  se  relaturum,  nos 
agimus  nihil  cupide  eoque  est  nostra  pluris  auctoritas.  20 
Italiae  regiones  discriptae  sunt,  quam  quisque  partem  tue- 
retur :  nos  Capuam  sumpsimus.     Haec  te  scire  volui. 

Tu  etiam  atque  etiam  cura  ut  valeas  litterasque  ad  me 
mittas,  quotienscumque  habebis  cui  des.  Etiam  atque  etiam 
vale.     D.  pr.  Idus  Ian.  25 


184  Lcttc7's  of  Cicero 

XL    {Fa77i.  14.   14.) 

Written  at  Minturiice,  Jan.  23,  B.C.  49.  Between  this  letter  and  the 
preceding,  Caesar  had  crossed  the  Rubicon,  and  Pompey  and  his  party, 
including  the  Senate,  had  abandoned  the  city.  Cicero  is  on  his  way  to 
Capua ;  his  family  are  in  Rome. 

TULLIUS  TERENTIAE  ET  PATER  TULLIAE,  DUABUS 

ANIMIS   SUIS,  ET  CICERO   MATRI   OPTIMAE, 

SUAVISSIMAE  SORORI   S.  P.  D. 

Si  vos  valetis,  nos  valemus.  Vestrum  iam  consilium  est, 
non  solum  meum,  quid  sit  vobis  faciendum.  Si  ille  Romam 
modeste  venturus  est^  recte  in  praesentia  domi  esse  potestis  ; 
sin  homo  amens  diripiendam  urbem  daturus  est,  vereor  ut 
5  Dolabella  ipse  satis  nobis  prodesse  possit.  Etiam  illud 
metuo,  ne  iam  intercludamur,  ut,  cum  velitis  exire,  non 
liceat.  Reliquum  est,  quod  ipsae  optime  considerabitis, 
vestri  similes  feminae  sintne  Romae ;  si  enim  non  sunt, 
videndum  est  ut  honeste  vos  esse  possitis. 

10  Quo  modo  quidem  nunc  se  res  habet,  modo  ut  haec  nobis 
loca  tenere  liceat,  bellissime  vel  mecum  vel  in  nostris  prae- 
diis  esse  poteritis.  Etiam  illud  verendum  est,  ne  brevi  tem- 
pore fames  in  urbe  sit.  His  de  rebus  velim  cum  Pomponio, 
cum  Camillo,  cum  quibus  vobis  videbitur,   consideretis,  ad 

15  summam  animo  forti  sitis.  Labienus  rem  meliorem  fecit; 
adiuvat  etiam  Piso,  quod  ab  urbe  discedit  et  sceleris  con- 
demnat  generum  suum.  Vos,  meae  carissimae  animae,  quam 
saepissime  ad  me  scribite  et  vos  quid  agatis  et  quid  istic 
agatur.     Quintus  pater  et  filius  et  Riifus  vobis  s.  d.     Valete. 

20  VIII.  Kal,  Minturnis. 

XII.    {Att.  8.  II.  c.) 

Written  at  Canusium  in  Apulia,  Feb.  20,  B.C.  49.  Caesar  had  over- 
run Picenum  and  had  laid  siege  to  Corfinium  (February  13  or  14),  which 
was  held  for  Pompey  by  L.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  Cato's  brother-in-law. 


Po7npcy  to  Cicero  185 

Domitius  sent  to  Pompey  for  aid,  which  Pompey  refused,  ordering 
Domitius  to  evacuate  the  city  and  come  to  his  own  headquarters  at 
Luceria,  in  northern  Apulia.  At  the  same  time  Pompey  determined  to 
abandon  Italy,  sail  to  Epirus,  and,  when  he  had  gathered  a  sufificient 
force,  to  return  and  resume  hostilities.  Accordingly  he  left  Luceria  and 
set  out  for  Brundisium  {Brindisi),  the  usual  port  of  departure  for  Greece 
and  the  East. 

The  present  letter  was  written  at  Canusium,  on  the  way  from  Luceria 
to  Brundisium.  It  is  in  reply  to  a  letter  from  Formiae  (February  15)  in 
which  Cicero  informs  Pompey  of  recent  events  in  that  region,  and 
expresses  his  opinion  that  the  coast  can  be  held,  but  adds  that  if  Pompey 
wishes  to  concentrate  all  his  forces,  he  is  willing  to  join  him  at  once. 
Before  receiving  this  reply  of  Pompey's,  Cicero  had  actually  set  out, 
but  the  activity  of  Caesar  cut  off  all  access  to  Pompey,  and  he  retired  to 
Formias.     See  the  next  letter. 

CN.    MAGNUS    PROCOS.   S.    D.    M.    CICERONI    IMP. 

S.  V.  b.  e.  Tuas  litteras  libenter  legi ;  recognovi  enim 
tuam  pristinam  virtiitem  etiam  in  salute  communi.  Consules 
ad  eum  exercitum,  quern  in  Apulia  habui,  venerunt.  Magno 
opere  te  hortor,  pro  tuo  singular!  perpetuoque  studio  in  rem 
publicam,  ut  te  ad  nos  conferas,  ut  communi  consilio  rei  5 
publicae  adflictae  opem  atque  auxilium  feramus.  Censeo, 
via  Appia  iter  facias  et  celeriter  Brundisium  venias. 

XIII.    {Att.  8.  II.  D.) 

Written  at  Formiae,  Feb.  27,  B.C.  49.  In  the  first  part  of  the  letter 
Cicero  explains  his  failure  to  join  Pompey.  He  had  started  from 
Formiae  for  Luceria.  On  reaching  Teanum,  in  northern  Campania,  he 
heard  that  Caesar  was  advancing  rapidly  toward  Capua  and  had  already 
reached  ^semia  (in  Samnium).  He  therefore  went  no  farther  than 
Cales  (a  short  distance  south-east  of  Teanum)  and  waited  for  news. 
There  he  received  a  copy  of  a  letter  from  Pompey  to  the  consul  Lentulus, 
from  which  he  inferred  that  it  was  Pompey's  design  to  raise  the  siege  of 
Corfinium  (see  introduction  to  Letter  XII.).  It  was  impossible  for  Cicero 
to  go  thither,  since  Caesar  was  near  that  city,  and  he  awaited  developments 
in  a  state  of  intense  anxiety.     The  next  information  was  that  Corfinium 


1 86  Letters  of  Cicero 

had  surrendered  to  Caesar  (February  20)  and  that  Pompey  was  fleeing  to 
Ikundisium,  with  Caesar  in  hot  pursuit.  For  Cicero  to  overtake  Pompey 
was  out  of  the  question,  to  say  nothing  of  the  danger  of  being  inter- 
cepted by  Caesar.  Accordingly  he  retired  to  Formiae  and  subsequently 
to  his  villa  at  Curnas. 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  letter,  Cicero  expresses  his  surprise  and 
regret  that  Pompey  had  found  it  necessary  to  leave  Italy,  and  defends 
his  own  course,  which  he  was  aware  might  appear  vacillating  and  half- 
hearted. He  had  always  hoped,  he  says,  for  a  reconciliation  between 
the  two  great  rivals,  but  he  now  sees  that  there  is  no  hope  of  that,  and 
he  closes  with  professions  of  fidelity  to  Pompey. 

Pompey  was  besieged  at  Brundisium  by  Caesar,  but  escaped  by  sea 
(March  15)  with  almost  all  his  forces  to  Dyrrachium  (formerly  Epidam- 
nus,  in  Illyria),  where  Cicero  finally  joined  him  in  the  late  autumn  or 
early  winter. 

M.    CICERO    IMP.   S.   D.  CN.   MAGNO    PROCOS. 

Cum  ad  te  litteras  misissem,  quae  tibi  Canusi  reclditae 
sunt,  suspicionem  nullam  habebam,  te  rel  piiblicae  causa 
mare  transiturum,  eramque  in  spe  magna  fore  ut  in  Italia 
possemus  aut  concordiam  constituere,  qua  mihi  nihil  litilius 
5  videbatur,  aut  rem  publicam  summa  cum  dignitate  defendere: 
interim  nondum  meis  litteris  ad  te  perlatis  ex  eis  mandatis, 
quae  D.  Laelio  ad  consules  dederas,  certior  tui  consili  factus 
non  exspectavl,  dum  mihi  a  te  litterae  redderentur,  confe- 
stimque  cum  Q.  fratre  et  cum  llberis  nostris  iter  ad  te  in 

10  Apuliam  facere  coepi. 

Cum  Teanum  Sidicinum  venissem,  C.  Messius,  familiaris 
tuus,  mihi  dixit  aliique  complures,  Caesarem  iter  habere 
Capuam  et  eo  ipso  die  mansurum  esse  Aeserniae  :  sane  sum 
commotus,  quod,  si  ita  esset,  non  modo  iter  meum  interclii- 

15  sum,  sed  me  ipsum  plane  exceptum  putabam ;  itaque  tum 
Calls  process!,  ut  ibi  potissimum  consisterem,  dum  certum 
nobis  ab  Aesernia  de  eo  quod  audieram  referretur.  At 
mihi,  cum  Calibus  essem,  adfertur  litterarum  tuarum  exem- 
plum,  quas  tu  ad  Lentulum  consulem  misisses. 


Cicero  to  Po7}ipcy  187 

Hae  scriptae  sic  erant,  litteras  tibi  a  L,  Domitio  a.  d.  xiir. 
Kal.  Martias  adlatas  esse,  earumque  exemplum  subscrip- 
seras,  magnique  interesse  rei  publicae  omnis  C(3pias  primo 
quoque  tempore  in  linum  locum  convenire,  et  ut  praesidi 
quod  satis  esset  Capuae  relinqueret.  His  ego  litteris  lectis  5 
in  eadem  opinione  fui,  qua  reliqui  omnes,  te  cum  omnibus 
copiis  ad  Corfinium  esse  ventiirum,  quo  mihi,  cum  Caesar 
ad  oppidum  castra  haberet,  tutum  iter  esse  non  arbitrabar. 

Cum  res  in  summa  exspectatione  esset,  utrumque  simul 
audivimus,  et  quae  Corfini  acta  essent,  et  te  iter  Brundi-  10 
sium  facere  coepisse,  cumque  nee  mihi  nee  fratri  meo 
dubium  esset  quin  Brundisium  contenderemus,  a  multis  qui 
e  Samnio  Apiiliaque  veniebant,  admoniti  sumus  ut  cavere- 
mus  ne  exciperemur  a  Caesare,  quod  is  in  eadem  loca,  quae 
nos  petebamus,  profectus  celerius  etiam  quam  nos  possemus,  15 
eo,  quo  intenderet,  venturus  esset ;  quod  cum  ita  esset,  nee 
mihi  nee  fratri  meo  nee  cuiquam  amicorum  placuit  commit- 
tere,  ut  temeritas  nostra  non  solum  nobis,  sed  etiam  rei  pub- 
licae noceret,  cum  praesertim  non  dubitaremus  quin,  si  etiam 
tutum  nobis  iter  fuisset,  te  tamen  iam  consequi  non  possemus.  20 

Interim  accepimus  tuas  litteras  Canusio  a,  d.  x.  K.  Martias 
datas,  quibus  nos  hortaris  ut  celerius  Brundisium  veniamus  ; 
quas  cum  accepissemus  a.  d.  iii.  K.  Martias,  non  dubitaba- 
mus  quin  tu  iam  Brundisium  pervenisses,  nobisque  iter  illud 
omnino  interclusum  videbamus,  neque  minus  nos  esse  captos  25 
quam  qui  Corfini  fuissent ;  neque  enim  eos  solos  arbitraba- 
mur  capi  qui  in  armatorum  maniis  incidissent,  sed  eos  nihilo 
minus,  qui  regionibus  exclusi  intra  praesidia  atque  intra 
arma  aliena  venissent. 

Quod  cum  ita  sit,  maxime  vellem  primum  semper  tecum  30 
fuissem,  quod  quidem  tibi  ostenderam,  cum  a  me  Capuam 
reiciebam  :    quod  feci   non  vitandi  oneris  causa,  sed  quod 
videbam  teneri  illam  urbem  sine  exercitii  non  posse ;  acci- 
dere    autem    mihi    nolebam    quod    doleo   viris    fortissimis 


1 88  Letters  of  Cicero 

accidisse.  Quoniam  autem  tecum  ut  essem  non  contigit, 
utinam  tui  consili  certior  factus  essem  !  Nam  suspicione 
adsequi  non  potui,  quod  omnia  priu_s  arbitratus  sum  fore, 
quam  ut  haec  rei  publicae  causa  in  Italia  n5n  posset  duce 
5  te  consistere.  Neque  vero  nunc  consilium  tuum  repre- 
hendo,  sed  fortiinam  rei  publicae  liigeo,  nee,  si  ego,  quid 
tu  sis  secutus,  non  perspicio,  idcirco  minus  existimo  te  nihil 
nisi  summa  ratione  fecisse. 

Mea  quae   semper  fuerit  sententia,  primum   de  pace  vel 

lo  iniqua  condicione  retinenda,  deinde  de  urbe  —  nam  de 
Italia  quidem  nihil  mihi  umquam  ostenderas,  —  meminisse 
te  arbitror ;  sed  mihi  non  sumo,  ut  meum  consilium  valere 
debuerit :  seciitus  sum  tuum,  neque  id  rei  publicae  causa,  de 
qua  desperavi,  quae  et  nunc  adflicta  est  nee  excitari  sine 

15  civili  perniciosissimo  bello  potest,  sed  te  quaerebam,  tecum 
esse  cupiebam,  neque  eius  rei  facultatem,  si  quae  erit,  prae- 
termittam. 

Ego  me  in  hac  omni  causa  facile  intellegebam  pugnandi 
cupidis  hominibus  non  satis  facere  :  primum  enim  prae  me 

20  tuli  me  nihil  malle  quam  pacem,  non  quin  eadem  timerem 
quae  illi,  sed  ea  bello  civili  leviora  diicebam.  Inde  suscepto 
bello,  cum  pacis  condicicnes  ad  te  adferri  a  teque  ad  eas 
honorifice  et  large  responderi  viderem,  duxi  meam  rationem, 
quam   tibi   facile  me  probaturum   pro   tuo  in  me  beneficio 

25  arbitrabar  :  memineram  me  esse  unum,  qui  pro  meis  maximis 
in  rem  piiblicam  meritis  supplicia  miserrima  et  criidelissima 
pertulissem,  me  esset  unum,  qui,  si  offendissem  eius  animum, 
cui,  cum  iam  in  armis  essemus,  consulatus  tamen  alter  et 
triumphus   amplissimus  deferebatur,  subicerer  eisdem  proe- 

30  liis,  ut  mea  persona  semper  ad  improborum  civium  impetCis 
aliquid  videretur  habere  populare  ;  atque  haec  non  ego  prius 
sum  suspicatus,  quam  mihi  palam  dentin tiata  sunt,  neque  ea 
tam  pertimui,  si  subeunda  essent,  quam  declinanda  putavi, 
si   honeste  vitare  possem.      Quam   brevem   illius   temporis, 


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CAIUS    JULIUS    CAESAR. 
(Bust  in  the  Museum  of  the  Louvre.) 


C(£sar  to   Cicc7'o  189 

dum  in  spe  pax  fuit,  rationem  nostram  vides,  reliqui  facul- 
tatem  res  ademit. 

Eis  autem,  quibus  non  satis  facio,  facile  respondeo  :  neque 
enim  ego  amicior  C.  Caesari  umquam  fui  quam  illi,  neque 
illi  amiciores  rei  publicae  quam  ego.  Hoc  inter  me  et  illos  5 
interest,  quod,  cum  et  ill!  cives  optimi  sint  et  ego  ab  ista 
laude  non  absim,  ego  condicionibus  (quod  idem  te  intellexe- 
ram  velle)  illi  armis  disceptari  maluerunt ;  quae  quoniam 
ratio  vicit,  perficiam  profecto  ut  neque  res  piiblica  civis  a 
me  animum  neque  tu  amici  desideres.  .  10 

XIV.     {Att,  10.  8.  B.) 

B.C.  49.  Pompey's  flight  left  Caesar  master  of  Italy.  He  did  not 
pursue  Pompey,  but,  after  settling  affairs  at  Rome,  went  to  Spain  to 
suppress  the  Pompeians  and  their  supporters  in  that  quarter.  On  his 
way  he  sent  the  following  letter  (dated  April  16)  to  Cicero,  with  whom 
he  had  already  had  a  frien-dly  conference  on  March  28. 

Caesar  urges  Cicero  to  take  no  active  part  with  Pompey,  assuring 
him  that  his  best  course  is  to  keep  aloof  from  the  war.  The  tone  of  the 
letter  is  a  singular  combination  of  skilful  suggestion  and  magnanimity. 
The  respect  in  which  Caesar  holds  Cicero  and  the  value  that  he  ascribes 
to  Cicero's  influence  are  alike  noteworthy. 

CAESAR    IMP.    SAL.    D.    CICERONI    IMP. 

Etsi  te  nihil  temere,  nihil  impriidenter  factiirum  iudicaram, 
tamen  permotus  hominum  fama  scribendum  ad  te  existimavi 
et  pro  nostra  benevolentia  petendum,  ne  quo  progredereris 
proclinata  iam  re,  quo  integra  etiam  progrediendum  tibi  non 
existimasses  ;  namque  et  amicitiae  graviorem  iniuriam  feceris  15 
et  tibi  minus  commode  consulueris,  si  non  fortunae  obsecutus 
videbere  —  omnia  enim  secundissima  nobis,  adversissima  illis 
accidisse  videntur ,  —  nee  causam  secutus  —  eadem  enim  tum 
fuit,  cum  ab  eorum  consiliis  abesse  iudicasti,  —  sed  meum 
aliquod  factum  condemnavisse,  quo  mihi  gravius  abs  te  nil  20 
accidere  potest ;   quod  ne  facias,  pro  iure  nostrae  amicitiae  a 


190  Letters  of  Cicei'o 

te  peto.  Postremo,  quid  viro  bon5  et  quieto  et  bono  civi 
magis  convenit  quam  abesse  a  civilibus  controversiis  ?  Quod 
non  nulli  cum  probarent,  periculi  causa  sequi  non  potuerunt : 
tu  explorato  et  vitae  meae  testimonio  et  amicitiae  iudicio 
5  neque  tiitius  neque  honestius  reperies  quicquam  quam  ab 
omni  contentione  abesse.     xv.  Kal.  Maias  ex  itinere. 


XV.    {Fam.  4.  i.) 

The  following  letter  was  written  toward  the  end  of  April,  B.C.  49, 
shortly  after  Caesar's  departure  for  Spain.  Cicero  was  living  in  retirement 
at  his  Cumaean  villa.  Caesar  had  not  molested  him,  and  he  could  not 
help  contrasting  Caesar's  moderation  with  the  violence  of  the  Pompeians. 
Yet  his  conscience  troubled  him.  He  felt  that  his  place  was  with  Pom- 
pey,  though  he  had  come  to  see  that  the  latter  was  no  less  a  menace  to 
the  state  than  Caesar.  His  hesitation  lasted  almost  two  months,  for  it 
was  not  until  June  7  that  he  actually  set  sail  for  Dyrrachium. 

The  present  letter  dates  from  this  interval  of  unrest.  Cicero  had 
visited  Rome  in  January  ;  but  he  had  not  entered  the  city,  for  he  was 
hoping  to  be  allowed  to  celebrate  a  triumph.  After  his  retirement 
to  Cumae,  Sulpicius,  who  was  now  in  the  city,  had  expressed  his 
regret  at  not  meeting  him.  Cicero  replies,  offering  to  arrange  for  a 
conference,  but  despairing  of  the  state.  It  is  too  late,  he  thinks,  for 
them  to  accomplish  anything.  If  they  could  have  met  immediately 
after  his  return  from  Cilicia,  before  hostilities  had  actually  broken  out, 
they  might  perhaps  have  retarded  the  fall  of  the  republic.  But  now 
the  w-hole  world  is  at  war,  and  the  city  of  Rome  itself  is  without  law- 
ful government.  There  is  nothing  to  hope  for ;  scarcely  anything  to 
pray  for.  The  interview  took  place  at  Cum^e,  May  8,  but  came 
to  nothing.  Cicero  describes  Sulpicius  {ad  Att.  x.  14)  as  very  much 
alarmed. 

Ser.  Sulpicius  Rufus,  to  whom  the  letter  is  addressed,  was  an  emi- 
nent lawyer,  Cicero's  friend,  and  a  man  of  the  strictest  integrity. 
Though  a  Pompeian,  he  was  fond  of  peace,  and  readily  became  recon- 
ciled with  Caesar,  who  made  him  governor  of  the  province  of  Achsea 
(B.C.  46).  At  the  time  of  Caesar's  death  he  was  in  Rome.  He  was  an 
important  member  of  the  Senatorial  party  in  the  events  that  followed, 
and  died  while  on  an  embassy  from  the  Senate  to  Antony  (B.C.  43). 
Cicero's  Ninth  Philippic  is  a  eulogy  on   Sulpicius. 


To  Siilpicius  191 

M.  CICERO  S.  D.   SER.  SULPICIO. 

C.  Trebatius,  familiaris  meus,  ad  me  scripsit  te  ex  se 
quaesisse,  quibus  in  locis  essem  molesteque  te  ferre  quod 
me  propter  valetudinem  tuam,  cum  ad  urbem  accessissem, 
non  vidisses,  et  hoc  tempore  velle  te  mecum,  si  propius 
accessissem,  de  officio  utriusque  nostrum  communicare.  5 
Utinam,  Servi,  salvis  rebus — -sic  enim  est  dicendum  —  con- 
loqui  potuissemus  inter  nos  !  Profecto  aliquid  opis  Occident! 
rei  piiblicae  tulissemus.  Cognoram  enim  iam  absens  te  haec 
mala  multo  ante  providentem  defensorem  pacis  et  in  consu- 
latu  tuo  et  post  consulatum  fuisse  :  ego  autem,  cum  consi-  10 
Hum  tuum  probarem  et  idem  ipse  sentirem,  nihil  proficiebam  ; 
sero  enim  veneram,  solus  eram,  rudis  esse  videbar  in  causa, 
incideram  in  hominum  pugnandi  cupidorum  insanias. 

Nunc,  quoniam  nihil  iam  videmur  opitulari  posse  rei  pub- 
licae,  si  quid  est  in  quo  nobismet  ipsis  consulere  possimus,  15 
non  ut  aliquid  ex  pristine  statu  nostro  retineamus,  sed  ut 
quam  honestissime    liigeamus,    nemo    est  omnium,   quicum 
potius  mihi  quam  tecum  communicandum  putem  ;   nee  enim 
clarissimorum  virorum,  quorum  similes  esse  debemus,  exem- 
pla  neque  doctissimorum,   quos    semper  coluisti,   praecepta  20 
te  fugiunt.     Atque  ipse  antea  ad  te  scripsissem  te  frustra  in 
senatum  sive  potius  in  conventum  senatorum  esse  venturum, 
ni  veritus  essem  ne  eius  animum  offenderem,  qui  a  me  ut  te 
imitarer   petebat :    cui  quidem  egomet,   cum   me  rogaret  ut 
adessem  in  senatii,  eadem   omnia,  quae  a  te  de  pace  et  de  25 
Hispaniis  dicta  sunt,  ostendi  me  esse  dicturum. 

Res  vides  quo  modo  se  habeat:  orbem  terrarum  imperiis 
distribiitis  ardere  bello ;  urbem  sine  legibus,  sine  iiidiciis, 
sine  iure,  sine  fide  relictam  direptioni  et  incendiis.  Itaque 
mihi  venire  in  mentem  nihil  potest,  non  modo  quod  sperem,  30 
sed  vix  iam  quoc  audeam  optare.  Sin  autem  tibi,  homini 
prudentissimo,  videtur  utile  esse  nos  conloqui,   quamquam 


192  Letters  of  Cicero 

longius  etiamcogitabam  ab  urbe  discedere,  cuius  iam  etiam 
nomen  invitus  audio,  tamen  propius  accedam,  Trebatioque 
mandavi  ut,  si  quid  tu  eum  velles  ad  me  mittere,  ne  recu- 
saret,  idque  ut  facias  velim,  aut,  si  quern  tuorum  fidelium 
5  voles,  ad  me  mittas,  ne  aut  tibi  exire  ex  urbe  necesse  sit 
aut  mihi  accedere. 

Ego  tantum  tibi  tribuo  quantum  mihi  fortasse  adrogo,  ut 
exploratum  habeam,  quicquid  nos  communi  sententia  statu- 
erimus,  id  omnis  homines  probaturos.      Vale. 

XVI.      i^Fam.  14.  10.) 

Caesar  returned  from  Spain,  victorious,  in  September,  B.C.  49,  and 
was  appointed  dictator.  He  soon  proceeded  against  Pompey,  who  was 
still  at  Dyrrachium  and  had  mustered  a  great  army.  In  the  first  battle, 
near  that  city,  Caesar  was  defeated.  He  retired  into  Thessaly,  followed, 
after  a  time,  by  Pompey.  The  Battle  of  Pharsalus  (or  Pharsalia), 
Aug.  9,  B.C.  48,  decided  the  Civil  War.  Pompey  fled  to  Egypt,  where 
he  was  murdered.  Cicero  was  permitted  by  Caesar  to  return  to  Italy, 
and  remained  for  eleven  months  at  Brundisium,  where  this  letter  was 
written  July  9,  B.C.  47.  His  wife  Terentia  was  at  Rome,  but  it  was  not 
safe  for  Cicero  to  go  to  the  city  until  he  had  come  to  an  understanding 
with  Caesar,  who  was  in  Asia.  Caesar  arrived  in  Italy  late  in  September 
of  this  year.  He  treated  Cicero  with  great  consideration,  and  the  latter 
returned  to  Rome  early  in  October. 

The  present  letter  and  that  which  follows  (Aug.  12,  B.C.  47)  are  given 
as  specimens  of  familiar  domestic  correspondence. 

TULLIUS    S.    D.    TEREXTIAE    SUAE. 

10  Quid  fieri  placeret,  scripsi  ad  Pomponium  serius  quam 
oportuit :  cum  eo  si  locuta  eris,  intelleges  quid  fieri  velim. 
Apertius  scribi,  quoniam  ad  ilium  scripseram,  necesse  non 
fuit.  De  ea  re  et  de  ceteris  rebus  quam  primum  velim  nobis 
litteras   mittas.     Valetudinem  tuam  ciira  diligenter.      Vale. 

15  VII.  Idus  Quinctilis. 


To  Tercntia  and  Inirfanins  193 

XVII.      {Favi.  14.  23.) 

TULLIUS    TERENTIAE    SUAE   S.   D. 

S.  V.  b.  e.  V.  Redditae  mihi  tandem  sunt  a  Caesare  litterae 
satis  liberales,  et  ipse  opinione  celerius  venturus  esse  dici- 
tur  ;  cui  utrum  obviam  procedam,  an  hie  eum  exspectem, 
cum  constituero,  faciam  te  certiorem.  Tabellarios  mihi  velim 
quam  primum  remittas.  ValetCidinem  tuam  cura  diligenter.  5 
Vale.     D.  pr.  Id.  Sext. 

XVIII.   {Fa77i.  6.  9.) 

B.C.  46.  A  letter  of  introduction  (cf.  Nos.  VII.  and  XXI.),  written 
from  Rome  in  behalf  of  A.  Csecina,  a  former  partisan  of  Pompey.  Caesar 
had  pardoned  Cscina,  but  kept  him  in  exile,  and  he  was  at  this  time 
in  Sicily,  where  T.  Furfanius  (to  whom  the  letter  is  addressed)  was 
governing  as  proconsul. 

M.  CICERO  T.   FURFANIO  PROCOS.  S. 

Cum   A.   Caeclna  tanta  mihi  familiaritas   consuetudoque 
semper  fuit,  ut  nulla  maior  esse  possit;   nam  et  patre  eius, 
claro  homine  et  forti  viro,  plurimum  sum  lisus,  et  hunc  a 
puero,    quod    et    spem    magnam    mihi    adferebat    summae  10 
probitatis    summaeque  eloquentiae  et   vivebat   mecum  con- 
ifmctissime   non  solum   amicitiae  officiis,  sed  etiam  studiis 
commiinibus,  sic  semper  dilexi,  nullo  ut  cum  homine  con- 
iiinctius  viverem.      Nihil   attinet  me  pliira  scribere  ;    quam 
mihi    necesse   sit   eius   salutem    et  fortiinas    quibuscumque  15 
rebus  possim  tueri,  vides.     Reliquum  est  ut,  cum  cognorim 
pluribus  rebus,  quid  tu  et  de  bonorum  fortuna  et  de  rei  piib- 
licae  calamitatibus  sentias,  nihil  a  te  petam  nisi  ut  ad  eam 
voluntatem,  quam  tua  sponte  erga  Caecinam  habitiirus  es, 
tantus  cumulus  accedat  commendatione  mea,  quanti  me  a  te  20 
fieri  intellego  :  hoc  mihi  gratius  facere  nihil  potes.     Vale. 


194  Letters  of  Cicero 

XIX.    {Fam.  9.  14.) 

P.  Cornelius  Dolabella  (born  about  B.C.  69)  married  Cicero's  daughter 
Tullia  in  B.C.  50,  while  her  father  was  governor  of  Cilicia.  When  the 
Civil  War  broke  out,  in  B.C.  49,  Dolabella  joined  the  party  of  Caesar, 
whose  favor  he  always  retained.  He  fought  at  Pharsalia  (b.c.  48)  and, 
returning  to  Rome  after  the  battle,  was  (like  Clodius  before  him) 
adopted  by  a  plebeian,  that  he  might  become  a  candidate  for  the  tribunate. 
His  turbulent  actions  in  this  position  (B.C.  47)  and  his  infamous  private 
character  caused  a  separation  between  him  and  Tullia,  and  in  B.C  46 
they  were  formally  divorced.  Cicero,  however,  remained  on  friendly 
terms  with  him  and  even  gave  him  lessons  in  oratory. 

Caesar  designated  Dolabella  as  one  of  the  consuls  for  the  year  B.C.  44, 
and  he  assumed  that  office  after  the  dictator's  assassination.  He  nego- 
tiated with  the  conspirators,  suppressed  the  mob  that  threatened  them, 
and  threw  down  a  column  erected  in  Csesar's  honor.  This  conduct  was 
enthusiastically  approved  by  Cicero,  who  had  shown  unmeasured  delight 
at  Caesar's  death,  and  who  cherished  vain  hopes  of  a  restored  republic. 
The  present  letter  of  congratulation  was  written  at  Cicero's  Pompeian 
villa,  May  3,  b.c.  44,  about  six  weeks  after  the  murder,  and  while  Dola- 
bella was  on  good  terms  with  Brutus  and  Cassius.  Cicero  praises  him 
without  stint,  congratulates  himself  on  having  had  him  as  a  pupil,  and 
exhorts  him  to  persevere  in  well-doing.  But  Dolabella  soon  veered 
round,  made  friends  with  Antony,  and  received  Syria  as  his  province. 
He  committed  suicide  at  Caesarea,  B.C.  43,  to  avoid  falling  into  the 
hands  of  Cassius. 

CICERO  DOLABELLAE  CONSULI   SUO  S. 

Etsi  contentus  eram,  mi  Dolabella,  tua  gloria  satisque  ex 
ea  magnam  laetitiam  voluptatemque  capiebam,  tamen  non 
possum  non  confiteri  cumulari  me  maximo  gaudio,  quod 
volgo  hominum  opinio  socium  me  adscribat  tuis  laudibus. 
5  Neminem  conveni  —  convenio  autem  cotidie  pliirimos  ;  sunt 
enim  permulti  optimi  viri,  qui  valetudinis  causa  in  haec  loca 
veniant,  praeterea  ex  miinicipiis  frequentes  necessarii  mei, — 
quin  omnes,  cum  te  summis  laudibus  ad  caelum  extulerunt, 
mihi  continue  maximas  gratias  agant ;  negant  enim  se 
10  dubitare  quin  tu  meis  praeceptis  et  consiliis   obtemperans 


To  Dolabella 


195 


praestantissimum  te  civem  et  singularem  consulem  praebeas  : 
quibus  ego  quamquam  verissime  possum  respondere  te, 
quae  facias  tuo  iudicio  et  tua  sponte  facere  nee  cuiusquam 
egere  consilio,  tamen  neque  plane  adsentior,  ne  imminuam 
tuam  laudem,  si  omnis  a  meis  consiliis  profecta  videatur, 
neque  valde  nego  —  sum  enim  avidior  etiam  quam  satis  est 
gloriae  ;  — et  tamen  non  alienum  est  dignitate  tua,  quod  ipsi 
Agamemnoni,   regum  regi,  fuit   honestum,    habere    aliquem 


Base  of  Cesar's  Column. 


in  consiliis   capiendis    Nestorem ;    mihi   vero   gloriosum   te 
iuvenem   consulem   florere   laudibus   quasi   alumnum   disci-  10 
plinae  meae. 

L.  quidem  Caesar,  cum  ad  eum  aegrotum  Neapolim  venis- 
sem,   quamquam   erat  oppressus   totius   corporis   doloribus, 
tamen  ante  quam  me  plane  salutavit,  '  O  mi  Cicero,'  inquit, 
'gratulor  tibi,  cum  tantum  vales  apud  Dolabellam  quantum  15 
si  ego  apud  sororis  filium  valerem,  iam  salvi  esse  possemus. 


igO  Letters  of  Cicero 

Dolabellae  vero  tuo  et  gratulor  et  gratias  ago ;  quern  quideni 
post  te  consulem  solum  possumus  vere  consulem  dicere.' 
Deinde  multa  de  facto  ac  de  re  gesta  ;  turn  nihil  magnifi- 
centius,  nihil  praeclarius  actum  umquam,  nihil  rei  piiblicae 
5  salutarius.     Atque  haec  iina  vox  omnium  est. 

A  te  autem  peto  ut  me  banc  quasi  falsam  hereditatem 
alienae  gloriae  sinas  cernere  meque  aliqua  ex  parte  in  socie- 
tatem  tuarum  laudum  venire  patiare.  Quamquam,  mi  Dola- 
bella  —  haec  enim  iocatus  sum,  —  libentius  omnis  meas,  si 
10  modo  sunt  aliquae  meae,  laudes  ad  te  transfuderim  quam 
aliquam  partem  exhauserim  ex  tuis  :  nam  cum  te  semper 
tantum  dllexerim   quantum  tu  intellegere  potuisti,  tum  his 


Coin  of  ]\I.  Brutus. 

tuis  factis  sic  incensus  sum  ut  nihil  umquam  in  amore  fuerit 
ardentius  ;   nihil  est  enim,  mihi  crede,  virtute  formosius,  nihil 

15  pulchrius,  nihil  amabilius. 

Semper  amavi,  ut  scis,  M.  Briitum  propter  eius  summum 
ingenium,  suavissimos  mores,  singularem  probitatem  atque 
constantiam  :  tamen  Idibus  Martiis  tantum  accessit  ad  amo- 
rem  ut  mirarer  locum  fuisse  augendi  in  eo  quod  mihi  iam 

20  pridem  cumulatum  etiam  videbatur,  Quis  erat  qui  putaret 
ad  eum  amorem  quem  erga  te  habebam  posse  aliquid  acce- 
dere  ?  Tantum  accessit  ut  mihi  nunc  denique  amare  videar, 
antea  dilexisse. 

Qua  re  quid  est  quod  ego  te  horter  ut  dignitati  et  gloriae 

25  servias  ?  Proponam  tibi  claros  viros,  quod  facere  solent, 
qui  hortantur  ?  Neminem  habeo  clariorem  quam  te  ipsum  ; 
te  imitere  oportet,  tecum  ipse  certes ;  ne  licet  quidem  tibi 


MARCUS    JUNIUS    BRUTUS. 
(Bust  in  the  Capitoline  Museum.) 


To  Cassitis  197 

iam  tantis  rebus  gestis  non  tui  similem  esse.  Quod  cum  ita 
sit,  hortatio  non  est  necessaria,  gratulatione  magis  utendum 
est :  contigit  enim  tibi  quod  haud  scio  an  nemini,  ut  summa 
severitas  animadversionis  non  modo  non  invidiosa,  sed  etiam 
popularis  esset  et  cum  bonis  omnibus  tum  infimo  cuique  5 
gratissima. 

Hoc  si  tibi  fortuna  quadam  contigisset,  gratularer  felici- 
tati  tuae  ;  sed  contigit  magnitiidine  cum  animi  tum  etiam 
ingeni  atque  consili ;  legi  enim  contionem  tuam  :  nihil  ilia 
sapientius ;  ita  pedetemptim  et  gradatim  tum  accessus  a  te  10 
ad  causam  facti,  tum  recessiis,  ut  res  ipsa  maturitatem  tibi 
animadvertendi  omnium  concessu  daret.  Liberasti  igitur  et 
urbem  periculo  et  civitatem  metu,  neque  solum  ad  tempus 
maximam  utilitatem  attulisti,  sed  etiam  ad  exemplum.  Quo 
facto  intellegere  debes  in  te  positam  esse  rem  publicam  tibi-  15 
que  non  modo  tuendos,  sed  etiam  ornandos  esse  illos  viros, 
a  quibus  initium  libertatis  profectum  est.  Sed  his  de  rebus 
coram  plura  propediem,  ut  spero  :  tti  quoniam  rem  publicam 
nosque  conservas,  fac  ut  diligentissime  te  ipsum,  mi  Dola- 
bella,  cGstodias.  20 


XX.    {Fafn.  12.  2.) 

Julius  Caesar  was  assassinated  on  the  Ides  of  March  (March  15), 
B.C.  44,  by  a  band  of  conspirators,  headed  by  Marcus  Junius  Brutus  and 
Caius  Cassius  Longinus.  The  conspirators  fancied  that  if  the  dictator 
were  out  of  the  way  the  old  constitution  could  be  restored.  But  Caesar's 
victory  had  made  a  republic  forever  impossible.  Nor  had  the  con- 
spirators made  any  arrangements  for  a  permanent  government,  or  even 
for  their  own  safety.  The  sole  question  was,  who  should  succeed  to  the 
supreme  power  of  the  murdered  dictator.  And  the  only  persons  who 
had  any  real  claims  were  Caesar's  surviving  colleague  in  the  consulship, 
Mark  Antony,  and  the  young  Octavianus,  Caesar's  grand-nephew, 
adopted  son,  and  heir  (afterwards  the  emperor  Augustus). 

Antony,  who  had  come  into  possession  of  Caesar's  papers  and  estates, 
caused  his  "acts"  to  be  legally  confirmed,  seized  the  public  funds, 
abolished  the  office  of  dictator,  and  secured  as  large  a  share  of  authority 


198  Letters  of  Ciceiv 

as  he  could.  He  was  a  man  of  inordinate  ambition,  controlled  only 
by  an  equally  unbounded  self-indulgence,  utterly  without  principle  or 
scruple,  and  (if  we  may  trust  the  character  of  him  drawn  by  Cicero)  a 
monster  of  profligacy  and  crime.  He  had  married  for  his  third  wife 
Fulvia,  widow  of  Publius  Clodius,  and  shared,  with  her,  that  tribune's 
vindictive  hate  of  Cicero.  His  colleague  was  Dolabella  (see  p.  238), 
Cicero's  son-in-law,  who  had  assumed  the  consulship  at  Caesar's  death, 
on  the  ground  that  the  latter  had  appointed  him  his  successor  in  that 
ofifice.  Dolabella  dallied  with  the  conspirators,  suppressed  the  violence 
of  the  mob  that  threatened  them,  and  might  have  had  some  pretensions 
to  the  power,  with  the  support  of  the  aristocracy,  but  was  easily  out- 
generalled  or  bought  off  by  Antony.  Lepidus,  who  had  a  military  com- 
mand, and  in  whom  the  aristocracy  had  some  hope,  was  also  gained 
over  by  him.  Octavianus,  now  twenty  years  old,  hastened  from  Epirus 
to  claim  his  inheritance  and  take  part  in  the  conflict  which  he  saw 
approaching.  He  was  a  young  man  of  precocious  talent,  of  cool  and 
wary  temper,  of  ambition  equal  to  Antony's,  and  of  a  political  sagacity 
which,  through  his  long  life,  seems  never  to  have  been  at  fault. 

Neither  of  the  two  chief  claimants  was  strong  enough  alone  to  be 
quite  independent  of  the  other.  At  first,  however,  they  stood  in  the 
attitude  of  rivals,  and  in  their  antagonism  there  seemed  still  some  hope 
for  the  republic.  Each  endeavored  to  secure  the  countenance  of  the 
Senate  and  to  gain  control  over  the  public  armies ;  and  each  succeeded 
in  attaching  to  himself  a  considerable  force,  though  neither  was  strong 
enough  to  hold  the  capital  against  the  other. 

Meanwhile  Cicero,  who  at  first  hailed  the  death  of  Caesar  as  the 
restoration  of  the  republic,  lost  courage,  and  set  out  in  July  for  Greece. 
Detained,  however,  by  contrary  winds,  and  receiving  more  favorable 
news  from  Rome,  he  returned  to  the  city  at  the  end  of  August,  to  find 
that  all  his  hopes  were  idle.  Still,  he  made  an  effort  at  conciliation,  in 
a  speech  in  the  Senate,  on  the  2d  of  September.  In  this  he  replied 
severely  to  an  attack  made  upon  him  by  Antony  the  day  before,  but 
still  took  pains  to  leave  the  door  open  for  a  restoration  of  good-will. 
It  was  to  no  purpose.  Antony  replied,  September  19,  with  such  bitter- 
ness —  directly  charging  Cicero  with  the  murder  of  Clodius  and  of 
Caesar  —  that  it  was  clear  he  meant  there  should  be  no  alternative  but 
civil  war.  Cicero  did  not  venture  to  answer  him  in  the  Senate ;  but 
replied,  ten  weeks  later,  in  a  pamphlet  —  by  many  regarded  as  his  mas- 
terpiece —  as  bitter  and  uncompromising  as  the  consul's  attack.  From 
its  likeness  in  tone  to  the  famous  invectives  of  Demosthenes  against 
Philip  of  Macedon,  this  was  called  a  "  Philippic  " ;   and  the  term  has 


To   Casstus  1 99 

been  extended  to  the  entire  series  of  fourteen  orations  against  Antony, 
commencing  with  that  of  September  2,  and  ending  with  a  triumphant 
speech  of  April  22,  B.C.  53,  with  which  Cicero's  political  career  closed. 

Brutus  and  Cassius  had  fled  from  Rome  to  escape  mob  violence  after 
Caesar's  funeral.  They  remained  for  some  time  in  Italy,  making  prep- 
arations for  their  departure  for  the  East,  where  Brutus  secured  the 
province  of  Macedonia  and  Cassius  that  of  Syria.  The  present  letter 
was  written  from  Rome  in  September,  B.C.  44,  to  Cassius,  who  was  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Puteoli.  It  gives  an  account  of  Antony's  speech 
of  September  19,  in  reply  to  Cicero's  First  Philippic. 

The  winter  was  spent  in  attempts  at  negotiation,  every  stage  illus- 
trated by  the  running  commentary  of  Cicero's  Philippics.  At  last,  in 
the  spring  of  B.C.  43,  diplomacy  was  at  an  end.  Actual  hostilities  broke 
out  first  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  where  Decimus  Brutus  —  who  had  taken 
command  of  that  province,  according  to  Czesar's  last  will  —  held  the 
town  of  Mutina  {Modena)  against  Antony.  Octavianus,  with  his  inde- 
pendent force,  had  also  ranged  himself  on  the  side  of  the  Senate.  The 
consuls  of  that  year,  Aulus  Hirtius  and  C.  Vibius  Pansa,  had,  after 
some  hesitation,  vigorously  taken  up  the  same  cause.  In  April  the 
consuls  met  Antony  in  two  battles,  —  on  the  15th  at  Bononia  {Bologna), 
on  the  27th  near  Mutina.  In  both  he  was  defeated  ;  but  in  the  first 
Pansa  was  mortally  wounded,  and  in  the  second  Hirtius  was  killed.  It 
was  on  the  reception  of  the  news  of  the  victory  at  Bononia,  while 
Pansa's  fate  was  unknown,  that  Cicero,  in  the  Senate,  delivered  his 
Fourteenth  and  last  Philippic  (April  22). 

The  rejoicings  were  soon  at  an  end.  Octavianus  found  that  his  own 
interests  were  best  served  by  uniting  with  Antony  against  the  Senate. 
These  two  —  with  Lepidus  as  a  third  trhitnvir  —  came  easily  into  pos- 
session of  supreme  power.  A  remorseless  proscription  followed,  in 
which  the  most  illustrious  victim  was  Cicero  (Dec.  7,  B.C.  43),  sacrificed 
to  Antony's  resentment,  the  vindictive  hate  of  Fulvia,  and  the  cold 
ingratitude  of  Octavianus. 

CICERO  CASSIO  SAL. 

Vehementer  laetor  tibi  probari  sententiam  et  orationem 
meam  ;  qua  si  .saepius  iiti  liceret,  nihil  esset  negoti  liberta- 
tem  et  rem  publicam  reciperare.  Sed  homo  amens  et  per- 
ditus  multoque  nequior  quam  ille  ipse,  quem  tii  nequissimum 
occisum  esse  dixisti,  caedis  initium  quaerit,  nullamque  aliam  5 


200  Letters  of  Cicero 

ob  causam  me  auctorem  fuisse  Caesaris  interficiendi  crimi- 
natur,  nisi  ut  in  me  veteran!  incitentur :  quod  ego  periculum 
non  extimesco ;  modo  vestri  facti  gloriam  cum  mea  laude 
commiinicet.  Ita  nee  Pisoni,  qui  in  eum  primus  invectus 
5  est  nuUo  adsentiente,  nee  mihi,  qui  idem  tricensimo  post  die 
feci,  nee  P.  Servilio,  qui  me  est  consecutus,  tuto  in  senatum 
venire  licet :  caedem  enim  gladiator  quaerit  eiusque  initium 
a.  d.  XIII.  Kal.  Octobr.  a  me  se  facturum  putavit,  ad  quem 
paratus  venerat,  cum   in  villa   Metelli   compliiris   dies   com- 

10  mentatus  esset. 

Quae  autem  in  lustris  et  in  vino  commentatio  potuit  esse  ? 
Itaque  omnibus  est  visus,  ut  ad  te  antea  scripsi,  vomere  suo 
more,  non  dicere.  Qua  re,  quod  scribis  te  confidere  aucto- 
ritate  et  eloquentia  nostra  aliquid  profici  posse,  non   nihil, 

15  ut  in  tantis  malis,  est  profectum  :  intellegit  enim  populus 
Romanus  tris  esse  consularis,  qui,  quia  quae  de  re  piiblica 
bene  senserint  libere  locuti  sint,  tiito  in  senatum  venire  non 
possint. 

Nee  est  praeterea  quod  quicquam  exspectes ;   tuus  enim 

20  necessarius  adfinitate  nova  delectatur :  itaque  iam  non  est 
studiosus  ludorum  infinitoque  fratris  tui  plausu  dirumpitur. 
Alter  item  adfinis  novis  commentariis  Caesaris  delenitus  est. 
Sed  haec  tolerabilia  :  illud  non  ferendum  quod  est  qui  vestro 
anno  filium  suum  consulem  futurum  putet  ob  eamque  causam 

25  se  huic  latroni  deservire  prae  se  ferat.  Nam  L.  Cotta  fami- 
liaris  mens  fatali  quadam  desperatione,  ut  ait,  minus  in  sena- 
tum venit ;  L.  Caesar,  optimus  et  fortissimus  civis,  valetudine 
impeditur ;  Ser.  Sulpicius  et  summa  auctoritate  et  optime 
sentiens  non  adest. 

30  Reliquos  exceptis  designatis  ignosce  mihi  si  non  numero 
consularis.  Habes  auctores  consili  ptjblici :  qui  numerus 
etiam  bonis  rebus  exiguus  esset,  quid  censes  perditis  ?  Qua 
re  spes  est  omnis  in  vobis,  qui  si  idcirco  abestis,  ut  sitis  in 
tuto,  ne  in  vobis  quidem :    sin  aliquid  dignum  vestra  gloria 


To  CcBsii 


20I 


cogitatis,  velim  salvis  nobis  ;  sin  id  minus,  res  tamen  publica 
per  vos  brevi  tempore  ius  suum  reciperabit.  Ego  tuis  neque 
desum  neque  deero  :  qui  sive  ad  me  referent  sivc  non  referent, 
mea  tibi  tamen  benevolentia  fidesque  praestabitur.     Vale. 


XXI.    {Fam.  13.51.) 

A  letter  of  introduction  (cf.  Nos.  VII.  and  XVIII. ).  Notliing  is 
known  of  P.  Messienus.  P.  Caesius,  to  whom  the  letter  was  sent,  was 
a  native  of  Ravenna.     The  date  is  uncertain, 

M.    CICERO    P.    CAESIO    S.    D. 

P.  Messienum,  equitem  Romanum,  omnibus  rebus  orna-  5 
tum  meumque  perfamiliarem,  tibi  commendo  ea  commenda- 
tione,  quae  potest  esse  diligentissima.  Peto  a  te  et  pro 
nostra  et  pro  paterna  amicitia,  ut  eum  in  tuam  fidem  recipias 
eiusque  rem  famamque  tueare  :  virum  bonum  tuaque  ami- 
citia dignum  tibi  adiiinxeris  mihique  gratissimum  feceris.       10 


Medal  of  Cicero  Junior. 


NOTES 


DEFENCE   OF   ROSCIUS 

ARGUMENT 

[Omitted  portions  in  brackets.] 

Chap.  i.  Exordium.  Cicero's  reasons  for  undertaking  the  case. — 
[2.  Political  aspect  of  the  trial,  showing  {a^  why  others  refused  to  under- 
take it  ;  (/^)  why  the  jury  ought  to  be  especially  cautious.]  —  N^arratio. 
6.  Character  of  Sex.  Roscius,  the  murdered  man  ;  his  old  feud  with  the 
Titi  Roscii.  —  7.  The  murder  :  circumstances  pointing  to  Magnus  as  the 
procurer :  Chrysogonus  is  informed,  and  a  conspiracy  made  with  him  by 
Capito  and  Magnus.  —  8.  Proscription  and  sale  of  the  property  :  Chryso- 
gonus buys  it  up  for  a  nominal  sum  :  Sulla  not  implicated.  Sex.  Roscius 
is  dispossessed.  —  9.  Amerians  take  up  his  cause  and  apply  to  Sulla,  but 
are  .staved  off  by  Capito,  who  was  on  the  committee.  —  10.  Roscius  flies 
to  his  friends  at  Rome :  a  trumped-Up  charge  of  parricide  is  brought.  — 
II.  Commiseration  of  his  client's  position,  with  review  of  the  circum- 
stances. —  13.  Partitio.  Three  things  make  against  the  defendant :  {^a)  the 
charge;  {b)  thef reckless  villany  of  the  two  Titi  Roscii;  (c)  influence  of 
Chrysogonus.  —  Defensio.  (I)  14.  The  crime  is  not  in  accordance  with 
the  character  of  the  defendant :  no  motive  can  be  shown :  no  enmity 
between  father  and  son. —  [15-17-  His  rustic  employment:  this  is  no 
evidence  of  ill-will.  —  19.  Alleged  intention  to  disinherit:  no  proof. — 
20.  No  case  is  made  out :  hence  the  accuser  (Erucius)  is  attacked  for 
bringing  such  a  charge.  —  21.  The  case  rests  only  on  the  negligence  of  the 
court,  and  supposed  friendlessness  of  the  defendant.  —  22.  For  the  con- 
spirators' manner  changed  when  they  found  there  would  be  a  real  defence. 
—  Recapitulation:]  no  motive  existed:  necessity  of  direct  evidence. — 
33-26.  Examples  from  other  cases  [and  from  literature].  Need  of  strong- 
est proof  shown  by  the  severity  of  the  penalty.  —  27,  28.  No  means  of 
committing  the  crime.  —  [29.  Again:   the  accuser's  presumption  in  trying 

20; 


204  Notes 

to  force  a  conviction.  —  (II)  30.  Countercharge  :  T.  Roscius  the  probable 
murderer  :'  in  his  case  there  are  motives.  —  31.  It  was  for  his  advantage.  — 
32.  He  was  the  murdered  man's  enemy. —  t^t^.  He  had  opportunities  (com- 
pare the  two  cases).  —  34.  His  acts  after  the  murder:  hasty  message  to 
Capito ;  his  character.  —  36.  His  testimony  at  the  trial.  —  37.  Speedy 
announcement  to  Chrysogonus  —  apparently  from  the  Roscii,  for  they 
have  received  the  reward  and  possess  the  property.  —  38,  39.  Capito's 
perfidy  to  the  committee. — 41.  Magnus  refuses  the  slaves  for  question. — 
42.  Influence  of  Chrysogonus.]  —  (HI)  43-  Chrysogonus  the  purchaser: 
the  sale  was  illegal,  for  proscriptions  had  ceased.  —  44-47.  Lawlessness 
and  insolence  of  Chrysogonus  :  Sulla  is  artfully  excused  :  the  cause  of  the 
nobility  not  involved.  — 48.  Chrysogonus'  cause  not  that  of  the  nobility. — 
49.  Responsibility  of  the  attack  on  Chrysogonus  is  Cicero's  :  Roscius  asks 
only  his  life.  —  Per  or  alio.  50-51,  Simulated  appeal  to  Chrysogonus,  to  stir 
sympathy  of  the  jury :  incidental  mention  of  the  powerful  friends  of  the 
defendant.  —  52,  53.  But  if  Chrysogonus  does  not  spare  him,  he  appeals 
confidently  to  the  court. 

In  the  Notes,  §  signifies  Allen  and  Greenough's  Grammar  (references  in 
parentheses  are  to  the  new  edition"! ;  B  ,  Bennett ;  G  ,  Gildersleeve  ;  H  ,  Hark- 
ness's  Latin  Grammar  (Complete  Latin  Grammar)  ;  H.  &  B.,  Hale  &  Buck. 

I.     Exordium  (§§  1-4) 

Sects.  1-4.  Cicero  undertakes  the  defence  in  default  of  any  abler 
advocate. 

By  this  skilfully  modest  opening,  Cicero  not  only  explains  why  he,  an 
obscure  young  advocate,  appears  in  so  important  a  case,  but  he  indicates 
on  which  side  are  the  sympathies  of  the  best  citizens,  and  he  contrives  at 
the  same  time  to  suggest  the  odds  against  which  Roscius  and  his  counsel 
must  contend.  Thus  the  remarks  are  not  merely  personal  and  introduc- 
tory, but  form  an  essential  part  of  the  argument.  A  famous  modern  ex- 
ample of  similar  art  is  Erskine's  Exordium  in  his  Defence  of  Lord  George 
Gordon  on  a  charge  of  high  treason. 

Page  2.  Line  1.  (Sect,  i.)  ego:  not  emphatic  itself,  but  expressed 
merely  to  set  off  VOS,  which  is.  The  Latin  is  so  fond  of  putting  pronouns 
in  contrast  that  one  is  often  (as  here)  expressed  for  the  mere  purpose  of 
antithesis.  —  iudices  :  not  judges,  but  rather  jurors.  They  were  persons 
selected  by  law  to  try  facts  (under  the  presidency  of  a  praetor  or  iudex 
quaestionis'),  and  varied  in  number  from  a  single  one  to  fifty  or  more. 
They  were  originally  selected  from  the   Senators,  but  C.  Gracchus  had 


Defence  of  Roscius  205 

transferred  the  right  to  sit  as  indices  to  the  Equites  (or  wealthy  middle 
class).  Sulla,  whose  reforms  went  into  operation  B.C.  So,  had  restored 
this  right  to  the  Senators,  and  the  present  case  was  the  first  to  occur 
under  the  new  system.  It  was  brought  in  the  Quaestio  inter  sicarios  (or 
court  for  the  trial  of  murder),  under  the  presidency  of  the  prastor  M. 
P'annius.  —  quid  sit  quod,  luhy  it  is  that.  —  quod  (causal)  .  .  .  surrexerim 
expresses  a  fact,  and  takes  the  subj.  of  informal  ind.  disc,  as  depending  on 
the  indirect  question  quid  sit  :  §  341,  /^  (  );  cf.  B.  323;  G.  663,  i ; 

H.  529,11  (652);    H.  cS:B. 

2  2  summi  oratores,  homines  nobilissimi :  notice  the  chiastic  order; 
§344,/(  );   15,350,11,^/0.682;   H.  562  (666,  2)  ;   H.  &  B. 

.  —  cum  sedeant :  cum  has  a  slight  concessive  force  :  render  by  when  or 
while  ;  though  would  be  too  strong.  Since  Sulla's  victory  had  restored  the 
aristocracy  to  power,  it  might  be  expected  that  men  of  rank  (^nobilissimi') 
would  have  courage  to  come  forward  and  defend  Roscius :  their  presence 
showed  their  sympathies,  though  they  did  not  rise  to  defend  him.  —  ego  : 
emphatic,  as  opposed  to  the  orators  and  men  of  rank. 

2  3  potissimum,  rather  than  any  other.  —  aetate :  Cicero  was  but 
twenty-six  years  old. 

2  4  sim :  in  direct  disc,  this  might  be  either  subj.  to  indicate  the  char- 
acter of  Cicero,  or  indie,  to  denote  a  mere  fact  about  him;  here  it  is  neces- 
sarily subj.  as  being  an  integral  part  of  the  clause  quod  .  .  .  surrexerim; 
§  342  (  )  ;  B.  324,  I ;    G.  663,  I ;    H.  529,  ii  (652,  l)  ;    H.  Ov  B. 

which  is  itself  dependent  on  quid  sit.  — sedeant,  sit  still,  instead  of  rising 
to  speak :  subj.  of  integral  part,  dependent  on  sim  comparandus. 

2  5  hi :  strongly  demonstrative  ;  accompanied,  perhaps,  with  a  gesture, 
—  these  men  here. — iniuriam,  injustice.  —  novo  scelere  (abl.  of  means), 
the  strange  (almost  =  unheard  of)  charge  (of  parricide). 

2  6  oportere  :  this  verb  is  always  impersonal  ;  its  subject  here  is  the 
clause  iniuriam  def endi.  —  defendi,  defendere  :  see  Vocab. ;  supply  but 
(suggested  in  Latin  by  the  close  juxtaposition  of  the  two  infs.)  before 
defendere  in  translating. 

2  7  iniquitatem  temporum,  i.e.  the  disturbed  state  of  politics,  while 
the  wounds  of  the  Civil  War  were  still  fresh.  — ita  fit :  the  subject  is  the 
clause  ut  adsint,  etc.  —  adsint,  they  attend:  opposed  to  taceant  ;  the 
position  of  taceant  indicates  this  antithesis.  The  friends  of  any  party  to 
a  suit  attended  court  to  give  him  the  advantage  of  their  presence  and 
influence  (cf.  Caes.  B.C.  i.  4).  Such  friends  were  technically  called  advo- 
cati,  but  they  did  not,  like  the  modern  advocate,  speak  in  court. 

2  8    officium,  duty,  arising  from  their  relations  to  the  murdered  man, 


2o6  Notes 

who  had  stood  in  the  relation  of  hospitium  (see  hospes  in  Vocab.)  with 
some  of  the  highest  families. 

2  10  (Sect.  2.)  audacissimus,  i.e.  is  it  that  I  have  more  effrontery 
than  any  of  the  rest? 

2  11  ne  .  .  .  quidem,  «^/  .  .  .  ^zV/z(fr,  enclosing,  as  usual,  the  emphatic 
word:  §  151,  e  {  ) ;   B.  151,  e\   G.  448,  n.^  ;    H.  569,  iii,  2;   H.  &  B. 

.  —  istius,  i.e.  that  which  is  in  your  thoughts  :  §  102,  <:  (  )  ;  B. 

87  ;   G.  306 ;   H.  450  (507,  3) ;   H.  &  B. 

2  12   sim,  conjunctivus  juodestiae:  §  311,  (^  (  )  ;   cf.  B.  280,  2;   G. 

257,  I ;   H.  486,  i  (556)  ;   H.  &  B.  .  —  aliis,  dat. :  §  229  (         )  ;  B. 

180,2,  d;  G.  345  ;  H.  386,  2  (429,  2);  H.  &  B.  .  —  praereptam : 

prae-  gives  here  the  force  of  getting  the  start  of  others  in  snatching  it  (cf. 
pre-vent,  from  praevenio).  —  me:  so  emphatic  as  to  throw  igitur  out  of 
its  usual  place. 

2  14  reciperem,  undertake  a  case  offered;  suscipere  is  to  take  up  of 
one's  own  motion. 

2  15   amplitudo,  position,  from  birth,  wealth,  office,  or  the  like. 

2  16  id  quod,  a  thing  lohich:  §  200,  ^  (  ) ;    G.  614,  R.2  ;    H.  445, 

7  (399,6);    H.  &B. 

2  17  dixisset,  an  integral  part  of  putaretur. — putaretur:  apodosis  of 
fecisset;  §  308  (       ) ;   B.  304,  i;   G.  597;   H.  510  (579);   H.  &  B. 

,  while  the  whole  from  si  verbum  through  putaret  is  the  apodosis 
of  si  quis  dixisset  in  1.  14.  Translate,  if  any  one  had  spoken,  in  case  he 
had  made  any  allusion  to  politics,  he  zvould,  etc. 

3  1  (Sect.  3.)  ego,  etc.,  but  in  my  case,  even  if  I,  etc.  —  etiamsi  .  .  . 
dixero,  .  .  .  poterit :  §  307,  c  (^  ) ;  B.  264,  a  ;  G.  244,  2 ;  H.  508,  2 
(574,2);  H.  &B.            . 

3  2  similiter,  /;/  like  manner,  i.e.  as  if  a  man  of  rank  had  spoken. 
—  exire,  etc.,  i.e.  this  speech  will  not  be  quoted  and  talked  over,  and 
hence  any  allusions  to  politics  which  it  may  contain  will  not  seem  more 
significant  than  they  really  are. 

3  3  emanare :  not  to  be  confounded  with  manere.  —  deinde  quod : 
the  second  reason,  corresponding  to  quia  in  1.  14.  —  ceterorum,  opposed 
to  ego  in  1.  6,  below.  —  dictum:  noun,  limited  by  ceterorum;  dicto  (1.  5) 
is  also  a  noun,  though  modified  by  an  adv. ;    §  207,  <:  (  )  ;   G.  437,  R.; 

H.  &  B. 

3  5  concedi,  impersonal  :  §  230  (  );  B.  187,  ii,  b  ;  G.  217  ;  H.  384, 
5  (426,  3);   H.&B. 

3  7  nondum  .  .  .  accessi,  /  have  not  yet  gone  into  public  life,  i.e. 
become  candidate  for  any  office,  Cicero  began  his  political  career  five 
years  later,  with  the  quaestorship. 


Defence  of  Roscius  207 

3  8  tametsi,  allhongh,  in  its  so-called  "corrective  "  use,  —  the  conces- 
sion coming  after  the  general  statement,  as  a  kind  of  limitation  of  it.  — 
ignoscendi  ratio,  the  idea  of  pardon.  The  vaguely  general  v^^ord  ratio  with 
the  gen.  of  the  gerund  expresses  little  more  than  our  word  pardoning  alone. 
The  Latin,  being  poor  in  abstract  words,  has  to  resort  to  such  shifts  as 
this  to  supply  their  place.  So  cognoscendi  COnsuetudo,  the  habit  of  judicial 
investigation,  is  almost  equivalent  to  judicial  investigation  simply.  This 
was  a  bold  speech  to  make  under  the  rule  of  the  tyrant  Sulla. 

3  11  (Sect.  4.)  accedit,  there  is  in  addition  :  used  as  a  kind  of  passive 
of  addo.  —  ilia,  this,  i.e.  the  following  (a  common  use  of  this  pronoun). — 
quod,  that:  §  333  (  ) ;  B-  299,  i.  ^;  G.  525,  i;  H.  540,  iv  (588,  3); 
H.  cv:  B.  .  — a  ceteris,  jro/n  the  others,  i.e.  the  nobles. 

3  12  petitum  sit:  for  subjunc.  see  §  334,  ^  and  n.  (  )  ;  G. 

457,  2,  N.;  H.  p.  267,  footnote  ^.  —  ut  dicerent  [causam],  subst.  clause  of 
purpose,  subj.  of  petitum  sit :  §  331,  //  (  ) ;   G.  546  ;   H.  499,  3  (565, 

2),  H.  &  B.  .  —  dicere  causavi  is  the  technical  expression  for  defend- 

ing a  case.  —  ut  .  .  .  arbitrarentur :  a  clause  of  result,  dependent  on  ita 
petitum  sit:  §  319  and  r.  (  ) ;   B.  284,  i  ;    G.  552  ;    H.  500 

and  N.^  (591)  ;    H.  &  B.  .  — utrumvis,  either  [course,  i.e.  to  speak 

or  be  silent],  at  their  choice:  lit.  either  [of  the  two]  yot^  please. — salvo 
officio  (abl.  of  manner),  without  a  breach  of  dufy. 

3  13  arbitrarentur  :  imperf.  following  petitum  sit,  which  is  regarded 
as  a  secondary  tense  since  it  represents  the  perf.  indie;    §  287,  a  {  )  ; 

B.  268,  I  ;  G.  511,  N.2  ;    H.  495,  i  (546);  II.  &  B.  .  —  a  me  autem, 

etc.,  lit.  but  from  ME,  etc.  (opposed  to  a  ceteris  above).  The  emphasis 
may  be  preserved  by  changing  the  construction  in  English  :  but  as  for 
myself,  men  have  tirged  it  [i.e.  that  I  should  undertake  the  defence  of 
Roscius]  on  me  ivho,  etc.  —  ei,  men  ;  here  used  simply  as  a  correlative  to 
qui,  and  not  in  a  really  demonstrative  sense.  The  reference  is  of  course 
to  the  noble  friends  of  Roscius. 

3  16  debeam,  subj.  of  characteristic  :  §  320  (  )  ;  B.  283,  i ;  G.  631,  2: 
H.  503,  i  (591,  i);   H.  &  B.  .  —  his:   emphatic,  summing  up  the 

reasons  he  has  given  for  undertaking  the  case  ;  ego,  emphatic  as  opposed 
to  the  others  present. 

3  17  patronus,  advocate,  the  word  advocati  having  a  different  meaning 
(see  note  on  p.  2,  1.  7,  above).  —  unus,  as  the  one  man. 

3  20  uti  ne  :  in  purpose  clauses  the  double  form  is  often  used  instead 
of  ne  alone. — desertus,  etc.:  observe  that  Cicero  not  only  attempts  to 
win  the  sympathies  of  the  jurors  for  the  helplessness  of  his  client,  but  that 
he  also  contrives  to  suggest,  in  advance  of  the  formal  statement  of  facts, 


208  Notes 

that  there  is  a  combination  or  conspiracy  of  some  kind  against  young 
Roscius.  The  same  thing  was  insinuated  in  sect,  i  by  the  use  of  con- 
flatam  (1.  6). 

II.     Narratio  (§§  5-19) 

Sects.  5-9.  Character  of  the  murdered  man,  Sex.  Roscius  the  elder. 
His  political  affiliations.  His  old  feud  with  T.  Roscius  Capito  and 
T.  Roscius  Magnus.  The  murder.  Suspicion  points  to  Magnus  as 
procurer  of  the  crime  and  to  Capito  as  at  least  accessory  after  the 
fact. 

3  22  (Sect.  5,)  huiusce,  of  tny  client. — municeps  Amerinus,  a  citi- 
zen of  the  free  town  Ameria.  The  Latin  uses  an  adj.  of  possession  when  it 
can,  often  where  the  English  prefers  of:  §  190  (  )  ;  B.  354,  4  ;  G.  362, 
R.i ;   H.  395,  N.^  ;    H.  &  B.  ;   cf.  .Tlneid,  ii.  55,  487,  etc. 

3  2.5  hospitiis,  giiest-friendships.  The  hospititim  was  a  relation  be- 
tween individuals  of  different  cities  or  states,  at  a  time  when  there  were 
no  international  relations;  it  included  the  duties  of  hospitality  and  pro- 
tection, was  transmitted  from  father  to  son,  and  was  vouched  for  by  a 
ticket  {tessera).  Roscius  not  only  had  this  formal  relation  to  several  of 
the  greatest  families  at  Rome,  but  he  was  also  on  intimate  terms  of  per- 
sonal friendship  with  them.  Hence,  in  line  27,  domesticus  .  .  .  consue- 
tudo,  intercourse  and  companionship  [with  them]  in  their  homes. 

3  28  honestatis  .  .  .  gratia  (so  honoris  causa,  sect.  17),  ivith  all 
honor.  It  seems  to  have  been  held  a  liberty  to  mention  the  name  of  any 
person  of  quality  in  a  public  address  ;  hence  such  mention  is  generally  ac- 
companied by  a  form  of  compliment.  Cf.  the  modern  parliamentary  usage 
of  referring  to  members  of  a  deliberative  body  by  the  names  of  their  offices 
(or  as  the  "gentleman  from ")  rather  than  by  their  own  names. 

3  29   hoc  solum,  i.e.  the  hospititim. 

3  30   domestici,  of  his  own  house. 

3  .31  ereptum  possident,  have  seized  and  11070  hold :  §  292,  r.  (  )  ; 

G.  664,  R.i ;   H.  549,  5  (639)  ;   H.  &  B.  ;   possidere  does  not  signify 

to  own,  in  the  modern  sense,  but  merely  to  hold  or  occupy.  —  innocentis, 
i.e.  fill :  in  Latin  any  noun  may  be  left  out  if  there  is  an  adj.  or  a  part, 
to  determine  its  case. 

3  32  defenditur :  Cicero  skilfully  contrives  to  keep  before  the  jury  the 
fact  that  Roscius  has  powerful  friends  who  desire  his  acquittal. 

3  32  (Sect.  6.)  This  section  tells  of  Roscius's  political  associations. 
He  was  a  favorer  of  the  nobility  (Sulla's  party),  and  therefore  had 
nothing  to  fear  from  the  proscription  instituted  by  Sulla  after  his  final 


Defence  of  Roscins  209 

victory  over  Marius.  These  facts  are  skilfully  brought  in  at  this  point  so  as 
to  prepare  the  jurors  for  the  statement,  made  later,  that  the  insertion  of 
Roscius's  name  in  the  proscription  list  after  his  murder  was  manifestly 
part  of  a  plot  to  get  possession  of  his  estate.  They  also  prepare  for  the 
exoneration  of  Sulla  (in  sect.  12),  since  it  w^as  not  to  be  supposed  that  he 
would  have  consented  to  the  proscription  of  so  zealous  a  member  of  his 
own  party.  Throughout  the  oration  Cicero  is  under  the  necessity  of  hold- 
ing the  dictator  blameless.  —  cum,  ivhejt,  introducing  the  general  situation; 
turn,  the  particular  circumstance.  —  omni  tempore,  at  all  times,  as  opposed 
to  the  time  of  the  Civil  War  :   notice  the  emphatic  position. 

3  33  hoc  tumultu,  this  last  disturbance  (euphemistic)  :  i.e.  the  final 
scenes  of  the  Civil  War  of  Marius  and  Sulla,  which  Cicero  will  not  call 
bellum.  —  cum,  at  a  time  ivheti. 

4  1  in  discrimen  veniret  (subj.  of  characteristic,  not  simply  cum 
temporal),  was  at  stake. 

4  3  rectum:  render  no  more  than-  right  (thus  giving  the  emphasis  of 
its  position). 

4  4  se  pugnare,  simply  to  fight:  object  of  putabat,  while  rectum  is  an 
adj.  in  pred.  apposition  with  se  pugnare.  —  honestate,  honestissimus 
refer  respectively  to  the  rank  and  dignity  of  these  great  families,  and  the 
credit  which  his  connection  with  them  gave  him  in  his  own  neighborhood. 

4  5  victoria,  i.e.  of  Sulla's  party. 

4  6  proscriberentur :  the  number  of  the  proscribed  in  Sulla's  time  was 
4700.  "  Whoever  killed  one  of  these  outlaws  was  not  only  exempt  from 
punishment,  like  an  executioner  duly  fulfilling  his  office,  but  also  obtained 
for  the  execution  a  compensation  of  12,000  denarii  (nearly  $2400);  any 
one,  on  the  contrary,  who  befriended  an  outlaw,  even  his  nearest  relative, 
was  liable  to  the  severest  punishment.  The  property  of  the  proscribed  was 
forfeited  to  the  state,  like  the  spoil  of  an  enemy;  their  children  and  grand- 
children were  excluded  from  a  political  career,  and  yet,  so  far  as  of  sena- 
torial rank,  were  bound  to  undertake  their  share  of  senatorial  burdens." 
(Mommsen.)  At  first  only  the  names  of  those  who  had  justly  forfeited 
their  lives  were  proscribed  ;  afterwards  it  became  easy  for  friends  and 
favorites  of  the  dictator  (like  Chrysogonus,  attacked  in  this  oration)  to  put 
upon  the  list  the  names  of  innocent  men,  and  even  of  men  already  dead, 
so  as  to  work  confiscation  of  their  property.  Sulla's  proscriptions  nomi- 
nally ceased  June  i,  B.C.  81. 

4  8  erat  Romae :  this  shows  that  he  had  no  reason  to  fear  the  pro- 
scription.—frequens:  §  191  (  );  B.  239;  G.  325,  R.6;  H.  443  (497)5 
H.  &B. 


2 1  o  Notes 

4  9  ut  .  .  .  videretur,  clause  of  result. 

4  12  i^¥JC\.'j.)'\Vi\vci\Z\\\dA,  causes  QX  occasions  of  enmity  ;  for  the  plur., 
see§75,  r(  );    B.  55,4,  ^;    G.  204,  N.-5  ;    1^1.130,2(138,2);    H.  &  B. 

.  By  this  sentence  Cicero  suggests  to  the  jury  what  he  afterwards 
develops  in  the  argument :  that  a  motive  for  the  murder  existed  in  the  case 
of  the  Titi  Roscii,  He  thus  prepares  the  way  for  the  elaborate  counter- 
charge (omitted  in  this  book)  made  against  these  two  later  in  the  oration. 
Observe  the  emphasis  that  comes  from  the  juxtaposition  of  sects.  6  and  7  : 
Roscius  had  nothing  to  fear  from  the  proscription.  He  had  enemies,  how- 
ever, —  the  very  men  who  are  now  prosecuting  his  son. 

4  13  accusatorum :  prosecutions  might  be  brought  by  private  persons 
(as  by  Cicero  against  Verres).  In  this  instance  these  two  Roscii  were 
associated  with  Erucius  as  prosecutors. 

4  14  huiusce,  of  my  client  (see  note  on  sect.  9,  below). 

4  16  neque  enim,  nor,  you  see.  —  iniuria  :  used  adverbially.  —  isti,  i.e. 
of  the  party  of  prosecution.  Iste,  the  so-called  "  demonstrative  of  the 
second  person,"  is  regularly  used  of  one's  opponent  in  a  suit  or  debate, 
as  hie  is  used  of  one's  client.     See  §   102,  a,  c  (^  ) ;    B.  87  ;    G. 

306;    H.  450  (505);   H.  &B. 

4  17  Capitoni:  §  231,  b  {  );   B.  190,  i;   G.  349,  r.^  ;   H.  387,  n.^ 

(430,  i);   H.  &  B.  :  following  cognomen. 

4  19  palmarum,  prizes  :  sarcastically  spoken,  as  if  his  many  acts  of 
violence  had  been  victories  in  gladiatorial  tights.  —  XiQ\y)X\^,  famous  (as  of 
artists,  actors,  etc.).  —  hie,  the  one  here  present  (Magnus)  ;  eum,  referring 
to  the  one  just  mentioned,  the  absent  one  (Capito). 

4  20  lanistam  (in  app.  with  eum)  carries  out  the  sarcastic  figure  of 
palmarum  and  gladiator. 

4  21  quod  sciam,  so  far  as  I  know,  sc.  id;  adv.  ace,  §  240,  b  (^  )  ;  B. 

283,5;   ^-  ll^^  I'    ^-  37^'  2  (416);    H.  &  B.  :    i.e.  he  must    have 

been  a  mere  apprentice  (tiro)  at  the  trade :  "  this  is  the  first  of  his  actual 
murders  that  I  know  of."     For  mood,  see  §  320,  d  {  )  ;   B.  283,  2  ;   G. 

627,  R.i ;    H.  503,  i,  N.i  (591,  3);    H.  &  B.  .     (Passages  in  brackets 

in  the  text  are  thought  to  be  spurious  insertions.) 

4  23  (Sect.  8.)  hie,  this  man  (with  a  gesture),  i.e.  here  at  my  side 
(my  client);    iste,  that  man,  i.e.  there  on  the  accusers'  bench  (Magnus). 

4  24-26  eum  .  .  .  asset :  parenthetical  (repeating,  in  greater  detail, 
the  clause  that  precedes). 

Observe  that  Cicero  remarks  (as  it  were,  casually)  that  in  thus  devoting 
himself  to  a  rural  life,  the  younger  Roscius  was  obeying  his  father's  wishes. 
This  prepares  the  way  for  his  subsequent  assertion  (sect.  23)  that  there  was 


Defence  of  Roschis 


211 


no  ill-will  between  father  and  son,  —  an  important  matter  in  the  question 
of  motive.  It  also  anticipates  the  answer  given  in  sect.  22  to  the  argument 
that  the  defendant  was  a  rude,  boorish  fellow,  of  gloomy  and  sullen  dis- 
position, and  therefore  likely  to  have  committed  murder.  The  effectiveness 
of  a  forensic  discourse  depends  in  great  part  on  the  skill  with  which  the 
mind  of  the  hearer  is  prepared,  by  such  apparently  insignificant  remarks, 
for  a  definite  assertion  or  argument  that  is  to  follow. 

4  20  iste  :  T.  Roscius  Magnus  ;  the  repetition  of  the  words  frequens, 
etc.,  emphasizes  the  suggestion  that  he  was  likeliest  to  be  the  murderer. 

4  27  Palacinas :  the  reading  is  uncertain,  and  the  place  unknown. 

4  30  hunc,  i.e.  my  cHent.  —  iudicatote  :  §  269,  d  <y  )  ;  B.  281,  i,  «  ; 
G.  268,  2;  H.  487,  2  (560,  4);  H.  &  B.  .  The  second  or  longer 
form  of  the  imperative  is  regular  where  the  action  is  not  to  be  performed 
immediately,  especially  when  a  future  appears  in  protasis  :  §  307,  ^/  (  ) ; 
B.  302,  4 ;    G.  595  ;    H.  508,  4  ;    H.  &  B. 

5  1  (Sect.  9.)  Ameriam  nuntiat,  brings  the  Jtews  to  Ameria;  do- 
mum,  two  lines  below,  shows  the  same  construction. 

5  3  T.  Capitonis  :  Cicero  thus  insinuates  that  Magnus  and  Capito  had 
planned  the  murder  together.  The  speed  with  which  the  one  sent  the 
news  to  the  other  was,  of  course,  suspicious,  as  well  as  the  further  pro- 
ceedings described  in  sects.  10  and  1 1,  including  the  proscription  and  the 
sale  of  the  property. 

5  4  inimici:  cf.  the  same  word  in  lines  32,  t^t^.  The  reason  for  thus 
harping  on  the  inimicitiae  mentioned 
in  sect.  7,  above,  must  be  evident. — 
horam  primam :  the  night  from  sun- 
set to  sunrise  was  divided  into  twelve 
hours. 

5  6  nocturnis:  the  travelling  would 
be  more  difficult  and  slow  in  the  night, 
though  the  night  hours  would  be  longer 
than  the  day  hours  in  the  late  autumn 
or  winter,  when  the  murder  is  thought 
to  have  been  committed.  —  cisiis  :  the  plural  form  shows  that  there  were 
relays  of  carriages  (Fig.  i). 


Sects.  10-12.  The  two  Titi  Roscii  communicate  with  Chryso- 
gonus,  who  has  the  name  of  the  murdered  man  inserted  in  the  pro- 
scription list  and  buys  his  confiscated  estates  for  a  nominal  sum. 
Capito  receives  three  farms  for  his  share.     Magnu?  is  made  the 


2 1 2  Notes 

agent  of  Chrysogonus  to  take  possession  of  the  others.  No  blame 
attaches  to  Sulla,  who  was  ignorant  of  what  was  going  on. 

5  10  (Sect,  io.)  quadriduo,  etc. :  we  should  say  zuithin  four  days 
from  the  time  7i<hen. 

5  11  in  castra :  the  idea  of  motion,  vividly  conceived,  suggests  the 
ace.  of  place  as  well  as  person  ;  we  should  say  TO  Chrysogonus  in  Sulla's 
camp  AT  V.  ;  §  259,  //  (  ) ;    B.  182,  2,  d.;    G.  337,  R.^  ;  H.  &B. 

—  Volaterras.  "  Here  some  of  the  Etruscans  and  of  those  proscribed  by 
Sulla  made  a  stand  and  were  blockaded  for  two  years,  and  then  surren- 
dered on  terms."  —  def ertur  :  this  word  implies  an  intentiojial  conveying 
of  the  information,  as  if  in  the  manner  of  a  formal  report. 

5  12  fundos,  different  estates,  i.e.  lands  or  buildings,  whether  in  town 
or  country. 

5  13  tris  —  ties :  the  ace.  termination  in  -is  remained  in  this  and  a 
few  other  words  for  a  considerable  time  after  the  form  in  -es  became  the 
more  common.  —  Tiberim :  the  nearness  of  the  river  facilitated  both 
irrigation  and  transportation,  and  so  added  much  to  the  value  of  the 
estates. 

5  15  splendidus,  etninent:  the  regular  complimentary  epithet  oi  eqtii- 
tes  and  persons  of  similar  rank ;  gratiosus,  in  favor :  referring  to  his 
relations  with  great  families,  which  Cicero  takes  care  never  to  let  the  jury 
forget.  —  nullo  negotio,  without  any  diffiailty. 

5  18  ne  teneam,  not  to  detain  you:  a  purpose  clause  after  some  verb 
of  saying,  etc.,  which  is  regularly  omitted,  as  in  English  ;  §  317,  <:  (  )  ; 

B.  282,  4  ;   G.  688  ;    H.  499,  2,  n.  (568,  4) ;   H.  &  B. 

5  19  (Sect,  ii.)  cum,  etc. :  the  proscriptions  nominally  ceased  June  I, 
B.C.  81;  the  murder  was  committed  some  months  after  this  date  (see 
below,  sect.  39). 

5  21  iam,  already  (with  reference  to  time  preceding) ;  nunc  would 
refer  only  to  the  moment  itself.  —  def  unctos,  rid  of,  so.  esse. 

5  22  studiosissimi,  devoted  to  the  party  of  Sulla,  and  so  not  likely  to 
be  proscribed  (see  note  to  sect.  6,  p.  3,  1.  32,  above). 

5  23   vel  (emphasizing  the  superlative),  the  very,  etc. 

5  24  propria,  as  his  ozvn. 

5  25   iste,  ji'<?;^^<?^,  on  the  accusers'  benches.  —  nomine,  i.e.  as  agent. 

5  26  impetum  facit,  makes  a  raid  upon,  implying  violence,  as  of  a 
charge  in  battle. 

5  27  duobus  milibus  nummum,  i.e.  about  $100:  §  378  (  );  H.  647 
(757);    H.  &  B.  :   they  are  estimated  in  ch.  ii  to  have  been  worth 

^300,000. 


Defence  of  Rosctus 


213 


5  28  (Sect.  12.)  Since  Chrysogonus  was  a  favorite  of  Sulla's,  Cicero 
had  to  be  careful  not  to  appear  to  attack  the  Dictator.  Hence  he  inter- 
rupts the  story  of  the  plot  to  express  his  certainty  that  Sulla  had  not 
known  what  was  going  on  and  to  excuse  him  on  the  ground  of  the  pressure 
of  public  business. 

5  29  z^i\.<^sz\0,  I  feel  sure:  §i5i,ir(  ).  —  neque  enim :  negative 

of  et  enim,  introducing  a  point  obvious  or  indisputable,  for,  you  see,  it  is 
not  surprising  (cf.  p.  4,  1.  16,  above);   §   156,  </  (  ).  — mirum   [est] 

is  the  apodosis  and  si  .  .  .  animadvertat  (p.  6, 1.  4)  is  the  protasis,  mirum 
[est]  is  the  main  clause  of  the  whole  period.;  the  long  parenthesis  (lines 
29-4)  consists  of  a  string  of  causal  clauses  with  cum  (which  may  be  trans- 
lated either  when  or  since). 

5  30  praeparet,  must  provide  for. 

6  1  pacis  .  .  .  rationem,  i.e.  the  ordering  of  the  new  constitution. 

6  4  si  aliquid  (more  emphatic  than  si  quid)  non  animadvertat,  if 
there  is  something  he  does  not  notice :  protasis  with  mirum  [est],  above  ; 
^r^Z,^^-  (  );   G.  542,  N.i;    H.  &B. 

6  6  ut  .  .  .  moliantur  (clause  of  purpose),  that  as  soon  as  he  turns 
away  his  eyes  they  may  get  up  something  of  this  sort.  —  despexerit,  perf. 
subj.:§342(       );  B.  324,  i;  G.  663,  i;  H.529,ii(652);  H.  &B.  ; 

for  fut.  perf.,  §  286,  end  (  ) ;   B.  269,  \,b;  G.  514 ;  H.  496,  ii  (541, 

2);    H.  &B. 

6  7  hue  accedit,  add  to  this.  Notice  the  difference  of  order  and  con- 
sequently of  emphasis  between  hue  aceedit  {add  to  this)  here,  and  accedit 
ilia  {there  is  in  addition)  in  sect.  4,  above.  —  quamvisfelix  sit :  §  313,  a 
(  )  ;    B.  309,  l;    G.  606;    H.  515,  iii  (586,  ii)  ;    H.  &  B.  ,  how- 

ever fortunate  he  7?iay  be.  Sulla  was  so  impressed  with  his  own  good  fortune, 
that  he  assumed  the  agnomen  Felix,  which  implied,  according  to  ancient 
notions,  the  peculiar  favor  of 
the  gods.  (See  Manil.,  sect. 
47.)  Fig.  2  shows  a  coin  of 
Faustus  Sulla's  with  this  in- 
scription. 

6  9  familia,  household  of 
slaves  and  dependants  (see 
under   sect.  35).  —  qui   ha- 
beat,  as  to  have :   §  320,  a  ( 
ii);    H.  &  B. 

6  10  libertum:  a  freedman  still  remained  attached  to  his  former 
master  (now  his  patronus),  often  lived  in  his  family,  did  various  services 


Fig. 


);    B.  283,  2;    G.  631,2;    H.  500,  i  (589, 


214  Notes 

for  him,  and  stood  towards  him  in  relation  somewhat  like  that  of  a  son 
under  the  patria  potestas.  Towards  others  he  was  a  libertinus,  fully  free, 
but  with  some  political  disqualifications;  towards  his  former  master  he  was 
a  libertus. 

Sects.  13-17.  The  younger  Roscius  is  ejected  from  his  estates  by 
T.  Roscius  Magnus.  The  Amerians  send  delegates  to  Sulla  to  pro- 
test ;  but  the  purpose  of  the  delegation  is  frustrated  by  Capito. 
Roscius  the  younger  takes  refuge  with  Caecilia,  a  friend  of  his 
fatker's  at  Rome. 

6  13  (Sect.  13.)  qui  .  .  .  solvisset,  though  he  had  not  yet,  etc. :  §  320,  e 
(  );  B.283,3;  G.634;  H.5i5,iii(593,2);  H.  &  B.  .—omnia 

.  .  .  iusta,  all  the  due  rites  of  bm'ial :  these  ended  with  a  sacrifice  on  t'he 
ninth  day  {noveuidialia)  after  the  death  or  burial ;  paterno  funeri  is  indir. 
obj.  of  solvisset  (lit.  had  7tot  yet  paid  all  due  rites  to  his  father's  funeral'). 

6  16  pecuniae, /r^/^r/j'.  —  qui  (causal)  .  .  .  fuisset,  since  he  had  been, 
etc.:§320,^(         );   B.283,3;   G.  633  ;    H.  517  (592);    H.  &  B. 

6  17  ut  fit,  as  generally  happens.  —  insolens,  here  ivasteful  and  extrava- 
gant.—^QmViOS.  suam :  §  258,  b,  x.i  (  ) ;  G.  337,  r.^  ;  H.  380,  2 
(419);   H.&B. 

6  18  auferebat,  began  to,  etc.:   §   277,  f  (  );   B.  259,  2  ;    G.  233  ; 

H.  469,  I  (535.  3) ;   H.  &  B. 

6  21  urbe  tota :  §  258,/  2  (  )  ;  B.  228,  \,b;  G.  388  ;   H.  425, 

ii,  2(455,  0;   H.&B. 

6  22  (Sect.  14.)  This  section,  though  in  form  a  mere  statement  of  the 
reasons  that  prompted  the  Amerians  to  send  a  delegation  to  Sulla,  is  in 
fact  and  intent  a  brief  and  powerful  recapitulation  of  the  history  of  the 
conspiracy.  Its  effect  is  to  strengthen  the  impression  which  Cicero  has 
from  the  first  been  trying  to  produce  :  namely,  that  the  murder  was  the 
first  act  in  the  plot  of  the  two  Titi  Roscii,  the  latest  act  being  the  false 
charge  brought  against  his  chent. 

6  25  iter,  right  of  way,  such  as  was  usually  reserved  in  case  of  the  sale 
of  any  estate  on  which  was  a  family  burial-place  ;  by  the  proscription  this 
right  was  cut  off. 

6  2G  bonorum  emptio  :  the  technical  term  denoting /?/rr//^7^^  at  public 
sale.  —  furta  refers  to  clam  ;   rapinae  to  palam,  above. 

6  30  (Sect.  15.)  decurionum:  these  constituted  the  municipal  senate 
or  city  council.  The  decem  primi  were  a  standing  executive  committee 
of  the  town,  to  whom,  in  this  instance,  an  unusual  piece  of  business  was 
intrusted.      If  the   delegates  had    been   a    special   committee   appointed 


Defence  of  Roscius  2 1  5 

expressly  to  report  the  case  to  Sulla,  Capito,  one  of  the  conspirators, 
would  hardly  have  been  chosen  a  member. 

7  1  qui  vir,  what  sort  of  man,  i.e.  especially  in  his  political  principles. 
The  delegates  were  apparently  to  certify  to  the  fact  that  Roscius  had  been 
of  Sulla's  party. 

7  4  ut  .  .  .  velit,  that  he  will  consent.  —  decretum :  the  decree  was 
here  read  to  the  courtj'but  it  has  not  been  preserved.  Its  reading  must 
have  produced  considerable  effect.  It  was  not  only  important  testimony 
to  the  innocence  of  the  younger  Roscius,  but  it  was  introduced  by  ("icero 
at  such  a  point  in  the  case  as  to  repeat  and  confirm  the  summary  of  the 
plot  just  given. 

7  G    id  quod,  as  (see  note  on  p.  2,  1.  16,  above). 

7  9  nobilis,  ace  plur.  — ab  eis  qui  peterent,  to  beg  of  them  :  §  317,  2 
(  );    B.   282,   2;    G.  630;    II.  497,  i   (590);    H.  c\:  B.  ;    eis 

refers  to  the  decern  primi.  —  ne  .  .  .  adirent,  obj.  of  peterent. 

7  10  vellent:  §  336,  2  (  );  B.  314,  i;  G.  508,  2;   II.  524  (643;; 

II.  c\:  B. 

1  11   pollicerentur,  same  constr.  as  peterent. 

7  13  (Sp:ct.  16.;  antiquij  p/ ///^  old  stamp,  i.e.  plain,  honest  men. — 
ex  sua  natura,  after  their  own  nature.  —  ceteros,  subj.  of  esse  understood, 
depending  on  fingerent,  imagined.  —  confirmaret,  assured  them. 

7  17  re  inorata,  ivithout  having  stated  their  ease  :  the  primary  meaning 
of  oro  implies  not  entreaty,  but  statement  or  argtiment  (cf.  orator).  —  re- 
verterunt:  the  active  form  of  this  verb  is  found  only  in  the  tenses  of  the 
perfect  stem;  otherwise  it  is  deponent. 

7  18    isti,  i.e.  Chrysogonus  and  Capito. 

7  19  lentius,  less  energetically.  (On  account  of  the  natural  correlation 
of  opposites,  it  is  often  convenieut  to  translate  adjectives  and  adverbs  by 
the  negative  of  their  contraries.)  —  nihil  agere,  i.e.  refrain  from  action.  — 
deludere,  [and  thus]  to  juake  fools  f/"  the  Amerians  (by  having  rendered 
their  whole  embassy  ineffectual). 

7  20  id  quod,  etc.,  as  we  may  easily  infer :  this  point  is  an  inference, 
not,  like  the  rest,  an  attested  fact. 

7  21  neque,  atid  .  .  .  not,  the  negative  qualifying  posse:  and  judge 
that  they  can  no  longer,  etc.  In  English  the  negative  is  placed  near  the 
verb;  in  Latin  it  is  attracted  by  the  connective,  and  so  often  stands  at  the 
beginning  of  the  clause. 

7  22   domino  incolumi  (abl.  abs.),  so  long  as  the  owner  was  alive. 

7  23  (Sect.  17.)  hie,  my  client.  —  de,  in  accordance  with. —  cogna- 
torum,  blood-relations  :    these  were  accustomed  to  hold  a  consilium,  or 


2 1 6  Notes 

formal  deliberation,  on  important  family  affairs,  —  like  the  modern  "  fam- 
ily council  "  of  the  French. 

7  24   Caeciliam :  see  sect.  50. 

7  25  honoris  causa:  cf.  note  on  sect.  5,  p.  3,  1.  28,  above.  —  qua  .  .  . 
plurim.uni,  zvhose  especial  friendship  his  father  had  enjoyed. 

7  27  id  quod,  etc.,  i.e.  she  showed  on  this  occasion  (nunc)  the  gener- 
ous traits  which  everybody  supposed  she  possesse(^.  —  quasi  .  .  .  causa, 
as  if  to  serve  as  a  model. 

7  28  antiqui  offici,  old  fashioned  fidelity  ;  officium  means  the  perform- 
ance of  duties  as  well  as  the  duties  themselves. 

7  29  domo:  §  258,  a  (  );  B.  229,  \,  b;  G.  390,  2  ;  H.  412,  ii,  I 
(462,  4)  ;    H.  &  B.             ,  without  the  prep.,  while  bonis  requires  ex. 

8  2  vivus  .  .  .  referretur :  §  332,  a  {  ) ;  B.  297,  2 ;  G.  553,  i  ; 
H.  501,  i  (571,  i);  H.  &  B.  ,  brought  alive  to  trial,  rather  than 
murdered  and  put  on  the  proscription  list.  This  implies  that  their  first 
plan  was  to  treat  him  as  they  had  treated  his  father,  but  that,  frustrated  in 
this,  they  have  trumped  up  a  charge  of  parricide  against  him. 

Sects.  18-19.  The  conspirators  bring  a  charge  of  parricide 
against  the  younger  Roscius,  thinking  that,  for  political  reasons, 
nobody  will  dare  defend  him.  The  condition  of  Roscius  is  indeed 
miserable,  but  an  advocate,  however  inefficient,  has  been  found  in 
the  person  of  the  speaker. 

8  7  (Sect.  18.)  ut  .  .  .  deferrent,  compararent,  pugnarent:  subst. 
clauses  of  purpose  in  app.  with  consilium,  1.  6  ;    §  331,  headnote  ( 

);   cf.  B.  295  ;   G.  546,  N.2  ;    H.  499,  3  (564)  ;    H.  &  B.  .— 

nomen  deferrent,  i.e.  lay  a  formal  charge  before  the  president  of  the 
proper  court.  —  de  parricidio  :  §  220,  <^,  2  (  )  ;  G.  378,  r.^  ;   H. 

410,  ii,  3  (456,  3);   H.  &B. 

8  8  veterem,  old  in  the  trade :  the  reign  of  terror  through  which 
Rome  had  just  passed  had  given  ample  practice. 

8  9  de  ea  re,  etc.,  in  a  case  in  which,  etc. — posset,  clause  of  purpose, 
rather  than  result  (but  the  two  constructions  approach  each  other  so 
closely  that  it  is  not  always  possible  to  distinguish  between  them). — 
subesset,  subjunc.  of  characteristic.  —  suspicio,  i.e.  should  be  able,  from 
his  skill  as  a  prosecutor,  to  make  a  show  of  a  case  even  when  there  was  no 
ground  for  suspicion  against  the  accused. 

8  10  crimine  (abl.  of  means),  on  the  charge  itself,  i.e.  by  any  strength 
in  the  incriminating  evidence.  — poterant :  indicative  as  being  their  reason 
given  by  Cicero  on  his  own  authority;  §  321  (       ) ;   B.  286,  i  ;   G.  540; 


Defence  of  Roscius  217 

H.  516,  i  (588,  i);  H.  &  B,  .  —  tempore  (opposed  to  crimine),  the 

circumstances  of  the  times  (i.e.  partly  the  generally  disturbed  condition 
of  the  state,  partly  the  fact  that  the  courts  were  now  first  reopened,  after 
their  reorganization  by  Sulla). 

8  11  loqui:  historical  infin.;  §  275  (  )  ;  B.  335;  G.  647;  H.  536,  i 
(610);   H.  &  B.  .  —  tarn  diu,  i.e.  during  the  Civil  War. 

8  12  eum,  the  man  (i.e.  any  one).  —  oportere,  was  sure  to.  —  qui 
primus :  this  was  the  first  case  that  came  before  the  Quaestio  inter 
Sicarios. 

8  13  adductus  esset :  for  fut.  perf.  of  direct  disc.  —  huic :  the  emphatic 
position  may  be  rendered  by  in  His  case. 

8  14    gratiam,  favor  or  influence,  i.e.  with  Sulla. 

8  16  fore  ut,  etc.:  the  usual  periphrasis  for  the  fut.  infin.  pass.;  the 
supine  with  iri  is  rare.  —  nullo  negotio  :  cf.  sect.  lo,  p.  5,  1.  15.  —  tolle- 
retur :  cf.  de  medio  tolli,  sect.  10. 

8  17  nullo :  for  the  abl.  of  nemo,  which  is  never  used.  —  atque  adeo, 
or  rather. 

8  18   quem :  the  antecedent  is  eum  below. 

8  19  iugulandum,  i.e.  for  judicial  murder:  §294,  d  {^  ) ;   B.  t^};]. 

7,  ^,  2  ;  G.  430  ;    H.  544,  N.2  (622)  ;    H.  &  B. 

8  20  (Sect.  19.)  querar,  deliberative  subj.;  §  268  (  );  B.  277;  G. 
265  ;   H.  484,  V  (559,  4)  ;  H.  &  B.  .  —  unde,  ivhere,  lit.  whence  :  the 

Latin  conceives  the  speaker  as  proceeding  from  some  point,  whereas  the 
English  represents  him  as  beginning  at  some  point.  —  potissimum  (superl. 
of  potius,  as  if  ra/hest),  best  (rather  than  anywhere  else);  cf.  sect,  i,  1.  3. 

8  23  summam  potestatem,  unlimited  poiver  (i.e.  with  respect  to  ren- 
dering a  verdict).  —  fidem,  i.e.  the  protection  required  by  good  faith. 

8  24  pater,  etc. :  these  nominatives  are  in  no  grammatical  construction, 
but  are  used  to  enumerate  in  a  vivid  way  the  crimes  of  the  conspirators 
afterwards  referred  to  by  his  (1.  26)  :  cf.  §  292,  a  {  )  ;   B.  337,  5  ;   G. 

664,  R.2  ;   H.  549,  N.2  (636,  4)  ;  H.  &  B. 

8  25   infesta,  imperilled. 

8  27  nefariis,  abl.  of  instr.  after  cumulant :  the  idea  in  Latin  is  that 
of  making  a  heap  of  what  already  exists,  by  means  of  other  things  piled 
on  it  (hence  ace.  and  abl.)  ;  but  translate,  upon  these  they  heap  tip  other 
infamies. 

8  29  huiusce  (emphatic  instead  of  eius)  :  translate  \>y  his  ozun.  —  con- 
dicionem,  terrtis  (or  dilemma')  :  as  containing  the  idea  of  a  bargain,  it  is 
followed  by  ut;    §  331,  ^  (  ) ;   cf.  B.  295,  4;   G.  546,  N.^ ;    H.  498,  i 

(564,  iii);    H.  &B. 


2 1 8  Notes 

8  30   cervices :  this  word  is  used  by  early  writers  in  the  plural  only. 

9  1  insutus  in  culeum :  the  old  punishment  for  a  parricide  was  to 
be  "  beaten  with  blood-red  rods,  then  sewed  into  a  sack,  with  a  dog,  a 
cock,  a  viper,  and  an  ape,  and  thrown  into  the  deep  sea "  (see  below, 
sect.  29). 

9  2  patronos :  Cicero's  modesty  will  not  allow  him  to  call  himself  a 
patronus  (cf.  note  on  p.  3,  1.  17).  —  qui  .  .  .  dicat,  purpose-clause:  the 
antecedent  is  the  subj.  of  deest,  below. 

III.     Partitio  (§20) 

9  C)  (Srct.  20.)  This  contains  the  formal  statement  of  the  technical 
partitio  or  division  of  the  matter  of  the  defence  {defensio)  into  its  parts  or 
heads.  These  are  distinguished  as  the  charge  (^criiiien')  brought  by  Eru- 
cius,  the  effrontery  {aiuiacia)  of  the  two  Titi  Roscii,  and  the  illegal  influ- 
ence { potentid)  of  Chrysogonus.  The  charge  Cicero  says  it  is  his  business 
to  refute.  If  he  can  do  this  he  trusts  to  the  jury  to  see  that  the  effrontery 
of  the  Roscii  and  the  influence  exercised  by  Chrysogonus  shall  not  injure 
his  client.  Sects.  20-35  ^""^  given  to  disproving  the  critnen,  chs.  xxx.-xli. 
(omitted  in  this  edition)  to  opposing  the  audacia  of  the  Roscii  by  bringing 
a  counter-accusation  (especially  against  Capito,  who  is  directly  charged 
with  the  murder),  and  sects.  36-46  to  disposing  of  Chrysogonus. 

9  6   quantum,  so  far  as  (adverbial  ace). 

9  12   quid  igitur  est?  /!07o  then  ? 

9  17  primo  quoque  tempore,  the  very  first  opportmiity  (i.e.  that  which 
the  present  case  affords)  since  the  violence  and  disorder  of  the  Civil  War. 
—  exstinguere  debetis :  the  courts  had  just  been  restored  by  Sulla  after  a 
long  interval  of  lawlessness,  and  the  case  of  Roscius  was  the  first  to  come 
before  the  reorganized  Quaestio  inter  Sicarios.  There  was  a  general  feel- 
ing that  the  courts  ought  to  do  something  at  once,  —  a  feeling  that  might 
well  be  prejudicial  to  the  defendant  even  though  he  was  innocent.  To  re- 
move this  prejudice  Cicero  (i)  suggests  that  the  conspirators  relied  on  it  in 
bringing  their  iniquitous  charge  (sect.  18:  ita  loqui  homines  .  .  .  esset), 
and  (2)  shows  that  an  acquittal,  by  rebuking  the  effrontery  and  violence  of 
men  like  Chi-ysogonus  and  his  confederates,  would  do  much  to  restore  law 
and  order. 

IV.     Defensio  (§§  21-47) 

Sects.  21-23.  The  guilt  of  the  defendant  is  antecedently  improb- 
able.    His  character  does  not  suit  the  crime.     No  motive  has  been 


Defence  of  Roscius  219 

shown.  The  alleged  ill-will  between  the  father  and  the  son  has  not 
been  proved  and  is  unlikely. 

9  20  (Sect.  21.)  eius  modi  quo  uno  maleficio,  of  such  a  kind,  that 
in  this  one  crime  (rel.  clause  of  result). 

9  22   VOltu,  by  a  look. 

9  24  si  .  .  .  postularet,  .  .  .  COgehami,  zuould  compelit  if  the  case  re- 
quired :  see  §  308,  b  {  )  ;  cf.  B.  304,  3  ;  G.  597,  K.-^ ;  H.  51 1^  (581,  i)  ; 
H.  &  B.  )  ;  iura  COgebant  is  equivalent  to  a  verb  of  necessity,  and 
hence  the  imperf.  indie,  in  the  apodosis  appears  with  the  imperf.  subj.  in 
the  protasis. 

9  27  auditum  sit,  a  general  condition;  subj.  because  integral  part  of 
the  result  clause. 

9  28   tu  (emphatic),  j)/0M,  a  professional  prosecutor. 

9  29  censes :  the  word  used  to  express  deliberate  judgment,  after  dis- 
cussion or  the  like. 

9  30  mores,  character,  as  resulting  from  habits  of  life;  naturam,  natu- 
ral disposition. 

10  2  tU:  emphatic,  as  opposed  to  the  general  run  oi  accusers. 
Cicero  is  here  using  the  famous  "  argument  from  probability,"  a  favorite 
with  ancient  orators  and  rhetoricians  from  the  fifth  century  B.C.  "  For 
example,  if  a  physically  weak  man  be  accused  of  an  assault,  he  is  to  ask 
the  jury,  '  Is  it  probable  that  a  weakling  like  me  should  have  attacked  any- 
body ? '  while  if  the  accused  is  a  strong  man  he  is  to  claim  that  it  is  im- 
probable that  he  should  have  committed  an  assault  in  a  case  where  his 
strength  was  sure  to  be  used  as  a  presumption  against  him." 

10  4  (Sect.  22.)  Here  the  "argument  from  probability"  is  very  skil- 
fully carried  out.  In  sect.  22  Cicero  draws  such  a  contrast  between  the 
nature  of  the  crime  and  the  character  of  the  defendant  as  to  appeal  power- 
fully to  the  imagination  of  the  jury  as  well  as  to  their  reason.  Describing 
briefly  and  vividly  the  three  types  of  men  who  might  be  recognized  as 
likely  to  commit  such  a  murder  (the  weak-minded  stripling  led  astray  by 
evil  companions,  the  hardened  cut-throat,  the  ruined  debauchee),  he 
points  to  the  life  and  character  of  Roscius  as  having  nothing  in  common 
with  any  of  these.  This  leads  up  at  once  to  the  question  of  motive : 
if  Roscius'  character  was  so  little  suited  to  the  crime,  the  motive  must 
have  been  extraordinarily  powerful  ;  but  no  motive  at  all  has  been  shown 
(sect.  23). 

10  4  patrem,  etc. :  to  preserve  the  emphasis  we  may  render  a  par- 
ricide has  been  committed  by  Sex.  Roscius.  —  qui  homo?  what  sort  oj  man 
(is  it  who  has  committed  such  a  crime)  ? 


220  Notes 

10  5  adulescentulus :  the  diminutive  suggests  a  weak  stripling  led 
astray  (inductus) ;  the  defendant  was,  in  fact,  a  man  of  forty.  —  nequam, 
with  hominibus. 

10  C  maior :  anomalous  for  the  more  usual  plus  or  amplius  ;  §  247,  c 
(  );   B.  217,3;   G.  311,  K.-^;   H.  417,  I,  N.^  (471,4);    H.  &B. 

—  vetus  (emphatic),  old  (in  the  sense  of  the  English  derivative  inveterate). 

—  videlicet,  no  doubt,  of  course. 

10  10  de  luxuria:   for  constr.  see  note  on  de  parricidio  (p.  8,  1.  7). 

10  12  cuiquam :  words  in  italics  are  not  in  the  manuscripts,  but  are 
supplied  by  modern  scholars  (from  conjecture)  as  being  necessary  to  the 
construction  or  the  sense. 

10  14  Obiecit :  the  accuser  had  made  it  a  point  in  his  argument  that 
the  defendant  was  of  a  morose  temper,  shunning  all  society  and  burying 
himself  in  the  country.  Cicero  deftly  turns  these  assertions  to  the  advan- 
tage of  his  client. 

10  15  officio,  sense  of  duty,  and  consequent  discharge  of  it  ;  especially 
used  with  reference  to  filial  duty  {pietas). 

10  16  (Sect.  23.)  In  ancient  trials,  as  at  present,  it  was  particularly 
important  to  show  a  motive  in  order  to  secure  a  conviction  for  murder. 
Erucius  had  alleged  two  motives,  —  ill-feeling  between  father  and  son,  and 
intended  disinheritance.  In  this  section  (and  in  the  two  chapters  that 
follow,  omitted  in  this  edition)  Cicero  disposes  of  the  former;  in  ch.  xix. 
(also  omitted)  he  argues  that  there  is  no  evidence  that  the  elder  Roscius 
meant  to  disinherit  his  son.  In  chs.  xx.  and  xxi.  (omitted)  he  goes  on  to 
say  that  the  prosecutor  has  shown  no  case  and  to  inveigh  against  him  for 
bringing  a  baseless  charge. 

10  19    iustam,  siifficient  or  well-grounded. 

10  20  illud,  this  (referring  forward  to  the  inf.  clause  following),  i.e.  the 
point  previously  treated;   hoc,  the  new  point  now  introduced. 

10  22  odio  .  .  .  parenti:  §  233,  «  (  );  B.  191,  2;  G.  356;  H. 

390,  i  (433)  ;   H.  &  B. 

10  23  eodem,  to  the  same  point  (as  that  treated  in  the  preceding  sec- 
tion). 

10  25   displiceret,  was  disliked  by. 

10  26  qui  odisset,  in  that  he  hated  (according  to  their  argument)  :  see 
§  341,  d  (^  )  ;   B.  323  ;   G.  628  ;    H.  528,  i  (649,  i)  ;    H.  &  B. 

10  27  constantissimus  (opposed  to  amens),  most  steady-minded 
("level-headed")- 

10  28  illud  refers  forward  (as  usual)  to  causam  fuisse.  —  iam,  by  this 
time. 


Defence  of  Roscius  221 

Sects.  24-30.  Recapitulation.  Erucius  had  to  show  not  only  a 
strong  motive,  but,  in  the  case  of  so  unnatural  a  crime,  to  bring 
the  clearest  testimony  as  to  the  facts  —  where  ,  how,  by  whose  means., 
when  the  murder  was  committed.  A  recent  case  of  acquittal  (sect. 
26),  even  against  strong  circumstantial  evidence,  since  absolute 
proof  is  needed  to  establish  such  a  charge.  Enormity  of  the  crime, 
as  shown  by  the  severity  of  the  legal  punishment  (sects.  28-29). 
Yet  Erucius  has  no  evidence  to  offer — he  has  not  even  established 
a  plausible  motive. 

11  3  quod,  referring  to  id  in  1.  5  :  cf,  in  English,  "  w/iom  therefore 
ye  ignorantly  worship,  /lim  declare  I  unto  you." 

11  4  iam  prope  COtidiana,  which  have  now  come  to  be  an  ahnost  every- 
day affair. 

11  5  quae,  etc. :  the  question  which  is  referred  to  in  quod  .  .  .  quae- 
ritur. 

11  7  COnvenisse  .  .  .  videntur,  seem  to  have  converged  upon  one  spot 
and  to  agree  together :  the  phrase  inter  se  may  express  any  sort  of  recipro- 
cal relation;  §  i96/(  ) ;  B.  245,  i;  G.  221;  H.  448,  N.  (502,  i); 
H.  &  B. 

11  10  ingenio,  talent  (i.e.  power  in  putting  the  case).  —  cum,  not  otily. 

11  12  ostendatur:  §  331,  /  R.  (  );  B.  295,  6  and  8  ;  G.  535, 

R.2  ;    H.  502,  I  (564,  ii,  i)  ;    H.  &  B. 

11  14  (Sect.  25.)  sint,  exist. — exstent :  cf.  note  on  ostendatur, 
above.  —  expressa  vestigia,  distinct  footprints. 

11    15  ratione,  manner,  i.e.  the  whole  plan  of  the  act. 

11  19  suspicionibus :  governed  by  reclamitat,  which,  on  account  of 
its  meaning,  takes  an  indir.  obj. 

11  21    esse,  that  there  should  be,  etc. 

11  23  feras :  notice  the  emphatic  position.  The  emphasis  may  be 
expressed  in  English  either  by  changing  the  verb  to  the  passive  (in  order 
to  keep  feras  at  the  beginning  of  the  clause)  or  by  turning  thus :  even  in 
the  case  of  wild  beasts,  etc. 

11  25  (Sect.  26.)  As  an  example  of  what  cogent  proof  is  required  to 
overcome  the  presumption  against  the  possibility  of  so  unnatural  a  crime 
as  parricide,  Cicero  cites  a  recent  case  in  which  strong  circumstantial  evi- 
dence was  held  insufficient.  —  ita,  so  very. 

11  26  non  obscurum,  respectable. 

11  29  servus  :  here  used  as  adj.;  §  188,  ^  (  );  G.  288,  R.;  H. 
441,  3  (495,  3) ;    H.  &  B. 

12  1  pertineret,  subj.  of  characteristic. —  id  aetatis  :  §  240,  b{         ); 


222  Notes 

B.  185,  2  ;   G.  336,  N.2  ;  H.  378,  2  (416,  2) ;   H.  &  B.  ,  i.e.  too  old  for 

the  sound  sleep  of  childhood.  —  autein,  on  the  other  hand.  —  propter, 
near  by. 

12  4  neutrumne  sensisse,  the  idea  that,  etc. :  infin.  of  exclam.,  §  274 
(       ) ;  B.  334  ;  G.  534  ;  H.  539,  iii  (616,  3) ;   H.  &  B.  ;   cf.  .-Eneid, 

i.  37- 

12  5   potissimum,  of  all  others  ;  cf.  sect,  i,  1.  3. 

12  7  (Sect.  27.)  porro  .  .  .  conveniret,  could  naturally  fall  (really 
in  the  same  constr.  as  pertineret,  1.  i,  above). 

12  9    iudicio  (abl.  of  means),  on  the  trial  (more  lit.  by  the  court). 

12  13   potuisset,  subj.  of  characteristic  (in  dir.  disc,  potuerit). 

12  14  no  n  mo  do  .  .  .  "possunt,  Jiot  only  cannot,  etc.  :  §  149  ^  (  ); 

B.  343,  2,  a;  G.  482,  R.i ;   H.  552,  2  (656,  3) ;    H.  &  B.  ;    the  verb 

is  sufficiently  negatived  by  ne. 

12  16    (Sect.  28.)    quo  .   .  .  eo,  the  less  .  .  .  the  more. 

12  18  multis  =  many  other  (implied  in  the  generalizing  CUm,  not  only, 
followed  by  turn,  but  also). 

12  19  armis,  abl.  of  specification. 

12  20  turn,  but  also  (correlative  with  Cum  in  1.  17). — vel :  in  the  em- 
phasizing use,  to  strengthen  maxime ;  §  93  '^  (  ) ;  B.  240,  3 ;  G. 
303  ;   H.  444,  3. 

12  21  singulare,  special  (lit.  unique). 

12  22  sapientiam,  ace.  of  exclamation. 

12  23  rerum  natura,  the  universe,  represented  by  air  (caelum),  tire 
(solem),  water,  and  earth,  the  elements  "  from  which  all  things  are  said  to 
be  produced"  (omnia  nata  esse,  1.  26). 

12  25  ademerint,  subord.  clause  in  ind.  disc. 

12  27  dicuntur:  for  mood,  see  §  342,  a  {  );   cf.  B.  314,  4;  G. 

629,  R.,  b  ;   H.  529,  ii,  N.i  (652,  i);   H.  &  B. 

12  27  (Sect.  29.)  ci\i\z^x^,  cast  forth  to.  —  ne  bestiis  .  .  .  uteremur, 
lest  we  should  find  the  very  beasts  7nore  savage  (immanioribus,  in  predicate 
apposition). 

12  28   attigissent,  subj.  of  integral  part. 

12  29   sic  nudos,  naked  as  they  were. 

12  30  ipsum,  even  that.  —  violata,  defiled. 

12  31  expiari :  sea  water,  as  well  as  running  water,  was  regarded  as 
having  a  ceremonially  purifying  quality,  —  an  opinion  prevailing  in  various 
religions,  and  found  in  the  forms  of  ablution,  baptism,  and  the  like.  — 
putantur:  for  mood  cf.  dicuntur,  1.  27,  above.  —  tarn  .  .  .  volgare,  so 
cheap  or  so  common. 


Defence  of  Rosciiis  223 

12  32  cuius  .  .  .  reliquerint,  clause  of  result.  —  etenim,  i.e.  it  needs 
no  argument  to  show,  etc. 

13  2  eiectis,  to  castaways.  —  ita,  in  such  a  way. 

13  8  (Sect.  30.)  talibus  viris,  "to  this  intelligent  jury."  —  ne 
causam  quidem,  not  even  a  motive  (to  say  nothing  of  evidence  of 
guilt). 

13  !»  emptores,  tJie  purchasers  (of  the  confiscated  property),  i.e.  men 
having  the  strongest  interest  in  his  conviction,  with  Chrysogonus  himself 
as  their  presiding  officer. 

13  11  venisses,  you  should  have  come :  §  266,  ,?  (  )  ;   G.  272,  3  ; 

IT.  483,  2,  N.  (558,  i);    H.  &  B.  .  —  utrum  ...  an,  i.e.  which 

is  it  —  the  nature  of  the  question  or  the  character  of  the  court  [another 
compliment  to  the  jury]  — that  you  do  not  see? 

13  14  ne  .  .  .  quidem :  §  209,  ^,  i  (  ) ;  B.  347,  2 ;  G.  445  ; 

H.  553,  2  (656,2);   II.  c^B. 

Sects.  31-35.  Roscius  had  not  only  no  motive  to  commit  the 
crime,  but  no  means  of  committing  it.  Erucius  is  challenged  to 
tell  how  Roscius  could  himself  have  killed  his  father  or  could 
have  procured  his  death  through  others. 

13  16  (Sect.  31.)  ts\Si,zvell  then  (to  quit  that  point).  —  causam  pro- 
ferre,  to  allege  a  motive. 

13  17  vicisse  debeo,  /  ought  to  have  now  gained  the  case,  i.e.  by  my 
past  argument;  ought  to  have  conquered  (yn  the  past)  would  be  vincere 
debui:   §  288,  r/  (  ) ;   B.  270,  2  ;  G.  280,  b,  N.3  ;   H.  537,  I  (618,  2); 

H.  c^-  B. 

13  18  in  alia  causa,  in  another  case  :  an  implied  condition  of  which 
concederem  is  the  apodosis;   §  310,  ^  (  ) ;   B.  305,  i;   G.  600,  i;   H. 

507,  N.'  (583);   H.  &B. 

13  19  qua  re,  why  ;  quo  mode,  how.  Cicero  contends  that  he  is  not 
obliged  to  discuss  the  manner  of  the  murder,  since  Erucius  has  not  raised 
that  point,  and  has  not  even  been  able  to  assign  a  motive.  His  own  posi- 
tion in  the  argument  is  so  strong,  however,  that,  he  says,  he  can  afford  to 
concede  a  point  by  waiving  the  question  of  motive  and  allowing  Erucius  to 
argue  the  case  on  the  basis  of  the  means  by  which  Roscius  could  have 
committed  the  crime.  This  is  of  course  a  rhetorical  device  to  introduce 
one  of  Cicero's  strongest  arguments.  It  cannot  be  proved  that  it  was  even 
possible  for  Roscius  to  kill  his  father  under  the  circumstances.  By  calling 
for  the  details  of  the  murder  Cicero  shows  that  none  can  be  produced. 
The  whole  passage  serves  also  as  an  effective  preparation  for  the  counter- 


224  Notes 

charge  (omitted  in  this  edition),  in  which  it  is  shown  that  Sex.  Roscius 
Magnus  had  not  only  a  motive,  but  every  opportunity, 

13  21  sic,  i.e.  I  will  deal  with  you  on  these  terms.  —  meo  loco,  in  my 
place,  i.e.  in  the  time  allotted  to  the  defence  ;  this  was  determined  for  each 
party  by  the  prittor. 

13  22  respondendi,  i.e.  at  the  end  of  a  question;  interpellandi,  i.e.  in 
the  middle  of  any  question,  to  answer  a  part  of  it ;  interrogandi,  i.e.  by 
asking  questions  in  his  turn. 

13  24  (Sect.  32.)  ipse  percussit,  did  he  strike  the  fatal  blow  himself? 

13  25  ipsum,  sc.  pe7-cussisse.  —  per  alios  :  for  abl.  of  means,  when  per- 
sons are  intended,  see  §  246,  b  (^  )  ;  G.  401 ;  H.  4  15,  i,  N.^  (46S,  3)  ; 
H.  &  B. 

13  27  indidemne  Ameria, /^c;;z  Ameria  thei-e?  (lit.  the  satne place). — 
hosce  sicarios,  these  cut-throats  here  of  ours. 

13  30  convenit,  i.e.  to  bargain  for  the  murder. 

13  32  unde,  i.e.  on  whom  did  he  draw  for  the  money?  All  such  bank- 
ing business  being  in  a  manner  public,  the  sum  could  be  traced,  as  by 
cheques  and  the  like  in  modern  times. 

14  1  Cdi^Vit,  foujitain-head. 

14  2  tibi,  dat.  instead  of  poss.  gen.:   §  235,  a  {  ) ;    B.  181,  i,  N.; 

G.  350,  i;    H.  384,  4,  N.2  (425,  4,  N.);   H.  &  B.  .  —  veniat,  with 

facito  (fac)  for  simple  imperat. :   §  269,  ^  (  ) ;   cf.  G.  553,  i;    cf.  H. 

489,  2  (561,  2);    H.  &  B.  .     The  fut.  form  of  the  imperat.  is  used, 

because  the  accuser  is  bidden  to  reflect  on  the  point  raised,  so  that  there  is 
a  distinct  reference  to  future  time  :   §  269,  ^/  (  )  ;  B.  281,  I,  <?  ;  G.  268, 

2;    H.  487,  2  (560,  4);   H.  &B. 

14  3  agrestem,  boorish  (see  next  clause). 

14  5  in  oppido  COnstitisse,  stayed  in  any  tozun ;  oppidum  is  distin- 
guished both  from  urbs,  the  great  city,  and  vicus,  a  country  village ;  it 
would  be  a  place  of  some  society  and  cultivation. 

14  6  (Sect.  33.)  qua  in  re,  on  this  point. — praetereo,  etc. :  an  excel- 
lent example  of  the  rhetorical  device  called  praeteritio  ("  omission  ") .  The 
speaker  dwells  upon  the  point  while  pretending  to  pass  it  over  in 
silence. 

14  7  poterat,  might,  i.e.  if  I  chose  to  use  it :   §  31 1,  <r  (  )  ;   B.  304, 

3;  G.  597,  R.3;  H.  511,  I,  N.3(583);  H.  &  B. 

14  8  victu  arido,  dry  or  meagre  -way  of  living.  —  inculta,  uncouth. 

14  10  possis,  potential  subj.,  §  311,  a:  (  ) ;   B.   280  ;    G.  257,  i; 

H.  485(552);    H.&B. 

14  11  in  urbe  (emphatic),  i.e.  not  in  the  country,  where  Roscius  was 


Defence  of  Roscins  225 

14  12  exsistat,  erumpat,  dependent  on  necesse  est.  —  erumpat,  burst 
forth  :  a  strong  word  is  used  on  account  of  audacia,  reckless  daring. 

14  13  autem,  on  the  other  hand. 

14  14  agrestem:  see  note  on  1.  3.  —  parsimoniae,  thrift  (in  a  good 
sense). 

14  16  (Sect.  34.)  missa  facio,  /  let  that  pass  (missa  agreeing  with 
haec,  obj.  of  facio) ;  such  phrases  are  often  used  colloquially  or  with 
emphasis,  for  the  simple  verb:    §  292,  d  {  ) ;   G.  537;    H.  &  B. 

—  illud  quaero,  this  is  zvhat  I  ivant  to  know. 

14  17  per  quos  :  these  words  are  the  interrogative  expression  with 
which  the  clause  grammatically  begins;  is  homo  is  put  first  for  em- 
phasis. 

14  20  suspiciose,  i.e.  so  as  to  look  suspicious.  —  in  his  rebus,  but  in 
THESE  circumstances,  i.e.  those  in  our  case  (emphatic  position).  —  sus- 
picio  .  .  .  culpam:  i.e.  in  so  clear  a  case  I  will  not  ask  Erucius  for  proof 
of  guilt;   if  he  can  show  any  suspicious  circumstance,  it  shall  suffice. 

14  22  credo,  I  suppose :  jronical,  as  usual  when  parenthetical. 

14  27  causa  dicitur,  the  defendant  is  on  trial  (a  technical  term:  lit. 
the  case  is  argued,  i.e.  by  the  defendant). 

14  28  (Sect.  35.)admiserit:  §  332,  «  (  );  B.  297,  2  ;  G.  553,4; 

H.  501,  i,  I  (571,  I);    H.  &B. 

14  29  quod,  that. 

14  30  quod:  the  antecedent  is  id  (p.  15,1.  i);  the  clause  ut  .  .  .  pol- 
liceatur  is  in  apposition  with  quod. 

15  1  quaestionem,  question  in  the  technical  sense,  i.e.  examination  by 
torture,  the  regular  legal  way  of  examining  slaves.  An  accused  person 
could,  of  his  own  accord,  offer  his  slaves  for  that  purpose  (poUiceri)  :  in 
this  case  Roscius  had  lost  his  slaves,  and  so  was  deprived  of  that  privilege. 

15  2  unus  puer,  as  i/mch  as  a  single  slave. 

15  3  minister,  i.e.  to  wait  upon  him.  —  familia :  this  word,  in  its 
primary  meaning,  properly  embraced  the  entire  body  of  free  persons, 
clients,  and  slaves,  under  the  patriarchal  rule  of  the  paterfamilias.  In 
time,  the  meaning  was  divided,  applying  either  (i)  to  the  family  proper  — 
^ho.  paterfamilias,  with  his  wife,  children,  etc.;  or  (2)  to  a  body  (or  gang) 
of  slaves.     The  latter  is  the  meaning  here. 

15  4  Scipio,  Metelle  :  these  were,  probably,  P.  Scipio  Nasica,  father 
of  Metellus  Scipio  (a  leader  on  Pompey's  side  in  the  Civil  War),  and  his 
cousin,  Q.  Metellus  Nepos,  brother  of  Qecilia  (sect.  50),  and  father  of  the 
Celer  and  Nepos  referred  to  in  the  orations  against  Catiline. 

15  5  advocatis,  called  in  (as  friends  of  the  accused) ;  agentibus,  taking 


226  Notes 

active  part.  The  demand  seems  to  have  been  formal,  and  these  friends 
were  present  to  attest  it. 

15  7  meministisne :    -ne  =  nonne  ;  §  210,  ^  (  );  B.  162,  2,  c, 

G.  454,  N.^;    H.  &  B.  .  —  T.  Roscium,  i.e.  Magnus. 

15  8  sectantur,  are  in  the  trai^i  of. 

15  10  quid  facitis :  up  to  this  point  Cicero  appears  to  l)e  merely  ac- 
counting for  the  fact  (which  might  have  made  against  his  case;  that  the 
younger  Roscius  had  not  offered  his  slaves  for  examination.  With  this 
abrupt  question  he  shows  the  true  bearing  of  the  refusal  of  Magnus,  re- 
torting suddenly  the  countercharge,  which  he  carries  out  in  a  chapter  here 
omitted.  The  effect  on  a  jury  of  such  an  appeal  as  Dubitate,  etc.,  must 
have  been  very  great. 

Sects.  36-42.  The  sale  of  the  property  of  the  elder  Roscius  was 
illegal  and  his  proscription  in  every  way  irregular.  For  this  act 
Chrysogonus  is  to  be  blamed,  not  Sulla,  for  Sulla  was  necessarily  so 
much  occupied  with  affairs  of  state  that  details  of  this  kind  escaped 
his  attention. 

15  17  (Sect.  36.)  aureum:  the  Greek  name  Chrysogonus  vatzxvi  gold- 
born. 

15  18  latuit :   because  his  was  the  only  name  that  appeared. 

15  22  alii  quoque,  i.e.  other  purchasers  of  confiscated  estates. 

15  23  ut  mihi,  etc.,  i.e.  I  have  no  occasion  to  say  anything  of  the  pur- 
chasers of  confiscated  estates  in  general,  for  this  case,  by  its  atrocity,  is 
taken  out  of  the  common  category  (haec  enim  causa,  etc ,  1.  24,  below). 

15  24  sectorum :  these  were  the  purchasers  of  confiscated  property  in 
the  lump,  who  afterwards  divided  it  (seco)  to  sell  again  in  detail. 

15  28  (Sect.  37.)  venierunt,  from  veneo,  not  venio. 

15  30  si  enim  haec,  for  if  such  retnarks,  etc.,  i.e.  if  I  may  be  allowed 
to  speak  freely. 

15  31  tantus  homo,  stich  a  great  person  :  a  hint  that  more  important 
men  than  he  had  suffered.  In  fact,  all  the  really  eminent  victims  of  the 
Civil  War  had  perished  before  the  proscription. 

16  2  qui  (adv.),  how? 

16  3  Valeria :  the  law  by  which  Sulla  was  made  perpetual  dictator 
and  invested  with  absolute  power  of  life  and  death  (B.C.  82) ;  it  was  pro- 
posed by  L.  Valerius  Flaccus  as  interrex.  Laws  were  designated  by  the 
gentile  name  of  their  proposer  ;  all  laws,  for  example,  carried  by  L.  Corne- 
lius Sulla  were  known  as  Leges  Corneliae.  —  Cornelia  :  this  appears  to  have 
been  enacted  some  time  after  the  lex   Valeria,  in  order  to  regulate  the 


Defence  of  Roscius  227 

details  of  the  proscription,  Cicero's  ignorance  of  the  law  is  no  doubt 
affected.  —  novi,  I  know  the  thing  or  person;  scio,  I  know  the  fact :  I  am 
not  acquainted  zvith  the  law,  and  do  not  knoiv  which  it  is. 

16  G  proscripti  sunt :  the  indie,  must  mean  those  already  proscribed 
when  the  law  was  passed.  Future  cases  of  proscription  would  have  been 
referred  to  by  the  subj.  or  fut.  perf.  (see  Verr.  ii.  chs.  xli,  xlii). 

16  7    in  .  .  .  praesidiis,  among  the  armed  forces,  etc. 

16  8  dum,  so  lo)2g  as :  §  276,  ^,  N.  (  ) ;   G.  569  ;    H.  519,  i 

(603,  i);    H.  &B. 

16  12  veteres,  those  of  the  regular  code;  novas,  those  of  the  SuUan 
revolution. — occisum  esse,  indir.  disc,  with  constat;  the  subj.  ace.  is 
omitted. 

16  14  (Sect.  38.)  in  eum,  i.e.  Sulla.  Here  it  is  necessary  for  the 
orator  to  proceed  with  great  caution  :  even  if  not  himself  present,  Sulla 
would  watch  sharply  the  first  case  before  his  own  criminal  court. 

16  15  ab  initio,  from  the  beginning  of  this  trial  (see  sect.  12);  omni 
tempore,  throughout  his  whole  career. 

16  17  ut  ementiretur,  .  .  .  passus  non  sit,  clauses  in  appos.  with 
haec  omnia  :  for  the  change  of  tense,  see  §  279,  d  {  )  ;  H.  &  B. 

16  18   apud  adversaries,  in  the  enemy'' s  ranks  (  =  in  praesidiis,  above). 

16  21  postea  :  the  passage  referred  to  appears  to  have  been  lost  out  of 
the  oration,  probably  in  the  gap  in  ch.  xlv.  The  scholiast  represents  Chry- 
sogonus  as  saying  that  he  had  used  the  property  in  building  a  villa  at 
Veil. 

16  24    (Sect.  39.)    Kalendas  lunias,  ace,  in  the  same  constr.  as  diem. 

16  2G  tabulas:  confiscated  property  belonged  to  the  state,  and  public 
records  of  its  seizure  and  sale  were,  of  course,  kept.  —  nulla,  not  at  all : 
§  191  (       ) ;   B.  239  ;  0.  325,  R.6 ;   H.  457,  3  (S^S,  3) ;  H.  &  B. 

16  27  redierunt  =  relata  sunt.  —  facetius,  more  cleverly :  in  the  case 
supposed,  the  pretended  proscription  would  never  have  occurred  and  the 
property  would  have  been  taken  without  even  the  forms  of  law. 

16  30  ante  tempus,  too  early,  i.e.  before  it  is  time  to  raise  so  trivial  a 
question  as  that  of  a  title  to  property  (Roscius  is  now  on  trial  for  his  life). 

16  32  reduviam  curem  (proverbial),  treat  a  sore  finger,  i.e.  in  a  case 
of  life  and  death  I  deal  only  with  some  trifling  ailment.  For  mood  see 
§  320,  e{  )  ;    B.  283,  3  ;   G.  586  ;   H.  517  (592)  ;    H.  &  B. 

17  1  non  rationem  ducit,  he  does  not  take  account  (a  mercantile 
phrase). 

17  5  (Sect.  40.)  partim  pro  va^,  partly  in  my  own  name.  To  avoid 
entangling  the  case  of  his  client  with  politics,  Cicero  makes  himself  respon- 


228  Notes 

sible  for  everything  that  may  have  a  political  bearing;  he  was  a  well-known 
partisan  of  the  nobility  and  could  afford  to  speak  freely. 

17  7  quae-que:  not  from  quisque.  —  ad  omnis  pertinere,  concerns 
all. 

17  8  sensu  ac  dolore,  feeling  and  pain,  i.e.  painful  feeling  (so-called 
hendiadys) . 

17  11    iam,  with  the  ivX.,  presently. 

17  12    (Sect.  41.)  ego,  opposed  to  Roscio. 

17  17  diem:  fern.;  §  73  (  );  B.  53;  G.  64;  H.  123(135);  H.cScB. 
.  —  praefinita,yfx^c/ 2«  advance,  as  the  limit  (finioj. 

17  19   patronum,  i.e.  Sulla.     See  note  on  libertum,  p.  6,  1.  10. 

17  20  conferre,  throw  the  responsibility  for.  —  egerit,  will  effect,  fut. 
perf.  for  fut.:   §  281,  R.  (  ) ;  G.  244;    H.  473  (540);    H.  &  B. 

17  22  imprudente :  cf.  p.  5, 1.  28. 

17  23  (Sect.  42.)  placet,  do  I  like  ?  i.e.  do  I  think  it  right?  —  impru- 
dentia,  ivant  of  foresight. 

17  24  etenim  si,  etc.  (the  apod,  is  quid  miramur,  p.  18, 1. 1).  The  com- 
parison that  follows  is  perhaps  somewhat  strained;  but  it  accords  with  the 
habits  of  thought  of  the  ancients,  to  whom  the  powers  of  a  supreme  ruler 
appeared  in  a  manner  divine.  (Cf.  the  language  used  of  Caesar  in  the 
Oration  for  Marcellus.)  The  tone  in  which  kings  were  addressed  in  mod- 
ern literature  until  very  recent  times  may  be  compared  (see,  e.g..  Bacon's 
dedication  of  his  Advancement  of  Learning  \.o  James  I.). 

17  29  pernicii,  for  perniciei:  §  74,  rt:  (  )  ;  B.  52,  2;  G.  63,  n.I;  H. 
121,  I  (134,  2  and  3)  ;  H.  &  B.  .  —  vi  ipsa  .  .  .  rerum,  by  the  very 
violence  of  the  elements,  — the  agents  or  powers  which  he  has  to  control. 

18  1    cum  is  causal,  but  may  be  translated  when. 

18  4  nisi,  here  as  often  (more  commonly  with  forte  or  vero)  intro- 
ducing a  rediutio  ad  absurdum  :  §  315,  '^  N.  (  )  ;  G.  591,  R.'*;  H.  &  B. 
.  —  quod,  pron. :  the  anteced.  is  id. 

18  5   possit,  adepta    sit,  informal   indirect  disc,  as   expressing  the 

thought  of  the  person  surprised:   §  341  (       )  ;  B.  323  ;   G.  662;   H.  528 

(649,  i);  H.  &  B.  .  —  si  .  .  .  sit,  clause  with  mirum  :  §  2>Zi  r. 
(         );   G.  542,  N.i;    H.  &B. 

Sects.  43-46.  In  thus  attacking  Chrysogonus.  Cicero  is  not 
assailing  the  cause  of  the  nobility.  On  the  contrary,  that  cause 
is  honored  by  resistance  to  him.  His  insolence  and  power  are 
unbearable.  It  was  not  to  advance  such  slaves  as  lie  that  Sulla 
fought  and  conquered. 


Defence  of  Roscms  229 

19  1  (Sect.  43,)  vereor:  for  emphat.  position  cf.  credo,  p.  2,  1.  i. 
—  imperitior:  §  93,  «  (  ) ;  B.  240,  i  ;  G.  297,  2;  H.  444,  i  (498); 
H.  &  B. 

19  2  tametsi,  and  yet.  —  meo  iure,  with  perfect  right  (zs  belonging  to 
that  party);  iure  alone  would  rat^ca  justly ;  meo  limits  it  to  the  speaker's 
own  case.  The  passage  that  follows  is  interesting,  as  showing  the  way  in 
which  Cicero  regarded  the  general  principles  at  stake  in  the  Civil  War,  and 
the  excesses  of  the  victorious  party. 

19  6   pro  mea,  etc.,  to  the  extent  of  my  poor  and  feeble  ability. 

19  7  ut  componeretur,  that  reconciliation  should  be  made  :  a  clause  of 
result  in  appos.  with  id  :   §  332  and  head-note  (  )  ;    B,  297  and  3  ; 

G.  557;    H.  501,  iii  (571,4);  H.  &B. 

19  8  qui  vicerunt,  who  did  (in  fact)  conquer :  the  subj.  here  would 
mean,  whatever  party  might  conquer:   §  342,  N.  (  )  ;   G.  629,  R.  ;    H. 

529,  ii,  N.i  (652,  i)  ;  H.  &  B. 

19  9  humilitatem,  not  merely  low  rank,  but  meanness  and  vulgarity; 
^^.gmtaXe,  personal  worth,  from  birth  and  services;  amplitudine,  rank  or 
position  —  prominence  in  the  state.  With  all  his  arrogance,  blood-thirsti- 
ness, and  narrow  conservatism,  Sulla  was,  in  fact,  the  representative  of 
orderly  government  against  anarchy  and  mob-law. 

19  10  perditi  civis  erat  (pred.  gen.),  it  was  the  part  of  a  bad  citizen: 
§214,  ^(  );  B.  198,  3;  G.  366;  H.401,402  (439);  H.&B. 

19  11    quibus  incolumibus  (abl.  abs.),  by  -whose  safety. 

19  12  retineretur  zvoitld  be  preserved :  fut.  cond.,  the  protasis  being 
quibus  incolumibus:  §  3oj,f(  );  G.  596,  2;   H.  507,  n.'  (575,  9); 

H.  &  B.  .  —  quae,  i.e.  the  reinstating  of  the  nobility. 

19  15    felicitate:   see  note  on  p.  6,  1.  7. 

19  17  (Sect.  44.)  quod  animadversum  est  (impers.)  in  eos,  that 
those  have  been  punished  (a  euphemistic  expression  for  the  proscription). 
Observe  the  chiastic  order  of  ideas :  {a)  the  punishment  ;  {f)  the  persons 
on  whom  it  was  inflicted;    {b\)  the  persons  rewarded  ;  (ai)  the  reward. 

19  20  quae,  referring  to  both  the  punishment  and  the  reward  just 
spoken  of. 

19  21  in  eo  studio  partium,  in  favor  of  that  party :  studium  is  the 
regular  word  for  siding  with  a  particular  party. 

19  22  id  actum  est,  this  was  the  object.  —  idcirco,  antecedent  to  the 
purpose  clause.  —  ut  .  .  .  facerent,  purpose  clause  in  appos.  with  id. 

19  23   postremi,  the  lowest  (in  class  or  character). 

19  25   tum  vero  :  here  the  apodosis  begins. 

19  28    nihil  horum  est,  none  of  these  things  is  true  (i.e.  is  the  fact). 


230  Notes 

19  29  oraabitur.  Nothing  can  exceed  the  skill  with  which,  through- 
out this  oration,  Cicero  keeps  before  the  minds  of  the  jury  the  distinction 
between  the  great  cause  of  Sulla  and  the  nobility  and  the  unscrupulous 
greed  of  some  of  Sulla's  partisans.  His  continual  allusions  to  his  client's 
hereditary  friendships  with  the  aristocracy  have  this  end,  among  others, 
in  view. 

19  30    (Sect.  45.)    male :  to  speak  ill  is  to  utter  abuse  or  calumny. 

20  1    causam  communicare,  identify  their  cause  with  that  of,  etc. 

20  3  equestrem,  referring  to  the  struggle  for  the  iudicia  and  the 
extensive  sympathy  of  the  equites  with  the  party  of  Marius.  Cf.  note  to 
Verr.  sect.  i. 

20  4   servi  :  Chr}'sogonus  had  been  Sulla's  slave. 

20  6  versabatur,  displayed  itself  —  quam  viam  munitet  (indir. 
quest.)  :  for  road-building,  both  literal  and  figurative,  the  Romans  used 
the  engineering  term  munire. 

20  7  fidem,  etc.,  r^wr  honor  (good  faith),  i't>?o-  oath,  and  your  courts  ; 
i.e.  after  getting  possession  of  political  power,  these  low-born  fellows  were 
now  aiming  at  the  courts,  the  one  security  of  public  faith  and  good  govern- 
ment. —  iusiurandum :  the  jurors  were  under  oath  to  give  a  righteous 
judgment. 

20  9   hicine  (emphat.),  here,  i.e.  in  the  courts  (as  opposed  to  politics). 

20  11  neque  .  .  .  possit :  Cicero  does  not  wish  to  encourage  him  by 
admitting  for  a  moment  that  he  can  really  do  anything  in  this  case :  it  is 
the  fact  that  he  has  dared  to  hope  to  accomplish  something,  that  is  an 
outrage.  —  verear:  subj.  because  it  expresses  not  a  real  reason,  but  one 
introduced  for  the  sole  purpose  of  being  contradicted:  §  321,  R.  (  )  ; 

B.  286,  \,b;Q.  541,  N.2  ;  H.  516,  2  (588,  ii)  ;  H,  &  B. 

20  13  talis  viros:  cf.  p.  13, 1.  8. 

20  15  (Sect.  46.)  exspectata,  so  long  zvaited  for.  For  some  years 
(B.C.  87-83),  while  Sulla  was  in  the  East,  the  Marian  faction  had  full  con- 
trol at  Rome,  and  a  reign  of  terror  prevailed. 

20  17  servoli,  diminutive  of  contempt. — bona,  estates;  fortunas 
(more  generally),  wealth. 

20  18  id  actum  est:  cf.  p.  19, 1.  22. 

20  19  senserim,  sided  with  them  :  this  verb,  with  its  noun  sententia, 
often  refers  to  political  opinions. 

20  20  inermis,  i.e.  had  he  taken  up  arms,  his  regret  would  have  been 
deeper. 

20  22  cuique,  to  every  man  in  proportion  as  he  is,  etc. :  §  93  ^  (  ) ; 
cf.  B.  252,  5,  c  ;  G.  318,  2  ;  H.  458,  I  (515,  2)  ;  H.  &  B. 


Defence  of  Roscius  231 

20  25  probe  novit:  note  the  strong  sarcasm,  which  points  the  dis- 
tinction between  the  noble  cause  which  was  at  stake  and  the  sordid 
motives  of  Chrysogonus. 

20  26  resistetur,  impersonal.  —  ille :  here  indefinite,  referring  to  the 
supposed  person  who  thinks  himself  attacked. 

20  27  rationem,  interests  (so  that  what  touches  one  touches  the 
other)  :  a  mercantile  figure,  as  we  might  say,  "  who  thinks  his  accounts 
are  mixed  up  with  his." 

20  28   laeditur,  etc.,  is  injured  hy  being  separated,  etc. 

V.     Peroratio  (§§  47-57) 

Sects.  47-52.  The  attack  on  Chrysogonus  is  Cicero's :  Roscius 
asks  for  life  alone.  Feigned  appeal  to  Chrysogonus  to  spare  his 
victim.     Powerful  friends  of  Roscius. 

With  sect.  47  begins  the  last  formal  division  of  the  speech,  —  the 
peroratio.  This  consists,  as  was  common  with  Roman  advocates,  in  an 
appeal  to  the  sympathy  of  the  court  (there  is  a  good  example  in  the  closing 
portion  of  Cicero's  Defence  of  Milo). 

20  30  (Sect.  47.)  mea,  emphatic.  Cicero  wishes  to  avoid  prejudice 
to  his  client  by  himself  assuming  sole  responsibility  for  these  words.  At 
the  same  time  this  section  serves  as  a  skilful  means  of  transition.  It  is  so 
important  for  Cicero  to  show  that  this  case  has  no  political  bearings  that 
he  has  been  forced  to  abandon  the  question  of  the  murder  for  a  time,  and 
to  discuss  the  illegal  sale  of  the  property.  He  must  now  return  to  the 
charge  against  his  client,  and  he  does  so  by  remarking  that  Roscius  has  no 
complaint  to  make  of  his  treatment  by  Chrysogonus  if  the  latter  will  only 
let  him  off  with  his  life. 

21  2  morum,  the  ways  of  men.  —  vos,  i.e.  Chrysogonus  and  his  abet- 
tors in  the  accusation  ;  vos  is  expressed,  not  as  being  specially  emphatic, 
but  from  the  Latin  fondness  for  contrasting  persons  with  each  other. 

21  3  more,  in  the  regular  way.  —  iure  gentium:  the  "law  common  to 
all  nations,"  as  opposed  to  ius  civile,  or  law  of  the  state;  thus  it  is  used  as 
nearly  equivalent  to  natural  right. 

21  4  a  vobis,  i.e.  once  clear  of  guilt,  and  acquitted  of  this  shocking 
crime,  he  will  leave  you  unmolested. 

21  6  rogat :  a  feigned  appeal  to  his  persecutors,  intended  to  move  the 
compassion  of  the  jury  for  Roscius  and  their  indignation  against  Chrysogo- 
nus. 

21  7   in  suam  rem :   in  a  former  passage   (omitted    in   this  edition) 


232  Notes 

allusion  is  made  to  a  charge  that  Roscius  had   fraudulently  kept  back  part 
of  his  father's  property. 

21  9  concessit,  etc.,  has  given  up  (the  immovable  property),  cotinted 
and  weighed  (the  rest). 

21  10  anulum,  probably  the  gold  ring  indicating  his  rank  as  eques. 

21  11  se  ipsum,  etc.,  and  has  reserved  nothing  else  besides  his  naked 
self. 

21  14  (Sect.  48.)  quod,  quia:  §  321  (  );  B.  286,  i  ;  G.  540;  H.' 
516,  i  (588,  I);    H.  &B. 

21  27  praeter  ceteros,  }?iore  than  anybody  else.  —  ne  quando :  i.e. 
some  time  when  there  comes  a  political  reaction. 

21  28  patria,  of  their  fathers. 

21  29  (Sect.  49.)  facis  inuriam,  i.e.  yoji  do  wrong  (i.e.  to  Sulla). — 
maiorem  spem:  in  this  and  the  preceding  sentence  Cicero  artfully  sug- 
gests that  Chrysogonus  has  no  confidence  that  Sulla's  constitution  will 
last,  and  that  he  therefore  wishes  to  remove  a  dangerous  claimant  in  case 
of  another  political  overturn.  This  insinuation  would,  of  course,  tend  to 
prejudice  the  partisans  of  Sulla  against  Chrysogonus. 

22  6  cruenta  (pred.)  :  the  expression  of  the  thought  is  made  more 
vivid  by  the  use  of  words  exactly  appropriate  to  the  killing  of  a  man  and 
the  stripping  (detrahere)  of  his  dead  body. 

22  8  (Sect.  50.)   rem  tuam,  your  interests. 

22  13  quasi  nescias,  as  if  you  did  not  knozv.  §  312  (  )  ;  B.  307, 
I  and  2  ;   G.  602  ;   H.  513,  ii,  and  N.i  (584,  2) ;  H.  &  B. 

22  14  spectatissima,  most  estimable ;  the  friends  of  Roscius  are  pur- 
posely exalted,  in  order  to  influence  the  court.  —  CUm,  concessive. 

22  16  cum  esset,  though  she  was,  etc.  —  femina,  mulier:  observe  the 
distinction  between  the  words,  the  latter  being  always  used  in  speaking  of 
the  tenderness  of  the  feminine  nature.  —  quanto  :  translate  however  much 
(though  the  Latin  is  definite) ;  the  usual  correlative  is  supplied  by  non 
minora,  fully  as  great. 

22  19  (Sect.  51.)  Observe  the  clever  transition.  Cicero  suggests  that, 
since  there  are  no  other  assignable  causes  for  the  implacability  of  Chryso- 
gonus, perhaps  he  may  be  offended  by  the  zeal  of  the  defence.  This 
enables  him  to  pass  at  once  to  an  emphatic  assertion  of  the  influential 
connections  of  his  client. 

22  20  pro  patris,  etc.,  in  accordance  with  his  father^ s  friendly  relations 
and  personal  influence  (see  above,  sect,  i),  i.e.  by  an  advocacy  propor- 
tionate in  number  and  influence  to  the  number  and  attachment  of  his 
father's  friends. 


Defc7ict  of  Rosctiis  233 

22  22  sin  .  .  .  vindicarent,  i.e.  if  all  the  citizens  were  disposed  to 
right  his  wrongs. 

22  23  pro  eo,  etc.,  in  viezv  of  the  fact  that  (i.e.  with  a  due  regard  to 
the  way  in  which)  the  highest  interests  of  the  State  (summa  res  publica) 
are  assailed. 

22  24  haec,  these  outrages.  Observe  that  English  often  requires  descrip- 
tive words  which  the  Latin  can  omit  as  being  implied  in  the  context. — 
COnsistere,  etc.,  hinting  that  the  accusers  would  be  in  danger  of  violence. 

22  25  nunc,  as  it  is  ("as  things  stand":  opposed  to  the  preceding 
suppositions). 

22  26  sane,  Pm  sure. 

22  27  (Sect.  52.)  quae  domi :  i.e.  the  personal  protection  of  Roscius, 
supply  of  money,  providing  of  witnesses,  etc. 

22  28  fori  .  .  .  rationem,  the  business  of  forum  and  court,  i.e.  the  pre« 
liminaries  of  the  trial. 

22  29  ut  videtis,  i.e.  he  is  here  in  court.    ' 

22  31  aetas,  j^?////. 

23  1  adsiduitate,  constant  presence,  probably  at  the  preliminary  pro> 
ceedings. 

23  3  sectorum,  a  pun  :  the  word  means  both  buyers  (of  confiscated 
property)  and  cut-throats. 

23  \  hac  nobilitate,  i.e.  such  nobles  as  he. 

23  5  haec  res,  the  present  state  of  things.  — ei,  such. 

23  6  qui  .  .  .  facerent :  in  this  clause  (as  often  in  Latin)  purpose  and 
result  approach  so  closely  as  to  be  indistinguishable. 

23  10  loco,  rank  in  life. 

Sects.  53-57.     Final  appeal  to  the  jurors. 

23  13  (Sect.  53.)  nostra,  nobis,  identifying  himself  with  his  client. 

23  16  si  .  .  .  habet,  if  lie  is  not  content  (lit.  does  not  regard  [it]  as 
enough). 

23  17  nisi,  etc.,  unless  his  cruelty  is  also  sated  with  blood  (lit.  blood  is 
furnished  to  his  cruelty^. 

23  21  hoc  tempore,  in  these  times. 

23  22  versata  est,  has  prevailed. 

23  25  versari,  live. 

23  25  (Sect.  54.)  ad  eamne  rem,  is  it  for  this  that,  etc. 

23  27  solent,  the  emphat.  position  may  be  represented  by  translating, 
it  is  the  custom,  etc. 

23  32  qui  excipiatis,  to  cut  off. 


2  34  Notes 

24  2  consilium :  the  jury,  or  body  of  indices,  was  called  consilium. 
By  calling  it  a  public  council,  Cicero  enhances  its  dignity  and  importance. 

24  4  (Sect.  55.)  an  vero,  or  can  it  be  true  that,  etc.  In  this  use  of 
an,  the  first  question  is  omitted,  and  the  second  is  often  a  reductio  ad  ab- 
surdum,  as  here.  The  full  thought  is,  "  Do  you  not  agree  ivith  tne,  or  can 
it  really  (vero)  be  ?  "  etc.     (See  §  21 1,  ^  (  );  B.  162,  4,  «  ;  G.  457,  i  ; 

H.  353,  N.^  (380,  3);  H.  &  B.  .)  — agi,  is  their  object  (aliquid  agere 

is  to  aim  at  so7nethi7ig). 

24  5  ut  .  .  .  tollantur,  that  .  .  .  be  got  rid  of,  in  one  way  or  another. 

24  6  in  vestro  iureiurando,  i.e.  in  the  severity  which  your  oath  might 
seem  to  bind  you  to  exercise.  —  periculo,  the  case  (often  used  with  refer- 
ence to  defendants). 

24  7  ad  quem  pertineat,  i.e.  on  whom  the  suspicion  rests. 

24  8  sectorem  .  .  .  accusatorem,  i.e.  T.  Roscius  Magnus,  rt'/^jwr*? /?<;-- 
chaser,  enemy,  cut-throat,  and  accuser. 

24  12  (Sect.  56.)  obstare,  stands  against  (cf.  sect.  20,  above). 

24  18  suscipere  noluit :  the  law  by  which  the  proscriptions  were  insti- 
tuted was  passed  by  the  people  directly,  without  the  action  of  the  Senate. 

24  19  more  maiorum,  i.e.  that  every  capital  judgment  was  subject  to 
an  appeal  to  the  people  in  the  comitia  centuriata. 

24  20  publico  consilio,  i.e.  by  their  official  action. 

24  21  eonim,  refers  back  to  eos,  1.  18,  above. 

24  22  reicitis,  etc.,  pres.  for  fut. :  §  276,  ^r  (  )  ;   G.  228;   H.  467,  5 

(533,2);   H.&B. 

24  26  (Sect.  57.)  quibus :  the  antecedent  is  eis  (1.  27). 

24  28  quin  intellegat :  %Z\%d{  );  B.  284,  3  ;  G.  556;  H.  504,  i 
(595);   H.&B. 

25  1  pati  nolite,  do  not  suffer  :  §  269,  a  (  )  ;  B.  276,  c  ;  G.  271,  2  ; 
H.  489,  I  (561,  I);  H.&B. 

25  3  hominibus,  etc.,  has  taken  from  the  gentlest  of  men  the  sense  of 
mercy,  through  familiarity  with  distress  (lit.  in  plur.).  For  the  dative,  see 
§  229  (       )  ;  B.  180,  2,  /;  G.  345  and  R.i;    H.  386  (429) ;  H.  &  B. 


IMPEACHMENT   OF  VERRES 


argument 


Chap.  i.  The  jurors  are  congratulated  on  the  opportunity  of  restor- 
ing the  good  name  of  the  senatorial  courts  by  convicting  Verres.  —  2,  3. 
Attempts  of  Verres  to  avoid  the  trial :   placing  all  his  hope  in  bribery,  he  is 


Impeachment  of  Verves  235 

intriguing  for  the  postponement  of  the  case.  —  4,  5.  His  crimes  in  admin- 
istration, of  pillage,  extortion,  and  cruelty,  are  flagrant  and  notorious.  —  6. 
Hence  bribery  is  his  only  resource :  his  attempt  to  contract  in  advance  for 
acquittal.  —  7,  8.  His  hopes  in  the  election  of  Hortensius  as  consul  and 
Metellus  as  praetor  for  the  following  year.  —  9,  10.  Cicero's  anxiety.  The 
great  effort  to  have  the  case  tried  before  Metellus,  which  was  to  be  effected 
by  delaying  the  trial  till  after  the  holidays. —  11.  Cicero  proposes  to  dis- 
play his  case  at  once,  without  argument,  and  so  prevent  its  being  laid 
over.  —  12,  13.  The  domination  of  Hortensius  is  dangerous  to  the  state 
and  must  be  met  by  proofs  of  corruption  in  the  senatorial  courts.  —  14,  15. 
The  acquittal  of  Verres  will  be  subversive  of  the  whole  judicial  system :  the 
jurors  are  urged  to  vindicate  the  courts  by  convicting  him. —  16.  All 
Rome  is  on  the  watch :  the  court  itself  is  on  trial :  acquittal  can  have  but 
one  meaning. —  17.  Glabrio  is  urged  to  stand  firm.  — 18.  The  Sicilians 
must  not  be  baffled.  Cicero,  by  despatch,  will  prevent  the  case  from  going 
over  to  the  next  year:  he  will  introduce  his  witnesses  at  once,  without 
previous  argument.  Brief  statement  of  the  charges,  including  the  plunder 
of  4,000,000  sesterces  from  the  Sicilians. 

With  the  trial  of  Verres  the  student  may  compare  the  impeachment  of 
Warren  Hastings  in  the  eighteenth  century,  probably  the  most  famous 
modern  instance  of  the  arraignment  of  a  provincial  governor  for  alleged 
misgovernment,  extortion,  and  cruelty.  The  prosecution  in  this  case  (and 
in  particular  Burke)  seem  to  have  modelled  their  speeches  on  the  Verrine 
orations  of  Cicero,  and  many  parallels  may  easily  be  discovered.  A  few 
of  these  are  quoted  in  these  notes.  That  the  similarity  of  the  two  situa- 
tions was  clearly  felt  at  the  time  may  be  seen  from  Lord  Erskine's  Defence 
of  Stockdale  (Dec,  1789)  on  a  charge  connected  with  the  impeachment  of 
Hastings  :  "  When  Cicero  impeached  Verres  before  the  great  tribunal  of 
Rome,  of  similar  cruelties  and  depredations  in  her  provinces,  the  Roman 
people  were  not  left  to  such  inquiries.  All  Sicily  surrounded  the  Forum, 
demanding  justice  upon  her  plunderer  and  spoiler,  with  tears  and  impreca- 
tions. It  was  not  by  the  eloquence  of  the  orator,  but  by  the  cries  and 
tears  of  the  miserable,  that  Cicero  prevailed  in  that  illustrious  case.  Verres 
fled  from  the  oaths  of  his  accusers  and  their  witnesses,  and  not  from  the 
voice  of  Tully." 

Chap.  I.  The  trial  of  Verres  gives  the  senatorial  order  an 
opportunity  to  redeem  the  reputation  of  the  courts. 

Verres  had  no  defence,  but  had  expected  to  escape  by  bribing  the  jury 
in  case  he  should  be  prosecuted.     His  guilt  was  notorious,  so  that  the 


236  Notes 

chief  question  now  to  be  determined  was  that  of  the  integrity  of  the  jury. 
Cicero  accordingly  makes  this  the  main  point  of  the  present  oration  :  it  is 
the  court,  he  insists,  that  is  on  trial  rather  than  Verres. 

Page  28.  Line  1.  (Sect,  i.)  erat  optandum,  what  was  chiefly  to  be 
wished:  not  implying  a  protasis  contrary  to  fact.     See  §  311,  c  (  ); 

B.  304,  3;  G.  254,  R.i;   H.  511,  i,N.3(583);  H.  &  B.  .  —  quod  .   .  . 

pertinebat,  the  one  tiling  zvhich  most  tended  (or,  zvas  of  chief  itjiportance^. 

28  2  invidiam  infamiamque.  odium  and  ill  repute,  from  the  partisan 
use  of  the  courts  by  the  Senators. — vestri  ordinis,  i.e.  the  senatorial 
order.  The  word  ordo  signified,  loosely,  any  recognized  body  of  citizens 
—  as  freedmen,  publicans,  clerks;  but  it  was  more  especially  used  of  the 
two  powerful  classes  of  the  Roman  aristocracy,  the  Senatorial  and  the 
Equestrian,  which  struggled  with  each  other  for  power  during  the  last 
century  of  the  Republic.  The  Senators,  from  whom  the  jurors  were  at 
this  time  taken  (see  note  on  Rose.  Am.,  p.  2,  1.  i),  formed  a  limited  (300 
to  600)  order  of  nobility  which  virtually  controlled  the  government.  The 
equites  constituted  a  moneyed  aristocracy.  Naturally  these  two  orders  had 
opposing  interests,  as  the  Senators  were  excluded  from  trade  and  the 
equites  practically  from  political  power.  Their  antagonism  showed  itself 
more  especially  in  the  matter  of  the  provinces,  which  the  Senators  wished 
to  oppress  by  official  plunder  and  the  equites  by  commercial  extortion. 

28  4  summo  .  .  .  tempore,  fuost  critical  time  (more  lit.  extreme 
crisis)  :   the  year  of  the  consulship  of  Pompey  and  Crassus  (B.C.  70). 

28  5  inveteravit  (emphatic  position),  there  has  come  to  be  deeply 
rooted  {ohser Ye  that  the  figure  is  quite  different  in  the  Latin).  —  opinio, 
notion  or  idea  (not  so  strong  as  our  opinion,  which  would  be  sententia). 

28  7  exteras  nationes  :  the  reference  is,  of  course,  to  the  peoples 
subject  to  Rome,  who  were  aggrieved  by  the  rapacity  of  the  provincial 
governors. 

28  8  his  iudiciis  :  in  consequence  of  the  situation  described  above 
(note  on  ordinis,  1.  2),  it  became  all  important  for  one  class  or  the  other 
to  control  the  courts,  before  which  any  misdoings  of  either  party  were 
likely  to  come  for  trial.  For  years  these  two  orders  had  struggled  for 
such  control.  At  this  particular  time  the  courts  were  in  the  hands  of  the 
Senators,  who  were  bound  together  by  a  common  cause  to  shield  any  one 
of  their  number  who  might  be  charged  with  misconduct  as  a  provincial 
governor. 

29  2  neminem  (more  emphatic  than  nullum)  :  translate,  never. 

29  3  (Sect,  2,)  cum  (causal)  sint,  when  men  are  ready.  —  contionibus 
et  legibus,  harangues  and  bills  (proposed  laws).     The  proposition  of  a 


InipeacJiment  of  Verves  237 

law  which  took  the  exchisive  control  of  the  courts  from  the  Senators  was 
even  now  pending,  and  the  law  (^lex  Atirelia)  was  passed  before  the  case 
of  Verres  was  decided. 

29  5  conentur,  purpose  clause. 

29  7  magnitudine,  abl.  of  means  ;   spe,  abl.  of  specification. 

29  9  actor,  complainant,  i.e.  agent  or  attorney  for  conducting  the  suit 
in  personal  processes  {in  personam). 

29  11  adduxi  enim  hominem,  etc.  :  cf.  Burke,  Impeachment  of 
Warren  Hastings  :  "  We  have  brought  before  your  Lordships  the  first 
man  in  property  and  power  ;  we  have  brought  before  you  the  head,  the 
chief,  the  captain-general  in  iniquity,  —  one  in  whom  all  the  frauds,  all 
the  peculations,  all  the  tyranny  in  India  are  embodied,  disciplined,  and 
arrayed.  Then,  if  we  have  brought  before  you  such  a  person,  if  you 
strike  at  him,  you  will  not  have  need  of  a  great  many  more  examples,  ■ — 
you  strike  at  the  whole  corps  if  you  strike  at  tlie  head."  —  in  quo,  in 
whose  case.  — reconciliare,  etc.,  zcin  back  the  lost  repute. 

29  13  possetis,  purpose.  —  depeculatorem,  etc.:  for  a  more  complete 
statement  of  these  charges,  see  chs.  iv.,  v. 

29  14  iuris  urbani,  i.e.  -ba  praetor  nrbanus  (see  sect.  12). 

29  16  (Sect.  3.)  vos,  opposed  to  ego,  below.  —  religiose,  according  to 
your  oath. 

29  18  religionem  veritatemque  :  \\tx<i,  feeling  of  obligation  and  regard 
for  the  truth.  Notice  that  the  Latin,  having  a  comi)aratively  poor  vocab- 
ulary, is  obliged  to  used  one  word  for  all  the  phases  or  sides  of  an  idea  ; 
hence  such  a  word  as  Veritas  may  mean  truth  (abstractly),  a  truth  (con- 
cretely), the  truth  (generally),  regard  for  truth,  or  truthjul  condtict. 

29  19  iudicium,  etc.,  i.e.  the  court  will  be  found  wanting,  —  not  a 
suitable  defendant  or  a  zealous  prosecutor. 

29  21  equidem,  i.e.  for  my  own  part. 

29  22  quas  partim,  some  of  which. 

29  23  devitarim.  subj.  as  a  part  of  the  concession  contained  in  cum 
.  .  .  sint:  §  342  (  );  B.  324,  i  ;  G.  663,  i  ;  H.  529,  ii  (652);  H.  & 
B. 

Chaps.  II,  III.  Verres  had  already  relied  on  bribing  the  courts. 
His  vain  attempt  to  delay  his  trial  by  the  trumped-up  Achaian  case. 
His  present  effort  to  procure  a  postponement  by  corrupt  means. 

29  24  neque  .  .  .  neque,  following  numquam,  does  not  destroy  the 
negative,  but  is  more  emphatic  than  aut  .  .  .  aut. 

29  29  (Sect.  4.)   istius:  see  note  on  Rose.  Am.,  p.  4,  1.  16. 


238  Notes 

29  30  Glabrioni :  the  praetor  presiding. 

29  31  ordini  .  .  .  senatorio,  the  senatorial  order,  nay,  the  very  name 
of  Senator. 

29  32  dictitat,  constantly  repeats  :  §  167,  /^  (  );  B.  155,  2,  a\ 
G.  191,  I  ;  n.  336  (364);  H.  &  B.  ,  .  —  esse  metuendum:  for  erat 
met.  in  dir.  disc;  §  336  A,  n.^  (  ) ;  H.  &  B.  ,  hence  fol- 
lowed by  the  secondary  sequence,  i.e.  those  would  have  to  fear  (if  the  case 
were  theirs),  but  he,  etc.  —  quod,  i.e.  only  what. 

30  1  multis,  i.e.  not  only  for  himself  but  also  for  his  counsel  and  for 
those  whom  he  may  wish  to  bribe,  —  in  particular,  the  jurors  (see  sect.  40). 

30  3  pecunia  belongs  to  both  clauses,  as  is  shown  by  their  parallelism. 
—  possit:   for  tense,  see  §  287,  c  (^  ) ;   B.  268,  7;   G.  513;   H.  495, 

vi(55o);   H.  &B. 

30  4  (Sect.  5.)  esset:  imperf.  subj.  in  protasis  of  a  continued  condi- 
tion lasting  till  now  ;  §  308,  «  (  )  ;  B.  304,  2  ;  G.  597,  R.^ ;  H.  510, 
N.'^  (579,  I)  ;   H.  &B. 

30  6  fefellisset,  he  'would  have  eluded  us.  —  cadit :  pres.  tense,  of  an 
action  lasting  till  now  ;    §  276,  «  (  ) ;    B.  259,  4;   G.  230;    H.  467,  2 

(533);H.&B. 

30  9  corrumpendi  iudici.  of  bribing  the  court  (cf.  our  phrase  "bribery 
and  corruption  "). 

30  11  factus  sit :   for  sequence,  see  §  287,  <r,  n.  (  ) ;   B.  268,  6  ; 

G.  513;    H.  495,  vi  (550);    H.  &  B.  ;   notice  that  the  perf.  would 

necessarily  be  used  in  the  dir.  disc,  with  cum  primum. 

30  13  tempus  .  .  .  offenderet,  he  hit  an  unfavorable  time ;  because 
popular  sentiment  was  already  so  exasperated  in  regard  to  the  corruption 
of  the  courts. 

30  14  (Sect.  6.)  in  Siciliam  inquirendi,  \.q.  for  going  into  Sicily  to 
make  an  investigation  (hence  the  ace). 

30  15  invenit  qui,  he  found  some  one  zvho. 

30  16  in  Achaiam,  sc.  inquirendi:  on  this  trumped-up  case,  which 
was  intended  to  have  the  precedence  of  the  trial  of  Verres,  see  Introd.  to 
this  Oration  (p.  27).  —  ut  .  .  .  conficeret,  purp.  clause  dependent  on 
invenit. 

30  19  Brundisium,  Brindisi,  the  port  whence  the  greater  part  of 
Italian  travel,  now  as  then,  embarks  for  the  East. 

30  20  obii,  went  throughout.  —  populorum,  communities :  the  word 
populus,  meaning  originally  nmltitude,  is  a  semi-abstract  noun  often  used 
to  denote  the  community  in  its  official  capacity.  Our  use  of  the  word 
people  in  some  later  meanings  frequently  produces  confusion  in  the  minds 


hnpeachment  of  Verves  239 

of  beginners.  The  political  system  of  the  ancients  was  composed  of  an 
indefinite  number  of  petty  communities,  all  possessing  a  certain  degree  of 
independence.  Hence  the  plur.  is  used  here  to  indicate  several  such 
communities. 

30  21  ut  .  .  .  posset  (clause  of  result),  imperf.  by  seq.  of  tenses: 
translate,  however,  can. 

30  23  qui  .  .  .  obsideret  (purpose),  to  block  my  chance  (of  bringing 
Verres  to  trial). 

30  25   (Sect.  7.)  nunc :   i.e.  now  that  his  former  scheme  has  failed. 

30  26  hoc,  this  7iew  idea.  What  the  idea  is  is  detailed  in  sects.  7,  8 : 
viz.  the  reasons  for  desiring  a  postponement  together  with  grounds  for 
hoping  for  it. 

30  30  civis,  citizens,  i.e.  Romans  travelling  or  doing  business  in  the 
provinces,  or  provincials  who  had  received  the  citizenship. 

30  31  socios,  allies  :  citizens  of  communities  which,  although  embraced 
within  the  boundaries  of  Roman  provinces,  had,  for  special  reasons,  been 
allowed  to  retain  a  nominal  independence,  with  their  own  laws  and 
magistrates. 

31  2  auctoritatibus,  documents,  i.e.  official  testimony  ("  resolutions," 
etc.)  relating  to  the  acts  of  Verres. 

31  3  (Sect.  8.)  bonis,  good  citizens :  here,  as  generally  in  Cicero,  used 
in  a  partisan  sense  for  the  aristocracy. 

31  6  experiatur :  this  violates  the  sequence  of  tenses  in  order  to  make 
the  meaning  clear  ;  the  imperf.  would  refer  to  the  time  of  getting  the 
money,  not  to  the  present  moment  ;  cf.  §  287,  h,  N.  (  )  ;  B.  268,  7  ; 

G.  §  509,  I,  N.  ;   H.  &  B. 

31  7  fuerit:  the  subj.  shows  that  this  is  the  thought  of  Verres,  and  not 
merely  something  thrown  in  by  Cicero.  —  tempus  :  the  present  scheme  of 
the  defence  is  by  corrupt  means  to  stave  off  the  trial  to  a  more  advantageous 
time  (see  chs.  vi-viii). 

31  8  posset :  imperf.  to  express  his  purpose  at  the  time  of  the  pur- 
chase. 

31  9  criminum  vim,  the  force  of  the  charges.  —  poterat :  indie,  the 
reason  being  Cicero's.  (The  whole  passage  is  an  instructive  example  of 
the  freedom  of  a  living  language  from  its  own  trammels.  Rules  are  made 
for  language,  not  language  for  rules.) 

31  12  (Sect.  9.)  eloquentia,  gratia :  even  mere  rhetorical  skill  or 
personal  influence  would  be,  to  a  criminal  who  had  no  case  (causa), 
a  respectable  (honesto)  means  of  escape  compared  with  these  attempts 
at  corruption. 


240  Notes 

31  13  profecto,  /  am  sure. 

31  14  aucuparetur,  he  fishing  for  (lit.  set  nets  for  birds'). 

31  15  ut  .  .  .  fieret,  as  to  have  some  one  chosen  to  be  put  on  trial ;  the 
Senate  itself  was  insulted  by  the  selection  of  one  of  its  nriembers  to  be  set 
up  as  a  man  of  straw,  that  Verres  might  get  clear.  The  reference  is  to 
the  trumped-up  case  with  regard  to  abuses  in  Achaia  (see  sect.  6). 

31  16  hie.  i.e.  Verres. 

31  17  causam  diceret,  stand  trial. 

31  17  (Sect.  10.)  quibus  rebus,  from  this  (abl.  of  means  with  per- 
spicio). 

31  20  ZQVi&Wxo,  panel,  i.e.  the  body  of  jurors  (cf.  Rose.  Am.,  p.  24, 1.  2). 
An  obvious,  and  apparently  a  deserved,  compliment.  Whatever  the  gen- 
eral character  of  the  courts,  Cicero  had  in  this  instance  secured  a  jury  on 
whom  he  could  rely. 

31  21  in  reiectione  iudicavit,  decided  at  the  challenging  ("  throwing 
out")  of  the  jury :  i.e.  on  seeing  the  kind  of  men  challenged  by  the  two 
sides  respectively. 

31  22  ut  .  .  .  constitueret  .  .  .  arbitraretur :  subst.  clauses  of  result 
(justitied  by  the  introductory  ea)  instead  of  the  more  regular  ace.  and  inf. 
ofind.  disc;    §  332,/(  );    G.  557,  R.  and  X.^  ;    H.  cf.  501,  iii  (571,  4)  ; 

H.  &  B. 

Chaps.  IV,  V.  Crimes  of  Verres  from  his  youth  up.  His  quaes- 
torships.  His  city-prsetorship.  His  career  in  Sicily.  His  guilt  is 
notorious. 

31  25  etenim,  introducing  the  reason  of  nullam  sibi  rem,  etc.,  above. 

31  29   (Sect,  ii.)   adulescentiae,  i.e.  before  he  entered  public  life. 

31  30  quaestura,  quastorship,  the  first  grade  of  political  honor. 

32  1  Carbonem  :  Carbo  was  the  leader  of  the  Marian  faction  after  the 
death  of  Marius  and  Cinna.  He  was  consul  B.C.  82,  the  year  of  Sulla's 
return  and  victory.  Verres  was  his  qusestor  {o'c  paymaster),  and  went  over 
to  the  enemy  with  the  money-chest  when  he  saw  which  side  was  likely  to 
prevail.  .    , 

32  3  necessitudinem  religionemque  :  the  qusestor  was  originally  nom- 
inated specially  by  the  consul ;  and  the  peculiarly  close  and  sacred  relation 
(necessitudo)  existing  between  them  was  known  zs,  pietas,  —  a  sentiment 
akin  to  filial  affection.  The  designation  by  lot  {sors)  was  also  held  to  be  a 
token  of  divine  will,  and  therefore  sacred  (religio).  In  betraying  his  con- 
sul, then,  Verres  was  guilty  of  more  than  an  ordinary  breach  of  trust,  —  he 
committed  an  act  of  impiety. 


Impeachment  of  Verves  241 

32  4  legatio :  Verres  was  in  B.C.  80-79  legatiis  and  acting  quaestor 
(pro  quaestore)  of  Dolabella,  whose  province  was  Cilicia.  The  extortions 
of  the  two  were  practised  in  the  adjoining  regions  of  PamphyHa,  Pisidia, 
and  parts  of  Asia  (i.e.  of  the  Roman  province  of  Asia,  the  old  kingdom  of 
Pergamus,  embracing  the  western  part  of  Asia  Minor);  totius  is  a  rhetori- 
cal exaggeration. 

32  7  scelus  .  .  .  quaestorium  :  Verres  treated  Dolabella  much  as  he 
had  treated  Carbo.  Neither  of  these  infamous  commanders  deserved 
better  treatment ;    but  this  does  not  excuse  the  perfidy  of  Verres. 

32  9  pro  quaestore,  acting  qucestor:  when  there  was  a  vacancy  in  a 
provincial  quaestorship,  the  commander  might  appoint  any  person  to  per- 
form the  duties  of  the  office. 

32  10  adduxit :  Dolabella,  in  addition  to  the  odium  of  his  own  crimes, 
had  to  bear  the  infamy  of  the  outrageous  acts  of  Verres  ;  and  after  all 
Verres  saved  himself  by  turning  against  him  (oppugnavit)  and  appearing 
as  a  witness  in  his  trial  for  extortion. 

32  12  (Sect.  12.)  aedium,  etc  The  public  buildings  were  regularly 
under  the  charge  of  the  sedile,  not  of  the  praetor  ;  the  cases  referred  to 
here  were  certain  flagrant  instances  of  corruption  and  extortion  arising  out 
of  contracts  for  public  buildings,  in  which  the  praetor  had  it  exceptionally 
in  his  power  to  interfere  for  his  own  advantage. 

32  13  in  iure  dicundo :  ius  dicere  (  iurisdictio)  declaring  the  law  was 
the  primary  function  of  the  prretor.  bonorum  addictio  is  the  adjudging 
of  property  to  a  claimant  ;  COndonatio  (grant)  is  the  act  of  giving  it  up 
to  a  defendant :  no  matter  which  way  the  decision  of  Verres  went  in  a 
case,  his  action  was  sure  to  be  unlawful  and  for  his  own  corrupt  ends. 

32  14  instituta,  precedents.  The  edicts  of  the  praetors  made  up  a  body 
of  common  law,  not  absolutely  binding,  however,  on  their  successors. 

32  15  iam  vero,  but  finally,  introducing  the  climax  of  the  list  of  crimes. 

32  18  possit:    for  tense,  see  §   287,  c  {  )  ;    B.  268,   7;   G.  513  ; 

H.  495»  vi  (550)  ;  H.  &  B. 

32  21  (Sect.  13.)  communia  iura,  the  same  as  ius  gentium,  those 
laws  common  to  all  mankind  (see  note  on  ius  gentium,  Rose.  Am.,  p.  21, 
1.  3).  The  terms  leges,  senatus-consulta,  iura  include  the  three  sources  of 
provincial  law. — tantum,  [only]  so  much. 

32  23  imprudentiam  subterfugit,  escaped  his  vigilance  (lit.  zvant  of 
vigilance). 

32  25  res,  case. 

32  26  Its,  property. 

32  27  ab  eo,  away  from  him,  i.e.  the  possessor. 


242  Notes 

32  28  aratorum,  cultivators  (whether  tenants  or  proprietors),  who  paid 
tithes  {jLieciimae)  to  the  state. 

32  29  socii:  see  note  on  p.  30, 1.  31. 

32  30  cruciati  et  necati:  a  Roman  citizen  could  not  legally  receive 
any  punishment  touching  life  or  limb,  excep.  by  judgment  of  his  peers  in 
Rome.  Thus,  Jesus  was  crucified  by  the  Roman  governor  Pilate  under 
the  ordinary  provincial  law  applying  to  Jews  ;  while  Paul,  a  Roman  citizen 
of  the  free  city  Tarsus,  appealed  to  Caesar,  and  was  sent  to  Rome  for  trial. 
(See  extract  from  Verr.  vi,  pp.  59-65  :   "  Crucifixion  of  a  Roman  Citizen.") 

32  32  rei  facti,  accused {j^\  from  reus).  The  details  of  these  charges 
are  given  in  the  five  orations  of  the  Accusatio  ;  it  would  require  too  much 
space  to  repeat  them  here. 

33  1  eiecti,  expelled  from  the  country. 

33  4  optimae,  best  in  themselves  ;  opportunissimae,  most  valuable 
under  the  circumstances. 

33  6  (Seci'.  14.)  regum:  the  famous  kings  of  Syracuse,  —  Hiero, 
Agathocles,  etc. 

33  8  imperatorum :  Marcellus,  who  conquered  Syracuse,  and  Scipio 
Africanus  the  elder,  who  had  Sicily  as  his  province  and  crossed  over  from 
there  for  the  conquest  of  Carthage. 

33  12  deum,  i.e.  statue  of  a  god  (see  pp.  55,  56). 

33  14  videretur :  suhj.  of  characteristic. 

33  15  commemorare  :  complem.  infin.  for  subj.  with  ne  or  quominus  ; 
§  271,  a  {  )  ;    B.  295,  3  and  N.  ;  G.  548,  N.2  ;  H.  505,  ii ;  H.  &  B. 

000. 

33  19  (Sect.  15.)   at  enim  (a  supposed  objection),  but,  you  may  say. 

33  21  quin    .    .    .   possit:    §  319^2' (  )  ;     B.    284,  3;    G.  556; 

H.  504, 1  (595.  0  ;  H.  &  B. 

33  22  ut  .  .  .  timendum  sit :  clause  of  result. 

33  24  multitudo:  including  a  large  number  of  Sicilians,  present  at 
Rome  for  the  purpose  of  prosecuting  Verres,  and  of  course  personally 
cognizant  of  his  crimes. 

Chaps.  VI,  VII.  Verres  attempted  to  buy  up  the  court  in  advance, 
but,  on  the  selection  of  the  present  jury,  lost  heart  (sects.  16,  17). 
The  election  of  Hortensius  to  the  consulship  gave  him  fresh  courage 
(sect.  17).    A  significant  incident  on  election  day  (sects.  18-20). 

Cicero  here  returns  to  the  subject  of  bribery.  He  has  already  asserted 
(sects.  3-10)  that  this  had  always  been  the  sole  hope  of  Verres;  he  has 
pointed  out  that  Verres  need  not  expect  to  corrupt  the  present  tribunal 


Impeachment  of  Verves  243 

(sect.  10),  and  that  his  guilt  is  so  enormous  and  so  notorious  that  no 
honest  jury  could  fail  to  convict  him  (sects.  10-14).  He  now  goes  on  to 
show  that  in  endeavoring  to  postpone  the  trial  Verres  is,  as  heretofore 
trying  to  defeat  justice  by  corrupt  means.  In  establishing  this  point,  the 
orator  reviews  the  several  schemes  of  bribery,  thus  leading  up  to  the  mat- 
ter immediately  before  the  court  and  bringing  out  the  fact  that  it  is  like  the 
devices  that  had  preceded  it. 

33  28  eloquentiam,  etc.:  see  note  on  p.  31,  1.  12. 

33  30  potentia,  control  of  the  courts  :  a  stronger  word  than  gratia 
("personal  influence")  or  auctoritate  ("official  influence")  and  indicat- 
ing a  kind  of  domination  over  the  courts. — simulat,  proponit:  notice 
the  emphatic  position  of  these  verbs,  as  opposed  to  what  Verres  is  really 
doing. 

33  31  proponit, ///A  forward  {\.e.  as  his  backers). — inania,  idle:  i.e. 
mere  names,  because  Verres  does  not  really  rely  upon  these  men,  but  upon 
a  scheme  which  Cicero  details  in  the  following  sections. 

34  3  noti,  notorious.  —  simulat :  cf.  note  on  simulat,  1.  30,  above. 
34  8  (Sect.  16.)   redemptio:   a  contract  with  another  party  for  buying 

up  the  court. 

34  9  mansit  .  .  .  pacto,  held  on  to  the  terms  of  the  bargain  (hendi- 
adys)  :  until  the  jury  was  actually  made  up,  the  bargain  could  not  be 
absolutely  concluded  ;  when  the  character  of  the  jury  was  known,  the 
contract  was  annulled. 

34  10  reiectio  :  after  Cicero's  careful  challenging,  the  lot  had  fortunately 
given  a  trustworthy  jury. 

34  13  istorum,  i.e.  the  partisans  of  Verres. 

34  14  (Sect.  17.)  praeclare,  admirably  zvell  for  the  cause  of  justice, 
—  libelli,  lists. 

34  16  color :  a  covert  allusion  to  a  former  case,  in  which  Hortensius 
had  been  counsel,  and  in  which  colored  ballots  were  given  to  the  bribed 
jurors  in  order  to  make  sure  that  they  voted  as  they  had  agreed  (see 
sect.  40).  —  sententiis  :  this  is  the  word  regularly  used  for  a  formal  and 
official  expression  of  opinion  in  the  Senate  {vote)  or  in  a  court  of  justice 
{verdict). 

34  17  cum,  wheretipon  (inversion)  :  §  325,  b  {  ) ;    B.  288,  2  ;   G. 

581  ;  H.  521,  ii,  I  (600,  i,  i)  ;  H.  &  B.  .  —  ex  alacri,/;-^;;/  heijig,  etc.; 

cf.  the  Latinism  in  Milton,  Par.  Lost,  ix.  563 :  "  How  cam'st  thou  speak- 
able  of  mute  ?  " 

34  20  his  diebus  paucis,  a  few  days  ago  :  the  consular  and  other  elec- 
tions were  held  this  year,  as  usual,  toward  the  end  of  July. 


244 


Notes 


34  22  famae,  fortunis,  dat.  after  insidiae  comparantur.  —  per  eosdem 
homines,  i.e.  the  same  professional  bribers  (the  redemptor,^X.c.,  referred  to 
in  sect.  i6). 

34  25  aperto,  etc.,  when  the  door  to  suspicion  had  once  been  opened. 

34  27  (Sect.  i8.)  nam  :  introducing  Cicero's  account  of  the  significant 
incident  referred  to  above  in  the  words  pertenui  argumento  (1.  24). 

34  28  reducebatur :  the  successful  candidate  was  escorted  home  by  his 
friends  after  the  election.  —  Campo :   see  note  on  p.  104,  1.  7. 

34  29  Curio  :  C.  Scribonius  Curio,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  aristocratic 

*   j,j(j  ^  party,  was  always  a  good  friend  of 

Cicero's.  Curio,  like  Hortensius  and 
Metellus,  was  a  man  of  excellent 
reputation.  His  support  of  Verres 
was  due  to  political  and  social  ties. 

34  30  honoris  causa :  see  note 
un  Rose.  Am.,  p.  3,  1.  28.  The 
words  in  brackets  are  probably 
not  genuine. 

35  2  tamen,  i.e.  in  spite  of 
Curio's  open  way  of  speaking. 

35  4  ratio,  consider atioji. 
35  5  (Sect,  19.)  videt,  etc.: 
observe  the  hist,  pres.,  marking  a 
change  to  lively  narrative.  —  forni- 
cem  Fabianum,  the  Fabian  Arch, 
erected  B.C.  109  by  Q.  Fabius 
^Nlaximus  Allobrogicus,  —  one  of 
the  earliest  triumphal  arches  in  Rome.  It  stood  at  the  southern  end  of 
the  Forum,  and  served  as  an  entrance  to  it.  Fig.  3  (Arch  of  Gallienus) 
shows  the  situation  of  such  structures  with  respect  to  streets. 

35  12  defertur  signifies  a  formal  announcement  by  some  one  person  ; 
narrabat  means  told,  casually,  as  a  piece  of  news.  The  use  of  tenses  in 
viderat  .  .  ,  narrabat  is  like  that  in  the  general  condition  in  past  time  : 
§  309,  c{  )  ;   B.  cf.  302,  3  ;   G.  594,  N.i ;    H.  &  B. 

35  14   criminum  ratione,  the  nature  of  the  charges. 
35  15   positam,  resting  on. 
35  16   altius,  deeper. 

35  18    (Sect.  20.)    ratiocinabantur,  reasoned  (the  imperf.  describing 
a  state  of  mind,  and  one  existing  in  different  persons). 
35  20   ipse,  etc.  :  cL  sect.  17,  11.  17-19. 


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Impeachment  of  Verves  245 

35  22    qvLOdi,  the  facUhai. 

35  23  negotiatores,  Roman  citizens  doing  business  in  Sicily.  —  omnes 
.  .  .  litterae,  all  kinds  of,  etc.  —  publicae,  official,  from  cities  of  Sicily  (as 
auctoritates,  above). 

35  26  existimationem,  opinion,  i.e.  their  estimate  of  the  character  of 
Verres. 

35  27  unius,  i.e.  Hortensius.  —  moderatione,  control.  —  vertentur,  are 
to  ttirn  on. 

Chaps.  VIII-IX  (sect.  25).  Metellus  is  chosen  (by  lot)  to  pre- 
side over  the  Court  of  Extortion  for  the  next  year.  Joy  of  Verres. 
His  attempts  to  defeat  by  bribery  Cicero's  election  to  the  sedileship 
revealed  to  Cicero.     Cicero  made  anxious,  but  finally  elected. 

35  30  quidem  (concessive),  //  is  /rue  :  this  criminal  may  be  rescued, 
but  such  a  thing  will  not  be  alloM'ed  to  happen  again;  the  judicial  power 
will  be  given  into  other  hands  (i.e.,  those  of  the  eqiiiles)  ;  cf.  de  trans- 
ferendis  iudiciis,  below.  —  nos,  i.e.  we  Senators. 

36  1  (Sect.  21.)  hominis  amplissimi,  i.e.  Curio  :  the  congratula- 
tions of  so  honored  a  man  showed  the  expected  effect  of  the  election  on 
this  trial. 

36  2  nova,  strange  (surprising).  —  dissimulare,  to  conceal  the  fad  that, 
etc. 

36  5  sortirentur,  were  drawing  their  lots:  the  particular  posts  or 
duties  of  coordinate  magistrates  (like  the  several  prretors)  were  assigned 
by  lot.  —  Metello :  a  brother  of  Q.  Metellus  Creticus,  consul  elect,  and  of 
L.  Metellus,  praetor  in  Sicily.  —  obtigisset,  had  fallen  to  (the  regular  word 
for  this  kind  of  assignment). — ut  .  .  .  quaereret,  to  have  charge  of  the 
Court  of  Extortion:  subst.  clause  of  result;    §  332,  c?,  2    (  )  ;    B. 

297,  2  ;    G.  553,  3  ;    H.  501,  i,  I   (571,  I)  ;   H.  &  B. 

36  (i  de  pecuniis  repetundis,  of  extortion  (lit.  concerning  demanding 
back  the  [extorted]  property'). 

36  7   factam,  offered.  —  pueros,  slaves. 

36  9  (Sect.  22.)  sa.ne,  yott  may  he  sure.  —  ne  haec  quidem,  etc.,  this 
incident  did  not  please  me  either.  —  neque  .  .  .  intellegebam,  i.e.  his 
confidence  in  the  integrity  of  Metellus  was  so  great  that  he  did  not  even 
yet  see  through  the  tricks  of  the  defence. 

36  10  tanto  opere,  so  very  well  (with  intellegebam). 

36  12  reperiebam  :  the  imperf.  denotes  a  succession  of  items  of  infor- 
mation. 

36  13   senatore,  etc.  :  the  Senator,  a  man  of  the  same  class  as  Verres, 


246  Notes 

put  the  money  to  be  used  in  the  elections  and  trial  into  the  hands  of  an 
eques,  one  of  the  class  that  had  the  management  of  all  such  financial  opera- 
tions. He  retained,  however,  say  (quasi)  ten  baskets,  to  be  used  directly 
to  defeat  Cicero's  election  as  aedile, 

36  15  nomine,  on  account  of.  —  divisores,  managers.  The  money  to 
be  used  at  elections  was  put  into  the  hands  of  seqtustres  (election  agents), 
who  themselves  made  use  of  divisores  to  approach  the  voters  personally. 
(  )n  this  occasion,  the  exigency  was  so  great  that  Verres  (istum)  sum- 
moned the  divisores  to  his  own  house,  without  the  mediation  oi  sequestres. 

36  16   (Sect.  23.)    omnia  debere,  was  bound  to  do  anything  for  me. 

36  20   proximis,  the  last. 

36  23   negasse  audere,  said  they  did  not  dare. 

36  24   fortem,  stanch  (ironical),  in  allusion  to  audere  (1.  23). 

36  25  Romilia,  without  tribu  expressed,  —  the  regular  way  of  giving 
the  name  of  a  man's  tribe.  —  ex  optima  disciplina,  from  the  best  school 
(ironical),  i.e.  that  of  Verres'  father. 

36  2G  HS  :  the  defeat  of  Cicero  would,  therefore,  cost  nearly 
$25,000;   see  §§  377-380  (  )  ;    G.  493;     H.  647  (757,  2);    H.  & 

B. 

36  28   se  una  facturos  esse,  that  they  %vould  act  with  him. 

37  1  (Sect.  24.)  A  lively  description  of  the  embarrassment  in  which 
Cicero  was  placed  at  the  end  of  July  by  the  election  and  the  trial,  both 
coming  on  together. 

37  2   in  his  ipsis,  in  that  too  (as  well  as  the  trial). 

37  4  agere  .  .  .  deterrebar,  from  doing  freely  what,  etc.,  /  was  de- 
terred by,  etc. :  §  331,  ^,  2  (  )  ;  B.  295,  N.  ;  G.  423,  2,  N.2  ;  H.  505,  ii 
(596,2);    H.&B. 

37  5  petitioni,  canvass. 

37  7  ratio,  good  policy. 

37  9  (Sect.  25.)  denuntiatum  esse,  that  a  message  was  sent.  This 
compound  implies  a  peremptory  and  threatening  message. 

37  10  primum  corresponds  to  arcessit  alter,  etc.,  p.  38, 1.  4,  below.  — 
utvenirent:  subj.  of  purpose,  since  denuntiatum  est  expresses  a  command; 
§  332,  h{  );   B.  cf.  295,  i;   G.  546,  N.i;    H.  540,  iii  (564);   H.  &  B. 

000. 

37  11  sane  liberos,  pretty  independent,  i.e.  in  refusing  to  come.  If  he 
had  been  consul,  instead  of  merely  consul  elect,  they  would  have  had  to  come. 

37  12   venisse :  the  subj.  ace.  is  eos,  the  implied  antecedent  of  qui. 

37  13  ceterorum,  i.e.  those  for  consuls  and  praetors,  which  had  lately 
been  held. 


Impeachment  of  Verres  247 

37  14   cursare  (historical  infinitive),  ran  hither  and  thither. 

37  15  paternos  amicos :  see  p.  36,  1.  26. 

37  16  appellare  et  convenire,  accosted  and  conferred  with. 

37  18  cuius  :  the  antecedent  is  eiusdem  (1.  19).  —  de  fide,  i.e.  his  good 
faith  to  the  Sicilians:  probably  a  hint  that  Cicero  himself  had  been  ap- 
proached with  a  bribe. 

Sects.  26-31.  Cicero  learns  of  the  efforts  made  to  have  the  trial 
postponed  to  the  next  year  in  order  that  it  might  be  brought  before 
Metellus.  The  Sicilians  are  threatened  by  one  of  the  consuls  elect 
(Q.  Metellus  Creticus)  (sects.  26-28).  By  that  time  not  only  would 
there  be  a  favorably  disposed  presiding  judge,  but  most  of  the  jury 
would  have  been  changed.  It  seemed  easy  to  get  the  trial  put  ofiF, 
for  many  holidays  intervened  (sects.  29-31). 

37  26  (Sect.  26.)  eo,  in  this  course,  i.e.  postponing  the  trial. — esse: 
ind.  disc. 

37  27   The  asterisk  marks  a  defect  in  the  text. 

37  29  praerogativam,  an  earnest.  In  the  comitia  centuriata,  it  was 
determined  by  lot  which  century  should  first  cast  its  vote.  The  vote  of 
this  century,  z2\\^di  praerogativa  (prae-rogo),  was  superstitiously  regarded 
as  an  omen  or  earnest  of  the  result  which  it  was  likely  to  decide.  Hence 
the  word  is  here  used  of  the  effective  support  given  to  Metellus  at  the 
polls  by  Verres.  The  praerogativa  which  Q.  Metellus  gave  to  Verres, 
in  return  for  the  praerogativae  of  the  comitia,  is  described  in  the  next 
section. 

38  3    (Sect.  27.)    z\x\Q^diVS\,  for  anything. 

38  4  alter  consul  designatus  :  Q.  Csecilius  Metellus  Creticus  (see 
sect.  21).  The  three  brothers,  fast  friends  of  Verres,  were  so  situated  as  to 
promise  the  greatest  help  the  next  year,  when  Quintus  would  be  consul, 
and  Marcus  praetor,  presiding  over  the  court  of  Repetundae,  while  Lucius 
was  already  pro-prgetor  in  Sicily.  Some  of  the  Sicilians,  therefore,  obeyed 
the  summons  of  Metellus,  although  they  had  disregarded  that  of  Horten- 
sius  (sect.  25).  The  object  of  Metellus  was  to  induce  the  Sicilians  to 
withdraw  the  suit,  or  at  any  rate  to  refrain  from  appearing  as  witnesses. 

38  7   quaesiturum  (technical  term),  was  to  preside  over  the  court. 

38  13  (Sect.  28.)  quid  faceres :  apodosis  of  cont.  to  fact  construc- 
tion, with  protasis  implied  in  innocente. 

38  15  alienissimum,  no  kin  zvhatever  of  yours. 

38  16  dictitat,  says  incessantly  (see  next  section).  —  alicui  depends 
upon  videatur. 


248  Notes 

38  17    ignoret,  subj.  of  characteristic. 

38  18  (Sect.  29.)  fato,  ut  ceteros,  etc.  :  the  Metelli  seemed  born  to 
hold  office.  Cicero  here  alludes  to  a  verse  written  by  the  poet  Nasvius,  a 
hundred  and  fifty  years  before:   "Fato  Metelli  Romae  fiunt  consules." 

38  22  populi  existimationi,  reputation  with  the  people.  —  M'.  Gla- 
brionem :  observe  the  skill  with  which  this  compliment  to  the  praetor 
before  whom  Cicero  is  now  arguing  the  case,  and  the  following  compli- 
ments to  the  iudices,  are  put  into  the  mouth  of  Verres. 

38  23  illud :  referring  to  what  follows.  Cicero  makes  Verres  point 
out  the  changes  in  the  jury  which  must  follow  from  changes  in  the  gov- 
ernment that  is  to  come  in  with  the  new  year. 

38  24   conlega :  both  Caesonius  and  Cicero  were  aediles  designati. 

38  25  expediat:  fut.  apodosis  with  conemur  as  its  protasis,  but  hardly 
to  be  distinguished  from  subj.  of  characteristic  (cf.  §  319,  headnote). 

38  27  luniano  consilio  :  referring  to  a  case  four  years  before,  in  which 
wholesale  bribery  had  been  proved,  so  that  the  presiding  praetor,  Junius, 
as  well  as  almost  the  entire  consilium  (body  of  jurors),  had  been  stamped 
with  infamy.  Csesonius,  a  member  of  the  jury,  had  been  proof  against 
corruption,  and  had  disclosed  the  whole  affair  (in  medium  protulit). 

38  29  hunc  iudicem,  hii7i  as  juryman.  —  ex  Kal.  Ian.  :  after  the  New 
Year;  for  at  that  time  he  would  be  excluded  from  the  panel  by  his  aedile- 
ship. 

38  32  (Sect.  30.)  P.  Sulpicius :  he  had  probably  just  been  elected 
quaestor. 

39  1  Non.  Dec.  (Dec.  5)  :  on  this  day  the  new  quaestors  entered  on 
their  office. 

39  3  L.  Cassius  :  the  family  characteristic  here  stated  was  proverbial 
(  Cassiani  indices') . 

39  6  tribuni  militares  :  at  this  time  legion-commanders.  —  non  iudi- 
cabunt,  will  not  serve  as  jicrors. 

39  7  subsortiemur,  i.e.  we  shall  draw  another /c  yf////z>/Az(:^.  This  is 
the  regular  use  of  sub  in  similar  compounds :  as  suffectus,  subrogatus,  etc. 

39  9  prope  toto :  the  jury,  therefore,  apparently  consisted  of  about 
twelve  or  fifteen. 

39  13  (Sect.  31.)  Nonae,  etc.:  it  was,  therefore,  about  3  p.m.  of  the 
5th  of  August. 

39  15  votivos :  these  games  were  in  celebration  of  Pompey's  victory 
over  the  Marian  party  in  Spain  (B.C.  72). — The  votive  games  would 
occupy  from  Aug.  16  to  Sept.  i  (August  had  at  this  time  only  29  days); 
on  Sept.  4  began  the  Ludi  Romani,  continuing  till  the   19th.     The  inter- 


Impeac/n/icnt  of  Verves 


249 


vening  days  (Sept.  2,  3)  were  of  no  account  for  the  trial,  so  that  it  could 
not  be  resumed  before  Sept.  20,  a  suspension  of  34  days  {prope  quad- 
ragijita).  The  Ltidi  Victoriae  (established  by  Sulla  in  honor  of  his  vic- 
tory) would  continue  from  Oct.  27  to  Xov.  I,  and  the  Ludi  Flebeii  from 
Nov.  4    to  Nov.   17.     All  these  Fig. 

games  were  sacred  festivals,  dur- 
ing which  business  was  sus- 
pended :  the  time  was  occupied 
with  religious  observances,  ac- 
companied by  races  and  dramatic 
entertainments. 

39  18  turn  denique,  not  till 
then. 

39  20  Victoriae :  see  Fig.  4 
(from  the  Column  of  Trajan). 

39  21  perpauci  :  for  the 
month  of  December  was  full  of 
festivals. 

39  23  rem  integram,  i.e. 
from  the  beginning.  The  zeal 
of  the  prosecution  would  have 
flagged,  the  public  interest  would 
have  cooled  down,  and  the  jury 
w^ould  be  almost  wholly  new. 
The  case  would  therefore  have  to  be  talcen  up  Je  jioio. 

39  25   non  retinuissem,  i.e.  I  should  have  challenged  him. 
was  now  one  of  the  jurors. 

39  25    (Sect.  32.)  nunc,  opposed  to  si  dif&sus  essem,  above. 

39  26   eo,  etc.  (abl.  abs.),  zvith  him  as  jtirymaii. 

39  27  ixiXdXQ,  on  oath.  The  z«/(//V^i  were  sworn;  the  praetor  was  not. 
IVIetellus  might  therefore  be  trusted  to  vote  honestly  as  a  juror,  though 
he  might,  when  praetor,  connive  at  the  corruption  of  the  jurymen.  Cicero 
ran  less  risk  of  offending  Metellus  by  thus  accusing  him  of  extreme  parti- 
sanship than  if  he  had  accused  him  of  perjury. 


Metellus 


Sects.  32-50.  To  prevent  postponement.  Cicero  will  push  the  trial, 
dispensing  with  the  usual  long  opening  argument.  He  is  forced  to 
this  by  the  tactics  of  Hortensius  (sects.  32,  33).  Cicero  will  oppose 
the  arrogance  of  Hortensius  and  offers  himself  as  the  opponent  of 
any  who  shall  hereafter  attempt  to  bribe  the  courts.     The  illegal 


250  Notes 

domination  of  Hortensius  is  dangerous  to  justice.  It  must  be  met 
by  proofs  of  judicial  corruption,  which  are  abundant  (sects.  34-39). 
The  acquittal  of  Verres  will  be  subversive  of  the  whole  judicial 
system  (sects.  40-42).  The  jurors  are  urged  to  vindicate  the  courts 
(sects.  43,  45).  All  Rome  is  on  the  watch,  and  bribery  is  sure  to 
be  detected.  Not  Verres,  but  the  senatorial  courts  are  on  trial 
(sects.  46-50). 

The  skill  of  the  argument  in  sects.  32-50  is  remarkable.  Cicero  con- 
trives, without  directly  asserting  that  Hortensius  is  guilty  of  judicial  cor- 
ruption, to  suggest  that  he  is  in  a  measure  responsible  for  its  prevalence. 
He  declares  his  intention  of  devoting  his  sedileship  to  exposing  such  prac- 
tices, and  adds  that  he  expects  to  be  opposed  by  Hortensius.  He  calls 
attention  to  several  notorious  cases  of  bribery  which  he  means  to  use  as 
illustrations  in  pressing  his  reforms.  Then,  in  a  moment,  he  makes  it 
clear,  by  a  sudden  turn,  that  he  has  not  been  digressing,  but  simply  accu- 
mulating force  for  his  main  point :  "  How  shall  I  feel,"  he  asks  suddenly 
(sect.  40),  "if  I  find  this  present  case  of  Verres  added  to  the  long  list  of 
instances  of  corruption?  His  guilt  is  clear:  IT  is  the  court  that  is 
ON  TRIAL !  "  In  this  way  what  appears  at  the  outset  to  be  a  personal 
attack  on  the  opposing  counsel  is  made  a  most  effective  means  for  the 
introduction  of  the  central  point  of  the  whole  oration. 

39  31  legitime  tempore  :  he  had  a  right  to  use  twenty  days  for  devel- 
oping the  points  of  the  prosecution. 

40  1  capiam,  i.e.  by  showing,  in  a  long  speech,  how  carefully  he  had 
prepared  his  case. 

40  4  ne  elabatur,  with  periculum  est,  which  takes  the  constr.  of  a 
verb  of  fearing. 

40  6  possit:  see  §  320,  a  (  ) ;   B.  283,  2;   G.  631,  2;   H.  503,  i 

(591),  H.&B. 

40  7  (Sect,  t^^.^  perpetua  oratione,  a  continuous  argument,  before 
bringing  up  the  witnesses.  This  is  what  we  possess  in  the  five  speeches  of 
the  Accusatio,  which,  in  the  usual  order  of  proceeding,  would  have  been 
delivered  before  bringing  up  the  witnesses,  but  which  were  in  fact  never 
spoken  at  all  (see  Introd.  to  the  oration,  page  28).  —  percipi,  reaped :  the 
regular  term  for  gathering  crops. 

40  8   potuit,  ?night  have  been  :  §  308,  e  (  ) ;   B.  304,  3,  «;  G.  597, 

R.3;   H.  511,  i,N.3  (583);   H.  &B. 

40  9  publicis:  see  note  on  p.  35,  1.  23.  —  tabulis,  records ;  auctori- 
tatibus,  documents. 

40  10   res  omnis :  here,  after  stating  his  plan  briefly,  Cicero  goes  off 


ImpeacJiment  of  Verves  251 

into  a  seeming  digression  against  Hortensius.  In  this  he  shows  clearly 
one  of  his  principal  motives  in  undertaking  the  prosecution,  namely,  to 
overthrow  the  latter's  excessive  control  of  the  courts.  The  attack  is  skil- 
fully introduced.  His  sole  reason,  he  says,  for  departing  from  the  ordi- 
nary course  of  procedure  is  that  Hortensius  does  not  wish  to  meet  him  in 
fair  legal  fight.  The  sally  against  Hortensius,  again,  serves  as  a  transition 
to  Cicero's  final  appeal  to  the  sense  of  shame  and  the  prudence  of  the  court. 

40  11  diluendis,  explicandis :  technical  terms  in  argument  (see 
Vocab.). 

40  14  ex  tua  natura :  Hortensius,  like  M.  Metellus,  was  personally  an 
amiable  and  honorable  man,  though  pledged  to  a  bad  cause. 

40  16  rationi,  scheme,  course,  looking  to  the  method ;  consilio,  plan  of 
action,  looking  to  the  end.     Cicero  contrasts  them  more  than  once. 

40  17  (Sect.  34.)  binos  ludos,  i.e.  Pompey's  games  and  the  Roman. 

40  18  comperendinem,  close  viy  case  (lit.  adjourn  ove?-).  After  the 
testimony  was  all  in,  it  was  customary  to  adjourn  over  to  the  next  day  but 
one  (comperendinare),  in  order  to  give  opportunity  for  a  rehearing 
(usually  a  brief  one).  When  this  stage  had  been  reached,  there  was  no 
chance  for  further  postponement.  Cicero's  determination  to  bring  about 
a  comperendinatio  before  Pompey's  games  —  i.e.  within  ten  days  —  settled 
the  case  in  his  favor;  for,  as  has  been  shown,  the  only  hope  of  the  defence 
lay  in  putting  off  the  trial,  Hortensius  having  absolutely  nothing  to  say  in 
behalf  of  his  chent's  innocence. 

40  19  necessarium,  unavoidable  (not  a  mere  shrewd  trick  like  that  of 
Hortensius). 

40  23  id:  refers  forward  to  eos  velle,  etc.  (1.  24).  —  amplum  et  prae- 
clarum,  an  honor  and  distinctio)i  (translating  as  nouns). 

40  25  innocentiae  (an  almost  technical  term),  purity  of  administration 
in  Sicily  (see  Introd.  to  the  oration). 

40  26  maius  quiddam :  what  this  was  is  explained  in  sect.  35. 

40  28  (Sect.  35.)  illud:  refers  to  istum  .  .  .  vocari  (1.  29). 

40  31  potentia,  domineering  (i.e.  his  illegal  control  of  the  courts) ; 
cupiditas  (in  a  bad  sense),  unscrupulous  eagerness  (for  gaining  your  case). 

40  33  interponeretur :  for  fut.  ind.  of  the  dir.  disc.  —  nunc:  opposed 
to  the  time  of  videbatur. 

41  1  regnum  iudicionim,  lording  it  over  the  courts. 
41  2  homines,  i.e.  the  corrupt  senatorial  jurors. 

41  4  inruere,  etc.,  to  be  bent  on  making  themselves  hateful  and  offensive. 
—  hoc,  i.e.  to  break  down  Hortensius's  control,  and  the  corruption  of  a  few 
Senators. 


2  52  Notes 

41  6  nervos  aetatis :  Cicero  was  now  36. 

41  8  (vSect.  36.)  ordo,  i.e.  the  Senate.  —  paucorum,  artfully  put  so  as 
not  to  offend  the  whole  body. 

41  12  loco:   the  Rostra  (see  Vocab.,  under  rostrum). 

41  13  secum  agere :  the  technical  expression  for  transacting  business 
in  the  cotnitia  was  agere  ciini  populo  (or  piebe).     Cicero  refers  to  the  office 

Fig   t 


of  curule  oedile,  upon  which  he  was  to  enter  January  I.  One  of  the  most 
important  functions  of  this  magistrate  was  the  administration  of  criminal 
justice  (de  hominibus  improbis)  in  cases  where  there  had  been  an  appeal 
from  the  sentence  of  a  court  to  the  judgment  of  the  public  assembly. 

41  14  munus,  service.  The  word  also  means  the  public  games,  which 
were  given  to  the  people  by  the  ^diles  especially;  hence  there  is  a  kind 
of  pun  here. 


Impeachment  of  Verves  253 

41  16  moneo,  etc. :  observe  the  climax.  —  deponere,  deposit  with  the 
sequestres  (see  note  on  p.  36,  1.  15). 

41  17  accipere,  take  (money) ;  recipere,  undertake  to  do  anything 
(upon  request  or  the  like).  —  polliceri,  offer. 

41  18  interpretes,  go-betweens  :  the  divisores  are  probably  meant. 

41  19  potentiam :  it  is  hardly  accidental  that  this  is  the  same  word 
used  above  (sect.  35,  1.  31)  of  the  influence  of  Hortensius.  In  the  next 
section  Cicero  expressly  asserts  that  he  expects  to  meet  with  all  possible 
opposition  from  the  latter. 

41  22  (Sect.  37.)  erit,  ivill  be  (it  is  true)  :  notice  the  emphatic  posi- 
tion, opposing  it  to  the  clause  with  tamen  (1.  24).  —  imperio  et  potestate, 
military  and  civil  power.  Of  the  regular  magistrates,  all  possessed  potestas, 
i.e.  power  in  general  (including  military  power) ;  but  only  consuls  and 
pr?etors  possessed  the  imperium,  —  i.e.  sovereign  power,  as  of  a  general  in 
the  field,  somewhat  limited,  however,  in  the  city  by  special  privileges  of 
Roman  citizens. 

41  28  commemorabuntur,  shall  be  mentioned  (by  me).  —  certis  rebus, 
well-ascertained  facts. 

41  29  agentur,  made  ground  of  action. —  inter  decern  annos,  i.e.  since 
Sulla's  Lex  iudiciaria,  transferring  the  courts  to  the  senatorial  order  (see 
note  on  Rose.  Am.,  p.  2,  1.  i). 

42  1  (Sect.  38.)  quinquaginta,  i.e.  from  the  law  of  Caius  Gracchus, 
B.C.  123,  to  that  of  Sulla,  B.C.  80. 

42  2  ne  tenuissima  quidem  suspicio  :  one  of  the  exaggerations  of  the 
advocate.  If  the  courts  were  really  worse  in  B.C.  70  than  they  had  been  in 
90,  it  was  simply  because  the  times  were  worse. 

42  4  sublata,  taken  away.  —  populi  Romani,  etc.,  i.e.  the  ability  of  the 
people  to  hold  in  check  the  senatorial  order  by  means  of  the  tribunician 
power  suspended  by  Sulla  (see  note  on  p.  43,  1.  32). 

42  5  Q.  Calidius :  prsetor,  B.C.  79 ;  condemned  for  extortion  in  Spain. 
It  seems  that  Calidius,  being  condemned  de  repetiindis,  with  bitter  irony 
assailed  the  bribed  jurors  on  account  of  the  smallness  of  the  bribe  for 
which  he  was  condemned-,  saying  that  it  was  not  respectable  (honestum) 
to  condemn  an  ex-praetor  for  so  small  a  sum.  The  allusion  shows  that  the 
corruption  was  notorious  and  universal. 

42  6  HS  triciens :  3,000,000  sestertii  =  $1 '^0,000  (nearly);  §  379 
(        );  G.  p.  493  ;    H.  647,  iv,  I  (757);    H.  &  B.  .  —  praetorium : 

an  ex-magistrate  kept  the  rank  of  the  highest  office  he  had  held,  —  as 
consularis,  praetorius,  aedilicius. 

42  7  P.  Septimio  (Scaevola),  condemned  B.C.  72;   the  damages  were 


254  Notes 


increased  because  of  his  connection  with  the  odious  consilium  luniamim 
(sect.  29).  The  amount  extorted  was  estimated  in  a  separate  process  (^litis 
aestimatio),  and  in  this  case  the  money  taken  in  bribery  was  included  in 
the  reckoning. 

42  14  (Sect.  39.)  inventi  sint  represents  an  hist,  perf.,  and  hence  takes 
the  secondary  sequence  (exirent)  :   see  §  287,  z  (  )  ;   B.  cf.  268,  7,  /; ; 

G.  517,  R.i;   H.  &  B. 

42  15  sortiente  :  the  jurymen  were  drawn  by  lot  by  the  presiding  officer; 
in  the  case  mentioned  there  was  collusion  between  Verres  and  the  persons 
drawn,  so  that  the  lot  was  a  mere  form.  —  qui  .  .  .  exirent  (purp.  clause), 
to  be  drawn  for  [the  case  of]  a  defendant  to  condemn  him  7uit/iout  a  hearing 
(through  a  corrupt  bargain  between  Verres  and  the  packed  jury). 

42  19  (Sect.  40.)  iam  vero,  and  finally  (introducing  the  climax  of 
all).  —  illam,  i.e.  the  one  described  in  the  passage  hoc  factum  esse,  etc. 

42  21  discoloribus  signis  :  see  note  on  color,  p.  34,  1.  16,  The  case 
referred  to  was  one  in  which  Hortensius  was  counsel. 

42  23  acturum  esse,  will  attend  to  (i.e.  officially,  as  eedile  :  cf.  the  use 
of  agere,  above). 

42  24  (Chap,  xiv.)  In  this  chapter  Cicero  reaches  the  climax  of  his 
accusations  and  insinuations  against  Hortensius,  and  at  the  same  time 
makes  a  clever  transition  to  the  case  in  hand  (1.  28),  having  worked  up 
to  his  main  point,  which  he  proceeds  to  state  with  great  force :  that  it  is 
not  Verres  that  is  on  trial,  but  the  court  itself. 

42  28   hominem,  i.e.  Hortensius.  —  cuius:  obj.  gen. 

42  30    secum  .  .  .  agi,  he  was  doing  very  well  (see  Vocab.  under  ago). 

42  31  in  rem  suam,  into  his  own  pocket.  —  patronis :  see  note.  Rose. 
Am.,  sect.  4,  p.  3,  1.  17. 

43  3  (Sect.  41.)  quod,  at  -which  (with  commoveri,  1.  6)  :  cf.  §  238, 
b{  );    cf.  B.  176,  2  ;  G.  2>Z1>,  i  ;    H.  378,  2  (416,  2)  ;  H.  &  B. 

43  4  apud  Glabrionem,  i.e.  in  the  preliminary  proceedings.  —  reici- 
undis  iudicibus  (locat.  abl.),  at  the  time  of  challenging  (making  up  the 
jury). 

43  6   toxQ  Viil,  that  the  result  would  be. 

43  8  toUeretur,  should  be  abolished  (purp.  clause  with  legatos  mitte- 
rent,  which  is  equiv.  to  a  verb  of  requesting). 

43  14  victoriae,  i.e.  in  the  courts.  They  could  endure  it  if  a  man 
stole  only  enough  to  satisfy  his  own  avarice  (sibi  ac  liberis  suis),  but  they 
cannot  afford  to  be  robbed  of  enough  besides  to  secure  him  an  acquittal 
by  bribery,  if  guilty  (nocentissimi  victoriae).  Cf.  the  similar  argument  in 
Burke's  Opening  Speech  on  the  Impeachment  of  Warren  Hastings :   "  If, 


Impeachment  of  Verves  255 

from  any  appearance  of  chicane  in  the  court,  justice  should  fail,  all  men 
will  say,  '  Better  there  were  no  courts  at  all.'  " 

43  20  (Sect.  42.)  animo  :  abl.  of  means.  —  maiore  .  .  .  odio  :  abl.  of 
quality. 

Sects.  43-50.  Sudden  and  powerful  appeal  to  the  jurors  to  save  the 
senatorial  courts  from  present  infamy  and  threatened  destruction. 

43  24    (Sect.  43.)    loco, /^/«/ (raised  in  his  argument). 

43  29  contemnimur :  Cicero  uses  the  first  person  to  include  himself  as 
a  member  of  the  Senate. 

43  32  (Sect.  44.)  tribuniciam  potestatem:  referring  chiefly  to  the 
power  of  the  tribunes  to  try  criminal  cases  before  the  comitia  trihiUa  ;  this 
power,  greatly  abridged  by  Sulla,  had  been  restored  by  a  law  of  Pompey 
early  in  this  year,  B.C.  70. 

43  33  verbo,  in  name  ;  re  vera,  in  fact ;  illam,  the  tribunician  power 
(because  this  was  a  check  on  the  power  of  the  Senators). 

44  1  Catulum :  Q.  Lutatius  Catulus  was  the  best  and  most  eminent 
man  of  the  aristocracy. 

44  2   fugit,  has  escaped. 

44  3  referente,  consulting  {the  Senate'\  :  the  technical  expression  for 
bringing  a  matter  before  the  Senate  for  action. 

44  4  rogatus :  each  Senator  in  turn  was  asked  his  opinion  (senten- 
tiam)  by  the  consul,  or  other  presiding  officer  ;  cf.  hos  sententiam  rogo. 
Cat.  i.,  sect.  9. 

44  5  patres  conscriptos:  see  note  on  Cat.  i.,  sect.  9,  p.  103,  1.  6. 

44  8  fuisse  desideraturos  ("the  regular  way  of  expressing  the  cont.  to 
fact  apodosis  in  indir.  disc),  would  have  missed ;  §  337,  b,2  {  )  ;  B. 

321,  A.  2  ;   G.  656,  N.-^  ;    H.  527,  iii  (647)  ;    H.  &  B. 

44  9  (Sect.  45.)  contionem  habuit,  tnade  a  speech:  contio  means, 
strictly,  an  assembly  called  for  the  purpose  of  listening  to  discussion 
merely  (so  in  I.  12,  below).  —  ad  urbem,  i.e.  in  the  Campus  Martius,  not  in 
the  city.  Pompey  was  elected  in  his  absence,  and  while  still  clothed  with 
the  military  imperium  ;  he  could  not  therefore  enter  the  city  to  meet  the 
citizens,  but  called  them  to  him  outside  the  walls. 

44  10   ubi,  in  which. 

44  12   in  60,  at  that  point  (properly  on  that  point'). 

44  16  suam  by  its  emphatic  position  gives  the  force  of  the  English, 
what  they  desired. 

44  20    (Sect.  46.)    religione,  regard  for  oath. 

44  21   tribuniciam,  i.e.  the  law  referred  to  in  the  note  on  sect.  44.  — 


256  Notes 

unum,  one,  it  is  true  ;  but  since  he  was  a  man  of  no  means  at  all  (vel  tenu- 
issimum),  his  conviction  was  no  proof  of  the  integrity  of  the  courts.  The 
present  trial  will  afford  the  people  the  criterion  they  wish. 

44  29  (Sect.  47.)  nihil  sit,  etc.,  i.e.  this  is  simply  a  case  of  guilt  and 
money:  there  are  no  political  or  other  disturbing  influences.  To  acquit 
him,  then,  will  be  to  admit  that  you  were  bribed. 

44  31  gratia.,  pei'sonal popularity. 

45  1    (Sect.  48.)    agam,  conduct. 

45  2  res,  facts.  —  manifestas :  a  technical  word,  denoting  direct 
proof,  not  circumstantial  evidence. 

45  3  a  vobis  .  .  .  contendere,  urge  tipon  you. 

45  G   eorum,  i.e.  of  the  defence. 

45  8  (Sect.  49.)  VOS :  opposed  to  former  juries,  which  have  occa- 
sioned the  scandal. 

45  9   huic  ordini :  dat.  of  agent  ;  §  232,  a  (^  ) ;  B.  189,  2;  G.  354  ; 

H.  388,  I  (431);  H.  &B. 

45  10  post  haec,  etc.,  i.e.  since  the  reorganization  of  the  courts  by 
Sulla  (see  note  on  Rose.  Am.,  sect.  i). 

45  11  utimur,  have.  —  splendore,  personal  distinction,  from  wealth  and 
exploits  ;   dignitate,  dignity,  from  rank  and  office. 

45  12  si  .  .  .  offensum,  if  there  is  any  slip  (a  euphemism). 

45  17  (Sect.  50.)  opto,  pray.  Observe  the  adroit  union  of  compli- 
ment and  threat  in  this  passage,  which  at  the  same  time  forms  the  transi- 
tion to  the  appeal  to  the  praetor  presiding. 

Sects.  51,  52.  Appeal  to  Glabrio,  the  presiding  praetor,  to  prevent 
bribery. 

45  28    (Sect.  51.)   is  :  referring  to  the  Senate.  —  indicia  :  abl.  of  means. 

45  30   qui  sis,  7vhat  sort  of  man  you  are. 

46  1  reddere,  pay  back,  —  tac  .  .  .  veniat:  §  33i>  /  R-  (  )  ; 
cf.  B.  295,  8  ;  G.  553,  I  (end) ;    H.  499,  2  (565,  4) ;    H.  &  B. 

46  2  legis  Aciliae  :  this  (probably  b.c.  ioi)  provided  that  there  should 
be  neither  ampliatio  (further  hearing)  nor  camper endinatio  (see  note  on 
sect.  34,  p.  40,  1.  i8)  in  cases  of  repetundae.  All  earlier  laws  were  super- 
seded by  the  Cornelian  law  of  Sulla. 

46  4  (Sect.  52.)  summae  auctoritates,  i'/rf/z^t-^/ z«/??<t'«(:^.f,  especially 
family  traditions,  etc.  To  the  Roman  mind  an  auctor,  in  this  sense,  was 
a  pattern  for  imitation. 

46  5  quae  .  .  .  non  sinant:  best  regarded  as  a  purpose  clause;  cf. 
§  320,  N.  (  )  ;    H.  &  B. 


Impeachment  of  Verves  257 

46  11    ut  ne  quis,  etc. :  §  319,  a,  n.  (  ) ;  G.  545,  R.^  ;  H.  499,  i  ; 

H.&B. 

46  14  nocenti  reo,  etc.,  for  the  accused,  if  guilty,  his  great  wealth  has 
had  more  weight  to  increase  (lit.  towards)  the  suspicion  of  guilt  than  {to 
secure)  a  means  of  safety. 

Sects,  53-56.  Cicero  states  his  plan  for  preventing  delay.  He 
will  introduce  his  witnesses  at  once,  without  preliminary  argument. 
Brief  statement  of  the  charges  against  Verres.     End. 

46  17  (Sect.  53.)  mihi  certum  est,  for  my  part  (emph.)  /  atn 
resolved.  —  non  committere,  not  to  allow  (in  the  weak  sense  of  letting  it 
occur  by  mistake  or  fault).  —  ut  .  .  .  mutetur,  to  be  changed;  §  332,  e 
(  )  ;   <^-  553.  i;    ^f"-  H.  498,  ii,  N.'-^  (566,  I);   H.  &  B.  .— 

nobis  (eth.  dat.),  our. 

46  10  servi,  etc.:  Hortensius  and  Metellus  (sects.  25,  27),  while  con- 
suls elect,  had  sent  for  the  Sicilians,  but  of  course  without  any  authority 
to  enforce  their  coming.  Cicero  suggests  that,  if  the  case  is  put  off  till 
the  next  year,  the  summons  may  be  repeated,  this  time  by  means  of  lictors. 
Each  consul  was  attended  by  twelve  of  these  officers,  who  had  the  power 
of  arresting  and  coercing  (see  Manil.  Law,  note  on  sect.  32,  p.  81,  1.  15). 

46  20   novo  exemplo,  in  an  unheard-of  manner. 

46  23    ius  suum,  their  [lost]  rights. 

46  24  eorum :  this  word  suggests  in  a  skilfully  vague  way  that  Verres, 
the  Metelli,  and  Hortensius  are  all  in  the  same  conspiracy,  as  it  were, 
to  rob  the  Sicilians,  Verres  having  used  his  imperium  to  carry  out  the 
actual  robbery,  the  others  using  theirs  to  protect  him  by  intimidating  the 
victims, 

46  27  (Sect.  54.)  nobis  responderi,  i,e,  the  argument  for  the  defence 
to  be  made. 

46  28   adducta  sit:  §  342  (  ) ;   B.  324,  i  ;  G.  663,  i  ;   H.  529,  ii 

,(652)  ;  H.  &  B.  ;  if  this  were  not  dependent  on  responderi,  it  would 

be  fut.  perf.  ind. 

46  30  comitiorum,  ludorum:  the  trial  came  just  between  the  elections 
and  Pompey's  votive  games  (sect.  31). 

46  31  censendi  causa,  on  account  of  the  census-taking  {registration) . 
At  this  time  censors  were  in  office,  for  the  first  time  since  Sulla's  domina- 
tion :  they  were  holding  a  registration  of  property  and  voters,  at  which 
citizens  from  all  parts  of  Italy  were  obliged  to  report.  The  importance  of 
proceeding  with  the  trial  while  Rome  was  thus  filled  with  citizens  and 
provincials  is  obvious. 


2  58  Notes 

46  32  vestrum,  nostram  (;;z?;z^),and  omnium  (next  page)  are  predi- 
cate after  esse  (p.  47,  1.  2). 

47  1  quid  agatur  (ind.  quest.)  depends  on  the  verbal  noun  scientiam, 
as  the  next  clause  does  on  memoriam. 

47  2   omnium,  i.e.  not  the  inhabitants  of  Rome  alone. 

47  3  (Sect.  55.)  principes:  the  two  distinguished  brothers,  L.  and 
M.  Lucullus. 

47  5  ita  testis  constituam,  etc. :  this  is  the  crimimim  ratio  (sect.  19, 
1.  14).  Cicero's  plan  appears  to  be  so  to  arrange  his  witnesses  that  their 
examination  shall  make  the  usual  long  introductory  acaisatio  unnecessary. 
He  will,  he  says,  produce  his  witnesses  in  such  an  order  and  with  such 
introduction  in  each  case  as  to  bring  out  the  crimen  totum  in  the  course  of 
these  proceedings.  When  he  has  explained  what  he  expects  to  prove  in  a 
given  instance,  he  will  immediately  bring  forward  the  appropriate  wit- 
nesses, and  so  on  till  the  whole  case  is  in. 

47  6  crimen  totum,  the  impeachment  as  a  whole;  crimen  (below), //^^ 
special  charge  of  extortion  (stated  formally  in  the  next  section),  the  only 
charge  for  which  Verres  was  really  on  trial. 

47  10    dantur,  are  offered.  —  in  singulas  res,  to  each  point. 

47  11    illis,  the  counsel  for  the  defence. 

47  13  altera  actione,  i.e.  after  the  comperetidinatio  :  in  this  sense  the 
speeches  of  the  Acciisatio  are  correctly  called  Actio  Secjinda  (see  note 
above).  ---. 

47  16  haec  (referring  forward  to  sect.  56),  etc., ////^  is  all  the  Accusatio 
there  will  be  in  the  first  Action. 

47  19  (Sect.  56.)  quadringentiens  {^cente^ia  7nilia'\  sestertium, 
40,000,000  sestertii,  =  ^2,000,000    (nearly)  :    §  379  (  ) ;    G.  p.  493  ; 

H.  647,  iv,i(757);   H.  &B. 

47  23  habuissemus :  cont.  to  fact  protasis  regularly  retained,  without 
change  of  mood  or  tense,  in  indir.  disc;  §  337,  <5  (  )  ;   B.  321,  B  ;  G. 

659;   H.  527,111  (647);   H.  &  B.  ;  the  apodosis  is  opus  fuisse  for 

opus  fuit,  there  would  have  been  no  need :  §  308,  c  {  )  ;    B.  304,  3,  a; 

G.  597,  R.3rt;  H.  476,  4  (525,  I);    H.  &B. 

47  25   Dixi,  I  have  done :  a  common  formal  ending. 


The  Plunder  of  Syraeitse  259 

THE   PLUNDER   OF    SYRACUSE 

Sects.  1,  2.  Contrast  between  the  treatment  of  Syracuse  by  the 
conqueror  Marcellus  in  time  of  war  and  its  treatment  by  Verres,  the 
governor,  in  time  of  peace. 

Page  48.  Lines.  (Sect,  i.)  aliquando,  c?/ /</^/,  implying  impatience, 
here  assumed  as  a  kind  of  apology  to  his  hearers  for  the  length  of  his 
account. 

48  5  Marcello  :  M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  of  a  noble  plebeian  family  (all 
the  other  families  of  the  Claudian  ^^wj  were  patrician),  was  the  ablest  gen- 
eral the  Romans  had  in  the  early  years  of  the  Second  Punic  War,  but 
illiterate  and  cruel.  His  capture  of  Syracuse  was  in  B.C.  212.  tie  was 
killed  in  battle  B.C.  208. 

The  contrast  in  sect.  I  is  a  brilliant  one :  nevertheless,  the  orator  exag- 
gerates, as  on  so  many  occasions.  "Not  only  did  Marcellus  stain  his 
military  honor  by  permitting  a  general  pillage  of  the  wealthy  mercantile 
city,  in  the  course  of  which  Archimedes  and  many  other  citizens  were  put 
to  death  ;  but  the  Roman  Senate  lent  a  deaf  ear  to  the  complaints  which 
the  Syracusans  afterwards  presented  regarding  that  celebrated  general,  and 
neither  returned  to  individuals  their  property  nor  restored  to  the  city  its 
freedom."     (Mommsen.) 

48  8  imperatoris  :  this  title,  properly  belonging  to  every  holder  of  the 
imperium,  was  by  usage  assumed  by  the  commander  only  after  his  first 
considerable  victory.  —  cohortem,  train  of  courtiers,  etc.:  the  provincial 
magistrates,  representing  the  Roman  imperium,  had  almost  a  royal  suite, 
as  well  as  other  insignia  of  royalty. 

48  12  (Sect.  2.)  omitto:  a  good  example  of  the  rhetorical  device 
known  as  praeteritio.  —  locis,  i.e.  in  the  other  speeches  of  the  Accusatio. 

48  13  forum :  every  ancient  town  had  its  central  market-place  or 
square  {foriim,  dy opd),  an  open  space,  used  for  trading,  public  assemblies, 
and  the  administration  of  justice.  The  same  feature  exists  in  European 
towns  at  the  present  day. 

49  4  clausus  fuisset :  Marcellus  had  been  obliged  to  starve  out  the 
city.  —  Cilicum :  Cilicia  was  the  chief  seat  of  the  organized  bands  of 
pirates  who  ruled  the  Mediterranean  at  this  time. 

49  10   illis  rebus,  i.e.  the  plunder  of  temples,  etc. 

Sects.  3-5.     Situation  and  topography  of  Syracuse. 
49  11    (Sect.  3.)  maximam:   the  circuit  of  its  walls  was  about  180 
stadia,  =  more  than  20  miles. 


26o 


Notes 


49  13  ex  omni  aditu  limits  praeclaro  ad  aspectum. 

49  14  in  aedificatione,  etc,  i.e.  enclosed  by  the  buildings  of  the  city. 
Ancient  harbors  (as  at  Athens)  were  often  at  a  considerable  distance. 

49  16  coniunguntur :  Ortygia 
(or  Insula),  the  site  of  the  orig- 
inal town,  had  an  independent 
harbor  on  each  side  connected  by 
a  narrow  channel.  This  channel 
is  the  exitus  mentioned. 

50  2  (Sect.  4.)  Hieronis: 
Hiero  II,  king  of  Syracuse  (b.c, 
270  to  about  216),  who  was  during 
most  of  his  reign  a  steadfast  ally 
of  Rome. 

50  5  Dianae  :  the  quail,  bprv^ 
(whence  the  name  Ortygia),  was 
sacred  to  Diana  (Artemis).  —  is- 
tius,  i.e.  of  \'erres. 

50  7  Arethusa :  for  the  myth 
of  Arethusa  and  Alpheus,  see 
Ovid,  j\Iet.  V.  573-641  ;  Gay  ley, 
Classic  Myths.  For  view  of  the 
fountain,  see  Virgil's  Eclogues, 
p.  29. 

50  10  (Sect.  5.)   Achradina,  the  plain  and  table-land  north  of  Ortygia. 
50  11    prytaneum  :    the   building  in  which  the  city  was  conceived  to 

have  its  home.  Here  was  the  hearth,  sacred  to  Vesta,  whence  colonists 
carried  the  sacred  fire  to  kindle  a  new  hearth  in  the  prytaneiwi  of  their 
new  home.  It  was  also  used  for  courts  of  justice,  public  banquets,  etc. 
Such  public  buildings  were  usually  grouped  round  the  forum  in  the  centre 
of  the  city. 

50  13  urbis,  i.e.  Achradina.  —  perpetua,  r wining  its  whole  length. 

50  14   continentur,  are  lined  in  continuous  rozvs. 

50  16  gymnasium :  the  place  for  exercise  and  baths,  with  porticos, 
groves,  and   halls. 

50  19  coaedificata,  built  up.  —  Neapolis,  i.e.  "the  new  city."  —  quam 
ad  summam,  at  the  highest  point  of  which. 


■^%?%;%. 


Sects.  6,  7.     Marcellus,   the    conqueror   at    Syracuse :    compare 
Verres,  the  governor. 


The  Plunder  of  Syi^acuse 


261 


51  4  (Sect.  6.)  pul- 
chritudinem :  the  Eng- 
lish would  put  it  less 
abstractly,  —  this  beauti- 
ful city. 

51  8  in,  in  respect  to. 
—  habuit  victoriae  ra- 
tionem,  had  regard  for 
the  right  of  victory. 

51  10  deportare :  a 
Roman  custom,  imitated 
in  the  nineteenth  century 
by  Napoleon.  —  possent, 
subj.  of  characteristic.  — 
humanitatis,  the  part  of 
humanity. 

51  15  (Sect.  7.)  Hono- 
ris, etc. :  the  worship  of 
abstractions  was  a  char- 
acteristic of  the  Roman 
religion.  Marcellus  re- 
stored the  temple  of 
Honor  and  built  the 
temple  of  Virtus;  the 
two  were  so  connected 
that  in  common  parlance 
they  were  referred  to  as 
a  single  edihce. 

51  16  in  aedibus,  i.e. 
in  his  own  house  in 
town. 

51  18  ornamento,  i.e. 
as  being  free  from  stolen 
treasures. 

51  19  deum  nullum: 
translate,  in  order  to 
keep  the  emphasis  of 
the  position,  of  the  gods 
not  one  (i.e.  not  a  single 
statue). 


262  Notes 

51  21  comparetis,  i.e.  in  renown  and  in  personal  character. 

51  22  pacem  cum  bello,  etc. :  implying  that  the  administration  of  Verres 
in  time  of  peace  was  worse  than  the  armed  capture  by  Marcellus.  —  forum 
et  iuris  dictionem,  law  and  justice  :  the  forum  is  mentioned  as  being  the 
place  where  the  prsetor  administered  justice  ;  iuris  dictio  was  his  special 
function  (see  note  on  Verres,  i.,  sect.  12,  p.  32,  1.  13). 

Sects.  8-17.     Details  of  the  robberies  of  Verres. 

52  1  (Sect.  8.)  aedis  Minervae :  the  illustration  shows  how  this 
ancient  temple  of  Minerva  in  Syracuse  has  been  made  over  into  a 
church. 

52  4  tamen  in  bello :  translate  though  in  war,  still,  etc.  The  particle 
tamen  ("still '')  often  suggests  a  concession  ("  although"),  not  expressed, 

but  loosely  implied  in  the 
context  or  the  circumstances  : 
here  the  implied  concession 
is  "  though  the  rights  of  an 
enemy  in  war  are  unlimited." 
■ —  religionum,  things  sa- 
cred. —  consuetudinis,  i.e. 
things  hallowed   by  use. 

52  6  Agathocli  :    tyrant 
of    Syracuse,   B.C.   317-289. 
(Fig.  8,  a  coin  of  Agathocles,  shows  the  head  of  Persephone,  and,  on  the 
reverse,  a  figure  of  Victory  erecting  a  trophy.) 

52  9  visendum :  see  Manil.,  sect.  40,  p.  85,  1.  6,  note. 

52  10  profana  fecissent :  the  Romans  had  a  formula  by  which  they 
called  away  {evocare')  and  gained  over  to  their  side  the  tutelary  deities  of 
any  cities  they  were  besieging.  Of  course,  the  temples  of  these  gods  then 
lost  all  their  sanctity,  and  became  profane  buildings.  With  the  same  idea 
the  true  name  of  Rome  and  that  of  its  tutelar  divinity  were  said  to  be  kept 
as  a  mystery,  lest  they  should  become  known  to  an  enemy,  who  might 
thus  disarm  the  city  of  its  protector.  Notwithstanding  this  doctrine,  the 
Romans  were  often,  as  in  the  case  of  Marcellus,  prevented  by  religious 
feeling  (religione)  from  violating  the  sacred  edifices  of  conquered  cities. 
Often,  too,  they  transferred  the  worship  of  the  deities  in  question  to  Rome. 
On  the  whole  idea,  cf.  .•Eneid,  ii.  351,  and  note. 

53  1  iam  belongs  with  sacra  religiosaque. 
53  6  (Sect.  9.)  id  quod,  zvhat. 

53  9  deberet:  subj.  of  characteristic 


The  Plunder  of  Syracuse 

Fig.  9 


263 


53  13  in  quibus  erant,  upo)i  ivhich  7vere  represented. 

53  16  cognitione  formarum,  acqziaintqnce  with  their  features. 

53  18  tamen:  see  note  on  Fk;.  10 

p.  52,  1.  4. 

53  20  (Sect.  10.)  valvis: 
such  ornamentation  may  be 
seen  in  a  mediaeval  example  in 
Fig.  9  (doors  of  the  Cathedral 
at  Pisa). 

53  23  tarn  .  .  .  cupidum, 
that  I  am  so  eager  (in  appos. 
with  quod). 

53  30  illi,  i.e.  the  Greeks, 
as  being  over-fond  of  art.  The 
Romans  were  inclined  to  look 
down  upon  culture  and  the 
fine  arts  as  being  less  manly 
than  politics  and  war ;   cf.  the  famous  passage  in  the  .Eneid,  vi.  846-853. 

54  2  argumenta,  subjects  or  stories  (in  relief);   cf.  vEneid.  vi,  20,  and 
note. 


264 


Notes 


54  3     (Sfxt.  II.)   Gorgonis:   the  head  of  Medusa,  a  favorite  subject 

of  ancient  art.     See  Fig.  10,  from  an  ancient  marble  mask. 

54  C  bullas,  i.e.  knobs,  similar  to  those  in  Fig.  11. 

54  11  in  hoc  nomine,  at  this  item  (i.e.  wondering  why  Verres  should 

have  taken  these). 
Fig.  II  ^^  ^        . 

_        54  12    commoveri,     were 

sicrprised. 

54  13  satis  asset,  i.e.  they 
were  only  curiosities.  Any 
natural  object  which  was,  in 
the  view  of  the  ancients,  out 
of  the  common  order  of  nature 
was  regarded  as  a  monstrut?i 
ox prodigium,  and  as  therefore 
associated  in  some  way  with 
the  gods;  hence  such  objects  ^ 
were  frequently  dedicated  in 
temples. 

54  16  id     merely    repeats 
hastas. 

54  17  (Sect.  12.)  nam 
explains  (ironically)  why  he 
asks  the  last  question.  A 
passion  for  art  might,  he  sug- 
gests, excuse  the  theft  of  such 
an  object  as  the  Sappho,  but  the  stealing  of  the  bamboos  was  a  wanton 
sacrilege. 

54  21  potius,  etc.,  rather  than  this  most  tasteful  and  cultivated  man. 


haberet 


268  ( 


)  ;    B.   277  ;    G.  265  ;    H.  484,  v  (559,  4);    H.  & 


B. 


54  22  nimirum  (continuing  the  irony),  of  course. 

54  23  nostrum,  ^/us  (emph.),  opp.  to  Verres. 

54  25  eat  (hort.  subj.),  must  go. — ad  aedem  Felicitatis:  the  temple 
of  Felicitas  was  adorned  with  the  spoils  of  conquered  Corinth.  Catulus 
had  adorned  his  temple  of  Fortuna,  and  Metellus  his  portico,  with 
splendid  works  of  art. 

54  27  istorum,  Verres  and  his  friends.  —  Tusculanum,  villa  at  Tuscu- 
lum  (about  15  miles  southeast  of  Rome)  where  the  w-ealthy  Romans, 
Hortensius  among  the  rest,  had  splendid  country-houses. 

54  28  ornatum,  i.e.  as  it  was  on  festal  davs.  —  commodarit,  lent :  such 


The  Plunder  of  Syracuse 


265 


works  of  art  were  often  placed  temporarily  in  the  Forum  ;    cf.  our  modern 
"  loan  exhibitions." 

54  31  operari,  mere  day -laborer :  said  in  contempt  of  Verres'  preten- 
sions to  culture.  —  stuiia.,  fine  tastes;  delicias,  luxurious  pleasures  (both 
ironical). 

55  1  appositior,  better  fitted.— d.^  ferenda,  etc.,  to  carry  (as  a  porter) 
than  to  carry  off  (as  a  connoisseur)  :  a  sarcasm  on  Verres'  coarse  ami 
heavy  build. 

55  5  (Sf.ct.  13.)   Graeculus:   in  contemptuous  allusion  to  his  pretenc 
of  taste.  —  subtiliter  iudicat,  is  a  fine  connoisseur  of. 

55  7  nunc,  no-v  (as  it  is)  opposed  to  si  .  .  .  tulisset. 

56  2  (Sect.  14.)  parinum  (corrupt  and  meaningless)  :  the  common 
reading  is  parvum ;  perhaps  the  old  conjecture  Parium,  of  Parian 
marble,  is  best. 

56  7  Libero  patre  :   not  Liber  his  father,  h\xi  father  liber,  pater  being 

a     common     attribute 

r  T  M  n  f  Fig.   13  Fig.  14 

of  Liber  as  well  as  ot 

Mars  and  other  gods. 

Liberi  filius  (1.  6)  is 

spurious. 

56  9  (Sect.     15.) 

lovem  :  the  statue  was 

of  Zevs  ovpio^,  god  of 

Fig.  12 


favorable  weather,  identified,  from  some  fancied  resemblance,  with  /uj>/ter 
iniperator. 

56  10  SUO :   the  emphatic  position  continues  the  emphasis  on  lovem. 

56  13  Flamininus:  T.  Quinctius  Flamininus  (Fig.  12,  from  a  coin), 
who  defeated  Philip  of  Macedon  at  Cynoscephak-e,  B.C.  197. 

56  16  in  Ponti  ore :  the  Thracian  Bosporus,  the  strait  extending  from 
Constantinople  to  the  Black  Sea,  about  17  miles. 


266  Notes 

56  18  sua:   §  196,  c  {  );    cf.  B.  244,  4;   G.  309,  2  ;    H.  449,  2 

(503,  2) ;    H.  &  B.  .  —  Capitolio  :  the  Capitol,  or  Temple  of  Jupiter 

Capitolinus,  had  three  cellae,  or  chapels,  sacred  to  the  Capitolian  triad, 
Jupiter,  Juno,  and  Minerva.  This  was  now  the  most  illustrious  temple, 
*'  the  earthly  abode,"  of  Jupiter. 

56  24  incolae,  residents  :  i.e.  persons  of  foreign  birth  who  made  Syra- 
cuse their  home,  without  having  obtained  citizenship  ;    advenae,  visitors. 

56  28  (Sect.  16.)  adventu,  abl.  of  cause. 

57  2  (Sect.  17.)  mensas  Delphicas:  tables  with  three  legs,  like  the 
Delphic  tripod  (see  Figs.  13,  14).  —  vasa  Corinthia  were  made  of  a  kind 
of  bronze,  of  peculiar  beauty  and  very  costly. 

Sects.  18-21.  Robberies  of  works  of  art  are  especially  odious  to 
men  of  Greek  blood. 

57  17  (Sect.  18.)  levia  et  contemnenda:  cf.  note  on  p.  53,  1.  30. 

57  22  fanorum,  shrines;  the  word  indicates  the  consecrated  spot 
rather  than  the  temple  or  altar  erected  upon  it. 

57  27  (Sect.  19.)  nisi  forte:  introducing,  as  usual,  an  absurd  sup- 
position. 

57  28  desierunt,  ceased,  i.e.  by  the  transference  of  the  courts  to  the 
Senators. 

58  2  Crasso :  I>.  Licinius  Crassus,  the  famous  orator,  and  (^uintus 
Scsevola,  pontifex  maxinuis,  the  famous  jurist  and  statesman,  were  close 
friends,  and  colleagues  in  nearly  every  office.  They  were  curule  aediles, 
B.C.  103,  and  gave  the  first  exhibition  of  lion-fights.  The  splendor  of  their 
sedileship  was  the  work  of  Crassus,  a  man  of  elegant  and  luxurious  tastes, 
while  Scaevola  was  moderate  and  simple  in  his  habits.  —  Claudio  :  probably 
a  brother  of  Claudia,  the  wife  of  Tiberius  Gracchus.  In  his  i^dileship,  15. c. 
99,  he  exhibited  fights  of  elephants. 

58  4  commercium :  Crassus  and  Claudius  would  have  bought  such 
objects  of  art  if  anybody  could  have  done  it. 

58  5  fuisse,  sc.  commercium. 

58  9  (Sect.  20.)  referri,  be  entered,  has  for  subject  pretio  .  .  .  abali- 
enasse. 

58  12  rebus  istis,  things  of  that  sort. 

58  13  apud  illos,  i.e.  the  Greeks  generally. 

58  19  (Sect.  21.)  The  cities  referred  to  in  this  section  were  all  centres 
of  Greek  art  or  celebrated  for  the  possession  of  some  masterpiece.  Reginos  : 
Rhegium,  Reggie,  was  a  very  ancient  Greek  city,  at  the  point  of  Italy 
nearest  Sicily.     It  was  a  colony  of  Chalcis,  probably  founded  in  the  eighth 


Crucifixion  of  a  Roman  Citi::cn  267 

century  B.C.,  and  became  a  Roman  niuniciphim  after  the  Social  War, 
B.C.  91-90. 

58  20  merere  velle,  uKntld  take. — ilia,  that  famous. 

58  21  Tarentinos :  Tarentum  was  the  largest  Greek  city  in  Italy,  a 
colony  of  Sparta,  founded  in  the  eighth  century  B.C.,  subjugated  by  Rome 
just  after  the  invasion  of  Pyrrhus,  B.C.  272. 

58  24  Cnidios  .  .  .  Coos :  observe  the  chiasm. 

58  28  buculam :  the  celebrated  bronze  cow  of  Myron.  —  longum  est, 
/■/  would  be  tedious:  §   311,  <:  (  )  ;    B.  304,  3;    G.  254,  R.^;    H.  476,  5 

(525,2);   H.&B. 


CRUCIFIXION   OF  A    ROMAN   CITIZEN 

Page  59.  Line  1.  (Sect,  i.)  nunc,  opposed  to  the  time  of  the  actio 
prima,  which  he  has  just  referred  to.  —  uno  genere,  this  one  class  of  crimes. 
—  tot  horas  .  .  .  dicam :  §  276,  ^?  (  ) ;  B.  259,  4;  G.  230;  H.  467,  iii,  2 

(533);   H.&B. 

59  5  tenerem:  for  tense,  see  §  287,  z  (  ) ;   B,  268,  7,  ^;   G.  511, 

R.2;   H.495,  i  (547,1);   H.&B. 

59  6  de  tanta  re,  etc. :  Cicero  has  now  arrived  at  the  climax  of  his 
accusation :  the  case  of  Gavius  is  so  outrageous  that  it  would  require  all 
his  powers  to  characterize  it.  But,  he  says,  he  has  already  used  the  strong- 
est language  of  which  he  is  master  in  describing  other  and  less  heinous 
crimes,  and  he  has  not  attempted  to  keep  the  attention  of  the  jurors  by 
variety  in  the  charges.  What,  then,  can  he  do  to  make  this  horrible  case, 
the  most  abominable  of  the  crimes  of  Verres,  sufficiently  impressive  ? 
There  is  but  one  thing  left  to  do:  he  will  tcU  the  bare  facts,  which  need 
no  eloquence  to  emphasize  them. 

59  7  rem  (emphat.),  the  bare  facts.  —  in  medio,  before  you. 

59  10  (Sect.  2.)  in  illo  numero  :  Cicero  has  been  describing  the  treat- 
ment of  a  number  of  fugitives  from  the  insurrectionary  army  of  Sertorius 
in  Spain  who  had  made  their  way  to  Sicily  after  the  death  of  Sertorius, 
B.C.  72,  and  the  overthrow  of  his  faction  by  Pompey. 

59  12  lautumiis,  the  stone-pits  (ancient  quarries)  at  Syracuse,  used  as 
a  prison.  The  illustration  shows  the  present  condition  of  that  part  of  the 
lautumiae  known  as  Dionysius'  Ear. — Messanam  (now  iMessiiia^,  Xh^ 
point  of  Sicily  nearest  Italy.  Messana,  founded  as  a  Greek  colony  in 
the  eighth  century  B.C.,  was  at  this  time  one  of  the  very  few  privileged 
towns  (^civitates  foederatae)  of  Sicily.     It  was  specially  favored  by  Verres, 


268 


Notes 


and,  according  to  Cicero,  was  an  accomplice  of  his  iniquities.     Fig.   15 
shows  a  representation  of  the ///ar^j  (lighthouse)  of  Messana  from  a  coin 

of  Sex.  Pompey;    the  reverse  has  a 
representation  of  Scylla. 

59  14  Reginorum  :    Rhegium  is 
almost  in  sight  of  Messana. 
59  15  odore,  breath. 
59  18  recta,  sc.  via. 
59  21  (Sect.  3.)  in  praetorio,  the 
house    (or  official    residence)    of   the 
prietor. 
59  23  adiutricem,  etc. :  §  184,  ^(  );   B.  169,  3;  G.  321  ;   H.  363, 

I  (393,0;  H.&B. 

59  24  magistratum  Mamertinum,  a  magistrate  of  Messana  :  the  city 
of  Messana  had  been  treacherously  taken  possession  of  by  a  body  of  mer- 
cenaries, who  called  themselves  Majjiertini  (children  of  Mars),  about 
B.C.  282.  Though  the  name  of  the  city  was  not  changed,  its  citizens 
were  from  this  time  called  Maniertini.  See  cut  in  text,  which  shows  the 
head  of  Ares. 

60  10  (Sect.  4.)  exspectabant,  zvere  on  the  zvatch  to  see.  —  quo  tandem, 
how  far :  tandem  (as  also  nam)  gives  a  sense  of  wonder  to  the  question. 


Fig.  16 


r 


■£yffii- 


■^T-^ 


View  of  Palermo. 


Crucifixion  of  a  Roman  Citizen  269 

60  13  expediri,  to  be  got  ready,  i.e.  by  untying  xSxq  fasces  (rods  and  axe), 
which  were  the  badge  of  the  praetor's  iniperiuni. 

60  14  meruisse  (sc.  stipendla),  served  2.%  a  soldier. 

60  15  Panhormi  {all  harbor),  the  present  Palermo:  see  Fig.  16. — 
negotiaretur,  i.e.  as  head  or  agent  of  some  house  engaged  in  speculation 
(cf.  Verr.  i.,  sect.  20).  This  kind  of  business  was  generally  carried  on  by 
Roman  equites,  and  on  a  large  scale. 

60  17  fugitivorum,  runaway  slaves,  who  had  been  concerned  in  the 
frightful  servile  war  of  Spartacus,  B.C.  73-71. 

60  19  esset:   subj.  of  characteristic. 

60  21  (Sect.  5.)  caedebatur:  observe  the  emphatic  position.  This 
imperf.  and  those  following  make  a  lively  description  of  the  scene  instead 
of  a  mere  statement  of  the  facts. 

61  1  audiebatur,  could  be  heard ;  §  2'j'],g  {  );   G.  233. 
61  3  commemoratione,  claim. 

61  7  pestem,  accursed  thiug. 

61  10  (Sect.  6.)  lex  Porcia :  this  forbade  the  scourging  of  citizens. 
See  Fig.  1 7,  a  coin  struck  by  a  member  of  the  Porcian  family :  the  reverse 
commemorates  this  law  ;  the  tigure 
at  the  right  is  a  lictor  with  rods. — 
leges  Semproniae  (of  Caius  Grac- 
chus) :  these  gave  Roman  citizens 
the  right  of  appeal  to  the  judgment 
of  the  whole  people  in  capital  cases, 
even  against  the  military  ii/ipe- 
riian.     In  civil  life  this  right  had 

existed  ever  since  the  foundation  of  tlie  republic.     Cf.,  in  English  law,  the 
right  of  trial  "by  one's  peers." 

61  12  tribunicia  potestas  :  see  note  on  Verr.  i.,  sect.  44  (p.  43,  1.  32). 

61  18  non  inhibebant:  cf.  note  on  audiebatur  (1.  i). 

61  22  (Sect.  7.)  ut  (interrog.),  how. 

61  25  Glabrionem :  subj.  of  facere. 

61  26  ut  .  .  .  dimitteret :  result  clause,  in  appos.  with  id. 

61  27  consilium, y?^/ J  .•  he  feared  that  the  lynch  law  would  get  the 
start  of  a  legal  verdict. 

61  28  repetisse,  inflicted  (lit.  exacted,  punishment  being  regarded  as  a 
forfeit). 

61  29  veritus  esset  has  for  its  subject  populus  Romanus.  Observe 
the  exactness  of  tense-relations  expressed  by  the  plup.  and  the  periphrastic 
esset  persoluturus,  was  not  likely  to  pay. 


270  Notes 

62  '1  (Sect.  8.)  quid  .  .  .  sit,  what  zvill  happen  fo  yoti. 

62  3  Gavium  istum,  that  G.  of  yours  (i.e.  the  G.  whom  you  misrepre- 
sent).—  repentinum,  suddenly  discovered.' 

62  5  neque,  etc.,  ajtd  this  I  will  show,  etc.  Notice  that  in  Latin  the 
connective  attracts  the  negative  whenever  it  can. 

62  6  aliquis :  Gavius  was  a  very  common  name  in  South  Italy. 

62  8  ad  arbitrium  tuum,  at  your  discretion  (i.e.  as  many  as  you 
like). 

62  11  sero,  too  late  (for  you,  but  not  too  late  for  the  court).  —  iudices, 
obj.  of  doceant. 

62  15  (Sect.  9.)  patronis :  see  note  on  Rose.  Am.,  p.  3,  1.  17.  —  istuc 
ipsum,  that  single  fact. 

62  17  nuper  tu,  etc. :  of  course  an  imaginary  incident,  since  this  ora- 
tion was  never  delivered. 

62  19  ideo,>r  this  reason,  i.e.  quod  .  .  .  quaereret. 

62  20  iam,  i.e.  after  you  have  said  that. 

62  2-1  ex  eo  genere :  explained  by  the  clause  non  qui  .  .  .  dicerent 
(characteristic). 

63  2  (Sect.  10.)  induatur,  etc.:  §  in,  a  {  )  ;  B.  175,  2,  d ; 
G.  218  ;  H.  377  (407);  H.  &  B,  ;  tie  himself  up  and  strangle  him- 
self {2.%  in  a  noose)  ;  cf.  our  "give  the  man  rope  enough  and  he'll  hang 
himself." 

63  3  qui  esset,  what  he  ivas  (i.e.  whether  a  citizen  or  not). 

63  5-8  si  .  .  .  ducerere,  quid  .  .  .  clamitares,  etc. : .  in  this  past  con- 
dition, cont.  to  fact,  the  imperf.  is  used  instead  of  the  pluperf.,  because  the 
supposition  is  general  rather  than  particular  ;  §  308,  a  (  )  ;  G.  597,  R.'  ; 

H.  510,  N.2  (579,  i);    H.  &  B.  ;    if  you,  caught,  etc.,  had  ever  been 

in  the  hands  of  men  who  7oere  dragging  you  off  to  ptmishment,  what  other 
cry  would  von  have  raised  than,  "  /  am  a  Ro7nan  citizen  "  ? 

63  11  profuisset,  would  have  availed,  i.e.  in  the  case  supposed   (as 
defined   in  the   preceding  sentence)  :    thus   profuisset   involves   its  own 
protasis  ;    §  311  (        )  ;  B.  305,  l  ;  G.  600,  I  ;   H.  507,  N."  ;  H.  &  B. 
It  is  a  complete  proposition,  which  is  made  conditional  by  si  and  is  made 
the  protasis  of  a  new   apod.,  potuit,  1.   15  ;    §  311,  ^  (  );   §  311,  <: 

(  );   B.304,3;  0.597,  R.^«;  H.  51 1,1,  N.3  (583);  H.&B. 

63  12  qui,  concessive  ;   cum,  causal. 

63  14  usurpatione,  claim  (lit.  ?^j?;?^  the  word) . 

63  18  (Sect,  ii.)  quo  =  ad  quos.  —  cognitoribus,  vouchers. 

63  20  legum  existimationis,  obj.  gen.  with  periculo. 

63  21  continentur,  are  restrained. 


Crucifixion  of  a  Roman  Citizen  271 

63  22  sermonis  .  .  .  SOCietate,  by  fellowship  in  langicage,  rights,  and 
interests. 

64  2  (Sect.  12.)  tolle,  a  sort  of  protasis :  §  310, /y  (  )  ;  B.  305,  2  ; 
G.  598  ;  H.  487,  3  (560,  3)  ;  H.  cV  B.  ;  the  apod,  is  iam  .  .  .  prae- 
cluseris  (11.  6-9,  below). 

64  5  quod  velit  (subj.  of  integral  part),  any  he  pleases. 

64  6  quod  .  .  .  ignoret,  because  one  may  not  know  him. 

64  7  liberas  civitates :  the  allied  states  in  the  provinces,  which  were 
not  strictly  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  praetors. 

64  9  praecluseris,  fut.  perf, 

64  12  SidiSei^ SiSSQS,  yoti  might  have  kept. — custodiis  :  abl.  of  means. 

64  1-4  cognosceret,  should  he  know ;  equiv.  to  a  protasis  with  si  ; 
§  310,  /;  (  )  ;    B.  305,  2  ;    G.  59S  ;    H.  507,  iii,  I  (573,  N.)  ;    H.  &  B. 

000. 

64  15  si  ignoraret :  Cicero  here  ironically  lays  down,  under  the  form 
of  a  calm  and  reasonable  alternative,  the  principle  that  Verres  might  crucify 
any  Roman  citizen  whom  he  did  not  personally  know  and  who  could  not 
furnish  a  rich  man  to  identify  him. 

64  IG  hoc  iuris  :  §  216,  </,  3  (  ) ;  B.  201,  2  ;  G,  369  ;  H.  397,  3 

(442,  I);   H.  e^  B. 

64  18  ut  .  .  .  tolleretur :   clause  of  purpose. 

64  21  (Seci\  13.)  hostis,  i.e.  by  his  acts  he  has  virtually  declared  him- 
self the  open  enemy  of  the  state  as  if  he  were  a  foreign  power  making  war 
on  the  rights  of  Roman  citizens  (hence  hostis  rather  than  inimicus). — 
non  illi  :  both  words  are  emphatic,  • — ■  //  is  not  to  this  person  (in  particu- 
lar) but  to,  etc.,  that  you  were  hostile. 

64  22  quid  enim  attinuit,  &\.c.,for  tuhat  did  it  have  to  do  with  the  case 
that  you  should  order,  etc.  :  why  should  you  have  ordered,  etc.,  unless  by 
these  gratuitous  severities  you  wished  to  show  your  hatred  of  the  very 
name  of  citizen  ? 

64  25  fretum,  the  strait  of  Messina. 

64  32  divisa,  thus  divided. 

65  1  alumnum,  foster-child,  i.e.  adopted  citizen. 

65  4  (Sect.  14.)  Observe  the  double  chmax :  facinus,  scelus,  parri- 
cidium  ;  vincire,  verberare,  necare.  For  the  crucifixion  of  a  citizen 
Cicero  can  find  no  word  strong  enough  ;  hence  the  summit  of  the  climax 
is  reached  in  quid  dicam  ? 

65  5  parricidium :  for  the  horror  with  which  this  crime  was  regarded 
by  the  Romans,  see  Rose.  Am.,  sects.  28,  29. 

65  14  in  comitio :    i.e.  publicly  in    Rome  and   in   the   very  centre  of 


2/2  Notes 

Roman  freedom  and  Roman  life.  The  comitium  was  an  open  space  north 
of  the  Forum,  on  higher  ground  (see  Plan  of  Forum,  top)  ;  it  was  used  for 
the  most  ancient  comitia,  the  curiata  (in  which  the  people  were  assembled 
by  the  thirty  hereditary  curiae),  for  hearing  lawsuits,  and  for  contiones. 
The  curia,  or  Senate-house,  fronted  toward  the  comitium.  —  quod,  i.e. 
that  point  which. 

65  15  celebritate,  i.e.  as  being  a  crowded  thoroughfare. 

65  16  potuit,  sc.  fieri. 

65  18  praetervectione,  etc.,  on  the  track  of  all  who  sail  to  and  fro  (by 
the  Strait  of  Messina,  the  necessary  route  to  Greece). 


THE   MANILIAN   LAW 


ARGUMENT 


Chap.  i.  Exordium.  Why  this  is  Cicero's  first  appearance  before  a 
political  assembly.  —  Narratio.  2.  Statement  of  the  case  :  Mithridates  and 
Tigranes  have  invaded  the  Roman  domain.  This  war  is  demanded  by 
the  dignity  and  safety  of  the  State.  —  Confirmatio.  I.  Character  of  the 
war. —  3.  Ill  success  of  the  First  and  Second  Mithridatic  Wars. — 4. 
Strength  of  the  enemy.  —  5.  Present  tameness  of  the  Roman  people 
contrasted  with  their  ancient  pride.  The  allies,  whose  safety  is  at  stake, 
demand  Pompey  as  commander. — 6.  The  chief  revenues  are  in  peril,  en- 
dangered by  mere  suspicion  of  calamity.  —  7.  Financial  crisis  at  Rome 
(general  ruin  would  result  from  disaster  to  the  publicani).  —  II.  8.  Mag- 
nitude of  the  war.  Lucullus  achieved  great  success  in  his  campaign. — 
9.  But  the  war  is  still  a  great  one:  Mithridates  is  not  subdued;  our  army 
has  suffered  reverses;  Lucullus  has  been  removed.  —  III.  lo.  Who  then 
should  be  appointed?  Military  experience  of  Pompey. —  ii,  12.  His 
successes,  especially  in  the  Piratic  War.  —  13,  14.  He  has  all  the  qualities 
of  a  general,  including  not  only  courage,  but  moral  qualities:  blameless- 
ness,  humanity,  self-restraint,  easy  manners.  —  15.  His  prestige  and  influ- 
ence, especially  as  derived  from  the  Piratic  War. — 16.  His  special 
reputation  in  the  East,  largely  resulting  from  his  brilliant  fortune. — 
17.  Moreover,  he  is  on  the  spot. —  Confutatio.  Objection  of  Hortensius, 
that  all  power  ought  not  to  be  given  to  one  man. —  18.  Answered  by  facts 
as  to  the  result  of  the  Gabinian  law. —  19.  Brilliant  success  of  this  law 
(incidentally,  Gabinius  should  be  assigned  to  Pompey  as  legatus'). — 
20.  Objection   or  Catulus,  that  the  proposition   is   against    precedent.  — 


The  Manilian  Law  273 

21.  Answered  by  referring  to  other  violations  of  precedent  in  Pompey's 
case.  —  22,  23.  Appeal  to  the  people  against  these  objections.  Pompey 
alone  can  retrieve  the  Roman  reputation.  Many  leading  men  favor  the 
Manilian  Law.  —  Peroratio.  24.  Cicero  supports  the  law  purely  from 
devotion  to  the  commonwealth. 

The  Oration  for  the  Manilian  Law  is  a  famous  example  of  a  deliberative 
oration  constructed  on  a  systematic  rhetorical  plan. 
L    Exordium  (introduction):   Chap.  i. 
IL    Narratio  (statement  of  the  case)  :   Chap.  2. 
in.    Confirmatio     (affirmative     argument)  :      Chaps.    3    (sect.    6)  --17 
(sect.  50). 

1.  The  character  of  the  war:   Chaps.  3  (sect.  6)  -7. 

2.  The  importance  of  the  war :  Chaps.  8,  9. 

3.  The  selection  of  a  commander:   Chaps.  10-17  (sect.  50). 
IV.    Confutatio  (answers  to  objections)  :  Chaps.  17  (sect.  51)  -23. 

V.    Peroratio  (peroration). 

The  oration  was  delivered  in  a  contio  or  public  meeting  of  Roman  citi- 
zens held  not  for  voting,  but  for  debate  or  address  merely.  A  contio  could 
be  called  by  any  magistrate  who  had  a  matter  to  lay  before  the  people,  and 
was  held  regularly  in  the  Comititvji  or  the  Forum.  After  a  rogatio  (propo- 
sition of  a  law)  had  been  offered,  such  a  meeting  was  regularly  convened 
in  order  that  the  voters  might  hear  the  arguments  on  both  sides.  Later 
the  comitia  voted  on  the  bill,  Yes  or  No. 

Thus  the  present  speech  in  many  respects  resembled  our  modern 
political  addresses  on  important  public  measures,  like  the  tariff  or  the 
currency.     It  has,  however,  an  official  character. 

I.     Exordium    (Chap.    I) 

Sects.  1-3.  Chap.  I.  This  is  Cicero's  first  appearance  before  a 
political  assembly.  Hitherto  he  has  given  all  his  time  to  defending 
his  friends  as  a  lawyer.  He  rejoices  that  in  this  his  first  political 
oration  he  has  a  subject  on  which  any  one,  however  unpractised, 
cannot  fail  to  speak  well,  —  the  valor  and  ability  of  Pompey. 

67  1  (Sect,  i.)  For  a  discussion  of  the  structure  of  the  opening 
period,  see  general  Introd.  p.  xlvii. — frequens  conspectus  vester,  the 
sight  of  you  in  full  assembly. 

67  2  hie  locus,  the  Rostra{Y\g.  18,  from  a  coin).  The  scanty  remains 
of  the  rostra  may  be  seen  at  the  left  of  the  Temple  of  Concord  in  the 
cut,  p.  xi.  —  ad   agendum,  for  public  business :    i.e.  among  the  many 


274 


Notes 


Fig. 


duties  of  a  magistrate  there  is  none  more  dignified  (amplissimus)  than 
this  of  addressing  the  whole  people  in  a  political  assembly;  agere  cum 
popido  was  the  technical  expression  for 
transacting  business  in  the  coniitia  or  a 
contio. 

67  3  ornatissimus,  honorable  (of 
private  glory  as  an  orator). —  Quirites, 
felloiv-citizens :  the  name  by  which  the 
Romans  were  addressed  when  acting  in  a 
civil  capacity.  —  hoc  aditu,  this  avenue 
(i.e.  addressing  the  people  on  political 
questions). 

67  4  Optimo  cuique,  i.e.  to  such  as 
the  presiding  magistrate  would  permit,  for 
only  these  had  a  right  to  speak  in  a  contio. 

67  5  rationes,  plan :  the  plural  indicates  the  details  of  the  plan,  i.e. 
the  particular  considerations  that  determine  a  general  course  of  conduct. 

68  1  cum  (temporal),  zvhile  ;  §  323,  2  (  )  ;  B.  288,  i,  h  ;  G.  585  ; 
H.  521,  2  (600,  ii.  I);   H.  &  B. 

68  2  auctoritatem  :  the  act  of  speaking  in  a  ^^'w/zi?  indicated  that  the 
speaker  was  a  proper  person  to  advise  the  people,  and  hence  it  would 
confer  auctoritas  {weight,  prestige'). — attingere,  aspire  to. 

68  3  ^txitZ\.\xm.\VL%Qma,  perfected  by  force  of  intellect  :  i.e.  the  fruit  of 
fully  developed  mental  power. 

68  4  elaboratum,  carefidly  wrought  (such,  therefore,  as  needed  more 
practice  than  youth  could  give). 

68  5  amicorum  temporibus,  exigencies  of  my  friends.  A  Roman 
lawyer  was  not  regarded  as  doing  a  service  for  hire,  but  was  expected  to 
defend  his  friends  gratuitously.  He  was,  indeed,  prohibited  from  receiving 
pay  ;  but,  though  no  bargain  was  made,  the  obliged  party  was  expected  to 
give  a  liberal  present,  in  some  form  or  other,  to  h.\?,  patronus. 

68  5  (Sect.  2.)  neque  .  .  .  et:  here  the  first  clause  is  virtually  con- 
cessive ;   we  may  render  while  .  .  .  at  the  same  time. 

68  7    caste,  with  clean  hands  ;  integre,  in  good  faith  (toward  the  client). 

68  8  iudicio,  i.e.  their  action  in  electing  him.  —  fructum,  i.e.  the  sev- 
eral grades  of  office  he  had  already  filled :  he  was  now  praetor. 

68  9  dilationem,  adjotimment.  There  were  many  things  which  could 
break  up  an  assembly  and  put  off  the  business,  especially  unfavorable 
auguries,  the  announcement  of  which  was  a  favorite  device  of  politicians. 
If  an  election  was  thus  interrupted  by  adjournment,  the  votes  already  taken 


The  Mmiilian  Laiv  275 

were  null  and  void  and  the  whole  proceeding  had  to  be  gone  through  with 
again.  The  comitia  at  which  Cicero  was  chosen  praetor  were  twice 
adjourned  in  this  way,  so  that  there  were  three  meetings  before  the 
election  was  complete.  At  each  of  these  Cicero  was  the  first  (primus)  of 
the  eight  praetors  to  secure  a  majority,  and  hence  he  was  thrice  declared 
elected  (ter  renuntiatus  sum),  primus  does  not  here  imply  a  superiority 
in  rank,  for  the  eight  praetors  were  regarded  as  colleagues  and  they  deter- 
mined their  functions  by  lot. 

68  11  quid  aliis,  etc. :  i.e.  this  action  of  the  voters  showed  that  they 
approved  his  course  of  life,  and  was  a  suggestion  to  others  how  to  attain 
similar  honors. 

68  12   nunc,  opposed  to  the  time  referred  to  in  sect.  I. 

68  14   ad  agendum, /^r  speaking  (cf.  note  on  1.  2,  above). 

68  15   forensi  usu :  the  courts  were  held  in  the  Forum. 

68  18   quoque,  i.e.  to  forensic  as  well  as  to  military  or  political  activity. 

68  19  (Sect.  3.)  atque  (the  strongest  of  the  and'?,),  and  further. — 
illud  (nom.)  laetandum :  the  construction  illud  laetor  changed  to  the 
passive;    §  238,  b  (^  );    cf.  B.    176,   2;    G.  2>2)Z^   i?  ^-M    H.  371,  iii 

(405);   H.  &B. 

68  20   mihi,  following  insolita. 

68  21    ratione,  manner. 

68  22  oratio,  language;  orationis  (1.  24),  argumejit  (abstract  from 
Oro,  in  its  original  sense  of  to  speak). 

68  23  virtute,  good  qualities  generally. 


II.     Narratio   (§§  4-5) 

Sects.  4-5.  Present  state  of  the  Mithridatic  War.  A  leader  is 
necessary,  and  there  is  but  one  leader  fit  to  cope  with  the  situation. 

Observe  that  these  two  sections,  though  apparently  a  mere  statement  of 
facts,  are  so  expressed  as  to  contain,  in  brief  and  powerful  form,  the  sub- 
stance of  the  whole  oration.  The  appointment  of  Pompey  is  not  a  matter 
for  argument,  Cicero  contends  throughout  the  speech,  but  an  absolute 
necessity :  the  condition  of  affairs  demands  action,  and  this  is  the  only 
action  that  can  avail. 

68  27  (Sect.  4.)  atque  (cf.  note  on  1.  19,  above),  and  now  (to  come 
to  the  point).  —  indie,  fro/n  that  point. 

68  29  vectigalibus  ac  sociis,  tributaries  and  allies  (of  the  latter  some 
were  tributary  and  others  not). 


2j6  Notes 

68  30  relictus,  i.e.  before  the  contest  was  fully  decided ;  lacessitus, 
only  assailed,  not  seriously  attacked.  By  using  these  words  Cicero  artfully 
prepares  for  the  assertion  which  he  is  about  to  make  of  the  need  of  an 
energetic  commander. 

68  31  Asiam,  i.e.  the  province  of  this  name,  occupying  the  western 
half  of  Asia  Minor  and  bordering  on  the  dominions  of  Mithridates. 

68  3-2  equitibus,  etc.  :  keep  the  emphasis  by  changing  the  construction  : 
Roman  eqidtes  are  daily  receiving,  etc. 

68  33  quorum  .  .  .  OCCupatae,  whose  large  properties,  invested  in  man- 
aging your  revenues,  are  endangered.  The  revenues  were  farmed  out  to 
societates  (companies)  of  publicani,  who  were  members  of  the  equestrian 
order  (see  sect.  14). 

69  2   necessitudine  :   Cicero  was  of  an  equestrian  family. 

69  4  (Sect.  5.)  Bithyniae:  this  territory  had  been  bequeathed  to 
the  Roman  republic  by  Nicomedes  III,  B.C.  74. 

69  5  Ariobarzanis :  king  of  Cappadocia,  which  had  been  overrun  by 
Mithridates. 

69  7  Lucullum :  Lucullus  was  related  to  both  branches  of  the  family 
of  Metellus,  and  had  married  Clodia,  sister  of  the  notorious  Publius 
Clodius.  It  was  chiefly  this  mischievous  demagogue,  who  was  serving 
as  one  of  his  officers,  that  stirred  up  the  dissensions  and  mutinies  which 
robbed  Lucullus  of  the  fruits  of  his  victories.  —  discedere,  is  on  the  point 
of  zvithdrazving.  —  huic  qui  successerit,  his  successor,  Glabrio. 

69  8  non  satis  paratum,  not  adequately  furnished — an  understate- 
ment :  Glabrio  had  shown  himself  thoroughly  incompetent,  but  Cicero  was 
on  good  terms  with  him.  This  was  the  Glabrio  who  had  presided  over 
the  court  in  the  case  of  Verres. 

69  9   sociis,  i.e.  Asiatics  ;  civibus,  Romans  engaged  in  business  in  Asia. 

69  10    imperatorem  (in  pred.  appos.  with  unum),  as  commander. 


III.       CONFIRMATIO   (§§   6-5 o) 

Having  briefly  stated  the  facts  (in  the  narratio,  sects.  4,  5),  Cicero  asks 
what  is  to  be  done  (sect.  6).  His  discussion  of  this  question  falls  under 
three  heads:  (i)  the  nature  of  the  war  (sects.  6-19);  (2)  its  magnitude 
(sects.  20-26);  (3)  the  choice  of  a  commander  (sects.  27-50).  In  the 
first  and  second  divisions  he  represents  the  nature  and  magnitude  of  the 
war  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  the  conclusion  under  the  third  head  inevi- 
table, —  that  Pompey  mzcst  be  chosen  comma7ider. 


The  Manilian  Law  277 

I.    The  Nature  of  the  War  (§§  6-19) 

This  is  considered  under  four  heads  (defined  in  sect.  6)  :  there  are  at 
stake,  (i)  the  dignity  and  prestige  of  Rome  (sects.  7-11);  (2)  the  safety 
of  the  allies  (sects.  12-13);  (3)  the  chief  revenues  of  the  state  (sects. 
14-16);  (4)  the  investments  of  the  ptiblicani,  whose  embarrassment 
would  cause  a  financial  panic  in  Rome  itself  (sects.   17-19). 

69  17  (Sect.  6.)  agitur,  is  at  slake. 

69  21  certissima :  the  surest  because  Asia  was  the  richest  and  most 
fruitful  of  all  the  provinces  ;  hence  the  price  paid  by  \.\\t  publican i  for  the 
privilege  of  farming  its  taxes  was  always  certain  to  be  large. 

69  22  quibus  amissis:  equiv.  to  a  fut.  protasis.  —  ornamenta,  orna- 
ments, i.e.  "all  that  exalts  and  embellishes  civilized  life." 

70  1  a  vobis  :  the  abl.  with  a  is  used  instead  of  the  dat.  of  agent 
because  there  is  another  dat.  dependent  on  consulendum ;  §  232,  n. 
(  ) ;  B.  189,  i,a-G.  355,  R. ;  H.  388,  N.  (431,  i) ;    H.  &  B. 

Sects.  7-11.  The  war  affects  both  the  dignity  and  the  welfare  of 
Rome.  The  massacre  of  Roman  citizens  by  Mithridates  is  as  yet 
unpunished.  So  far  no  Roman  general  has  succeeded  in  checking  his 
aggressions.  Has  the  Roman  spirit  declined  ?  Our  ancestors  were 
more  active  in  taking  vengeance  for  insult  and  wrong. 

70  8  (Sect.  7.)  civis  Romanes,  etc.:  this  massacre  (b.c.  88),  in 
which  80,000  persons  perished,  was  intended  by  Mithridates  as  a  step 
toward  the  entire  expulsion  of  the  Romans  from  Asia. 

70  11   regnat  :  for  tense,  see  §  276,  a  {  )  ;    B.  259,  4  ;   G.  230 ; 

H.  467,  2  (533)  ;   H.  &  B. 

70  14    (Sect.  8.)    etenim,/^;-  (you  will  notice). 

70  17  triumphavit  de  :  not  triumphed  over,  but  celebrated  a  triumph 
for  a  victory  over.  The  word  is  repeated  in  emphatic  antithesis  to  the 
clause  sed  .  .  .  regnaret. 

70  19  regnaret,  ivas  still  a  king  (i.e.  in  possession  of  his  kingdom). — 
verum  tamen,  but  still. 

70  20  quod  egerunt./'r  what  they  have  done  :  by  a  Latin  idiom  quod 
is  here  equivalent  to  propter  id  quod. 

70  22  res  publica,  the  public  interest.  Sulla  had  hastened  to  make  an 
unsatisfactory  peace,  that  he  might  return  and  restore  order  in  Italy, 
which  was  in  the  power  of  the  Marian  faction. 

70  23  (Sect.  9.)  autem,  noiv  (in  contrast  to  the  action  of  the  Roman 
generals).  —  reliquum,  that  followed. 


2/8  Notes 

70  27  Bosporanis,  the  people  of  Bosporus,  a  flourishing  Grecian  state, 
embracing  the  Crimea  and  adjoining  lands. 

70  29  ad  eos  duces,  i.e.  Sertorius  and  his  comrades.  Sertorius  was 
the  ablest  general  of  the  Marian  faction  in  the  Civil  Wars.  After  the 
victory  of  Sulla,  and  the  complete  overthrow  of  his  own  party  else- 
where, he  continued  to  hold  Spain,  where  he  attempted  to  found  a  new 
republic,  entering  into  alliance  with  Mithridates  and  other  enemies  of 
Rome. 

71  1    gereretur  (for  fut.  indie.)  :  subj.  of  integral  part. 
71  2   de  imperio,  for  supretnacy. 

71  3   (Sect,  io.)   alterius  corresponds  to  altera,  1.  6,  below. 
71  4   firmamenti,  outward  support ;  roboris,  internal  strength. 
71  5   Cn.   Pompei  :    Pompey  and   Metellus    Pius  conducted  the  war 
against  Sertorius  from  B.C.  77  till  B.C.  72  without  being  able  to  subdue 
him.     In  72  Sertorius  was  assassinated  by  his  lieutenant  Perperna,  whom 
Pompey  had  no  difficulty  in  defeating.     Cicero,  it  will  be  observed,  sup- 
presses these  details,  preferring  to  give  Pompey  credit,  in  general  terms, 
for  putting  an  end  to  "  the  danger  from  Sertorius." 
71  6   in  altera  parte,  i.e.  in  the  East. 

71  8  felicitati  :  observe  the  chiastic  order  of  the  ideas,  —  felicitati, 
virtuti  ;  culpae,  fortunae.  —  haec  extrema  (an  intentional  euphemism), 
these  late  disasters. 

71  9  tribuenda,  attributable.  In  fact  the  ill  success  of  LucuUus  was 
in  great  part  due  to  the  machinations  of  politicians  at  Rome  ;  he  was  not 
properly  supported  by  the  home  government. 

71  15    (Sect.  II.)    mercatoribus,  etc. :   abl.  abs.  expressing  cause. 
71  19   appellati,  addressed.  —  superbius,  too  haughtily. 
The  orator  is  here   appealing  to  the  passions  of  his  hearers,  and  his 
statements  must  be  interpreted  accordingly.     In  B.C.  148,  Roman  ambas- 
sadors demanded  that  the  Achaean  League  give  up  all  its  recent  acquisi- 
tions ;     at    which    the    incensed 
€^          ""■  ^^         «- — ^T^'Ni  populace  insulted  the  ambassa- 

,^X  /\    ^^K^^      ^^"^^  ^^'^  drove  them  away.     In 

^  \j =|''^6=-=**-^^®^  U    ^^^  ^^^    ^^^^    followed,  Corinth 
fe/V  H53(^s-C^  i?     ^^^  captured  by  Mummius  and 

^/  N^^l^^^r        destroyed,    while     Greece     was 

^^*'--^'*'^  made    into   a  province    by    the 

name  of  Achaia.  The  insult  to 
the  ambassadors  was  but  a  pretext  for  the  war,  which  was,  in  fact,  merely 
one  act  in  the  general  Roman  policy  of  conquest.     The  extinction  of  the 


The  Manilian  Law 


279 


Fig.  20 


"  eye  of  Greece,"  too,  was  not  from  motives  of  vengeance,  but  in  order  to 
remove  a  powerful  rival  to  Roman  commerce. 

71  21  legatum,  etc.  :  M'.  Aquilius,  the  person  referred  to,  had  in  fact 
forfeited  all  claim  to  the  inviolability  of  an  ambassador  by  actually  taking 
command  of  an  army  against  Mithridates.  He  was  taken  prisoner  and  put 
to  death  (B.C.  88).  Aquilius  had  done  service  to  the  State  by  suppress- 
ing the  Servile  War  in  Sicily  (see  Fig.  19). 

Sects.  12,  13.  Our  suffering  allies  implore  aid.  For  their  own 
sake  they  beg  that  the  command  be  intrusted  to  Pompey. 

71  26  (Sect.  12.)  videte  ne  :  the 
Latin  expresses  in  the  form  of  a  purpose 
clause  ("see  to  it  lest,"  etc.)  what  we 
should  put  in  the  form  of  an  indir.  quest, 
("see  whether  it  be  not,"  etc.). 

71  27  ut,  <7j,  correl.  with  sic.  —  illis, 
i.e.  your  ancestors. 

71  29   non  posse :  subj.  of  sit.    . 

71  30  quid  ?  a  regular  formula  of 
transition,  again.  —  quod,  that;  §  333,  b 
(  );  G.542;  H.540,iv,N.(588,3); 
H.  &  B.  .  —  periculum  ac  discri- 

men,    a    dangerous   crisis:    the    former        ;  '       ■ 

word  signifying  the  trial ;  the  latter  the 

decision.     (See  Introd.  p.  xlv.)  -^  * 

72  1   Ariobarzanes  :  king  of  Cappa- 

docia.  It  was  the  designs  of  Mithridates  upon  this  kingdom  that  first 
brought  him  into  collision  with  Rome.  (Fig.  20  is  from  a  fine  bust  of 
some  unknown  Cappadocian.) 

72  6   certum,  a  particular.  —  cum  :   causal. 

72  7   sine  summo  periculo,  i.e.  by  offending  Lucullus  and  Glabrio. 

72  10  (Sect.  13.)  propter,  a/ /^fl«a^.  —  quo:  abl.  of  degree  of  differ- 
ence with  aegrius. 

72  11  adventu  ipso,  by  his  mere  coming.  —  maritimum,  i.e.  the  war 
against  the  pirates,  which  Pompey  had  just  finished  with  great  glory. 

72  14  ceterarum  provinciarum,  i.e.  those  assigned  to  Pompey  by  the 
Gabinian  Law,  which  gave  him  power  over  the  entire  Mediterranean  and 
the  coasts  fifty  miles  inland.  This  would  not  include  the  province  of 
Bithynia,  nor  the  greater  part  of  Asia.  The  Manilian  Law  extended  his 
power  over  the  entire  East. 


/ 


28o  Notes 

72  15   quorum  ,  .  .  commendetis  :    §  320,/  (  )  ;   B.  282,  3  ; 

G.  631,  I  ;    H.  503,  ii,  2  (591,  7)  ;    H.  &  B. 

72  17   etiam  si  defendant  :  subj.  of  integral  part. 

72  r.»  non  multum,  etc. ;  the  expression  was  hardly  too  strong  for  the 
general  type  of  provincial  governors.  Cf.  "The  Plunder  of  Syracuse," 
sects.  I,  6,  7,  where  Cicero  contrasts  the  moderation  of  Marcellus  in  time 
of  war  with  the  rapacity  of  Verres  in  time  of  peace. 

Sects.  14-16.  The  safety  of  the  largest  and  surest  revenues  of 
Rome  is  also  at  stake. 

72  23  (Sect.  14.)  The  neatness  of  Cicero's  transitions  may  be  seen  to 
good  advantage  in  this  oration.  In  the  present  section  he  passes  by  a 
clever  turn  from  the  safety  of  the  allies  to  the  safety  of  the  revenues.  Our 
ancestors  took  all  possible  pains  to  defend  their  allies  even  when  they  had 
suffered  nothing  themselves  :  shall  we  hesitate  to  defend  our  allies  when 
our  government  has  been  insulted,  —  especially  when  on  their  safety  de- 
pend our  chief  revenues  ? 

72  23  propter  socios  (emphat.)  ;  these  wars  have  a  place  in  the  argu- 
ment solely  on  account  of  their  motive.  The  events  referred  to  are  the 
following  :  Antiochus  the  Great,  king  of  Syria,  was  defeated  by  Scipio 
Asiaticus  at  Magnesia,  B.C.  190.  Philip  V,  king  of  Macedonia,  was 
defeated  by  Flamininus,  at  Cynoscephalae,  B.C.  197.  The  .T^tolians  had 
helped  Rome  against  Philip,  and  then  joined  Antiochus  against  her  :  they 
were  obliged  to  submit  after  the  battle  of  Magnesia.  Carthage  had  been 
forced  into  a  third  war  in  B.C.  149,  and  was  taken  and  destroyed  by  Scipio 
.Emilianus  in  B.C.  146. 

72  28  agatur,  etc.,  it  is  a  question  of  your  richest  7-evenues.  The  prov- 
ince of  Asia,  like  Sicily,  paid  as  a  tax  the  tenth  of  all  products  {dectimae). 
The  collection  of  this  was  farmed  out  by  the  censors  to  companies  oi publi- 
cani  belonging  to  the  equestrian  order.  All  other  provinces  regularly  paid 
a  stipejidiian,  or  fixed  tax,  which  they  raised  themselves. 

72  29  tanta,  only  so  great.  —  eis,  abl.  with  contenti.  —  vix  contenti, 
i.e.  they  will  hardly  pay  the  costs  of  their  own  defence. 

72  30  Asia:  this  description  of  Asia  Minor  is  no  longer  true,  for  bad 
government  and  bad  cultivation  have  exhausted  its  natural  wealth. 

72  32  pastionis,  pasture  land,  let  to  publicans,  who  paid  a  tax  called 
scriptura.  —  exportantur  :  the  portoria  were  tolls  and  customs  duties  paid 
upon  goods  both  exported  and  imported  :  the  rate  was  2|,  or  (in  Sicily) 
5  per  cent  ad  valorem. 

73  8  (Sect.  15.)  pecuaria,  etc  :  cf.  the  summary  of  the  resources  of 
Asia,  p.  72,  11.  30-32. 


TPie  Maiiilian  Law  281 

73  10  portu,  decumis,  scriptura  :  these  repeat,  in  inverse  order,  pecu- 
aria,  agri  cultura,  navigatio. 

73  12   fructus,  income  (i.e.  to  the  Romans). 

73  14  (Sect,  16.)  exercent,  manage,  refers  to  the  societates  pnblica- 
norum,  who  took  contracts  for  collecting  the  revenues  ;  exigunt,  collect^ 
refers  to  the  agents  and  slaves  who  attended  to  the  details  of  the  collec- 
tion. 

73  17  familias  :  see  note  on  Rose.  Am.,  p.  15,1.3.  The  Roman  slaves 
were  not  merely  rude  Gauls  and  Thracians,  but  educated  Greeks  and 
Asiatics.  The  latter  served  in  noble  families  as  secretaries,  stewards,  and 
tutors,  and  would  naturally  be  employed  by  the  great  tax-collecting  corpo- 
rations as  agents  and  servants, 

73  18  saltibus,  monntain  pastures.  Here  again  three  classes  of 
revenue  are  alluded  to:  scriptura  (?';?  saltibns),  decumae  (^in  agris), 
portoria  {in  portnbiis').  Observe  the  art  with  which  Cicero  constantly 
repeats,  in  different  order  and  different  terms,  the  same  detailed  description 
of  the  revenues,  in  order  to  keep  this  important  point  before  the  minds  of 
his  hearers. 

73  19  custodiis,  coast-guards,  stationed  to  prevent  smuggling,  at  the 
custom-houses  and  toll-houses. 

73  20  posse,  can  :  for  construction  of  posse,  see  §  307,  (/  (  )  ;  G. 
248,  R. ;  H.  &.  B.            ;   the  protasis  is  nisi  .  .  .  conservaritis  (fut.  perf.). 

Sects.  17-19.  The  investments  of  the  puhUcani  and  others  are 
endangered  by  this  war  ;  hence  there  is  fear  of  a  financial  crisis 
at  Rome. 

74  1   (Sect.  17,)  ac  ne,  etc.,  nor  must  you  neglect  this  point  either. 

74  2  cum  essem  .  .  .  dicturus :  see  above,  sect.  6,  where  the  divisions 
of  the  subject  are  specified. 

74  3  quod  .  .  .  pertinet,  -which  hears  icpon,  etc.  The  antecedent  is 
illud, 

74  5  nam  et  corresponds  to  deinde  (sect,  18),  Two  classes  are  men- 
tioned :  (i)  t\\Q publicani  or  tax-farmers,  and  (2)  other  citizens  who  have 
money  invested  in  Asia  (sect.  18). 

74  6  rationes,  business  enterprises  ;  copias.  fortunes.  —  in  illam  pro- 
vinciam,  i.e.  the  farming  of  the  revenues  there. 

74  7  ipsorum  per  se,/or  their  own  sake  (i.e.  apart  from  all  question 
of  the  safety  of  the  revenues). 

74  8  nervos :  the  same  figure  is  seen  in  our  phrase  "  the  sinews  of 
war." 


282  Notes 

74  9  eum  .  .  .  ordinem,  i.e.  the  eqtiites :  these  not  only  farmed  the 
taxes,  but  they  were,  in  general,  the  capitalists  and  bankers  of  Rome. 

74  11  (SEcr.  1 8.)  ex  ceteris  ordinibus  refers  to  men  of  humbler 
rank  who  were  carrying  on  business  in  Asia,  as  well  as  to  Senators  who 
had  money  invested  (conlocatas)  there. 

74  13   eorum  (redundant)  limits  partim. 

74  14  humanitatis  vestrae :    §  214,  ^/(  );  B.  198,  3;  G.  366 ; 

H.  401,  N.-  (439,  3) ;  H.  &  E.  ;  sapientiae  is  in  the  same  construc- 

tion. 

74  17  etenim  primum  introduces  the  tirst  reason  why  the  losses  of 
private  citizens  are  a  matter  of  public  concern  ;  the  second  reason  is  intro- 
duced by  deinde  quod  (sect.  19).  —  illud  parvi  refert,  etc,  //  is  of  slight 
consequence  that  7ve  can  afterwards  zvin  back  by  victory  ;  §  252,  a  (  ) ; 

B.  211,  3,  <2  ;   G.  379,  380  ;    H.  408,  iii  (449,  3) ;  H,  &  B. 

74  18  publica  either  agrees  with  vectigalia,  or  may  be  taken  abso- 
lutely, omitting  the  doubtful  word  vectigalia.  —  his,  i.e.  the  publicani ; 
amissis,  lost,  i.e.  as  bidders  for  the  revenues. 

74  19   redimendi,  contracting  for  the  revenues. 

74  21  (Sect.  19.)  deinde:  introducing  another  important  point ;  gen- 
eral credit  will  invariably  suffer  when  a  large  class  of  moneyed  men  are 
ruined.  The  student  should  remember  that  Rome  was  a  great  commercial 
centre  like  London  to-day. 

74  22   initio  belli,  i.e.  in  the  First  Mithridatic  War. 

74  23   memoria,  loc.  abl,;  §  254,  a  (^  ) ;  G.  389;    IT.  425,  i,  2  (485, 

I);   H.  &B. 

74  24  cum  amiserant,  xvhen  (as  you  remember),  etc.  :  §  325,  a 
(  );   cf.  B.  288,  I,  a\   G.  580;    H.  521,  ii,  i  (601);   H.  &  B. 

—  solutione  .  .  .  concidisse  (brief  description  of  a  financial  panic),  t^/Z/d-;/ 
payment  was  embarrassed,  credit  fell.  Similar  panics  in  recent  times  may 
help  us  conceive  the  political  importance  of  commerce  in  antiquity. 

74  25  non  enim  possunt:  translate  (to  preserve  the  emphasis),/^;-  it 
is  ifnpossible  that. 

74  26  ut  non  .  .  .  trahant  (clause  of  result),  without  dragging  (lit. 
so  as  not  to  drag). 

74  27  prohibete  :  for  the  two  senses  of  this  verb,  see  Vocab.  (cf.  also 
defendo). 

74  28    id:    §  225,  a. 

74  29  xaXiO  ^eCMniaxvim.,  financial  system. 

74  30  versatur,  (f<?;//;v^. — i^ecuniis,  finances. 

74  31  ilia,  i.e.  those  in  Asia  ;   haec,  i.e.  at  Rome. 


The  Manilian  Laiv  283 

74  32  num  .  .  .  sit,  ivhethcr  you  02tght  to  hesitate.  —  dubitandum  sit, 
impersonal. 

75  1  incumbere :  the  usual  constr.  after  non  dubito  in  this  sense  ; 
§  332,  g,  N.'-^  (  )  ;  B.  298,  b  ■  G.  555,  R.3 ;  H.  505,  i,  4  ;  H.  &  B. 
000,  o. 

75  2  fortunae,  etc. :  with  this  chapter  Cicero  closes  the  discussion 
"  de  genere  belli."  There  is  no  anticlimax,  for  the  stability  of  the  whole 
Roman  financial  system  was  of  course  more  important  than  either  the 
safety  of  the  allies  or  the  revenues  of  a  single  province. 

II.    The  Magnitude  of  the  War  (§§  20-26) 

Having  shown,  in  the  preceding  division,  that  the  war  is  necessary  (i.e. 
that  much  is  at  stake),  Cicero  now  proceeds  to  prove  that  it  is  a  dangerous 
war  (i.e.  that  the  outcome  is  uncertain).  To  do  this  he  needs  only  to 
sketch  the  history  of  the  contest,  ending  with  the  recall  of  Lucullus  and 
the  appointment  of  Glabrio. 

Sects.  20-26.  Exploits  of  Lucullus.  The  war  still  a  great  one. 
Roman  reverses  and  discouragement  of  the  army.  Mithridates 
unsubdued.     Lucullus  superseded  by  Glabrio. 

75  5  (Sect.  20.)  potest  (emphatic  position),  etc.,  //  may  be  said,  i.e. 
in  answer  to  the  preceding  arguments:  of  course,  in  order  to  justify  the 
wisdom  of  so  exceptional  a  measure  as  the  Manilian  Law,  it  was  necessary 
to  show  that  the  war  was  of  sufficient  gravity  to  require  the  appointment 
of  Pompey.  Observe  the  skilful  transition  from  the  genus  of  the  war  to 
its  magnitudo.  —  belli  genus,  i.e.  the  war,  in  its  character. 

75  7  elaborandum  est :  use  the  personal  construction  in  translating. 

75  12  ornatas,  equipped ;  instructas,  organized. 

75  14  obsessam,  invested:  oppugnatam,  attacked  (by  the  active  oper- 
ations of  siege)  :  the  English  verb  besiege  includes  both  ideas.  This  was 
B.C.  74. 

75  18  (.Sect.  21.)  ad  Italiam :  a  fleet  which  Mithridates  had  de- 
spatched for  Italy  with  a  contingent  furnished  by  Sertorius,  had  been 
defeated  by  Lucullus  near  the  island  of  Lemnos.  —  ducibus  Sertorianis : 
abl.  abs.  —  studio,  zeal  (for  one  party)  ;   odio,  hate  (for  the  other). 

75  20  proeliis :   §  259,  a  ;  cf.  B.  230,  2  ;   G.  394,  r.  ;    H.  &  B. 

75  21  Pontum,  i.e.  the  Euxine  Sea. 

75  22  ex  omni  aditu,  at  e7>ery  approach. 

75  23  Sinopen,  Amisum :  towns  on  the  north  coast  of  Asia  Minor. 


284 


Notes 


Fig.  21 


Coin  of  Amisus. 


75  25  aditu,  approach  ;  adventu,  arrival.  The  fact  is,  that  both  Sinope 
and  Amisus  had  made  a  very  stubborn  resistance,  which  the  orator  chooses 
to  ignore.  A  certain  vagueness  in  Cicero's 
whole  account  in  this  and  the  following  chap- 
ter is  doubtless  due  to  a  wish  to  spare 
LucuUus. 

75  26  alios  reges:  his  son  Machares,  king 
of  Bosporus,  and  his  son-in-law  Tigranes,  kinj 
of  Armenia. 

75  28  salvis,  i.e.  without  harming  the 
allies  ;  integris,  i.e.  without  impairing  tlic 
revenues. 

75  29  ita,  of  such  a  kind. 
75  30   a   nuUo,   etc . :    thus   Cicero's  praise 
of  Lucullus  has  a  definite  place  in  the  argument.       It  is  important  for 
him  to  show  that  this  law  can  be  advocated  by  one  who  fully  appreciates 

the  merits  of  Lucullus. 

76  1  (Sect.  22.)  requiretur,  the 
question  will  be  asked  (emph.). 

76  4  primum :  the  corresponding 
particles  ("  secondly,"  etc.)  are  omitted ; 
the  next  point  begins  at  sect.  23. 

76  5  PontO:  the  old  kingdom  of 
Colchis,  the  scene  of  Jason's  adven- 
tures in  winning  the  Golden  Fleece 
(see  Gayley,  Classic  Myths,  §§  145  ff.), 
was  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Eux- 
ine  and  formed  a  part  of  Mithridates' 
kingdom  of  Pontus.  —  Medea  :  see 
Fig.  22  (from  a  wall-painting).  —  quam 
praedicant,  who,  as  they  tell.  (The 
usual  sign  of  indir.  disc,  in  English, 
that,  cannot  be  used  with  a  relative.) 

76  7  persequeretur,  was  likely  to 
follow.  This  is  a  subord.  clause  in 
indir.  disc. ;  but,  even  if  the  story 
were  being  told  in  dir.  disc,  (without 
praedicant),  we  should  still  have  per- 
sequeretur on  the  principle  of  infor- 
mal indir.  disc,  expressing  the  thought 


The  Maui  Hail  Law  285 


of  Medea  :   §  341,  d  (^  );   B.  323  ;   G.  628;    H.  528,  i  (649,  i);   H. 

&  B.  ;  this  is  shown  by  the  use  of  se  (not  earn)  in  1.  6.  —  conlectio 

dispersa,  the  scattered  gathering :  the  phrase  vividly  expresses  the  idea  of 
his  wandering  about  to  pick  them  up. 

76  9  vim  auri,  etc.:  the  immense  treasures  which  Mithridates  had 
accumulated  in  his  several  fortresses  came  into  the  hands  of  LucuUus  :  not 
money  simply,  but  works  of  art,  etc. 

76  10  quas  et  .  .  .  et,  equiv.  to  quas  partim  .   .  .  partini. 

76  14  ilium,  hos,  denote  distance  and  nearness  of  time.  Render  in 
the  pass,  to  keep  the  emphasis,  the  one  was  detained  by,  etc. 

76  15  (Sect.  23.)  hunc,  i.e.  Mithridates. 

76  16  confirmavit,  reassured. 

76  19  erat  enim,  etc. :  explaining  the  reason  why  these  nations  dis- 
played hostility,  though  the  Romans  had  no  designs  on  them. 

76  20  eis  nationibus,  i.e.  those  near  Armenia. 

76  22  gravis  atque  vehemens,  potent  and  very  strongly  held. 

76  23  fani :  "  the  temple  of  the  Persian  Nanaea,  or  Anaitis,  in  Elymais, 
or  the  modern  Luristan  [that  part  of  Susiana  nearest  to  the  Euphrates], 
the  most  celebrated  and  the  richest  shrine  in  the  whole  region  of  the 
Euphrates."  Such  a  rumor  would  at  once  fire  the  population  of  the  whole 
East. 

76  27  urbem :  Tigranocerta,  the  new  capital  of  Tigranes,  situated  in 
the  southwest  part  of  his  kingdom,  near  the  river  Tigris.  This  city  was 
destroyed  by  Lucullus. 

76  29  commovebatur,  xvas  affected.  After  all  his  successes,  Lucullus 
had  made  somewhat  the  same  mistake  as  Napoleon  in  his  Russian  expedi- 
tion, and  had  found  himself  in  an  awkward  situation,  far  from  his  base  of 
operations,  and  in  the  midst  of  infuriated  enemies. 

76  30  (Sect.  24.)  hie,  on  this  point.  —  extremum,  the  climax. 

76  31  ut  .  .  .  quaereretur,  subst.  clause  of  result  :  §  332,  headnote 
(  );   B.  297,  3;  G.  553,  4;   H.  501,  i,  2  (571,  2);   H.  &B. 

77  G  opes  .  .  .  misericordiam :  a  short  expression  for  "  win  them 
over  to  pity  and  call  out  their  resources." 

77  7  ut  .  .  .  videatur,  a  result-clause  following  qui  .  .  .  regno :  the 
more  natural  way  to  express  the  idea  in  English  would  be  by  a  coordinate 
clause  with  and  therefore. 

77  8  (Sect.  25.)  victus,  zvhen  beaten;  incolumis,  at  the  height  of  his 
p07ver. 

77  11  ut  .  .  .  attingeret,  in  appos.  with  eo  following  contentus.  We 
should  regularly  have  quod  with  the  indie;    cf.  §  333,  ^  (  );   G.  542  ; 


286  Notes 

H.  535,  iii  (614)  ;    H.  &  B.  ;   but  the  form  of  the  clause  appears  to  be 

determined  by  acciderat,  which  takes  a  subst.  clause  of  result;  §  332,  a,  2 
(  );   B.  297,  2;   G.  553,  3;   H.  501,  i,  I  (571,  I);   H.&B. 

77  12  umquam :  not  aliquajido,  on  account  of  the  neg.  idea  implied 
in  praeter  spem  ;   §  105,  h  {  ). 

77  13  victorem:  as  adj.;  §  188,  d  {  );  G.  288,  r.;  H.  441,  3 
(495.3);   H.  &B. 

78  1  poetae :  such  were  Nasvius,  who  wrote  a  Bellnm  Putiicum,  and 
Ennius,  author  of  Annales,  recounting  events  of  Roman  history ;  both 
lived  in  the  third  century  B.C. 

78  2  calamitatem :  i.e.  the  defeat  of  Triarius  (b.c.  67),  who  was  lead- 
ing reinforcements  to  Lucullus.  Only  a  severe  wound  of  Mithridates  saved 
the  Roman  army  from  utter  destruction.  As  it  was,  the  rout  was  so  com- 
plete that  no  [regular]  f?iessenger,  etc. 

78  4  sermone,  comftion  talk. 

78  6  (Sect.  26.)  tamen,  i.e.  though  the  defeat  was  so  disastrous. 

78  7  potuisset:  subj.  of  characteristic  ;  the  cont.  to  fact  idea  which  is 
also  contained  in  the  word  would  not  have  required  the  subj.;  §  311,  ^ 
(  );   B.  304,  3;   G.  597,  R.3«;   H.  511,  i,  N.3  (583);   H.  &  B. 

—  vestro  iussu,  i.e.  by  the  Gabinian  Law  (see  Introd.,  p.  66).  —  imperi: 
the  military  imperiu}?i  could  be  extended  after  the  term  of  office  by  the 
Senate.  The  holder  of  a  command  thus  extended  { prorogattini)  was 
called  proconsul  or  proprcetor.  In  this  case  Lucullus  had  now  held  com- 
mand seven  years,  from  B.C.  74. 

78  12-14  coniungant,  etc. :  this  sums  up  the  considerations  already 
urged  as  to  the  magnitude  of  the  war  (from  sect.  23). 

78  13  integrae,  fresh  (cf.  p.  76, 11.  20,  21). 

III.    The  Choice  of  a  Commander  (§§  27-50) 

The  plan  of  this  division  is  simple  but  effective.  Four  things  are  requisite 
in  a  great  commander  :  scientia,  virtus,  auctoritas,  felicitas,  Pompey  has 
all  these  qualities  in  the  highest  degree  :  (i)  scientia  (sect.  28)  ;  (2)  virtus 
of  every  kind  (sects.  29-42) ;  (3)  aucto7'itas  (sects.  43-46) ;  (4)  felicitas 
(sects.  47,  48).  Hence  he  should  be  appointed  (sect.  49),  especially  since, 
by  Divine  Providence,  he  is  at  this  moment  in  the  East  {opportunitas) 
(sect.  50). 

78  15  (Sect.  27.)  By  way  of  transition,  Cicero  sums  up  (in  11.  15-18) 
the  state  of  the  argument.  —  satis  .  .  .  videor,  /  have  said  enough,  / 
think  [to  show]  7<jhy,  etc.  Observe  that  the  Latin  prefers  the  personal 
construction  {I  seem  to  myself)  to  our  impersonal  {it  seems  to  me).  —  esset. 


TJie  Manilian  Law  287 

is :  imperf.  by  seq.  of  tenses  after  fecisse;    §  336  B,  n.^  (  );   B. 

268,2;   G.  518;   H.  495,  iv  (548) ;   H.  &B. 

78  17  restat  ut,  etc.,  it  remains  for  ?fte,  as  it  seems,  to  speak  ;  §  329,  n. 
(  );   G.  553,  4;    H.  501,  i,  I  (571,  I);    H.  &  B. 

78  19  utinam  .  .  .  haberetis,  /  wish  yoti  had;  §  267  (  ) ;  B.  279, 
2;  G.  260,  261;  H.  483,  I,  2  (558,  I,  2);  H.  &  B.  .  —  innocentium : 
innocens  was  an  almost  technical  word  to  express  cleanness  of  hands  on 
the  part  of  an  official;   we  may  translate  by  blameless  or  incorruptible. 

78  22  nunc  vero,  but  now  (i.e.  as  things  stand)  :  opposed  to  the  unful- 
filled wish,  utinam  .  .  .  haberetis.  —  cum  :  causal.  —  unus,  but  one. 

78  23  qui  non  modo,  etc :  this  remarkable  exaggeration,  which  puts 
the  exploits  of  Pompey  above  those  of  Alexander,  Hannibal,  Scipio,  and 
other  generals  of  antiquity,  probably  suited  well  enough  the  temper  of  the 
assembly.  The  student  should  remember  the  hyperbole  of  personal  praise 
and  blame  characteristic  of  most  political  oratory,  especially  in  a  "  cam- 
paign." 

78  24  virtute,  excellence  (not  valor  only). 

78  25  cuiusquam,  used  on  account  of  the  neg.  idea  in  the  question  quae 
res,  etc.  (see  note  on  umquam,  p.  77,  1.  12,  and  cf.  umquam,  below,  1.  29). 

Sect.  28.  The  four  things  requisite  in  a  commander  are  all  pos- 
sessed by  Pompey  in  the  highest  degree  :  (1)  scientia  (experience 
and  knowledge  in  the  art  of  war). 

79  1  (Sect.  28.)  belle  .  .  .  hostibus:  loc.  abl.  expressing  the  circum- 
stances ;   we  may  translate  by  a  clause  with  when. 

79  2  ad  patris  exercitum :  Fompey,  then  seventeen  years  old,  served 
with  his  father,  Cn.  Pompeius  Strabo,  consul  B.C.  89,  the  last  year  of  the 
Social  War. 

79  4  summi  imperatoris :  his  father,  who  commanded  on  the  side  of 
the  Senate  against  Cinna,  B.C.  87. 

79  5  imperator :  in  b.c.  %■}>  the  young  Pompey  raised  an  army  (chiefly 
from  his  father's  immense  estates  in  Picenum)  and  joined  Sulla,  who  com- 
plimented him  as  imperator,  although  he  had  not  yet  held  even  the  quses- 
torship. 

79  6  quisquam,  used  on  account  of  the  neg.  idea  in  saepius  .  .  . 
quam;  see  note  on  cuiusquam,  p.  78,  1.  25.  —  inimico,  a  private  adver- 
sary (e.g.  before  a  court). 

79  9  imperiis :  all  Pompey's  commands  had  been  either  assumed  by 
him  or  irregularly  conferred  upon  him  until  he  obtained  the  consulship  in 
B.C.  70. 


288  Notes 

79  12  Civile,  Africanum,  etc.  :  Pompey's  exploits  in  these  various 
wars  are  referred  to  in  the  same  order  but  in  greater  detail  below  (sects. 
30-35),  where  see  notes.  The  last  mentioned,  that  with  the  pirates 
(bellum  navale),  is  of  course  specially  dwelt  on  (sects.  31-35). 

Sects.  29^2.  (2)  The  second  requisite  in  a  commander:  virtus 
(excellence,  of  all  kinds).  The  virtutes  of  Pompey  include  not  only 
virtus  hellandi  (sects.  29-35),  but  incorruptibility  (sect.  37),  self- 
restraint  (sect.  40),  wisdom,  eloquence,  good  faith,  and  humanity 

(sect.  42). 

Sects.  29-35.  Pompey's  virtus  hellandi:  his  former  successes 
(sect.  30)  ;  his  recent  success  against  the  pirates  (sects.  31-33)  ;  the 
celerity  of  his  movements  (sects.  34-35). 

79  21  (Sect.  29.)  neque  enim  illae :  Cicero  does  not  mention  what 
the  other  good  qualities  are  till  sect.  36.  By  an  oratorical  device  he  begins 
as  if  he  did  not  mean  to  talk  about  the  ordinary  virtutes  recognized  as 
necessary  for  a  general,  but  intended  to  speak  of  certain  others,  equally 
necessary  but  perhaps  less  common  (incorruptibility,  etc.),  for  whicli 
Pompey  was  eminent.  But  he  goes  on  at  once  to  emphasize  the  possession 
of  the  commonly  recognized  soldierly  qualities  by  Pompey,  as  if  he  had 
forgotten  his  point  in  his  enthusiasm.  Then,  with  sect.  36,  he  suddenly 
pulls  himself  up,  as  from  a  digression,  and  returns  to  consider  the  good 
qualities  he  had,  as  he  says,  "  begun  to  enumerate."  By  this  method,  not 
only  is  an  air  of  spontaneity  given  to  the  praise  of  Pompey  (as  if  the  orator 
were  carried  away  by  his  theme  ;  cf.  sect.  3),  but  the  special  and  rare 
virtues  on  which  he  wishes  to  lay  stress  are  much  emphasized  by  being,  as 
it  were,  brought  in  twice,  —  a  second  time  when  the  orator  seems  in  danger 
of  forgetting  them  (sect.  36). 

79  26  (Sect.  30.)  testis  est,  etc. :  the  enumeration  corresponds  to 
that  in  sect.  28,  11.  12-14,  above  (Civile,  Africanum,  etc.). 

79  26-28  Italia,  Sicilia,  i.e.  in  the  Civil  War,  —  Italia:  Pompey  raised 
an  army  to  help  Sulla  against  Cinna  and  Carbo,  the  Marian  leaders  (b.c. 

^^).  —  Sicilia,  Africa :  after 
"      ^  Sulla's   final  victory  in  Italy, 

he  intrusted  to  young  Pompey 
the  subjugation  of  Sicily  and 
Africa,  where  Carbo,  with  the 
remnants  of  his  power,  had 
taken  refuge.  P'ig.  23  shows 
a  coin  of  Pompey,  on  which  is  an  allegorical  head  of  Africa. 


The  Manilian  Lazv 


289 


79  31  Gallia  :  this  refers  to  certain  hostilities  in  Gaul  when  Pompey 
was  on  his  way  to  Spain  to  the  war  against  Sertorius  (B.C.  77) ;  these  are 
referred  to  as  bellum  Transalpinum  in  sect.  28. 

80  1  Hispania :    in  the   war   with    Sertorius   (see,   however,    note   on 

P-  71.  1- 5)- 

80  2  iterum:  Pompey,  on  his  way  back  from  Spain  (B.C.  71),  fell  in 
with  the  remnants  of  the  troops  of  Spartacus  and  cut  them  to  pieces  in 
Cisalpine  Gaul ;    but  the  whole  passage  is  a  rhetorical  exaggeration. 

80  7  (Sect.  31.)  omnes  orae,  etc.:  referring  to  the  Piratic  War. 
There  is  no  extravagance  in  this  ;  the  suppression  of  piracy  was  the  most 
glorious  part  of  Pompey's  career. 

80  12  servitutis :  the  slave  system  of  the  ancients  made  cai)tives  a 
lucrative  booty  in  war. 

80  13  hieme,  i.e.  he  either  had  to  sail  in  the  winter,  exposed  to  the 
danger  of  being  lost  at  sea  (mortis),  or,  etc. 

80  14  tarn  vetus  :  the  piratical  forces  were  made  up  of  the  wreck  of 
those  numberless  arniies  beaten  and  broken  up  in  the  wars  of  the  past  half- 
century  or  more.  When  the  lesser  states  lost  their  independence,  their 
bravest  men  would  often  prefer  the  outlaw  freedom  of  piracy  to  personal 
slavery,  or  even  to  political  subjugation.  In  fact,  the  pirate  state  in  Cilicia 
made  a  sort  of  republic, 
unrecognized  and  de- 
fiant. 

80  15  quis  .  .  .  arbi- 
traretur:  §  268  (  ); 
B.  277;  G.  265;  H.  484, 
v(559,4);   H.  &B.        . 

81  7  (Sect.  32.)  fuit : 
for  position,  see  §  344,  d, 

3(  ). 

81  11  cum  . , .  trans 
miserint :  like  a  relative 
clause  of  characteristic  ; 
translate  w/ieu,  etc. 

81  12  Brundisio,  i.e. 
the  short  passage  to 
Greece. 

81  13  legati :  the  case 
is  not  known;    probably  not  an  ambassador,  as  one  would  expect  from 
the  preceding  words,  but  in  another  sense,  —  a  military  aid.     The  plur.  is 


290  Notes 

perhaps  used  rhetorically  for  the  sing.  —  qui:     the  omitted  antecedent 
(^eos)  is  the  subj.  of  captos  [^j^*?]. 

p^^  ^  81  14  mercatoribus :  see  Fig.  24  for  a  trading  vessel 

(from  an  ancient  relief). 

81  15  duodecim  secures,  tivo  prcetors ;  lit.  twelve 
axes  (i.e.  twelve  lictors).  As  provincial  governors,  the 
praetors  were  each  attended  by  six  lictors ;  in  the  city 
they  had  but  two.  For  an  ancient  representation  of 
lictors,  see  Fig.  25  (from  a  coin). 

82  2  (Sect,  -^^t^^  vitam  ac  spiritum :  ports  of  entry 
are  the  breath  of  life  to  a  city  which,  like  Rome,  must  import  its  daily 
supplies  of  food. 

82  3  potestatem  :  ace,  because  it  is  implied  that  they  fell  into  their 
power. 

82  5  praetore :  who  he  was  is  not  known. 

82  6  liberos  (a  rhetorical  use  of  the  plural  for  the  singular)  :  this  was 
a  daughter  of  the  distinguished  orator  Marcus  x\ntonius,  who  had  cele- 
brated a  triumph  for  a  victory  over  the  pirates,  B.C.  102. 

82  10  classis  ea,  a  fleet  (not  that  fleet);  followed  by  a  subj.  of  charac- 
terfttic  (praepositus  esset).  —  consul:  who  he  was  is  not  known. 

82  15  Oceani  ostium,  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 
■     82  16  audiatis:  for  tense,  see  §  287,  c  {  ) ;  B.  268,  7;   G.  513; 

H.  495,vi(55o);   H.  &  B. 

82  18  (Sect.  34.)  sunt  :  plur.,  agreeing  directly  with  haec,  instead  of 
sing,  est  with  the  indir.  question  as  subject;    cf.  §  334,  c,  R.  (  );   cf. 

G.  468 ;   cf.  H.  529,  ii,  2  (649,  ii,  4) ;    H.  &  B. 

82  21  tanti  belli,  etc.,  the  rush  of  so  great  a  war  sped  over  the  sea. 

83  13  (Sect.  35.)  Cretensibus :  Quintus  Metellus,  the  proconsul  (the 
friend  of  Verres),  had  reduced  Crete  nearly  to  submission,  deriving  from 
this  his  cognomen  Creticus.  The  Cretans,  alienated  by  his  harshness,  sent 
to  Pompey,  that  he,  rather  than  Metellus,  might  receive  their  surrender, 
which  Pompey  was  very  willing  to  do.  Civil  war  nearly  broke  out  between 
the  two  commanders  in  consequence.  Pompey,  however,  who  had  his 
hands  full  in  Asia,  withdrew  from  the  field  and  left  the  honors  to  his 
rival. 

Sects.  36-42.  Not  only  hellandi  virtus  is  requisite  in  a  com- 
mander, but  other  virtutes  as  well,  all  of  which  Pompey  possesses : 
incorruptibility  (sect.  37) ;  self-restraint  (sect.  40) ;  wisdom,  elo- 
quence, good  faith,  and  humanity  (sect.  42). 


TJie  Manilian  Laiv  291 

83  20  (Sect.  36.)  quid  ceterae  ?  hoiv  ivith  the  others?  —  paulo  ante, 
i.e.  in  sect.  29  (see  note). 

83  24  innocentia:  see  note  on  innocentium,  p.  78, 1.  19. 

83  27  quae,  subj.  of  sint  (neuter,  as  referring  to  antecedents  of  differ- 
ent genders)  :  translate  these. 

83  28  summa  (emphat.),  in  the  highest  degree. 

83  31  (Sect.  37.)  putare  (in  its  earlier  meaning  of  reckon  :  see  Vocab.), 
etc.,  count  '(^s,  finch).  —  centuriatus  :  two  centurions  commanded  each 
manipulus  of  120  men.  The  centurions  were  advanced  from  the  ranks  by 
the  commander  ;  hence  there  were  opportunities  for  favoritism  and  bribery. 

83  32  veneant,  subj.  of  characteristic. 

84  1  aerario :  the  Treasury  was  in  the  Temple  of  Saturn,  under  the 
superintendence  of  the  two  city  qusestors.  The  actual  management  of  the 
funds  was  in  the  hands  of  a  large  body  of  clerks,  scribae,  who  formed  a 
permanent  collegium. 

84  3  provinciae :  dependent  on  cupiditatem  ;  apparently  the  person 
referred  to  tried  to  purchase  the  influence  of  the  magistrates  in  order  to  be 
allowed  to  retain  his  province  longer  than  the  regular  time  ;  but  nothing 
is  known  of  the  case. 

84  4  in  quaestu,  on  speculation.  —  facit  ut,  etc.,  shows  that  you  recog- 
nize. 

84  11  (Sect.  38.)  recordamini :  imper.  as  protasis;   §  310,  b  {  ); 

B.  302,  4  ;   G.  593,  4  ;   H.  487,  3  (560,  3) ;   H.  &  B. 

84  12  quid  existimetis :  in  the  dir.  question  it  would  be  the  same 
form,  as  deHberative  subjunc;   §  268  (  );   B.  277;   G.  259;   H.  486, 

ii(557);   H.&B. 

84  14   hibernis :  notice  the  strong  antithesis  to  armis. 

84  17  iudicando :  a  great  part  of  the  imperator's  business  would  be 
deciding  cases  of  extortion  by  the  publicani,  who  were  of  the  same  class 
{equites)  that  held  the  judicial  power  in  Rome.  By  not  being  strict 
(severus)  with  them,  he  might  purchase  immunity  for  himself,  if  brought 
to  trial  afterwards  on  a  similar  charge. 

84  18  (Sect.  39.)  hie,  in  such  a  case  (properly,  at  this  point  in  my 
discourse). 

84  19  manus,  vestigium,  i.e.  not  only  was  there  no  intentional  injury 
done,  but  no  unintended  evils  followed  in  its  train. 

84  21  iam  vero  :  here  simply  a  particle  of  transition.  Pompey's  winter 
quarters  are  contrasted  with  such  as  are  referred  to  above  in  hibernis  (1   14). 

84  22  sermones,  reports,  by  way  of  common  talk.  —  ut  .  .  .  f aciat,  to 
incur  expense  in  entertaining  officers  and  soldiers. 


292  Notes 

84  24  enim :  the  connection  of  thought  is,  —  [and  in  this  he  follows 
old  custom]  for,  etc.  —  hiemis, /row  ivinter  (obj,  gen.),  —  avaritiae,/(?r 
avarice  (subj.  gen.):   cf.  §  217,  N.  (  )  ;   G.  363,  K.'- ;    H.  396,  ii  and 

iii  (440,  I  and  2)  ;    H.  &  B.         "     . 

84  28  (Sect.  40.)   celeritatem,  speed.  —  cursum,  extent  of  travel. 

84  29   non  .  .  .  quaedam  .  .  .  aliqui,  it  was  not  that  some,  etc. 

84  30  remigum  :  galleys,  worked  by  oars  and  independent  of  the  wind, 
were  generally  used  as  war  vessels.  In  the  Mediterranean  (particularly  in 
the  Barbary  States)  their  use  was  continued  till  a  very  late  day  ;  and  for 
some  purposes  they  are  still  employed.  Their  trained  crews  of  rowers 
gave  them  a  speed  hardly  less  than  that  of  steam  vessels. 

85  2   amoenitas :  used  of  objects  of  sight,  beauty  of  scenery,  etc. 
85  3   labor,  toil,  always  with  the  sense  of  effort  and  fatigue. 

85  5   ceteri,  as  Verres,  for  instance  (see  "The  Plunder  of  Syracuse," 

pp.  48ff.)- 

85  6  visenda  :  the  passion  for  travel  and  sight-seeing  was  as  common 
among  the  ancients  as  in  modern  times  (cf.  "The  Plunder  of  Syracuse," 
p.  52,1.9;   p.  57,11.  5-7). 

85  9  (Sect.  41.)  f uisse  :  cf.  fuit  in  p.  81,  1.  7  (and  note).  —  hac  con- 
tinentia,  i.e.  such  as  his. 

85  10   iam  .  .  .  videbatur,  ivas  now  getting  to  see?n. 

85  11    nunc:   notice  the  emphatic  repetition  (^anaphora). 

85  14  servire  quam  imperare :  a  rhetorical  exaggeration  for  prefer- 
ring the  condition  of  subject  allies  to  nominal  independence. 

86  1  (Sect.  42.)  consilio,  etc. :    cf.  p.  83, 11.  26,  27. 
86  2   ipso,  of  itself. 

86  3   hoc  .  .  .  loco,  i.e.  the  Rostra. 

86  4  fidem  vero,  etc  :  render  and  as  to  his  good  faith,  etc.,  changing 
the  construction  so  as  to  keep  the  emphasis. 

86  5  quam,  etc. :  render  when  the  enemy  esteemed  it,  etc.  (contrasting 
hostes  with  socios). 

86  7   pugnantes,  in  battle. — victi,  in  defeat. 

Sects.  43-46.  (3)  The  third  requisite  in  a  commander:  mictorita.s, 
(prestige).  This  Pompey  possesses  in  a  high  degree.  It  has  already- 
shown  its  effect  in  the  East. 

86  17   ut  .  .  .  ament :  clause  of  result,  dependent  on  commoveri. 

86  22  indicia,  expressions  of  opinion  (i.e.  by  conferring  offices  on  him)  ; 
cf.  what  Cicero  says  of  himself  in  sect.  2  (p.  68,  11.  12,  13). 

86  23  (Sect.  44.)   ullam  usquam:  see  note  on  sect.  27  (p.  78,  1.  25). 


The  Manilian  Lazv  293 

86  24  illius  diei:  that  of  the  passage  of  the  Lex  Gabinia,  which  con- 
ferred upon  Pompey  the  ccmmancl  against  the  pirates. 

86  26   commune :   as  being  against  pirates,  enemies  of  all  mankind. 

86  28  aliorum  exemplis :  it  is  not  necessary  to  cite  examples  of  other 
generals  ;    Pompey's  own  history  furnishes  instances  enough. 

86  31  qui  quo  die,  on  the  day  on  which  he,  etc. :  the  relatives,  admis- 
sible in  Latin,  cannot  be  literally  reproduced  in  English. 

87  3  potuisset  :  §  308,  c,  N.i  (  )  ;  B.  304,  3,  rt',  N. ;  G.  597, 
R.3,  ^;  cf.  H.  511,  I,  N.3  (583);  II.  &  B.  :  the  protasis  is  implied 
in  in  summa  ubertate,  etc. 

87  4  (Sfxi".  45)  proelio  :  the  defeat  of  Triarius  (see  sect.  25). 

87  c   provincia,  i.e.  Asia. 

87  8  ad  eas  regiones,  i.e.  only  into  the  neighborhood,  for  Pompey's 
authority  did  not  extend  to  the  seat  of  war  ;  this  force  is  given  by  the 
preposition  ad  :   in  would  mean  into. 

87  12  perfecturus  sit:    §  334,  a  {  );   of.  B.  269,  3;   G.  514,  b  ; 

H.  529,  ii,  4  (649,  ii,  i);   H.  &  B.  .  —  perf ecerit :  subj.  of  charac- 

teristic. 

87  15  (Sect.  46.)  ilia  res :  in  appos.  with  the  clause  quod  .  .  .  dedi- 
derunt. 

87  18  Cretensium  :  towns  of  the  same  region  or  race  were  often 
united  in  leagues  or  confederacies,  chiefly  for  religious  purposes.  After 
the  Roman  conquest,  such  comrnunia  were  sometimes  left  in  existence, 
and  even  new  ones  were  organized  and  allowed  to  exercise  some  subordi- 
nate political  function.  The  existence  of  a  coinimute  Cretensitun  is  known 
from  inscriptions. 

87  19   noster  imperator  :  Q.  Metellus  (see  note  on  p.  83,  1.  13). 

87  22   ad  eundem,  i.e.  to  Pompey. 

87  23   eum  quem,  one  %vho. 

87  24  ei  quibus,  while  they,  etc.,  i.e.  those  who  were  jealous  of 
Pompey's  reputation. 

87  25  potissimum,  rather  than  to  any  one  else  (i.e.  rather  than  to  Q. 
Metellus  Pius,  who  also  had  a  command  in  Spain  and  who  was  much  older 
than  Pompey).     Nothing  further  is  known  of  this  embassy. 

87  27  hanc  auctoritatem  :  translate,  as  to  this  prestige,  though  it  is 
really  the  subj.  of  valituram  esse,  the  whole  clause  being  governed  by 
existimetis. 

Sects.  47,  48.    (4)  The  fourth  requisite  in  a  commander  :  felicitas. 
87  30    (Sect.  47.)    felicitate  :  in  this  quality  is  implied  a  special  favor 


294  A'^otcs 

of  the  gods,  which  it  would  be  presumptuous  to  arrogate  to  one's  self 
(hence  timide),  although  Sulla  had  done  so  by  assuming  the  cogiio/iii-ii 
Felix  (see  Rose.  Am.,  sect.  12,  p.  6,  1.  7,  and  note). 

88  2-3  Maximo  :  Quintus  Fabius  Maxinnis,  "  the  shield  of  Rome '"  ; 
Marcello  :  Marcus  Claudius  Marcellus,  "the  sword  of  Rome,"  both  distin- 
guished in  the  Second  Punic  War.  —  Scipioni  :  either  Africanus  the  elder, 
or  .^^milianus  ;  from  sect.  60  it  might  appear  to  be  the  latter.  —  Mario  : 
Caius  Marius,  who  vanquished  Jugurtha,  subdued  the  Cimbri  and  Teu- 
tones,  and  afterwards  (B.C.  88)  engaged  in  civil  war  with  Sulla. 

88  4    saepius,  repeatedly:  Marius  was  consul  seven  times. 

88  5    fuit  (emphatic),  (here  really  has  been;  §  344,  d,  2  {  ), 

88  9  hac  moderatione  :  a  shorthand  expression  for  hoc  inodo  Dwderato, 
in  which  iiioderato  would  refer  merely  to  the  result  clause  ut  .  .  .  vide- 
amur.  — non  ut  (not  to  be  confounded  with  ut  non),  etc.,  i.e.  not  of  such 
a  kind  as  to  say,  etc.,  but  such,  etc. 

88  11    invisa  :  because  presumptuous. 

88  13  (Sect.  48.)  non  sum  praedicaturus  :  this  affectation  of  passing 
a  subject  over  in  silence  is  called  praeteritio. 

88  14   ut,  hoiv  (introducing  an  indir.  quest.). 

88  18    qui  .  .  .  auderet :   rel.  clause  of  result. 

88  19  quot  et  quantas,  correl.  with  tot  et  tantas  above.  Translate 
l)y  the  single  word  as ;  §  106,  h  (  ). 

88  20  proprium  ac  perpetuum,  secured  to  hhn  forever. 

88  21  cum,  introducing  the  general  consideration  (communis) :  turn- 
the  particular  consideration  (ipsius). 

Sects.  49,  50.  Pompey  should  be  appointed  commander  in  Asia,  — 
especially  since  he  is  on  the  spot.  Cicero  recapitulates  the  argument 
and  applies  it  :  since  all  that  I  have  proved  is  so,  can  you  hesitate 
to  appoint  the  general  whom  Heaven  provides.  — especially  (and  here 
a  new  and  powerful  reason  is  added,  as  if  it  were  an  afterthought) 
since  he  is  on  the  spot  already  9 

88  26    (Sect.  49.)    sit  :  subj.  of  characteristic. 

88  28  quin  .  .  .   conferatis  :  §  332,  g,  n."^  (  )  ;   B.  298,  h ; 

G.  555,  2,  R.3;    H.  505,  I  (596,  I)  ;    H.  &  B. 

88  32  (Sect.  50.)  erat  deligendus  :  §  308,  c  {  )  ;  B.  304,  3,  a  ; 
G.  597,  R.3  ;   H.  511,  2  (582)  ;    H.  &  B. 

89  1    nunc,  as  things  stand. 

89  3  adsit,  habeat,  possit :  result  clauses  in  appos.  with  opportunitas. 
—  eis  qui  habent.  i.e.  LucuUus,  Glabrio,  and  Marcius  Rex,  who  were  still 


TJic  Maniliaii  Law  295 

in  command  of  Roman  armies  in  Asia.     For  mood  of  habent,  see  §  342,  a, 
N.  (  )  ;    G.  629,  K.  ;    II,  529,  ii,  N.^  2  (652,  i)  ;    H.  &  B. 

89  4  cur  .  .  .  committamus  :  observe  the  different  mood  in  the  pre- 
ceding question  quid  expectamus  ? 

IV.       CONFUTATIO    (§§    51-68) 

Sects.  51-58.  Objection  of  Hortensius, — that  supreme  power 
ought  not  to  be  given  to  one  man.  Answer  :  Hortensius  made  a 
similar  objection  to  the  Gabinian  Law ;  yet  that  law  turned  out 
extremely  well  :  acting  under  its  provisions  Pompey  cleared  the  sea 
of  pirates.  Incidental  answer  to  the  objection  made  to  sending 
Gabinius  as  lieutenant  with  Pompey  (sects.  57,  58). 

89  8    (Sect.  51.)    at  enim  (objection),  hut,  you  will  say. 

89  9  adfectus  =  ^///f'i'///^.  —  Catulus  :  Quintus  Lutatius  Catulus,  at 
this  time  the  leader  of  the  senatorial  party  ;  an  estimable  man  and  an 
experienced  statesman,  but  no  soldier.  The  beneficia  amplissima  are 
the  successive  offices  that  had  been  conferred  upon  him. 

89  11  Hortensius  :  the  leading  lavi'yer  of  the  time  (see  oration  against 
Verres).  —  ratione,  77^^'. 

89  14  auctoritates  contrarias  :  of  course  there  were  men  of  influence 
on  the  side  of  the  Maniiian  I  .aw  as  well  as  opposed  to  it  ;  Cicero  brings 
forward  the  names  of  several  in  sect.  68,  below. 

89  15  ipsa  re  ac  ratione  :  this  appeal  from  theoretical  objections  (as 
Cicero  thinks  them)  to  experience  (i.e.  in  the  Piratic  War)  would,  of 
course,  be  very  effective  in  a  public  assembly,  for  theoretical  considera- 
tions weigh  little  with  such  bodies  in  comparison  with  facts.  Cicero 
makes  it  doubly  effective  by  pointing  out  that  his  opponents  agree  with 
his  premises  as  to  the  necessity  and  magnitude  of  the  war  and  the  eminent 
ability  of  Pompey  as  a  general,  but  that  they  avoid,  on  these  merely  tech- 
nical grounds,  what  seems  to  him  the  obvious  conclusion  :  viz.,  that  Pom- 
pey should  be  appointed. 

89  20  (Sect.  52.)  tribuenda  sint :  condition  with  nothing  implied 
(in  dir.  disc,  sunt). 

89  23    pro,  in  accordance  with. 

89  24  in  senatu :  laws  did  not  require  any  ratification  by  the  Senate. 
The  expression  of  opinion  by  Hortensius  must  therefore  have  been  inan 
informal  discussion,  after  the  promulgation  of  the  law  (i.e.  its  announce- 
ment as  a  proposed  bill). 

89  25  Gabinium:  see  Introd.,  p,  67  of  text. 


296  Notes 

89  27  promulgasset :  a  bill  intended  to  be  brought  before  either  comi- 
tia  was  regularly  announced  to  the  Senate  and  posted  in  the  city  two 
Roman  weeks  (at  least  17  days)  before  it  could  be  voted  on.  —  ex  hoc  ipso 
loco,  i.e.  in  the  public  discussion  of  the  law,  before  the  vote,  in  the  contio 
(see  sect,  i ). 

89  31    (Sect.  53.)    banc,  i.e.  which  we  have  now. 

90  1  an  implies  a  strong  negative  ;    §  211,  ^  (  ) ;   B.  162,  4,  a  ; 

G.457.  i;  H.  353,  N.^  (380,3);    H.&B. 

90  2  legati,  etc. :  observe  that  Cicero  seizes  the  opportunity  to  recall 
briefly  to  the  minds  of  his  hearers  certain  important  facts  which  he  has 
already  dwelt  on  in  greater  detail  (in  sects.  31-33). 

90  3  ex  omnibus,  etc. :  translate,  froju  communication  (commeatu, 
really  abl.  of  specification)  ivith  all  the  provinces.  —  neque  iam,  no  longer. 

90  8  (Sect.  54.)  Atheniensium  :  the  Athenian  empire  of  the  sea,  in 
the  fifth  century  B.C.,  resulted  from  the  great  victories  in  the  Persian 
War. 

90  9  Karthaginiensium :  the  maritime  power  of  Carthage  was  at  its 
height  in  the  third  century  B.C. 

90  10  Rhodiorum :  the  city  of  Rhodes  was  the  chief  naval  power  of 
the  Mediterranean  during  the  last  three  centuries  before  Christ :  its  power 
was  broken  B.C.  42,  at  its  capture  by  Cassius. 

90  17   permanserit :  subj.  of  characteristic. 

90  19  (Sect.  55.)  Antiochum  :  Antiochus  the  Great,  king  of  Syria, 
defeated  at  Magnesia,  B.C.  190. 

90  20  Persen  :  Perses  or  Perseus,  the  last  king  of  Macedonia,  defeated 
at  Pydna,  B.C.  168.  —  Karthaginiensis :  Carthage  was  mistress  of  the  sea 
at  the  time  when  her  wars  with  Rome  began  ;  but  in  the  First  Punic  War 
she  was  beaten  at  her  own  weapons. 

90  22   ei  repeats  nos :  %ue,  i.e.  that  nation. 

91  1  Delos :  a  very  small  island  in  the  .Egean  Sea,  sacred  as  the 
birthplace  of  Apollo  and  Artemis.  It  had  an  excellent  harbor,  and  this, 
added  to  its  peculiar  sanctity,  gave  it  high  importance.  It  had  at  all  times 
a  flourishing  commerce  and  in  the  time  of  Cicero  was  the  great  slave  market 
of  the  world,  10,000  slaves  being  sometimes  sold  there  in  a  single  day. 

91  3   eidem  repeats  nos  (1.  23,  above). 

91  5  Appia  Via :  the  principal  highway  of  Italy,  running  from  Rome 
to  Capua,  and  thence  to  Brundisium  (see  map  of  Italy,  p.  1.).  It  was 
begun  by  Appius  Claudius  Caecus,  in  his  censorship,  B.C.  312.  —  iam,  at 
length. 

91  6  pudebat  magistratus  (ace.  pi.)  :  no  special  case  is  referred  to, 


The  Manilian  Laiv  297 

but  it  is  implied  that  any  magistrate  ought  to  have  felt  shame,  seeing  that 
the  beaks  of  ships,  rostra,  were  naval  trophies. 

91  7    cum :   concessive. 

91  VI  (Sect.  56.)  dolori :  we  should  be  likely  to  use  a  more  general 
word,  like  feelings,  which  would  be  defined  by  the  context.  Such  differences 
between  two  languages  in  the  expression  of  thought  are  constantly  found, 

91  15   aliquando,  at  last  (cf.  Cat.  ii.,  sect,  i,  1.  i). 

91  20  (Sect.  57.)  utrum,  etc.,  is  it  that,  etc.  ?  Cf.  the  obsolete  use 
of  whether  to  introduce  direct  questions  in  English,  as  in  "whether  is  it 
better." 

91  IT  (Sect.  57.)  obtrectatum  esse  :  the  subject  of  obtrectatum  esse 
is  the  wish  of  the  opponents  to  defeat  the  proposed  measure  (the  appoint- 
ment of  Gabinius  as  lieutenant)  ;  as  this  wish,  if  successful,  would  be  (like 
the  affirmative  measure)  a  determination,  it  is  expressed  by  a  purpose  clause, 
ne  legaretur.  —  adhuc :  this  opposition  began  in  connection  with  the 
Gabinian  Law  and  is  still  continued  in  connection  with  the  Manilian. 

91  19  expetenti,  earnestly  requesting.  — ^o^txAaViW,  claiming  (as  a 
right). 

91  20  legatum  :  the  Senate  assigned  {legare)  subordinate  officers  to 
a  military  commander  or  provincial  governor.  These  legati  had  much 
responsibility,  often  performing  independent  duties  like  those  of  modern 
officers  "  detailed  "  from  the  regular  line.  The  usual  number  of  legati 
was  two  or  three  ;  but  Pompey  received  fifteen  by  the  Gabinian  Law,  to 
whom  ten  more  were  afterward  added. 

91  21  velit,  coniunctivns  modestiae  ;  §  311,  ^  (  ) ;  cf.  B.  280,  2, 
«;  G.  257;  H.  486,1  (556);  H.&B.  .  — impetret:  §320,/(  ); 
B.  282,  3;  G.  631,  I  ;  H.  503,11.  2  (591,  7);  H.&.  B.  .  —  cum:  con- 
cessive. 

92  4  periculo,  i.e.  a  political  risk  such  as  any  politician  would  incur 
in  carrying  an  important  measure. 

92  4  (Sect.  58.)    an:    §  211,   Z*   (  ) ;    B.   162,  4,  a  ;    G.  457,  i  ; 

H.  353,  >!.■*  (380,  3);    H.  &  B.  .  —  C.  Falcidius,  etc.:  Gabinius  had 

not  been  allowed  to  receive  an  appointment  as  legatus  under  the  Gabinian 
Law,  perhaps  because  he  was  tribune  when  it  was  passed.  Cicero  urges 
that  there  is  no  reason  why  he  should  not  be  appointed  under  the  Manilian 
Law,  since  he  no  longer  holds  that  office. 

92  G  honoris  causa,  see  note  on  Rose.  Am,,  p.  3,  1.  28.  —  plebi:  old 
genitive. 

92  7  in  uno  Gabinio,  in  the  case  of,  etc. 

92  8  diligentes, /(^?;'//t7/A/;-,  i.e.  in  urging  a  technical  objection.  — qui 


.  .  .  deberet :  if  this  were  not  a  clause  of  characteristic,  we  should  have 
debebat  to  express  the  cont.  to  fact  idea;   §  311,  <:  (  ) ;   B.  304,  3; 

G.  597,  R.3,  a  ;    H.  511,  i,  N.^  (583)  ;  H.  &  B.  ;   of.  oportebat,  Cat.  i., 

sect.  2,  1.  13. 

92  11  relaturos :  the  consuls  were  the  natural  persons  to  consult  the 
Senate,  but  Cicero,  as  pmetor,  also  had  this  power. 

92  13  impediet :  either  consul  could,  as  having  maior  potestas  than  a 
praetor,  forbid  Cicero  to  bring  the  matter  before  the  Senate  ;  but,  if  he 
persisted,  his  act  would  still  be  valid. 

92  14  defendam :  §  319,  t-  (  ) ;  B.  295,  3  ;  G.  549  ;   H.  499,  3,  n.2 

(568,8);   H.  &B. 

92  15  intercessionem :  the  veto  of  a  tribune,  which  could  stop  any 
political  action,  and  which  Cicero  would  be  bound  to  respect. 

92  IG  quid  liceat,  i.e.  how  far  they  can  safely  go.  —  considerabunt, 
i.e.  before  they  set  themselves  against  the  manifest  will  of  the  people. 

92  18  socius  :  not  as  legatus,  but  simply  as  partner  in  his  former  honor 
and  credit.  This  association  of  Gabinius  with  Pompey  is  used  as  an  argu- 
ment for  giving  him  the  office  of  legatus  now. 

Sects.  59-63.  Objection  of  Catulus,  —  "  precedents  should  not  be 
violated."  Answer :  "  In  time  of  war  the  Roman  people  have  always 
consulted  expediency  rather  than  precedent ;  in  Pompey's  own  case 
there  have  already  been  many  violations  of  precedent." 

92  22  (Sect.  59.)  ut  .  .  .  videatur:  §  332  ^?,  2  (  );  B.  297,2; 

G.  553,  4  ;  H.  501,  2  (571,  2) ;  H.  &  B.  .  —  auctoritate  et  sententia, 

i.e.  the  weight  which  one  must  attach  to  the  opinion  of  so  great  a  man  as 
Catulus  (a  kind  oi  hendiadys). 

92  23  cum  quaereret :  cf.  cum  dixistis,  just  below  ;  §  323  (  ) ; 
G.  579 ;  H.  521,  ii.  2  (600,  ii,  i) ;    H.  &  B. 

92  24  si  poneretis :  fut.  protasis  ;  the  apod,  is  the  compound  sentence 
si  .  .  .  factum  esset,  in  quo  spem  essetis  habituri,  which  itself  consists 
of  a  fut.  prot.  and  apod.;  §  311-,  d  {  ).     The  tenses  depend  for  their 

sequence  on  the  perf.  cepit.  —  si  .  .  .  esset,  if  anything  sJiould  happen  to 
him  (a  common   euphemism   then  as  now).  —  eo  :   §  244,  d  (^  )  ;   B. 

218,6;   G.  40i,N.';   H.  415,  iii,  N.^  (474,  3);    H.  &  B. 

92  25  essetis  habituri:  indir.  quest.;  for  use  of  periphrastic  form,  see 
§  334,  a  (  );   B.  269,  3;   G.  515  ;    H.  529,  ii,  4  (649,  ii,  i);    H.  & 

B. 

92  31  quo  minus  .  .  .  hoc  magis :   §  250,  r.  (  ) ;  B.  223 ;  G. 

403;   H.  423  (479);   H.&B. 


The  Manilian  Lazv  299 

92  33  (Sect.  60)  at  enim:   see  first  note  on  sect.  51. 

93  1  exempla,  precedents :  instituta>  established  customs.  —  non 
dicam,  etc. :  an  excellent  specimen  of  the  rhetorical  device  known  as 
praeteritio  (cf.  note  on  p.  88,  1.  13,  above). 

93  3  paruisse,  adcommodasse,  i.e.  they  disregardcfl  precedents  in 
great  emergencies. —  temporum  depends  on  casus,  consiliorum  on  ra- 
tiones  (chiastic  order). 

93  5  ab  uno  imperatore:  Scipio  Africanus  the  younger  (/Emilianus), 
who  captured  Carthage  (b.c.  146)  and  Numantia  (B.C.  133).  In  his  time 
there  had  been  a  law  that  no  person  should  be  consul  twice  in  succession. 

93  9  ut  .  .  .  poneretur:  clause  of  purpose  with  visum  est  (here  a 
verb  of  decreeing). 

93  10  C.  Mario :  IMarius  was  chosen  consul  five  years  in  succession,  to 
carry  on  the  wars  here  referred  to. 

93  12  (Sect.  61.)  The  argument  in  this  and  the  following  section  is  a 
telling  one  :  "  In  the  case  of  Pompey  himself  precedent  has  often  been  vio- 
lated with  the  full  assent  of  Catulus.  Why,  then,  should  Catulus  be  so 
scrupulous  now,  M'hen  the  highest  interests  of  the  state  are  involved?" 
For  the  several  occurrences  referred  to,  see  notes  on  sects.  28-30,  above. 

93  15  privatum,  i.e.  nt)t  a  magistrate. 

93  18  a  senatorio  gradu:  no  one  couhl  legally  enter  the  Senate  until 
after  holding  the  qua;storship,  the  minimum  age  for  which  was  thirty  at 
least,  and  regularly  thirty-six,  while  Pompey  was  at  the  time  referred  to 
(B.C.  82)  only  twenty-three. 

93  20  in  ea  provincia,  i.e.  Africa. 

93  21  fuit :  translate,  he  shoived,  etc.  (in  order  to  render  the  abls.  of 
quality,  which  come  in  in  a  way  foreign  to  our  idiom). 

93  23  victorem,  victorious  (pred.  adj.).  —  exercitum  deportavit :  this 
was  one  of  the  essential  conditions  of  a  triumph. 

93  24  equitem,  i.e.  not  a  member  of  the  Senate,  having  never  held  a 
magistracy.  —  triumphare :  the  honor  of  a  triumph  was  restricted  to  com- 
manders who  possessed  the  i))iperium  by  virtue  of  holding  a  regular  magis- 
tracy. Until  he  was  elected  consul  for  the  year  B.C.  70,  Pompey  had  never 
had  the  imperiwn  except  by  special  appointment  from  the  Senate  ;  both 
his  triumphs,  therefore,  B.C.  80  and  71,  were  contrary  to  precedent. 

93  27  (Sect.  62.)  duo  consules:  Mamercus  Lepidus  and  Decimus 
Brutus,  B.C.  77.  Instead  of  either  of  these  being  sent  to  Spain  as  pro- 
consul the  next  year,  against  Sertorius,  Pompey,  though  a  simple  eques, 
was  designated  for  that  service. 

93  29   pro  consule  :   when  it  was  desired  to  retain  the  services  of  a 


300  Notes 

magistrate  after  his  term  of  office  had  expired,  his  iviperium  was  extended 
(J>rorogaiu>n)  l)y  the  Senate,  and  was  held  by  him  pro  consuie  or  pro 
praetore,  that  is,  as  having  the  power  of  a  consul  or  praetor  while  no  longer 
actually  a  magistrate.  It  was  not  strictly  legal  to  appoint  a  private  citizen 
in  such  a  capacity  ;  but  sometimes,  as  in  Pompey's  case,  this  was  done.  — 
quidem,  by  the  way. 

93  30   non  nemo,  a  man  or  too. 

93  31  Philippus,  a  prominent  member  of  the  aristocracy  (consul,  B.C. 
91),  distinguished  for  his  wit ;  a  man  of  liberal  temper,  but  a  vehement 
partisan. 

93  32   pro  COnsulibus,  in  place  of  both  consuls. 

93  33  mittere  :  for  mitto  of  the  dir.  disc.  Philippus  seems  to  have 
put  his  bon  mot  into  the  regular  form  of  a  sententia,  or  formal  expression 
of  opinion  in  the  Senate,  using  the  simple  present  tense,  with  the  qualify- 
ing med  sententia;  §  276,  b  {  )  ;  B.  259,  2  ;  G.  227,  x.-  ;  H.  467,  iii, 
6  (530)  ;   H.  &  B. 

94  2  ut  .  .  .  fieret  :  subst.  clause  of  result  after  the  analogy  of  the 
subj.  with  verbs  of  happening  ;  §  332,  /  (  )  ;  G.  553,  4  ;  H.  501,  i 
(571,  I)  ;  H.  &  B.  .  —  ex  senatus  consulto  :  another  irregularity, 
for  the  comitia  were  the  law-making  body  and  therefore  of  course  had  the 
sole  power  of  exempting  from  the  laws. — legibus  solutus,  exempted  from 
the  operation  of  the  lazus,  i.e.  those  limiting  the  age  of  magistrates  {leges 
annates). 

94  3  magistratum  :  the  legal  age  of  a  consul  was  not  below  forty- 
three,  and  that  of  a  praetor  not  below  forty.  Pompey,  however,  was 
elected  consul  (b.c.  70)  at  the  age  of  thirty-six,  which  was  the  regular  age 
for  the  quaestorship. 

94  4  iterum  :  Pompey  celebrated  his  second  triumph  Dec.  31,  B.C.  71, 
and  the  next  day  entered  upon  the  consulship. 

94  5    in,  171  the  case  of 

Sects.  63-68.  The  judgment  of  the  people  should  overrule  such 
objections  (sect.  63,  1.  11-sect.  64, 1.  25).  Pompey  alone  can  retrieve 
the  Roman  reputation  in  the  East  (sect.  64,  1.  26-sect.  67).  Favor- 
able opinions  of  leading  men  (sect.  68). 

94  8  (Sect.  63.)  atque  haec,  etc.,  and  all  these  many  precedents,  so 
weighty  attd  so  new,  have  been  established  in  the  case  of  this  single  man 
(Pompey),  and  have  originated,  too,  in  measures  pro?noted  by  Q.  Catuhis 
and  the  other,  etc.  Lit.  "all  these  many  examples  (i.e.  acts  establishing 
precedents  (have  come  upon  this  same  man  (Pompey)  [proceeding]  from 


The  Manilian  Laiv  301 

the  [senatorial]  approval  of  Q,  Catulus,"  etc.  The  Latin  tends  to  com- 
press two  or  more  assertions  into  a  single  clause,  where  in  English  it  is 
more  natural  to  use  separate  clauses, 

94  ]()  amplissimorum  :  a  regular  epithet  for  dignitaries.  —  auctori- 
tate,  i.e.  since  they  were  then  prominent  members  of  the  Senate. 

94  13  comprobatam,  i.e.  the  people,  in  electing  Pompey  consul,  had 
only  followed  the  example  of  the  Senate  in  conferring  these  repeated 
honors. 

94  14  iudicium,  formal  decision,  expressed  by  passing  the  Gabinian 
Law. 

94  16   vel,  even. 

94  18  delegistis  :  not  literally  correct.  The  Gabinian  Law  merely 
prescribed  that  an  ex-cons  ill  should  receive  this  command  :  the  Senate 
selected  the  man.  In  fact,  however,  it  was  a  law  made  for  Pompey,  and 
the  Senate  would  not  have  ventured  to  appoint  anybody  else. 

94  21  (Sect.  64.)  sin  :  the  protasis  extends  to  attulistis,  the  con- 
nective being  omitted.  —  plus  .  .  .  vidistis,  had  a  keener  insight  in 
affairs  of  state. 

94  L'3  aliquando  :  cf.  p.  91,  1.  15,  and  note.  —  isti  :  this  pron.,  since 
it  is  often  used  of  an  opponent  in  a  suit,  here  at  once  suggests  the  oppo- 
sition now  existing  between  Gicero  and  Catulus. 

94  24  auctoritati  :  §  230.(  );  B.  256,  3  ;  G.  217;  1^.385,1,465,1 
(426,  I,  518,  I)  ;    H.  &  B. 

94  26  Asiatico  et  regio  :  the  two  adjectives  enhance  the  imi^ression  of 
the  difficulty  of  the  war  by  emphasizing  its  distance  and  the  dignity  of  the 
enemy. 

94  30   YQXSdiXi,  conduct  himself  {%e.QNoc?ih.). 

95  1  si  qui  sunt,  ruhen  they  are  (lit.  if  there  are  any).  — pudore  (abl. 
of  specification),  respect  for  others.  —  temperantia,  self-restraint. 

95  9  (Sect.  65.)  requiruntur,  are  in  demand,  i.e.  pretexts  of  war  are 
sought,  with  cities  that  we  hardly  know  of  ;   inferatur,  may  be  fastened. 

95  11  (Sect.  66.)  With  Cicero's  account  of  the  depredations  of  the 
provincial  governors,  cf.  Sheridan's  celebrated  description  in  his  Speech 
in  Summing  up  the  Evidence  on  the  Second  Charge  against  Warren  Hast- 
ings :  "Should  a  stranger  survey  the  land  formerly  Sujah  Dowlah's,  and 
seek  the  cause  of  the  calamity  —  should  he  ask  what  monstrous  madness 
had  ravaged  thus,  what  widespread  war,  what  desolating  foreign  foe,  what 
disputed  succession,  what  religious  zeal,  vv-hat  fabled  monster,  had  stalked 
abroad,  and,  with  malice  and  mortal  enmity  to  man,  has  withered,  with  the 
gripe  of  death,  every  growth  of  nature  and  humanity,  all  the  means  of 


302  N'otcs 

delight,  and  each  original,  simple  principle  of  bare  existence,  —  the  answer 
will  be  (if  any  answer  dare  be  given)  :  '  No,  alas  I  not  one  of  these  things, 
—  no  desolating  foreign  foe,  no  disputed  succession,  no  religious  super- 
serviceable  zeal !  This  damp  of  death  is  the  mere  effusion  of  British 
amity  :  we  sink  under  the  pressure  of  their  support,  we  writhe  under  the 
gripe  of  their  pestiferous  alliance  1 '  "  —  libenter,  etc.,  /  should  be  glad  to 
argue  this  face  to  face,  etc. ;    §  310,  ^7  (  )  ;    B,  305,  l  ;    (j.  600,  I  ; 

H.  507,  N."  (575.  9)  ;   H.  «&  B. 

95  15  hostium  simulatione,  under  a  pretence  of  [the  existence]  of 
enetnies  :  notice  the  chiastic  order. 

95  17  animos  ac  spiritus,  pride  and  insolence. 

95  V.)  conlatis  signis,  i.e.  in  actual  warfare. 

95  L'O  nisi  erit  idem,  zinless  he  shall  also  be  one. 

95  24  idoneus  qui  mittatur:  see  note  on  impetret,  p.  91,  1.  21. 

95  25  (Sect.  67.)  pacatam,  etc. :  in  the  forcible  extension  of  the 
Roman  Empire,  a  province  was  spoken  of  as  pacata  when  actual  resist- 
ance had  ceased  on  the  part  of  the  conquered,  —  quae  .  .  .  sit,  subj.  of 
characteristic;    for  tense,  see  §  287,  <:  (  ) ;    B.  268,  7;   G.  513;    H. 

495.  vi  (550);    H.  &B. 

95  29  praetores,  i.e.  proprietors :  for,  after  the  time  of  Sulla,  the 
prtetors  regularly  remained  at  Rome  during  their  term  of  office, 

95  30  publica,  i.e.  that  allowed  them  for  the  support  of  their  fleets  and 
armies. 

95  33  iacturis,  expenses,  in  securing  their  election. 

95  34  condicionibus,  corrupt  bargains,  with  creditors,  etc. 

96  1  quasi .  .  .  non  .  .  .  videamus :  §  312  (  ) ;  B.  307,  2  ;  G.  602 ; 
H.  513,  ii,  and  N.i  (584  and  2) ;    H.  cS:  B. 

96  3  (Sect.  68.)  dubitare  quin,  hesitate.  The  usual  construction  in 
this  sense  would  be  with  the  infin.;   §  332,^,  N.-  (  )  ;    B.  298,^; 

G.  555,  R.3;   H.  505,  i  (596,1);   H.&B. 

96  7  auctoritatibus,  i.e.  the  opinions  of  influential  men  (cf.  auctor  in 
the  next  line). 

96  8  est  VObis  auctor,  you  have  as  authority.  P.  Servilius  (Vatia 
Isauricus)  was  one  of  the  most  reputable  men  of  the  time.  He  held  the 
proconsulship  of  Cilicia,  B.C.  78-75,  in  which  he  gained  great  successes  over 
the  pirates.  It  was  probably  his  intimate  knowledge  of  the  region  and  the 
kind  of  warfare,  that  led  him  to  support  this  vigorous  measure. 

96  11  debeat:  for  tense,  see  §  287,  a  {  );  cf.  B.  268,  i.  —  Curio: 

see  note  on  Impeachment  of  Verres,  sect.  18,  p.  34,  1.  29. 

96  13  Lentulus :   Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Clodianus,  cos,  b,c,  72 ;   not 


The  Maniliaii   Laiv  303 

to  be  confounded  with    Lentulus  Sura,  cos.   B.C.   71,  the   accomplice  of 
Catihne. 

96  15  Cassius :   for  the  character  of  this  family,  see  note  on  Verr,  i., 
sect.  30,  p.  39,  1.  3. 


V.     Peroratio  (§§  69-71) 

Sects.  69-71.  Manilius  is  encouraged  to  stand  firm.  Cicero 
protests  that  his  own  advocacy  of  the  law  is  disinterested  and 
patriotic. 

96  21  (Sect.  69.)  auctore  populo  Romano:  the  Roman  people  has 
already  shown  its  opinion  of  Pompey  Vjy  passing  the  (lal^inian  Law  ; 
hence  Manilius  has  the  auctoritas  of  the  whole  people  behind  him,  as 
opposed  to  the  auctoritas  of  a  few  aristocrats  like  Hortensius  and  Catulus 
(cf.  sect.  63). 

96  22  neve,  and  not. 

96  25  iterum:  alluding  to  the  former  unanimity  of  the  people  in  pass- 
ing the  Gabinian  Law. 

96  27  de  re  .  .  .  facultate,  the  cause  itself,  or  the  poTvei-  of  earrvinjr 
it  through.  —  dubitemus :    §   320,   a   {  );     B.   283,  2;     G.  631,   r.- ; 

H.  503,1(591,  I);   H.&B.^ 

96  29  potestate  praetoria,  official  influence  as  praetor ;  more  oflkial 
than  auctoritate. 

97  1   ^ti^XQ,  put  at  your  service. 

97  2  templo,  i.e.  the  rostra.  The  term  templutn  was  applied  to  any 
place  consecrated  by  regular  auspices  {a7igurato).  As  the  public  assembly 
was  held  augurato,  the  place  of  holding  it  was  a  consecrated  one. 

97  3  ad  rem  publicam  adeunt,  are  engaged  in  public  affairs. 

97  4  neque  quo,  nor  because;   §  321,  r.  (  ) ;    B.  286,  i,  b  ;   G. 

541,  R.2  ;   H.  516,  ii.  2  (588,  ii,  2) ;    H.  &.  B. 

97  7  honoribus :  the  term  honor  is  regularly  applied  to  honors  con- 
ferred by  the  people,  i.e.  public  offices.  These  he  proposes  to  earn,  not  by 
the  arts  of  a  politician,  but  by  fidelity  in  his  profession  as  an  advocate.  — 
pericula  relates  to  the  simultates  in  the  next  section.  It  was  not  possible 
for  him  to  espouse  this  democratic  measure  so  earnestly,  wdthout  incurring 
coolness,  at  least  on  the  part  of  the  aristocracy.  —  ut,  so  far  as  a  MAN,  etc. 
(Cf.  our  "humanly  speaking,"  "the  Lord  willmg,"  and  the  like.) 

97  9  ab  uno,  i.e.  he  expects  no  reward  in  the  way  of  public  ottice  from 
Pompey's  influence.  —  ex  hoc  loco,  i.e.  by  political  activity  (cf.  sect.  i). 


304  Notes 

97  12  (Sect.  71.)    mihi:  §  232,  a  {  );   B.  189,  2;  G.  354;   H. 

388,1  (431);   H.&B. 

97  13  tantum  .  .  .  abest  ut  videar,  /  a7n  so  far  from  seeming  : 
§  332,  d{  )  ;  G.  552,  K.i  ;    H.  502,  3  (570,  2)  ;    H.  cV  B. 

97  10  hoc  honore,  i.e.  the  prcetorship. 

97  20  oportere,  T  a?fi  bound :  me  (1.  16)  is  subj.  of  praeferre,  and  me 
praeferre  depends  on  oportere. 


FIRST   ORATION   AGAINST  CATILINE 

ARGUMENT 

Chap.  i.  Propositio.  Catihne's  eftrontery  in  appearing  in  the  Senate 
when  his  guilt  is  known.  —  2.  Weakness  of  the  consuls  in  allowing  him  to 
live.  Contrast  with  former  magistrates  in  the  cases  of  Gracchus,  Satur- 
ninus,  and  Servilius.  The  situation  calls  for  action :  reasons  for  the  delay. 
—  3,  4.  The  consul  fully  informed :  latest  acts  of  the  conspirators.  — 
Hortatio.  5.  Catiline  is  exhorted  to  go  out  and  join  his  confederates. — 
6,  7.  Life  in  the  city  should  be  intolerable  to  him :  he  is  feared  and 
hated  by  all  good  citizens:  his  native  city  begs  him  to  begone.  —  8.  He 
has  offered  to  go  into  custody :  all  good  men  urgent  for  his  departure : 
the  Senate  shows  by  its  silence  approval  of  Cicero's  words.  —  9,  10.  The 
consul  urges  him  to  depart :  but  he  will  go  out  only  as  a  public  enemy.  — 
Peroratio.  ii,  12.  The  consul  may  ])e  charged  with  remissness:  but  he 
has  been  biding  his  time. —  13.  For  halfway  measures  would  have  been 
of  no  avail :  Catiline's  death  would  not  have  freed  the  state  from  his  con- 
federates.    Let  Catiline  depart.     Appeal  to  Jupiter  to  save  Rome. 

I.    Propositio   (Chaps.  I-IV) 

Chaps,  I,  II.  Effrontery  of  Catiline  in  appearing  in  the  Senate. 
Weakness  of  the  consuls  in  allowing  him  to  live  contrasted  with 
the  vigorous  action  of  former  times  in  less  flagrant  cases.  Reasons 
for  the  delay. 

Page  99.  Line  2.  (Sect,  i.)  etiam  (et  iam),  still.  —  eludet,  baffle, 
i.e.  his  mad  conduct  makes  fools  of  the  Roman  people,  as  it  were,  by  con- 
tinuing to  escape  the  just  punishment  that  would  suppress  it.  —  quern  ad 
finem :  almost  equivalent  to  quamdiu,  but  implying  some  shock  or  crisis 
(finem)  which  must  follow. 

99  3  sese  iactabit,  insolently  display  itself.  —  nihil  (adv.  ace),  not 
at  all. 


First  Oration  against  Catiline  305 

99  4  Palati :  one  of  the  strongest  positions  in  the  city,  commanding 
the  P'orum,  and  so  most  likely  to  be  seized  by  the  conspirators.  The 
Palatium,  an  isolated  hill,  of  a  rudely  quadrangular  shape,  was  the  original 
seat  of  the  city  of  Rome,  from  which  the  city  spread  gradually  over  the 
other  hills.  In  the  last  years  of  the  republic,  the  Palatine  became  the 
fashionable  place  for  residences.  Here  was  Cicero's  house  as  well  as 
Catiline's.  It  was  because  of  its  nearness  to  his  house,  as  well  as  because 
of  the  strength  of  its  position,  that  Cicero  selected  this  temple  for  the 
meeting  of  the  Senate  on  this  occasion.  Under  the  Empire  the  Palatine 
became  the  seat  of  the  imperial  residence,  and  its  name,  palace,  has  passed 
in  this  sense  into  most  modern  languages. 

99  5  bonorum :  the  Senate  was  surrounded  by  a  crowd  of  equites  and 
other  citizens  (see  sect.  21,  below). 

100  1  locus :  the  Senate  was  assembled,  not,  as  usual,  in  the  Curia 
Hos/ilia,  but  in  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Stator,  which  occupied  a  command- 
ing position  on  the  brow  of  the  Palatine  Hill  and  faced  the  Sacred  Way. 
The  ruins  of  this  temple  were  discovered  some  years  ago  (see  view  in  text). 
—  horum  (with  a  gesture),  i.e.  the  Senators  present.  —  ora,  features; 
VOltus,  expression  :  the  phrase  is  a  sort  of  hendiadys,  almost  equivalent 
to  expression  of  tJieir  features ;  §  385  (  );  B.  374,  4;  G.  698;  H. 
636,  iii,  2  (751,  3,  N.i);   H.  &  B. 

100  2  patere  :  note  the  emphatic  position.  —  non  :  observe  the  abrupt- 
ness and  force  given  by  omitting  the  interrog.  particle  -ne.  —  constrictam 
.  .  .  teneri,  is  held  fast  bound :  §   292,  <:  (  )  ;    cf.  B.  337,  6  ;   G.  238  ; 

H.  388,  I,  N.  (431,  I);   H.  &B. 

100  4  proxima,  superiore  :  for  what  was  done  on  the  night  of  Nov.  6, 
see  sect.  4  ;  as  to  proxima,  last  night,  we  meet  with  nothing  but  general 
assertions. 

100  7  (Sect.  2.)  0  tempora,  etc.,  what  a  time  !  what  a  state  of  things  ! 
(mores  =  customs  of  the  time.) 

100  8  immo,  )iay  more:  immo  here  negatives  not  the /??«:/ of  the  pre- 
ceding statement  (vivit),  but  only  \\.%  form  as  not  being  strong  enough  ; 
nay  is  similarly  used  in  English,  as  in  Midsummer  Nighfs  Dream,  iii.  2. 
313:  "To  strike,  to  spurn  me,  —  nay,  to  kill  me  too  !  " 

100  11  videmur,  etc.  =  think  we  do  enough  for  (i.e.  fulfil  our  duty  to  the 
state).  —  si  .  .  .  vitemus :  in  the  dir.  form,  satis  facimus  si  vitamus. 

100  12  ad  mortem  :  the  consuls  originally  possessed  full  powers  of 
judgment  in  criminal  cases,  including  punishment  by  death.  These  highest 
powers  of  the  imperium  were  suspended  within  the  city  by  laws  which 
gave  the  right  of  appeal  to  the  people  (note,  p.  no,  1.  16),  but  the  Senate 


3o6  Notes 

could  revive  them  in  cases  of  danger  by  the  formula  Videant  consules  ne 
quid  res  publica  detrimenti  capiat,  —  a  proceeding  analogous  to  the  procla- 
mation of  martial  law.  This  action  the  Senate  had  taken  Oct.  21,  nearly 
three  weeks  before. 

100  13   oportebat,  apod,  of  an  implied  cond. :   §  311,  c-  (  )  :  B. 

304,  3,  a  ;    G.  254,  R.i  ;    H.  511,  i,N.3(583);    H.  &  B.  ;   the  imperf. 

is  used  with  iam  pridem,  where  in  English  we  might  expect  the  pluperf. ; 
§  277,  b\   B.  260,  4;  G.  234  ;   H.  469,  2  (535);   H.  &  B.  ;    opor- 

tebat alone  would  mean  "  you  ought  [now]  to  be  [but  are  not]  ";  with  iam 
pridem  it  means  "  you  ought  to  have  been  long  ago  and  still  ought  to  be." 
100  14    iam  diu  :   words  in  brackets  are  thought  to  be  spurious  inser- 
tions in  the  text. 

100  14  (Sect.  3.)  an  vero  properly  belongs  both  to  interfecit  and 
perferemus  ;  in  English  we  should  connect  the  two  clauses  by  and.  On 
the  force  of  an,  see  §  211,  /'  (  )  ;  B.  162,  4,  a  ;  G.  457,  i  ;    H.  353,  N.* 

(380,  3)  ;  H.  &  B.  . — vir  amplissimus,  pontifex  maximus  :  ob- 

serve how  these  words  strengthen  the  force  of  the  example. 

100  15  Ti.  Gracchum  :  Tiberius  Sempronius  Gracchus,  a  young  man 
of  high  rank  and  great  purity  of  character,  attempted  to  carry  through 
some  important  reforms,  particularly  touching  the  tenure  of  the  public 
lands,  B.C.  133.  Requiring  more  time  to  make  his  legislation  effective,  he 
attempted  illegally  to  secure  his  own  re-election  as  tribune,  when  he  was 
attacked  and  killed  by  a  mob  of  Senators  headed  by  P.  Scipio  Nasica. 

100  16  privatus  :  at  the  time  referred  to,  Nasica  was  only  a  private 
citizen  of  consular  rank.  He  afterwards  went  into  exile,  and  was  made 
Pontifex  Maximus  in  his  absence.  The  word  privatus  is  rhetorically 
opposed  to  nos  consules. 

100  18  ilia,  that  case,  plural  for  singular  as  referring  to  the  circum- 
stances of  the  case. 

100  1'.'    Ahala  :  the  magister  equitiim  of  the  famous  Cincinnatus  ;   he 

killed  without  legal  process  the 
eques  Maelius,  on  suspicion  that 
the  latter  was  aiming  at  royal 
power  (B.C.  439)  ;  see  Fig.  25. — 
novis  rebus  (the  classic  expres- 
sion for  a  violent  change  of  gov- 
ernment), revolution:  dat.  after 
studentem. 

100  20  fuit  (emphat.),  there  zoas,  etc.,  implying  that  it  is  so  no  longer  ; 
§  344,  c/,  3  (  )  ;   cf.  fuit  Ilium,  -Eneid,  ii.  325. 


OF  Britl 


First  Oration  against  Catiline  307 

100  22  habemus  (emphat.),  i.e.  it  is  not  that  we  lack,  etc.  —  senatus 
COnsultum  :  i.e.  the  decree  conferring  dictatorial  power  on  the  consuls 
(see  note  on  sect.  2,  1,  12,  above),  td  videajit  consules,  etc. 

100  23  vehemens,  severe,  as  regards  Catiline  ;  grave,  carrying  jveight, 
and  so  justifying  the  consuls  in  any  extreme  measures,  —  non  deest,  etc., 
it  is  not  that  the  state  lacks  zvise  counsels,  etc.,  but  that  the  consuls  are 
remiss  in  executing  them. 

100  2G  (Sect.  4.)  decrevit  :  translate,  to  preserve  the  emphasis,  there 
was  once  a  decree,  etc.  —  ut  .  .  .  videret,  subst.  clause  of  purp.,  obj.  of 
decrevit :  §  331  (  )  ;  B.  295,  4  ;  G.  546 ;  H.  498  (564,  i)  ;  H.  &  B. 
.  —  Opimius  :  Lucius  Opimius  was  consul  B.C.  121,  when  Caius 
Gracchus,  the  younger  brother  of  Tiberius,  was  attempting  to  carry 
through  a  series  of  measures  far  more  revolutionary  than  those  of  his 
brother.  The  Senate  took  alarm,  and  entrusted  the  consul  with  absolute 
poM^er.  In  the  tumult  that  ensued,  some  3000  are  said  to  have  lost  their 
lives,  including  Gracchus  and  his  leading  associate,  Fulvius. 

100  27   ne  .  .  .  caperet,  obj.  of  videret. 

100  28  interfectus  est  (emphat.),  i.e.  in  that  case  death  was  promptly 
inflicted. 

100  29  patre  :  Tiberius  Gracchus,  the  elder,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
statesmen  of  his  day.  —  avo  :   Scipio  Africanus,  the  conqueror  of  Hannibal. 

101  1  Mario  (dat.  after  permissa)  :  this  was  in  Marius'  sixth  consul- 
ship (B.C.  100).  He  was  secretly  in  league  with  the  revolutionists, — 
Saturninus  and  Servilius  Glaucia,  corrupt  demagogues,  unworthy  imitators 
of  the  noble  Gracchi.  When  it  came  to  the  point,  however,  the  courage 
of  Marius  failed  him  :  he  deserted  his  accomplices,  and  joined  the  Senate 
in  crushing  the  revolt. 

101  3  rei  publicae,  poss.  gen.,  the  punishment  being  looked  on  as 
something  belonging  to  the  party  avenged,  and  exacted  from  the  other 
party  as  a  payment  due. 

101  4   remorata  est  (governing  Saturninum,  etc.),  keep  Satzcrninus 
and  Servilius  icaiting,  i.e.  did  they  have  to  wait  one  day,  etc.  ?  —  vicesi- 
mum :   strictly  speaking,  it  was  now   (Nov.  6)   the   19th  day  by  Roman 
reckoning  from  Oct.  21  ;   cf.  §  259,  c  (         )  ;   G.  336,  r}  ;   H.  &  B. 
—  patimur ;  for  tense,  see  §  276,  a   (  )  ;   B.  259,  4;   G.  230;    H. 

467,  2  (532,  2);    U.&K 

101  5   horum,  i.e.  the  Senate. 

101  6  huiusce  modi,  i.e.  like  those  just  mentioned  ;  §101,  footnote 
(  );    B.  87,  footnote  2  ;   G.   104,  I.  N.i  ;    H.  186,  I  (178,  3)  ; 

H.  &  B.  .  —  tabulis  :   brazen  tablets,  on  which  the  laws,  etc.,  were 


308  Notes 

inscribed.  The  edict  is  said  to  be  shut  up  in  them  (until  put  in  force), 
like  a  sword  hidden  in  its  scabbard. 

101  8  interfectum  esse  :  §  288,  ^  (  )  ;  B.  270,  2,  a;  G.  280,  2  ; 

H.  &  B.  . —  convenit,  perf.  :   §  311,  c;   B.  304,  3,  a  ;    G.  254,  r.i  ; 

H.  511,  I,  N.=^(583);    H.&B. 

101  9  ad  deponendam,  etc.  :  §  300  (  )  ;  B.  338,  3  ;  G.  432 ; 
H.  542,  iii,  544,   I   (628,  623)  ;    H.  cS;  B. 

101  10  cupio  (emphat.),  I  am  anxious:  a  concession,  opposed  by 
sed,  below,  —  me  esse  :  §  331,  b,  n.  (  )  ;  B.  331,  iv,  a;  G.  532,  r.-; 

H.535,ii  (614);    H.&B.  . 

101  11    dissolutum,  arbitrary. 

101  12  ipse  :  Latin  in  such  cases  emphasizes  the  subject  ;  English,  the 
object;    §  195,  /  (  )  ;    B.  249,  2;    G.  311,  2;    H.  452,   i   (509,  i)  ; 

H.  &  B. 

101  12  inertiae  :  §  220  (  )  ;  B.  228,  2;  G.  378;  H.  409,  ii 
(456);   H.&B. 

101  13  (Sect.  5.)  castra  sunt,  etc.  :  an  enumeration  of  the  circum- 
stances which  make  a  mild  policy  no  longer  possible. 

101  14  iaxxcihviS,  narrow  pass,  leading  north  from  Etruria,  through  the 
Apennines.  —  conlocata  :    §   291,  b   {  )  ;    B.    t^t,-],  2;    Ci.   250,  r.- ; 

H.  471,  6,  N.i  (538,  4)  ;    H.  cS:  B. 

101  18   iam,  at  once. 

101  19  erit  verendum,  etc.,  I  shall  have  to  fear,  I  suppose  (ironical), 
that  all  good  citizens  will  fail  to  say  (lit.  will  7iot  say)  that  I  have  acted  too 
late  rather  than  that  anybody  will  say  that  I  have  acted  too  cruelly,  i.e.  I 
shall  have  to  fear  that  I  shall  be  accused  of  cruelty  rather  than  slackness. 
—  ne  non  .  .  .  dicat:  §  331, /(  );  B.  296,  2,  a -,  G.  550,  2  ;   H.  498, 

iii,  N.-  (567,  2);    H.  &  B.  .  —  boni  (sc.  dicant)  :  here,  as  usual,  the 

well-intentioned,  i.e.  those  who  held  the  speaker's  views. 

101  21  ego:  opposed  to  omnes  boni  (1.  19,  above). — factum  esse: 
§  288,  d  {  );    B.  270,  2,  a;    G.  280,  R.-  —  oportuit:   §  311,  ^  (  ); 

B.  304,  3,  a  ;  G.  597,  R.^  c^ ;   H.  511,  I,  X.3  (583);   H.  &  B. 

Chaps.  Ill,  IV.  The  consul  is  fully  informed.  Latest  acts  of  the 
conspirators. 

101  22   denique,  i.e.  then,  and  not  before. 

101  23    iam,  at  length. 

101  24   fateatur:  for  mood,  see  §  319,  2  (  ) ;   B.  284,  2  ;  G.  631, 

I  ;    H.  500,  1  (589,  ii,  591);   H.  &  B. 

101  26  (Sect.  6.)  ita.  ut  \Vf\s,  Just  as  yoti  ai-e  [now]  living. 


First  Oration  against  Catiline  309 

101  27    ne  ,  .  .  possis  :  purpose  (not  result). 
101  28   etiam,  besides  the  forces  on  guard. 

101  29  speculabuntur :  probably  referring  to  the  spies  in  the  interest 
of  the  government,  who  were  in  the  very  heart  of  the  conspiracy, 

102  1  quid,  etc.,  zvhat  is  there  for  you  to  wait  for  more?  —  quod 
.  .  .  exspectes :  rel.  clause  of  purpose. 

102  4   inlustrantur,  opposed  to  obscurare  ;  erumpunt,  to  continere. 

102  7  recognoscas,  review,  with  licet,  ut  omitted  :  see  §  331, /j  k. 
(  );    B.  295,  8;    G.  553,  R.i;    PI.  502,  l;   (564,  ii,  l);  H.  &  B. 

102  8  (Sect.  7.)  dicere  :  fur  tense,  see  §  336  A,  n.^  (  ) ;   G.  281, 

2,  N.;   H.  537,  I  (618,  2);   H.  &B. 

102  9   futurus  esset :  subord.  clause  in  ind.  disc. 

102  11    num.,  etc.,  ^uas  I  mistaken  in,  etc.  (lit.  did  tlie  fact  escape  me). 

102   13   idem  (nom.)  has  the  force  of  also. 

102  14  optimatium,  i.e.  of  the  Senatorial  party.  —  in  ante  diem : 
§  259,  e{  );   B.  371,  6;   G.  p.  491  ;    H.  642,  4  (754,  3);    H.  &  B. 

000,  o. 

102  iG  sui  conservandi  .  .  .  causa :  §  298  a,  c  {  ) ;  B.  339,  5  ; 
G.  428,  K.i  and  R.- ;    H.  542,  N.i  (626,  3);    H.  &  B.  ;    this  passage 

is  neatly  turned  so  as  to  save  their  self-respect  by  attributing  their  flight 
to  that  discretion  which  is  the  better  part  of  valor. 

102  19  cum  .  .  .  dicebas :  we  should  except  diceres  ;  the  imperf. 
indie,  is  probably  an  archaic  survival;  cf.  §  277,  e,  and  N.  (  ). 

102  20  tamen:  opposed  to  discessu  ("though  the  rest  were  gone, 
yet,"  etc.). 

102  21  (Sect.  8.)  Praeneste  (Palestrina),  an  important  town  of 
Latium,  about  twenty  miles  from  Rome,  in  a  very  commanding  situation. 
Its  possession  would  have  given  Catiline  a  valuable  military  post.  Prse- 
neste  had  been  a  chief  stronghold  of  the  Marian  party  in  the  Civil  War, 
and  Sulla  had  punished  it  by  establishing  a  military  colony  there  (hence 
coloniam). 

102  23   sensistine,  did  yotc  not  find?  -ne  here  =  nonne  :  §  210,  d,  and 

N.  (  )  ;    G.  454,  N.5  ;    H.  &  B. 

102  24  praesidiis, ///^,^<'7rr?.y^;«  manning  the  walls;  custodiis,  sentinels 
at  the  gates;  vigiliis,  watchmen  (i.e.  night -guard).  —  agis,  etc.:  notice 
the  climax. 

102  27  noctem  illam  superiorem, ///«/  night,  —  night  before  Last,  \.e. 
Nov.  6  ;   priore  (1.  29,  below)  refers  to  the  same  night. 

102  29   quam  te :   §  336,  a,  i,  R.  (  );   H.  524,  i'  (643,  i): 

H.  &  B. 


310  Notes 

102  30  inter  falcarios,  i.e.  to  the  street  of  the  scythe-makers. — non 
agam  obscure,  i.e.  I  will  speak  out  and  be  more  definite.  —  in  domum: 
§258, /;,  N.i  (  );   G.  337,  R.3;    H.  &  B. 

103  1  eodem,  at  the  same  place  (lit.  to  the  same  place,  according  to  the 
Latin  idiom). 

103  4  (Sect.  9.)  gentium  :  §  216,  rt',  4  (  );  B.  201,  2;  G.  372, 
N.3;   H.  397,4(443);   H.  &B. 

103  5  quam  rem  republicam,  what  sort  of  state  ? 

103  G  hie,  hie,  here,  right  here.  —  patres  [t'Z]  eonseripti:  the  formal 
designation  of  the  Senators  ;  patres  were  the  patrician  members  of  the 
Senate,  eonseripti  were  the  plebeians  enrolled  in  that  originally  patrician 
body.  The  conjunction  is  regularly  omitted  (as  often  in  such  combina- 
tions). Observe  that  the  stock  English  translation  conscript  fathers  is 
inexact. 

103  8  qui  :  the  antecedent  is  the  understood  subject  of  sunt.  —  atque 
adeo,  and  in  fact. 

103  9   cogitent:   §  320,  a  (  );   B.  283,  2;   G.  631,  2;    H.  503,  i 

(591,  I);  H.&B. 

103  11  oportebat:  see  sect.  2  and  note.  —  voce  volnero  :  the  allitera- 
tion is  intentional  and  may  easily  be  imitated  in  English,  —  wound  with  a 
word.  —  igitur  (resumptive),  then  (i.e.  as  I  said^. 

103  13   quemque,  each  (of  the  conspirators).  —  placeret,  indir.  quest. 

103  14  relinqueres,  edueeres,  delib.  subj.  in  an  indir.  quest. :  §  334,  b 
(  )  ;   B.  302  ;   G.  265  ;    H.  484,  v  (559,  4) ;   H.  &  B. 

103  16  morae,  partitive  gen.  —  viverem :  subj.  in  subord.  clause  in 
indir.  disc. 

103  17   equites:  these  were  C.  Cornelius  and  L.  Vargunteius. 

103  19  (Sect.  10.)  omnia  .  .  .  comperi:  Cicero's  contemporaries 
made  sport  of  him  for  using  this  phrase  so  often  in  the  case  of  the  con- 
spirators. 

103  22   salutatum:  supine;    §  302   (  ) ;   B.  340,  i;   G.  435  ;   H. 

546  (633);    H.&B.  .     All  prominent  citizens  were  accustomed  to 

hold  a  kind  of  morning  reception  (cf.  "the  king's  levee''^)  to  which  their 
friends  and  dependents  came  to  bid  them  good  morning  and  to  escort 
them  to  the  Forum.  — eum  .  .  .  venissent:  best  translated  hy  zuhen,  etc. 

103  23  id  temporis,  at  that  very  time:  §§  216,  a,  3,  240  ( 
);  B.  201,  2,   185,  2;   G.  336,  N.2,  369;    H.  378,   2,  397,  3  (416,  2, 
442);  H.&B. 

103  24  praedixeram :  Cicero  had  thus  put  on  record,  as  it  were,  the 
fact  that  he  was  acquainted  with  the  details  of  the  conspiracy. 


First  Oration  against  Catiline  311 

103  27  desiderant,  have  been  wanting:  §  276,  a  {  )  :  B.  259,  4; 

G.  230  ;    11.  467,  2  (532,  2)  ;    H.  &  B. 
103  28  si  minus  (sc.  omnes),  if  not. 


II.     HoRTATio  (Chaps.  V-X) 

Chaps.  V-VII.  Why  does  not  Catiline  leave  the  city?  Life 
there  should  be  intolerable  to  him.  He  is  feared  and  hated  by  all 
good  citizens.     His  native  city  begs  him  to  be  gone. 

103  30  murmus,  i.e.  city  wall  (cf.  parietibus,  tualis  of  a  house,  sect.  6). 
—  intersit:  §  3H  (  );  ^-  3io»  ii ;  G.  573;  H.  513,  i  (587);  H.  &  B. 
000,  o. 

103  31  non  feram,  etc. :  the  same  idea  is  repeated  for  emphasis,  but, 
for  variety,  different  words  are  used. 

103  32  (Sect,  ii.)  atque,  and  particularly.  —  huic,  i.e.  in  whose 
temple  we  are  met.         ^ 

104  1  Statori  (sto)  :  the  one  who  causes  to  stand  firm.  The  temple 
to  Jupiter  Stator  was  vowed  by  Romulus  when  his  troops  were  giving  way, 
and  built  upon  the  spot  where  their  flight  was  stayed.  The  remains  of  this 
temple  have  been  recently  discovered  on  the  Palatine,  near  the  Arch  of 
Titus. 

104  3  in  uno  homine,  by  one  man  (Catiline) ;  lit.  in  the  case  of  one 
juan. 

104  7  proximis:  the  consular  election  was  usually  held  in  July;  but 
in  this  year,  on  account  of  the  disturbed  condition  of  things,  it  did  not  take 
place  until  Oct.  28.  —  in  Campo :  the  comitia  centuriata,  in  which  the 
higher  magistrates  were  elected,  were  held  in  the  Campus  Martius,  or 
military  parade-ground,  north  of  the  city.  This  is  the  space  covered  by 
the  main  part  of  modern  Rome. 

104  8  competitores :  Catiline's  successful  competitors  were  D.  Silanus 
and  L.  Murena. 

104  9  copiis,  i.e.  persons  in  the  employ  of  his  friends,  —  slaves  and 
hired  retainers.  —  nullo  .  .  .  concita.tO,  without  exciting  {a.  very  common 
way  of  expressing  this  idiom  in  Latin). 

104  11  videbam,  /  saw  all  along  (observe  the  force  of  the  imperf.). 

104  12  (Sect,  12.)  nunc  iam,  now  at  length. 

104  16  huius  imperi,  i.e.  that  which  I  now  possess :  namely,  that  con- 
ferred upon  the  consuls  by  the  special  decree  of  the  Senate  dent  operam, 
etc.  (see  note  on  p.  100,  1.  12).     Without  this  decree  they  possessed  impe- 


3 1 2  Notes 

riiD/i,  it  is  true,  but  it  was  limited  (in  the  city)  by  special  privileges  of 
Roman  citizens, 

104  20  tu :  opposed  to  comitum, 

104  22  sentina  rei  T^vibliCdiQ,  polUical  rabble  ;  or,  keeping  the  original 
figure,  we  might  say,  bilge-water  of  the  ship  of  state. 

104  24  (Sect.  13.)  faciebas,  were  on  the  point  of  doing :  §  277,  c 
(  ) ;  B.  260,  3  ;    G.  233  ;    H.  469,  I  (534,  2) ;    H.  &  B. 

104  25  hostem,  a  ptiblic  enemy,  whom  the  consul  would  have  the 
right  to  expel  from  the  city.  —  non  iubeo :  Cicero  avoids  the  appearance 
of  ordering  a  citizen  to  go  into  exile,  since  that  was  something  which  the 
consul  had  no  right  to  do. 

104  27  iam,  longer. 

104  29  metuat:  cf.  note  on  cogitent,  p.  103,  1.  9. 

104  30  privatarum  rerum,  ///  private  life,  i.e.  intercourse  with  others 
out  of  the  family  (distinguished  from  domesticae,  above). 

105  2  quern  .  .  .  inretisses,  i.e.  after  entangling,  etc.  (subj.  of  char- 
acteristic).—  ferrum  .  .  .  facem,  i.e.  arm  him  f(^  acts  of  violence,  or  in- 
flame him  to  deeds  of  lust. 

105  3  (Sect.  14.)  o^i^ytxo,  and  say  ! 

105  4  novis  nuptiis,  etc. :  this  crime  is  mentioned  by  no  other  writer, 
and  is  perhaps  one  of  the  orator's  exaggerations. 

105  5  alio  .  .  .  scelere  :  Sallust  mentions,  as  a  matter  of  common 
belief,  that  Catiline  killed  his  own  son,  in  order  to  gratify  his  new  wife 
Aurelia  Orestilla,  "a  woman  praised  for  nothing  but  beauty." 

105  8  ruinas :  this  charge  was  undoubtedly  correct.  The  conspiracy 
was  mainly  composed  of  men  of  ruined  fortunes,  who  hoped  to  better 
themselves  in  the  general  scramble  of  a  revolution. 

105  9  Idibus:  the  Calends  and  Ides  —  the  beginning  and  middle  of 
the  month  —  were  the  usual  times  for  the  payment  of  debts.  Catiline's 
failure  in  his  consular  canvass  had  probably  stirred  up  his  creditors  to  push 
him  for  payment. 

105  14  (Sect.  15.)   cum:   causal,  but  best  translated  by  Tc/^t-w. 

105  15  prid.  Kalendas  lanuarias,  etc. :  Dec.  31,  b.c.  64.  The  act 
here  mentioned  seems  to  have  been  in  preparation  for  a  rising  that  had 
been  planned  by  Catiline  for  the  next  day,  Jan.  I,  B.C.  63.  On  this  day 
the  consuls  Cotta  and  Torquatus  entered  upon  their  office,  and  it  was  the 
intention  of  CatiUne  to  take  advantage  of  their  inauguration  to  murder 
them  and  seize  the  government.  The  plot  got  whispered  about,  and  its 
execution  was  put  off  to  Feb.  5,  when  it  failed  again  through  Catiline's 
precipitancy  in  giving  the  word. 


First  Oration  agaiiist  Catiline.  313 

105   1C>    cum  telo  (a  technical  expression),  zueapon  in  hand. 

105  17  manum:  a  band  (of  assassins). — interficiendorum  causa: 
§  29S,  r  (  )  ;    G.  428,  R.2  ;    H.  &  B. 

105  18   mentem  aliquam,  some  change  of  juind. 

105  20    aut  .   .  .  aut,  etc.,  either  ohscitre  or  few. 

105  21  non  multa,  etc.,  i.e.  they  were  too  well  known  to  need  reca- 
pitulation, and  too  numerous  to  admit  of  it.  —  COmmissa,  which  you  have 
perpetrated. 

105  23  petitiones,  thrusts,  the  word  regularly  used  for  the  attack  of 
a  gladiator.  Cicero  uses  this  and  similar  terms  as  an  affront  to  Catiline. — 
ita  coniectas,  etc.,  so  aimed  that  they  seemed  impossible  to  be  shunned.  The 
Latin  has  no  adj.  for  "  impossil^le." 

105  24  COrpore,  i.e.  dodging  with  the  body  (a  common  colloquialism, 
—  hence  ut  aiunt). 

105  26  (Sect.  16.)  tibi  (dative  of  reference),  etc.,  w;vj/i?<://;'c'/;/j't^/<? 
hands:    §    235,   «    (  )  ;     B.    188,    l  ;     G.    350,    I;     H.    384,   4,    N.-^ 

(425,  4,  N.)  ;    H.  &  B. 

105  28  quae  quidem,  etc.,  /  knoiv  not  by  wJiat  rites  it  has  been  con- 
secrated and  set  apart,  that  you  think,  etc.  (as  if  Catiline  had  solemnly 
pledged  himself  to  use  this  dagger  on  nobody  lower  than  a  consul), 

105  31  nunc  vero,  but  now  (indicating  a  marked  transition).  —  vita, 
i.e.  that  you  should  desire  to  prolong  it  (cf.  sect.  15). 

106  1  quae  nulla,  nothijig  of  which :  §  216,  e  {  )  ;  B.  201,  i,  b  ; 
G.  370,  R.-2 ;   H.  &  B. 

106  3  necessariis  :  this  word  is  used  of  any  close  relation,  as  that 
of  kinsman,  client,  guest,  comrade,  member  of  the  same  order,  etc.  (see 
note  on  necessitudinem,  Verr.  i,  sect.  11,  p.  32, 1.  3). 

106  5   quid  quod,  7^;//^/ ^////z>,  —  ///a/,  etc. 

106  6  subsellia  :  undoubtedly  wooden  benches  brought  in  for  the 
occasion. 

106  7  consulares  :  these  voted  as  a  class,  and  probably  sat  together. 
Catiline,  as  ■z.  praetorius,  no  doubt  sat  in  their  neighborhood. 

106  10  ferendum  [esse]  is  the  pred.  of  the  clause  quod  .  .  .  reli- 
querunt. 

106  10    (Sect.  17.)    servi  :   emphatic,  and  hence  preceding  si. 

106  13   iniuria,  unjustly,  rvrongfully. 

106  14   carere  aspectu,  be  deprived  of  the  sight  of. 

106  20  d\\c\y\.0  ZQ>ViZt^^Xt%,  7vould  retire  somewhere.  —  nunc:  opposed 
to  the  cont.  to  fact  si,  etc. 

106  22   te  nihil  .  .  .  cogitare,  that  you  think  of  nothing  (depending 


314  Notes 

on  iudicat).  —  iudicat  :    for  tense,  see  §  276,  a  (^  )  ;    B.  259,  4; 

G.  230  ;   H.  467,  2  (532,  2)  ;    H.  &  B. 

106  23  auctoritatem,  etc  :  observe  the  climax  in  both  nouns  and  verbs. 

106  25  (Sect.  18.)  quae  (i.e.  patria)  .  .  .  agit,  she  thus  pleads 
wi/h  yon. 

106  2G   annis  :    §  256,  />  {  )  ;    B,  231,  i  ;   G.  393,  r.^  ;    H.  379,  i 

(417,  I  and  2)  ;    H.  &  B. 

106  28  sociorum,  i.e.  the  allied  cities  of  the  province  of  Africa,  which 
Catiline  had  governed  as  proprietor,  B.C.  67. 

106  29  leges  et  quaestiones,  i.e.  in  his  lawless  career  both  as  praetor 
in  Rome  and  as  propraetor  in  Africa.  —  neglegendas  implies  only  evasion  ; 
evertendas,  violence. 

106  30   superiora  ilia,  those  for /ner  crimes  of  yours. 

106  32  me  .  .  .  esse,  etc.  :  this  and  the  two  following  infin.  clauses 
(Catilinam  timeri  and  nullum  videri  .  .  .  consilium)  are  subj.  of  est 
ferendum  ;  posse  depends  on  videri.  —  quicquid  increpuerit,  subjunc.  of 
integral  part ;  §  342  (  )  ;  B.  324,  i  ;  G.  663,  I  ;  H.  529,  ii  (652)  ; 
II.  e^-  B. 

107  2   abhorreat  (subj.  oi  c\\?iX2,c\.Q.x\?,\\c),  is  inconsistent  ivitJi. 

107  3  hunc  .  .  .  eripe,  rescue  me  from,  etc.,  lit.  snatch  it  from  me; 
i;  229  (  )  ;  B.  188,  2,  d;  G.  345,  R.i;  H.  386,  2  (429,  2)  ;  H.  cS:  B. 
000,  o. 

107  4  ne  opprimar  :  §  306,  <?  (  )  ;  B.  302,  4 ;  G.  595  ;  H.  508, 4 

(580)  ;    H.  &  B.  .  —  aliquando,  some  time  or  other  (implying  im- 

patience). 

Chaps.  VIII-X.  Catiline  has  offered  to  give  himself  into  custody. 
The  consul  bids  him  depart  :  the  Senators  show  by  their  silence  their 
approval  of  the  order.  The  consul  entreats  him  to  leave  the  city, 
but  he  will  go  only  as  a  declared  enemy, 

107  6    (Sect.   19.)    etiam  si  .  .  .  possit  :    §  313,  ^  (  )  ;    cf.  B. 

309  ;    G.  604  and  R.-  ;    H.  515,  ii  (585)  ;    Ii.  &  B. 

107  7  in  custodiam  dedisti,  i.e.  into  free  custody,  on  parole.  This 
appears  to  have  been  late  in  October,  when  Catiline  was  prosecuted  on  the 
Lex  Plautia  de  vi.  When  a  respectable  Roman  was  charged  with  a  crime 
it  was  customary  for  some  person  to  bail  him  out,  as  it  were,  by  becoming 
responsible  for  his  appearance.  Being  thus  responsible,  the  surety  kept  the 
accused  in  a  kind  of  custody  at  his  house. 

107  8  ad  M'.  Lepidum,  etc.  :  ad  =  apud.  Lepidus  was  the  consul  of 
B.C.  66. 


■  First  Oration  against  Catiline  315 

107  9  ad  me  :  this  was  of  course  intended  by  Catiline  as  a  demonstra- 
tion of  his  innocence. 

107  10   domi  meae  :   258,  e;   G.  411,  k.*  ;   H.  &  B. 

107  12  parietibus,  loc.  abl. ;  moenibus,  abl.  of  means.  Observe  the 
difference  of  meaning  in  these  words  and  the  emphasis  of  the  contrast. — 
qui  .  ,  .  essem  :  this  would  be  subj.  (sim)  in  dir.  disc,  as  implying  the 
reason;    §  320,  e  (  )  ;    B.  283,  3;    G.   626,  R. ;    H.  517   (592,  598)  ; 

H.  &  B. 

107  13  Metellum :  Q.  Metellus  Celer,  consul  B.C.  60 ;  he  afterwards 
did  good  service  in  the  campaign  against  Catiline. 

107  14   virum  optimum,  an  excellent  man  (ironical,  of  course). 

107  10  sagacissimum,  keen-scented ;  fortissimum,  energetic  and  fear- 
less. 

107  18  videtur  debere,  does  it  seem  that  he  ought  to  lie?  Observe 
that  the  Latin  prefers  the  personal  construction  ("does  he  seem,"  etc.), 
which  the  English  idiom  with  ought  does  not  allow  us  to  imitate : 
§330> '''>!(  );     B-332, '^;     G.  528,  R.2;    11.534,  I,  N.i  (611,  N.i); 

H.  &  B. 

107  19  (Sect.  20.)  Two  courses  were  open  to  Catiline,  —  to  leave  the 
city  or  to  run  his  chances  of  being  put  to  death.  If  he  left  the  city,  he 
could,  of  course,  either  join  his  accomplice  Manlius  in  the  insurgent  camp 
at  Fffisuke,  or  abandon  his  projects  and  go  into  voluntary  exile.  Appar- 
ently some  of  the  Senators  had  privately  urged  him  to  adopt  the  latter 
alternative,  promising,  in  that  case,  that  all  proceedings  should  be  dropped, 
and  Catiline,  though  rejecting  their  advice,  had  declared  that  he  would  not 
refuse  to  obey  a  senatus-consultum  decreeing  his  banishment.  Such  a 
decree  would,  however,  have  been  favorable  to  Catiline's  plans,  for,  since 
he  had  not  been  formally^brought  to  trial,  he  would  have  been  able  to  pose 
as  an  injured  citizen  exiled  by  an  arbitrary  aristocratic  party.  Hence 
Cicero  refuses  to  put  the  question  to  the  Senate,  though  he  asserts  there 
could  be  no  doubt  about  the  result.  By  taking  this  course  Cicero  forced 
Catiline  to  make  his  intentions  plain  by  the  overt  act  of  leaving  the  city  of 
his  own  accord  and  hastening  to  the  camp  of  Manlius. 

107  23  refer  ad  senatum :  the  technical  term  for  the  action  of  the 
presiding  officer  (regularly  the  consul)  in  bringing  a  matter  before  the 
Senate  for  action.  See  general  Introduction,  p.  Ivii.  —  si,  etc.:  fut.  cond. 
in  indir.  disc. 

107  24  placere  (sc.  sibi)  :  the  subj.  is  te  .  .  .  exsilium. 

107  25  abhorret,  is  contrary  to  :  because  the  Senate  would  have  no 
legal  power  to  pronounce  such  a  judgment. 


3i6  Notes 

107  26   faciam  ut,  etc. :  §  332  (  )  ;  B.  297,  i  ;  G.  553,  i  ;  H.  498, 

ii  (568);  H.  &  B.  ;    to  make  the  feelings  of  the  Senate  clear,  Cicero 

formally  commands  Catiline  to  leave  the  city  (egredere,  etc.)  ;  then  pauses 
to  allow  the  Senators  a  chance  to  protest,  and  then  points  out  that  no 
objections  are  heard. 

107  29  ecquid  attendis,  are  you  listening?  The  adverbial  ecquid  {at 
all)  can  hardly  be  idiomatically  rendered,  but  gives  an  emphasis  to  the 
question. 

107  30  patiuntur,  they  tolerate  this,  i.e.  they  make  no  objection  to 
this  extreme  exercise  of  authority  on  my  part.  —  quid,  etc.:  why  do  you 
zv  ait  for  those  to  express  their  opinion  in  words  whose  wishes  you  see  clearly 
by  their  silence?  The  Latin  idiom  is  quite  different  :  why  do  you  wait  for 
the  expressed  opinion  (auctoritatem)  of  [those]  speaking  whose  ivishes  you 
see  [when]  silent? 

107  32  (Sect.  21.)  huic,  this  .  .  .  here:  the  demonstrative  pronouns 
are  often  thus  employed  in  the  so-called  deictic  use,  accompanied  by  a 
gesture.  —  Sestio  :  a  member  of  the  aristocratic  party  whom  Cicero  after- 
wards defended  in  one  of  his  greatest  orations. 

108  1  M.  Marcello :  a  prominent  member  of  the  aristocracy,  consul 
B.C.  51  ;  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  person  of  the  same  name  men- 
tioned in  sect.  19.  He  took  a  leading  part  in  the  Civil  War  against  Ccesar, 
and  was  afterwards  defended  by  Cicero  (see  p.  213).  —  iam,  by  this  time. — 
COnsuli,  consul  as  I  am. 

108  2  in  templo,  i.e.  notwithstanding  the  sacredness  of  the  place. — 
vim  et  manus  (hendiadys),  violent  hands. 

108  3    cum  quiescunt,  i.e.  by  keeping  quiet  :  §  326,  a  {  )  ;  G.  582  ; 

H.  517,  2;    H.  .^  B. 

108  5  videlicet  cara,  alluding  to  his  demand  to  have  the  matter  sub- 
mitted to  the  Senate. 

108  8    voces,  cries  (of  the  crowd  outside). 

108  10  haec  (with  a  gesture,  cf.  huic,  sect.  21,  first  note),  i.e.  all  that 
is  round  us,  the  city,  etc. 

108  12  prosequantur,  escort.  It  was  the  custom  for  those  who  were 
going  into  voluntary  exile  to  be  thus  accompanied  to  the  gate  by  their 
friends.  Cicero  sarcastically  declares  that,  if  Catiline  will  depart,  the 
whole  Senate  will  be  so  glad  to  be  rid  of  him  as  to  forget  his  crimes  and 
pay  him  this  honor. 

108  13  (Sect.  22.)  te  ut  .  .  .  frangat,  i.e.  break  down  your  stubborn- 
ness (purpose  clause  after  loquor  ;  though  it  may  be  an  exclam.  clause  with 
ut  :   §  332,  c{  )  ;   G.  558  ;   H.  486,  ii,  N.  (559,  5)  ;    H.  &  B. 


First  Oration  agaijist  Catiline  317 

108  15  uti  nam  .  .  .  duint  :  §  267,  b  {  ) ;  cf.  E.  279 ;  G.  201  ; 

H.  483,  I  (559,  i);   H.  &  B.  ;   for  form,  see  §   128,  e'- \   B,  127,  2; 

G,  130,  4 ;    H.  240,  3  (244,  3);   H.  &  B. 

108  16    ire:    §  271,  «  (  );   B.  295,  4,  n.  ;    G.  532,  and  R."- ;    H. 

498,  i,N.  (565,5);    H.  &B. 

108  18   recenti  memoria  (abl.  of  time)  :   translate  by  a  while  clause. 

108  19   est  tanti,  it  is  worth  the  cost :  §  252,  cz  (  );  cf.  B.  203,  3; 

G.  380,  I,  R.;  H.  405  (448,  4)  ;    H.  &  B. 

108  20  sit:  §3i4(  );  B.  310,  li ;  G.  573;  1^.513,1(587);  H. 
&B. 

108  21  ut  .  .  .  commoveare,  etc.,  subj.  of  est  postulandum :  §  331,  /^ 
(  )  ;    cf.  B.  295  ;   G.  546,  I  ;    H.  499,  3  (564,  ii)  ;    H.  &  B. 

108  23   is  es  .  .  .  ut :    §  319,  I,  R.  (  ) ;   B.  284,  I  ;  G.  552  ;  H. 

500,  ii  (570)  ;    H.  &  B. 

108  26  (Sect.  23.)  inimico,«/rzV«/f  ^//d'wr,  thus  attributing  to  Cicero 
personal  motives  of  opposition. 

108  27  recta  {^cyid^),  straightway. — vix  feram,  etc.:  for  Catiline's 
going  into  voluntary  exile  would  tend  to  prove  that  he  was  innocent  and 
had  been  persecuted  by  the  consul  (see  note  on  p.  107,  1.  19). 

108  29  sin  autem,  etc. :  Catiline's  going  to  Manlius  would  prove  his 
guilt  and  show  the  wisdom  of  Cicero's  action. 

109  1  latrocinio,  brigandage,  i.e.  partisan  warfare,  as  opposed  to  a 
regular  war  {iustum  belluni). 

109  3  (Sect.  24.)  quamquam,  ^z;/^/  iv/ .■  §  3i3,/(  );  B.  309,  5  ; 

G.  605,  R.2;    H.  515,  iii,  N-  (586,  4);    H.  &  B.  ;   cf.  the  same  use  of 

quamquam,  p.  108,  1.  13,  and  of  tametsi,  p.  108,  1.  16.  —  invitem: 
§  268  (       );  B.  277;  G.265;  H.  486,  ii  (557);  H.  &  B.  .  — sciam: 

characteristic  subj. 

109  4  Forum  Aurelium:  a  small  place  on  the  Via  Aurelia,  about 
fifty  miles  from  Rome.  The  Via  Aurelia  was  the  road  which  led  along 
the  sea-coast  of  Etruria,  by  which  Catiline  left  the  city  the  following  night. 
—  praestolarentur :  rel.  clause  of  purpose. 

109  6  aquilam :  the  silver  eagle  had  been  adopted  by  Marius  as  the 
standard  of  the  legion,  and  the  eagle  in  question  was  said  to  have  been 
actually  used  in  the  army  of  Marius. 

109  8  sacrarium :  it  was  customary  in  Roman  houses  to  have  a  little 
shrine  (see  Fig.  27)  for  the  worship  of  the  lares  and  other  protecting  divin- 
ities. Doubtless  Catiline  was  believed  to  have  placed  this  eagle  in  such 
a  shrine  as  an  object  of  superstitious  worship. 

109  9  ut  possis :   exclam.  jlause  with  ut  (see  note  on  p.  108,  1.  13). 


318 


Notes 


109  13  (Sect.  25.)  rapiebat :  §  277  /^  (  ) ;  B.  260, 4  ;  H.&  B. 

the  imperf.  is  used  instead  of  the  pres.  because  the  action  is  conceived  of  as 

ceasing  at  the  moment  when 
Cicero  discovered  the  plot. 

109  14  haec  res,  i.e.  leav- 
ing the  city  as  an  enemy  and 
taking  up  arms. 

109  16  non  modo,  to  say 
nothing  of;    §  209,  «,  I  ( 

)  ;  B.  347,  2  ;  G.  445  ; 
11.553,2(656,2);  H.&B. 
000,  o. 

109  18  atque  connects 
perditis  and  derelictis  ;  ab 
connects  fortuna  and  spe 
with  derelictis. 

109   19   conflatam,   i-jin 
together  (like  molten  metal). 
109  19  (Sect.   26.)  hie, 
i.e.  in  this  band. 

109  21  bacchabere,  ivill 
revel.    To  a  Roman  the  word 
suggested    the    wild    orgies 
of  the  frenzied  Bacchanals, 
so  that  it  is  much  stronger  than  our  revel,  which  in  course  of  time  has  be- 
come rather  vague:   cf.  ^neid,  iv.  301  (and  illustrations). 

109  23  meditati  sunt,  have  been  practised ;  feruntur,  are  talked  about. 
—  labores  :  cf.  Sallust's  Catiline^  ch.  v :  L.  Catilina  nobili  genere  natus 
fuit,  jnagna  vi  et  animi  et  corporis,  sed  ingenio  mala  pravoque.  Huic  ab 
adulescentia  bella  intestina  caedes  rapinae  discordia  civilis  grata  fuere 
ibique  iuventutem  suajn  exercuit.  Corpus  patiens  inediae  algoris  vigiliae 
supra  quaf?i  ciiiquam  credibile  est. 

109  25  facinus,  deed  of  violence,  contrasted  with  stuprum,  debauchery  ; 
just  as  bonis  otiosorum,  property  of  peaceful  citizeits,  is  with  somno  mari- 
torum,  the  repose  of  htisbands. 

109  26  ubi  ostentes  (purpose  clause),  opportu7iity  to  display  (lit.  a 
place,  ivhere,  etc.). 

109  29  (Sect.  27.)  reppuli:  §  323,  i  (  );  B.  288,  \,a;  G.  580  ; 

H.  521,  i  (600);    H.  &  B.  .     Cicero  here  takes  credit  to  himself  for 

using  his  influence  as  consul  to  defeat  the  election  of  Catiline. 


First  Oration  against  Catiline  319 

109  30  exsul,  consul:   observe  the  play  upon  words  (see  Vocab.). 

109  32  latrocinium :   cf.  note  on  latrocinio,  1.  i,  above. 

III.    Peroratio   (Chaps.  XI-XIII) 

Chaps.  XI-XIII.  The  consul  may  be  charged  with  remissness ; 
but  he  has  been  biding  his  time.  For  halfway  measures  would 
have  been  useless.     Appeal  to  Jupiter  to  save  Rome. 

110  2  querimoniam,  i.e.  for  not  having  suppressed  the  eonspiracy 
more  vigorously.  —  detester  ac  deprecer  (construed  with  a  me,  above), 
remove  by  protest  and  plea. 

110  4  patria :  the  personified  patria  is  dramatically  introduced  as 
accusing  Cicero  of  remissness  in  letting  Catiline  go  unharmed. 

110  6  M.  TuUi  (voc.)  :  the  regular  way  of  formal  address ;  the  use  of 
the  family  name  (^Cicero)  is  more  familiar. 

110  9  evocatorem  servorum,  a  summoncr  of  slaves,  i.e.  to  enhst  under 
him  against  the  state.  To  the  Romans  (as  to  all  peoples  who,  having  a 
large  slave  population,  are  in  constant  fear  of  servile  revolts)  such  an  accu- 
sation was  the  most  violent  reproach  conceivable. 

110  12  duel,  rapi,  mactari :  §  331,  </,  n.i.(  )  ;  cf  B.  295,  4,  n.; 

G.  546,  N.3;   H.  535,  ii  (614);   H.  &  B. 

110  IG  (Sect.  28.)  rogatae  sunt:  the  magistrate  who  proposed  a  law 
formally  asked  the  people  whether  they  would  accept  it  ;  hence  rogo  was 
the  word  regularly  used  for  this  act,  and  the  proposition  itseU"  was  called 
rogatio.  The  leges  in  question,  Valeria,  Portia,  and  Seinpronia  (of  Caius 
Gracchus),  were  enacted  to  protect  —  like  our  laws  securing  the  habeas 
corpus  and  trial  by  jury  —  the  life  and  liberty  of  citizens  against  the  arbitrary 
power  of  magistrates,  M'hich  in  this  case  would  apparently  be  used  by 
Cicero.  —  at  numquam,  etc.:  as  a  fact,  however,  the  precedents  here  re- 
ferred to  had  been  really  violations  of  the  constitution. 

110  IK  praeclaram  .  .  .  gratiam,  you  shozu  a  noble  gratitude  (cf 
habere  gratiain  and  agere  gratias^. 

110  20  nulla  commendatione  maiorum :  though  by  the  Roman  con- 
stitution the  higher  ofiices  were  open  to  all  citizens,  yet  it  was  rare  that  a 
man  whose  ancestors  had  not  held  these  offices  could  succeed  in  attaining 
them  himself  If,  like  Cicero,  he  did  so,  he  was  called  a  novus  homo,  and 
his  descendants  belonged  to  the  nobility.  —  tam  mature:  Cicero  attained 
the  quaestorship,  the  prcetorship,  and  the  consulship  (honorum  gradiis)  at 
the  earliest  age  possible  in  each  case.  This  was  a  mark  of  public  confi- 
dence which  had  never  happened  to  a  novus  homo  before. 


320  Notes 

110  21*  invidiae,  i.e.  the  odium  which  might  attach  to  the  consul's 
apparently  exceeding  his  constitutional  authority.  In  fact  Cicero  was  later 
brought  to  trial  and  exiled  on  this  very  charge. 

110  24  (Sect.  29.)  num  est,  pray  is  (implying  strong  negation)  : 
§  210,  c  {  );    B.  162,  2,  b;    G.  464,  R.;    H.  351,  I,  X.3  (378);    H.  & 

B.  000,  o. 

110  25  inertiae,  sc.  invidia,  the  reproach.  —  an  belongs  M-ith  non 
existimas. 

110  27  conflagraturum,  luill  be  consumed  (lit.  xvill  burn  up). 

110  29  idem  sentiunt,  have  the  same  views.  —  mentibus,  thoughts. 

110  30  factu,  the  rare  "latter  supine"  :  §  303  (  ) ;  B.  340,  2;  G. 
436  ;    H.  547  and  N.i  (635  and  4) ;    H.  &  B. 

110  31  gladiatori :  the  gladiators  were  trained  slaves  owned  by  rich 
men,  and  \vere  often  employed  as  bullies  in  political  campaigns.  Hence 
the  word  came  almost  to  mean  ruffian,  "bruiser,''^  "thug."''' 

111  1  si  .  .  .  honestarunt:  notice  that  the  simple  condition  here  ex- 
presses cause  ;    §  306,  a,  x.  (  ). 

Ill  2  superiorum,  before  them. 

The  variety  of  the  conditional  sentences  in  sects.  29,  30  is  instructive : 
si  iudicarem,  .  .  .  non  dedissem  (cont.  to  fact),  p.  no,  1,  30-p.  iii,  1.  i ; 
si  .  .  .  honestarunt,  verendum  non  erat  (nothing  implied),  p.  in,  11. 1-4  ; 
si  impenderet,  fui  (mixed),  11.  6,  7  ;  si  animadvertissem,  dicerent  (cont. 
to  fact),  11.  13,  14  ;  si  pervenerit,  fore  (fut.,  indir.  disc),  11.  15,  16  ;  hoc 
interfecto,  posse  (fut.,  indir.  disc,  protasis  disguised),  11.  18-20;  si 
eiecerit,  exstinguetur  (fut.,  more  vivid),  11.  20-22. 

Ill  6  maxime,  ever  so  much. 

Ill  7  ut  .  .  .  putarem,  result  clause  explaining  hoc  (not  a  subst. 
clause).  —  partam  (from  pario),  acquired  (a  very  common  meaning). 

Ill  8  (Sect.  30.)  non  nulli,  etc. :  it  should  be  remembered  that  there 
were  many  well-intentioned  citizens  who  either  doubted  the  existence  of  a 
conspiracy  or  thought  Cicero's  fears  of  it  greatly  exaggerated  ;  and  that 
even  among  those  who  admitted  the  fact  there  was  considerable  variety  of 
partisan  feeling. 

Ill  9  videant,  dissimulent :  subj.  of  charact.  (not  coord,  with  dice- 
rent),  expressing  the  character  of  the  men  referred  to,  while  aluerunt,  etc 
(1.  11),  merely  gives  additional /rt'r/.y  about  them  (hence  indie). 

Ill  14  regie,  despotically :  the  Roman  idea  of  a  king  and  kingly  gov- 
ernment was  associated  with  Tarquinius  Superbus.  Here  the  word  also 
implies  the  assumption  of  unlawful  power  {=  tyrantiice),  as  well  as  its 
abuse. 


First  Oration  against  Catiline  321 

111  15  nunc,  as  it  is.  —  quo;  §  201,  /?  (  );  H.  &.  B.  :  the 

antecedent  is  in  castra. 

Ill  17  improbum,  dishonest. 

Ill  18  hoc  .  .  .  interfecto,  disguised  fut.  protasis;   §  310,  a  {  ); 

B.  305,  i;   G.  600,  i;    H.  507,  N.^  (575,  9);    H.  &  B.  ;   the  apod. 

posse  is  fut.  in  sense;    307,  </  (  ) ;   G.  248,  R.  ;   H.  &  B. 

Ill  20  eiecerit:  for  tense,  see  §  307,  ^  (  )  ;   G.  244,  2;   H.  508,  2 

(574,2);   H.&B. 

Ill  21  eodem,  to  the  same  place. 

Ill  22  d.^Vi\\.dL,  full-groion,  as  opposed  to  stirps,  the  root  (properly  the 
stock  from  which  new  shoots  may  spring  out),  and  semen,  the  seed. 

Ill  25  (Sect.  31.)  iam  diu:  the  conspiracy  was  ready  to  break  out 
B.C.  65  (see  note  on  p.  105,  1.  15). 

Ill  26  versamur,  have  lived.  —  nescio  quo  pactO,  somehow  or  other  ; 
§  334,  e  {  );    B.  253,  6;    G.  467,  N.;    cf.  H.  455,  2  (512,  7);    H.  &  B. 

000,  o. 

Ill  27  veteris  (sharply  contrasted  with  nostri),  i.e.  the  disease  is  of 
long  standing,  but  its  outbreak  has  occurred  just  in  my  consulship. 

111  32  visceribus,  vitals  (properly  the  great  interior  organs,  as  the 
heart,  lungs,  etc.). 

112  1  aestu  febrique, //^<?  7/^(7/ ^yy^z^^r  (hendiadys). 
112  4  reliquis  vivis :  abl.  absolute. 

112  8  (Sect.  32.)  circumstare,  hang  round,  for  the  purpose  of  intimi- 
dation :  the  praetor  urbanus  had  his  tribunal  in  the  Forum. 

112  15  patefacta,  laid  hare ;  inlustrata,  set  in  full  light ;  oppressa, 
crushed ;  vindicata,  punished.     Observe  the  climax. 

113  1  (Sect.  2>?i-^  ominibus,  prospects.  What  Cicero  has  just  said 
(p.  112,  11.  11-16)  makes  the  omen  under  which  Catiline  is  to  depart, — 
an  omen  of  good  for  the  state,  but  of  evil  for  him. 

113  4  luppiter  :  thus  the  oration  closes  with  a  prayer  to  Jupiter 
Stator,  in  whose  temple  the  Senate  was  now  assembled. 

113  6  Statorem,  the  Stay.  The  name  was  apparently  first  given  to 
Jupiter  as  the  Stayer  (sto,  sisto)   of  flight   (see  note  to  sect.  11,  p.  104, 

1.  i),  but  it  is  here  applied  to  him  as  the  Stay  (supporter)  of  the  Roman 
state,  a  meaning  which  the  word  may  well  have  from  its  derivation. 

113  8  arcebis,  used  as  a  mild  imperative  ;  §  269,/  (  )  ;  B.  261,  3  ; 

G.  265I ;    H.  487,  4  (560,  4,  N.)  ;   H.  cS:  B. 

113  0   latrones  :  cf.  latrocinium  in  sect.  27  (p.  109,  1.  32). 


322  Notes 


SECOND  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE 

ARGUMENT 

Pars  I.  Chap.  i.  Catiline  is  gone  :  the  city  breathes  again;  there  is 
now  open  war,  and  no  longer  a  concealed  intestine  conflict.  —  2.  He  ought 
to  have  been  put  to  death  ;  but  all  were  not  convinced  :  now,  his  guilt  is 
manifest.  —  3.  His  worthless  partisans  remain  at  Rome  ;  but  they  are 
powerless,  being  closely  watched.  —  4.  Let  them  follow  him.  He  was  the 
leader  of  all  scoundrels  and  profligates.  —  5.  His  associates  are  desperate 
but  contemptible;  let  them  depart  or  take  the  consequences.  —  Pa7-s  II. 
6,  7.  Catiline  is  not  in  exile  ;  he  has  joined  his  army.  Men  say  the  consul 
has  driven  him  into  exile  :  would  the  charge  were  true  !  — Pars  HI.  8-10. 
Character  of  Catiline's  partisans  :  (i)  rich  men  in  debt ;  (ii)  men  eager 
for  power  and  wealth  ;  (iii)  Sulla's  veterans  ;  (iv)  ruined  men,  hoping 
for  any  change  ;  (v)  criminals  ;  (vi)  profligates  and  debauchees,  men  of 
Catiline's  own  stamp. —  ii.  Superiority  of  the  patriot  forces  arrayed 
against  them.  —  Peroratio.  12.  Citizens  need  not  fear;  the  consul  will 
protect  the  state.  The  conspirators  warned. — 13.  There  shall  be  no 
disturbance  :  the  people  may  trust  in  the  gods. 

I.     Pars  Prima  (§§  i-ii) 

Sects.  1-4.  Catiline  is  gone.  He  ought  to  have  been  put  to  death : 
but  the  time  was  not  ripe,  for  all  were  not  convinced  of  his  guilt. 

Page  113.  Line  15.  (Sect,  i.)  eiecimus,  expelled  (with  violence)  ; 
emisimus,  let  [him]  go.  The  words  vel  .  .  .  vel  {or,  if  you  like)  imply 
that  the  same  act  may  be  called  by  either  name.  —  ipsum,  of  his  own 
accord. 

113  16  verbis  prosecuti  may  apply  as  well  to  kind  words  of  dismissal 
as  to  invective.  —  abiit,  simply,  is  gone ;  excessit,  has  retreated  before  the 
storm  ;  evasit,  has  escaped  by  stealth  ;  erupit,  has  brokefi  forth  with  vio- 
lence,—  a  climax  of  expression,  but  nearly  identical  in  sense. 

114  1  moenibus  (dat.  following  comparabitur),  against,  etc. — atque 
(adding  with  emphasis),  and  so.  —  hunc  quidem,  hitn  at  any  rate. 

114  2  sine  controversia,  zuithout  dispute  =  unquestionably. 

114  3  versabitur,  zvill  be  busy. 

114  4  campo,  foro,  curia,  parietes  :  observe  the  narrowing  climax. 

114  5  loco  motus  est,  he  lost  his  vantage-ground :  a  military  expres- 


Second  Oration  against  Catiline  323 

sion,  hence  the  simple  abl.  ;    §  258,  a,  N.^   (  )  ;    cf.  B.  229,  i  ; 

G.  390,  2,  n;^;   H.  414,  ii  (463)  ;    H.  &  B. 

114  G  nuUo  impediente,  i.e.  his  defenders  till  now  could  screen  him 
by  forms  of  law. 

114  7  iustum  (if  retained  in  the  text),  rei^tdar,  in  due  for di;  cf.  note 
on  latrocinium,  p.  109,  1.  i. 

114  9    (Sect.  2.)    quod  .  .  .  extulit,  etc.  :    §  t,t,t^,  /v  (  *  )  ;    B. 

331,  V,  rt  ;    G.  542  ;    H.  540,  iv,  N.  (588,  i)  ;    H.  &  B. 

114  10  cruentum  (pred.),  reeking  ivith  blood.  —  vivis  nobis  (abl.  abs), 
Reaving  us  alive. 

114  12   civis  :   ace.  plur, 

114  13    iacet,  etc.,  lies  prostrate,  etc. 

114  15  retorquet  oculos  begins  the  figure  of  a  wild  beast,  which  is 
continued  in  faucibus.  —  profecto,  no  doid>t. 

114  IG   quae  quidem,  which  really. 

114  17  quod  .  .  .  proiecerit  :  see  note  on  quod  extulit,  1.  9,  above ; 
for  mood,  see  §  341,  d  (^  )  ;   B.  323  ;   G.  541  ;    II.  516,  ii  (588,  ii)  ; 

H.  &  B.  .  — 

114  19  (Sect.  3.)  For  the  contents  of  this  and  the  following  section, 
cf.  Cat.  i.,  sects.  27,  28,  where  the  supposed  complaint  against  Cicero  for 
not  having  put  Catiline  to  death  and  his  reply  to  it  are  given  at  greater 
length.  —  qualis    omnis  :   ace.  plur.  —  oportebat  :    §   311,   f    (  ); 

B.  304,  3,  a;   G.  254  R.2;    H.  511,  I,  N.3  (583)  ;    H.  &  B. 

114  20  qui  .  .  .  accuset,  as  to  accuse :  §  320  (  )  ;  B.  283,  i ;  G. 
631,  2;   H.  503,1  (591,  I);   H.  &B. 

114  22    ista  :   for  gender,  see  §  195,  <:/  (  )  ;   cf.  B.  250,  3  ;   G.  211, 

R.5  ;    H.  445,  4  (396,  2)  ;    H.  &  B. 

114  23  interfectum  esse  :  §  288,  d{  ) ;  B.  270,  2,  a;  G.  280,  r."-^  ; 

H.  &  B.  ;   observe  the  emphatic  position. 

114  24   oportebat:  for  tense,  see  note  on  Cat.  i.,  p.  100,  1.  13. 

114  25  huius  imperi  :  see  note  on  Cat.  i.,  p.  104,  1.  16.  —  res  pub- 
lica,  the  public  interest. 

114  27  quam  multOS,  etc. :  the  passages  in  brackets  are  probably 
spurious ;  it  will  be  observed  that  they  merely  repeat  the  preceding  state- 
ment in  each  case. 

115  1  (Sect.  4.)  cum  (causal)  viderem,  seeing  ;  its  obj.  is  fore  ut  .  .  . 
possem  (which  is  the  apod,  of  si  multassem)  :  §  288, /(  );  B.  270, 
3  ;  G.  248  ;  H.  537,  3  (619,  2)  ;  II,  &  B.  .  —  ne  .  .  .  probata:  nearly 
equivalent  to  cum  ne  vos  quidem  .  .  .  probaretis;  implying  that  \i  they 
do  not  sustain  the  act,  much  less  will  the  people  at  large. 


324  Notes 

115  2  multassem:   for  fut.  perf.  of  direct;    §  337,  3  (  ) ;   B.  319, 

B;   G.  657,  5;    H.  527,  i   (646);    H.  &  B.  .  —  fore  ut,  the  result 

would  be  that,  etc. 

115  4  ut  .  .  .  possetis,  result  clause  explaining  hue. 

115  5  videretis  :  §  342  (  ) ;  B.  324,  i ;  G.  663,  i ;  H.  529,  ii  (652) ; 
H.  &  B.  ;   if  not  dependent  on  possetis,  it  would  be  videbitis. — 

quern  quidSm,  whom,  by  the  ivay. 

115  6  intellegatis:  §  331,  i  {  );   B.  295,  6  ;   G.  553,  2  ;   H.  499, 

3(564,11,  I);   H.&B. 

115  7  quod  .  .  .  exierit:  §  341,  d  {  );   B.  323;   G.  539;   H.  516^ 

ii  (588,  11);    H.  &  B. 

115  9  mihi:  eth.  dat.;  §  236  (  ) ;  B.  188,  2,  b  ;  G.  35 1 ;  H.  389 
(432);    H.  &  B.  ;   as  if,  "  I  notice." 

115  10  aes  alienum,  etc.,  i.e.  petty  debts  run  up  in  cook-shops  and  the 
like  ;   not  like  the  heavy  mortgages  spoken  of  afterwards. 

115  11  reliquit :  notice  the  emphatic  position. 

115  12  quos  viros :  for  a  characterization  of  Catiline's  partisans,  see 
sects.  18-23. 

Sects.  5-11.  His  worthless  partisans  remain  at  Rome,  but  are 
powerless  :  let  them  follow  him.  He  was  the  ringleader  of  all  scoun- 
drels and  profligates.  Let  his  associates  depart  or  take  the  con- 
sequences. 

115  14  (Sect.  5.)  prae,  in  cowparison  with.  —  Gallicanis,  i.e.  those 
permanently  stationed  in  Cisalpine  Gaul.  The  ager  Galliciis  below  was 
that  strip  of  sea-coast  north  of  Picenum  formerly  occupied  by  the  Senones, 
but  at  this  time  reckoned  a  part  of  Umbria. 

115  15  hoc  dilectu,  refers  to  a  levy  recently  raised.  —  Q.  Metellus 
(Celer)  :  see  note  on  Cat.  i.,  sect.  19,  p.  107,  1.  13. 

115  17  senibus,  etc.,  i.e.  those  classes  who  naturally  look  forward  to  a 
revolution  to  mend  their  fortunes. 

115  18  luxuria  =  high-li^'ers :  abstract  for  concrete,  as  common  in 
Latin  and  older  English  ;  cf.  Shakspere,  All's  Well,  ii.  i.  91  :  "Bring  in 
the  admiration"  (i.e.  this  wonderful  person). 

115  19  vadimonia  deserere,  desert  their  bondsmen,  i.e.  leave  them  in 
the  lurch  in  their  creditors'  suits. 

115  21  edictum  praetoris,  in  effect  like  a  sheriff's  writ.  Any  official 
order  of  a  magistrate  w-as  an  edictum. 

115  22  hos,  as  opposed  to  those  he  did  take  out. 

115  24  fulgent  purpura,  i.e.  displaying  their  rank  as  Senators,  w^ho 


Second  Oi'aiion  against  Catiline  325 

alone  had  the  right  to  wear  the  broad  purple  stripe  (flatus  clavus)  on  the 
tunic.  The  reference,  therefore,  is  to  foppish  young  nobles.  —  mallem  : 
§  311,  /;  (  )  ;    B.  280,  4  ;    G.  258,  and  N.i  ;    H.  486,  i  (556)  ;    H.  &  B. 

.  —  eduxisset:  §  331,  f,  r.  (  );  B.  295,  8  ;   G.  546,  r.^;   H. 

499,  2  (565,  2) ;   H.  &  B.  .  —  si  .  .  .  permanent :  a  future  condition  ; 

§  307,  a,  N.  (  );   G.  228;    H.  467,  5  (533,  2);    H.  &  B.    , 

115  25  mementote,  i.e.  let  them  remember  that  they  are  objects  of 
suspicion  and  shall  be  watched  accordingly. 

115  27  atque  hoc,  etc.,  i.e.  their  effrontery  makes  them  still  more  a 
cause  for  alarm. 

115  28  (Sect.  6.)  video,  i.e.  I  know  perfectly  well. 

115  29  cui  sit,  etc. :  cf.  Cat.  i.,  sect.  9. 

115  31  superioris  noctis,  i.e.  three  nights  ago. 

116  3  ne,  surely  :  an  affirmative  particle  sometimes  wrongly  spelled 
nae. 

116  5  ut  .  .  .  videretis :  clause  of  result  explaining  quod. 

116  7  nisi  vero :  ironical  (as  usual),  introducing  a  reductio  ad  absur- 
dwn.     (The  si  only  doubles  that  in  nisi.) 

116  8  non  .  .  .  iam,  no  longer. 

116  11  Aurelia  via :  see  Cat.  i.,  sect.  24. 

116  13  (Sect.  7.)  rem  publicam:  §  240,  <-/ (  );   B.  183;  G.  343, 

I;    H,  381  (421);    H.&  B.  .  —  sentinam,  refuse  (see  Cat.  i.,  p.  104, 

1.  22). 

116  14  eiecerit :  the  conclusion  is  implied  in  0  fortunatam.  —  ex- 
hausto,  drained  off  {ci.  sentina). 

116  15  recreata,  invigorated. 

116  17  tota  Italia:  §  258,  /  2  (  );  B.  228,  i,  b;  G.  388;  H. 

425,  2  (485,  I);   H.  &  B. 

116  18  subiector,  forger ;  circumscriptor,  sxvindler. 

116  21  perditus,  abandoned  wretch. 

116  22  hosce:  §  loi,  footnote  (  )  ;  B.  87,  footnote  2  ;  G.  104, 
i,  N.i;   H.  186,  I  (178,  2);    H.  &B. 

117  3  (Sect.  8.)  asciverit :  for  tense,  see  §  287,  r  (  )  ;  B.  268,  6; 
G.  513;   H.495.  vi  (550);   H.  &B. 

117  4  (Sect.  9.)  ut  .  .  .  possitis :  §  317,  c  {  ) ;   B.  282,4;  G. 

545,  R.3;   cf.  H.  499,  2,  N.  (568,  4) ;   H.  &  B.  .  —  diversa  studia.    In 

another  passage  (Gael,  xiii)  Cicero  ascribes  to  Catiline:  Cum  tristibus 
severe,  cum  remissis  iucunde,  cum  senibus  graviter,  cum  iuventute  comiter, 
cum  facinorosis  audaciter,  cujh  libidinosis  luxuriose  vivere.  —  in  dissimili 
ratione,  in  different  directions. 


326  Notes 

117  5  ludo,  the  regular /rtf////;;^-.rt//<?^/.— gladiatorio:  see  Cat.  i.,  p. 
no,  1.  31,  and  note. 

117  7  levior,  etc. :  the  Roman  actors,  though  some  of  them  achieved 
distinction,  were  generally  regarded  as  a  low  class  of  men. 

117  8  tamen,  i.e.  though  a  companion  of  such  dissolute  persons,  yet 
he  possessed  the  (|ualities  of  fortitude  and  endurance  so  much  admired  by 
the  Romans. 

117  it  exercitatione  (abl.  of  means),  etc.,  trained  by  the  practice  of  de- 
baucheries and  crimes  to  endure,  etc.  —  frigore  .  .  .  perf erendis  :  abl.  with 
adsuefactus  ;   §  301,  n.  (  );   G.  431  ;   H.  &  B. 

117  10  ioxiis,  a  strong  and  able  fellow.  —  istis,  those  creatures :  §102, 
c  (  )  ;   B.  246,  4  ;  G.  306,  N.;    H.  450,  i,  n.  (507,  3)  ;   H.  &  B. 

117  11  cum  .  .  .  consumeret  (not  concessive),  -while  consuming.  — 
subsidia,  etc.,  i.e.  means  (his  uncommon  powers  of  body  and  mind)  which 
might  have  been  used,  etc. 

117  13  (Sect.  10.)  sui:  §  196,  c  {  ) ;   B.  244,  4;  G.  309,  2;   H. 

449»  3  (503,  2);   H.  &B. 

117  17   audaciae,  acts  of  audacity. 

117  19    Q)\>\vidiVtiyiVi\,  enctimbered.  —  XQS,  property  ;  ^diGS,  credit. 

117  21    libido,  i.e.  luxurious  habits  and  tastes. 

117  23   quidem  (concessive),  no  doubt. 

117  24   homines,  viris :   observe  the  difference  in  sense, 

117  2G  mihi :  the  ethical  dat.  gives  the  phrase  a  familiar  and  con- 
temptuous turn  which  may  be  reproduced  in  English  hy  forsooth. 

117  28    obliti:   observe  the  quantity. 

117  29  caedem,  etc. :  notice  the  strong  contrast  between  the  character 
of  these  worn-out  debauchees  and  the  sanguinary  nature  of  their  threats. 

117  31  (Sect,  it.)  instare,  is  close  at  hand;  plane  merely  emphasizes 
the  idea  of  the  verb. 

118  2  propagarit :  for  tense,  see  §  307,  c,  r.  (  )  ;  G.  595,  n.^; 
H.  473  (540);   H.e\:B. 

118  3  pertimescamus,  possit:  subj.  of  characteristic. 

118  5   unius :   Pompey,  just  returning  from  his  triumphs  in  the  East. 

118  10   quacumque  ratione,  ^c.  fieri  potest. 

118  11  resecanda  erunt,  shall  need  the  knife  (lit.  must  be  cut  azvay) : 
the  figure  is  derived  from  surgery. 

118  12   si  .  .  .  permanent:  §  307,  a,  n.  (  ) ;  G.  228  ;  H.  467, 

5(533,2);   H.&B. 

118  13   exspectent:  hort.  subj.  in  apod.;    §  307,  ^/ (  );  B.  305,  2; 

G.  595  ;   H.  508,  4  (580) ;    H.  &  B. 


Second   Oration  against  Catiline 


327 


II.     Pars  Secunda  (§§  12-16) 

Sects.  12-16.  Catiline  is  not  in  exile:  he  has  joined  his  hostile 
army.  Men  say  the  consul  has  driven  him  into  banishment ;  would 
the  charge  were  true  ! 

118  14  (Sect.  12.)  etiam,  still  (after  all  that  has  been  done). 
118  15   quod,  obj.  of  adsequi,  if  I  could  effect  it  (referring  to  ipsos, 
etc.),  i.e.  their  expulsion. 

118  17    enim,  i.e.  the  idea  is  absurd,  as  is  implied  in  the  irony  follow- 


118  19  quid,  tell  me:  i.e.  "is  that  possible  ?"  in  view  of  the  circum- 
stances, which  he  proceeds  to  narrate.  —  hestemo  die  qualifies  convocavi. 

118  21  detuli:  technical  term  for  laying  a  matter  before  the  Senate; 
cf.  referre  (ad  senatum)  in  the  Vocal )ulary. 

118  L's  (Sect.  13.)  quaesivi,  etc.:  see  Cat.  i.,  sect.  9. 


);    B.    162,  4;    C;.  459;    II.   353, 
);    B.   189,  2;    G.  354; 


H. 


aquilam:    see 


118  29  necne:  §  211,  d  ( 

(380,  I);    II.  &  B. 

118  u2    ei :  dat.  of  agent;    §  232,  a  ( 
388,  I  (431,2);    H.&B. 

119  1  teneretur,  zvas  caught. 

119  2  pararet:  for  plup.  (see  note  on  Cat.  i.,  p.  100,  1.  13).  — securis, 
f ascis :  the  use  of  these  signified  that  Catiline  intended  to  assume  the 
authority  and  imperium  of  consul  (see  Fig.  25,  p.  290). 

119  3   signa  militaria:    see  Fig.   28  (from  cuius). 
Cat.  i.,  p.  109,  1.  6,  and  note. 

119  5  (Sect.  14.)  eiciebam  :  co- 
native  imperf. ;  §  277,^  (  )  ;  B. 
260,  3  ;  G.  233  ;  H.  469,  I  (534,  2)  ; 
H.  &  B. 

119  6  credo :  ironical,  as  very 
often  in  this  parenthetical  use. 

119  8   suo   nomine,   i.e.   not   by 
Catiline's  order;   the  whole  is,  of  course,  ironical,  as  is  already  indicated 
by  credo. 

119  10  Massiliam  :  Marseilles,  an  ancient  Greek  city  of  Gaul,  always 
faithful  and  friendly  to  Rome.  It  was  a  favorite  place  of  sojourn  for 
Romans  who  went  into  voluntary  exile. 

119  11   condicionem,  tejnns. 

119  12   nunc,  even  now. 


328  Notes 

119  14   pertimuerit,  take  alarm. 

119  18  spe  conatuque :  referring  of  course  to  his  treasonable  hopes 
and  designs. 

119  22  (SEcr.  15.)  est  mihi  tanti,  it  is  -vorih  my  ivhile :  §  252,  a 
(  )  ;   cf.  B.  203,  3  ;   G.  380,  I,  K. ;    H.  404  (448)  ;    H.  &  B. 

119  25  depellatur  :    §  3H  (  );    B.  310,  ii ;   G.  573;   H.  513,  i 

(587)  ;    H.  lS:  B.  .  —  sane  (concessive),  if  you  like  (see  Vocab.). 

119  28  invidiae,  etc. :  rather  than  have  his  predictions  verified  in  this 
way,  Cicero  prefers  the  unjust  odium  of  having  arbitrarily  driven  out  Cati- 
line to  exile. 

119  31  aliquando,  some  day.  —  quod  .  .  .  emiserim  :  §  341,  d  {  ) ; 
B.  323;  G.  541  ;  H.  516,  ii  (588,  ii);  H.  &  B.  .  —  emiserim  .  .  . 
eiecerim,  let  him  go  .  .  .  drove  him  out. 

120  2  si  interfectus,  etc. :  he  thus  adroitly  excuses  himself  to  those 
vv^ho  would  have  preferred  harsher  measures.  Notice  the  identity  in  sound 
in  pro-fectus,  inter-fectus,  and  observe  how  the  argument  a  fortiori  is 
brought  out  by  the  exact  antithesis. 

120  3  (Sect.  16.)  quamquam  (corrective),  and  yet. 

120  4    dictitant :   notice  the  frequentative. 

120  5  nemo,  Jiot  a  man.  —  misericors :  his  going  to  Manlius  was  his 
inevitable  ruin,  and  yet,  for  all  their  pity,  they  still  wished  him  to  go. 

120  8  latrocinantem,  in  partisan  warfare  (see  note  on  p.  109.  1.  l). 
—  vivere:    §  336,  c,  n.^  (  );    G.  644,  r.^,  b;    cf.  H.  535,  i,  6 

(613,7);   H.&B. 

120  10  vivis  nobis,  i.e.  without  assassinating  me. 

III.     Pars  Tertia  (§§   17-25) 

Sects.  17-23.  Character  of  Catiline's  partisans :  (i)  rich  men  in 
debt  (sect.  18) ;  (ii)  men  eager  for  power  and  wealth  (sect.  19) ; 
(iii)  old  soldiers  of  Sulla  (sect.  20);  (iv)  rui led  debtors  (sect.  21); 
(v)  cutthroats  and  criminals  (sect.  22);  (vi)  debauchees  (sects. 
22,  23). 

120  17  (Sect.  17.)  sanare :  cf.  note* on  vivere,  1.  8,  above.  —  sibi, 
for  their  ozvn  good:  for  reflexive,  see  §   196,  c,  N.  (  );   G.  520; 

H.  &  B.  .  —  placare,  gain  over. 

120  20  comparentur,  are  made  up.  —  singulis,  to  them  one  by  one. 

120  21   si  quam,  sc.  adferre. 

120  22  (Sect.  18.)  est  eorum,  consists  of  those  (pred.  gen.). 

120  23  possessiones,  landed  property. 


Secojtd  Oration  against  Catiline  329 

120  23  dissolvi,  sc.  a  possessionihus  :  i.e.  although  they  might  pay 
their  debts  by  the  sale  of  their  estates,  they  cannot  make  up  their  minds 
to  do  so. 

120  25  voluntas  et  causa,  their  purposes  and  claims,  i.e.  their  posi- 
tion before  the  world. 

120  26  tu :  the  use  of  the  singular,  as  if  he  were  addressing  one  of 
these  men  directly,  gives  point  to  his  reproach  of  the  whole  class. 

120  27  sis :  §  268  (  ) ;  B.  277  ;  G.  466  ;  H.  484,  v  (559,  4)  ;  H.  & 
B. 

120  30  tuas:  emphatic.  —  tabulas  novas,  nerv  accounts,  i.e.  a  general 
scaling  down  of  debts  by  legislative  enactment,  such  as  that,  B.C.  86, 
*'  which  reduced  every  private  claim  to  the  fourth  part  of  its  nominal 
amount,  and  cancelled  three-fourths  in  favor  of  the  debtors." 

121  2  auctionariae :  a  forced  sale  of  their  estates  would  give  them 
"  new  accounts"  {tabulae)  by  reducing  their  debts  ;  auctionariae  [tabulae] 
would  be  the  placards  advertising  the  sale  in  question. 

121  4  quod,  obj.  of  facere,  relating  to  the  forced  sale.  —  neque,  and 
not,  connects  facere  and  certare. 

121  5  certare  cum  usuris,  struggle  to  meet  the  interest :  §  248,  b 
(  );    II.  419,  i^;    H.  &  B.  ,  —  fructibus:   abl.  of  means. 

121  6  uteremur,  2ve  should  find. 

121  7  hos-ce :   more  emphatic  than  hos. 

121  9  vota  facturi,  likely  to  offer  prayers,  i.e.  they  will  confine  them- 
selves to  sympathizing  with  Catiline's  revolt  ;  no  active  cooperation  with 
him  need  be  feared  from  them. 

121  11  (Sect.  19.)  premuntur:  notice  the  emphasis,  —  this  class  is 
insolvent ;   the  former  class  is  heavily  in  debt,  but  has  resources. 

121  13  quieta  re  publica :  no  poor  man  could  hope  to  gain  political 
prominence  at  Rome  in  ordinary  times ;  these  men  therefore  look  to 
anarchy  to  achieve  their  political  ends. 

121  15  scilicet,  in  fact. 

121  16  desperent,  have  no  hope. 

121  17  me  .  .  .  vigilare,  etc.,  indir.  disc,  dependent  on  the  idea  of 
saying  imphed  in  praecipiendum  :   §  336,  n.2  (  ) ;   G.  652,  r.,  2 ; 

H.  523,  i,  N.  (642,  i) ;    H.  &  B. 

121  18  magnos  animos :  see  Vocab.  under  animus. 

121  22  praesentis  agrees  with  deOS:  willbe  at  hand,  and,  etc. 

121  23  quod  si,  notu  if  (as  often).     The  quod  is  merely  adverbial  ace. : 

§  240,  b  {  )  ;    B.   185,  2  ;    G.  610,  R.2  ;    H.   378,   2  (416,  2)  ;    H.  &  B. 

;  not  like  quod  in  1.  4,  above.  —  iam,  at  once.  —  sint  .  .   .  adepti : 


330  Notes 

fut.  cond.  less  vivid.  — cum  summo  furore  :  §  248,  n.  (  ) ;  G.  399  ; 

H.419,  iii,  N.i  (473,  3,  N-);   H.  &B. 

121  2G  non  vident,  don't  they  see?    §  210,  h  {  )  ;    B.  162,  2,  d; 

G.453;   H.  351,  3  (378,1);    H.&B. 

121  27  adepti  sint,  for  the  fut,  perf.  indie,  of  the  direct  disc. — fugi- 
tive, i.e.  one  of  their  own  slaves  ;  for,  vv^hen  law  is  overthrown,  brute  force 
will  control  all. 

121  28  sit  necesse :    §  307,  rt' (  );   G.  595;    H.  508,  4  (580); 

H.  cV  B. 

121  31  (Sect.  20.)  ex  eis  COloniis :  Sulla  rewarded  his  veterans 
(120,000  in  number)  by  liberal  grants  of  land,  partly  in  nniiiicipia  already 
existing,  partly  in  new  colonies  which  he  founded  for  them. 

122  1  universas,  as  a  whole  ;  civium  esse,  consist  of,  etc. 

122  2  ei  sunt  COloni,  these  are  colonists  of  this  sort  (as  opposed  to  the 
general  character  of  the  colonies,  which  Cicero  does  not  wish  to  impugn). 

122  5  beati,  men  of  wealth. 

122  7  Sulla,  etc.,  Sulla  will  have  to  be  raised  fro f?i  the  dead,  for  they 
can  have  no  such  hope  in  Catiline. 

122  8  a.giQs\.ls,  farmers,  not  Sulla's  colonists. 

122  9  veterum  :  alluding  to  the  plunder  of  the  disorderly  times  follow- 
ing Sulla's  victory  over  the  Marian  party. 

122  12  illorum  temporum,  i.e.  the  times  of  proscription. 

122  18  (Sect.  21.)  vacillant,  stagger  under.  —  vadimoniis,  etc.,  the 
three  steps  in  bankruptcy,  —  bail,  judgment,  and  sale  of  property  ;  pro- 
scriptio  is  strictly  the  public  notice  that  property  is  for  sale. 

122  21  infitiatores  lentos,  ^//A^/^rj  ^/^/^/t^r^  (lit.  ^^«?V;-.y,  i.e.  persons  who 
avoid  payment  of  their  debts  by  every  possible  subterfuge). 

122  22  stare,  keep  their  feet. 

122  23  ita,  in  such  a  taay.  —  non  modo,  etc. :   §  149,  <?  (  )  ;  B.  343, 

2,  a;   G.  482,  5,  R.i ;    H.  552,  2  (656,  3)  ;    H.  &  B. 

122  29  (Sect.  22.)  non  revoco  :  §  276,  b  {  )  ;  B.  259,  2  ;  G.  233  ; 
H.  467,  6  (530)  ;    H.  &  B. 

123  1  career  :  this  is  the  7\(Uianum,  a  dungeon  near  the  Forum, 
still  existing.  It  was  properly  a  jail  for  temporary  detention,  as  imprison- 
ment was  not  recognized  in  Rome  as  a  form  of  punishment  (see  Figs. 
29,  30). 

123  2   numero,  in  order.  —  genere,  rank. 

123  5  imberbis  :  a  mark  of  effeminacy  ;  bene  barbatos,  full-bearded, 
doubtless  a  military  affectation,  as,  until  lately,  the  wearing  of  a  mus- 
tache.    Figs.  31,    32    illustrate    Roman   fashions    of   wearing    the   beard. 


Second  Oration  against  Catiline 


331 


Fig.  31  (obverse)  shows  a  military  cut  (head  of  Sextus  Pompey) ;    Fig.  32, 
the  rough  beard  of  a  philosoi^her  (L.  Junius  Rusticus)  ;   cf.  Fig.  26. 


Fig.  29 


3=^ 


123  G  velis,  veils,  rather  than  the  substantial  toga,  which  was  of  un- 
bleached wool.    The  whole  description  suggests  foppishness  and  effeminacy. 

123  11  (Sect.  23.)  saltare  et 
cantare  :  these  accomplishments 
were  hardly  regarded  as  respectable 
by  the  better  classes.  —  spargere,  i.e. 
in  food  or  drink  :  poisoning  has  in 
all  ages  been  carried  to  a  high  ait  in 
Italy. 

123  13  scitote  :  notice  the  sec- 
ond (fut.)  impera.  (regularly  used  in 
this  word). 

Fig.  31 


IfclVNiI-RVSflCI 


123  1(J  his  noctibus  :  although  this  was  spoken  Nov.  9,  yet  tlie 
Roman  year  was  at  this  time  in  such  a  state  of  confusion  that  the  true 
date  was  probably  some  time  in  December,  just  when  the  winter  was 
setting  in. 


332 


Notes 


Fig.  33 


Sects.  24,  25.  These  followers  of  Catiline  contrasted  with  the 
defenders  of  the  state.  The  issue  of  such  a  contest  cannot  be  doubt- 
ful. 

123  27  (Sect.  24.)  urbes  coloniarum,  etc. :  the  colonies  and  free  com- 
munities {mjinicipia)  included  the  walled  cities  {^iirbes)  in  their  territory. 
These  well-manned  walls  would  be  more  than  a  match  for  Catiline's  rude 
works  {tumuli s). 

124  1  (Sect.  25.)  causas,  i.e.  the  cause  of  the  conspirators  and  that 
of  the  state  in  their  moral  aspect  (cf.  in  eius  modi,  etc.,  1.  12  below). 

124  2  ex  eo  ipsc/r^w  the  very  cotn- 
parison. 

124  10  bona  ratio,  good  counsel ; 
perdita,  desperate. 

124  17  (Sect.  26.)  custodiis  vigi- 
liisque  :  see  Cat.  i.,  sect.  8,  and  note. 

124  19  consultum,  etc.,  provident 
measures  have  been  taken.  —  coloni  mu- 
nicipesque  :  a  colony  differed  from  a 
municipiuni  in  being  founded  by  Roman 
(or  Latin)  citizens,  who  retained  from 
the  first  their  citizenship,  either  in  whole 
or  in  part.  By  Cicero's  time  there  was 
no  longer  any  real  difference  between 
the  two  classes  of  towns  ;  but  the  colo- 
nies always  retained  a  certain  precedence 
in  rank. 

124  20  hac  .  .  .  excursione  :  see 
Introd.,  p.  113  of  text. 

124  22  gladiatores  :  see  p.  117,  1.  5. 

124  23  quamquam  (corrective),  re- 
ferring to  manum  certissimam. 

124  24  tamen  :  pointing  the  con- 
trast between  the  suppression  of  this  body 
and  Catiline's  expectations  from  them. 
124  29  vocari  videtis  :  the  members  of  the  Senate  had  their  gathering 
place  {senaculum)  adjoining  the  curia,  and  were  summoned  by  heralds 
{praecones)  from  this  into  the  building.  If  any  were  absent,  the  heralds 
were  sent  to  their  houses.  The  curia  and  senaculum  were  visible  from 
the  place  of  assembly  in  the  Forum,  and  the  heralds  could  no  doubt  be 
seen  going  their  rounds. 


TJiii'd  Oratiojt  against  Catiline  333 


IV.     Peroratio  (§§  26-29) 

Sects.  26-29.  Citizens  need  not  fear :  the  consul  will  protect  the 
city.  The  conspirators  warned.  There  shall  be  no  disturbance. 
The  gods  will  lend  their  aid. 

125  2  (Sect.  27.)    monitos  vole :  §  292,  a',  n.  (  ) ;   G.  537  ; 

H.  &  B. 

125  3  solutior:   for  cumpar.,  see  §  93,  «  (  ) ;    B.  240,  I  ;    G.  297  ; 

H.  444,  I  (498)  ;    H.  &  B. 

125  4  quod,  etc.,  as  for  the  rest  (i.e.  what  remains  to  be  done). 

125  5  horum  and  his  relate  to  the  citizens  by  whom  he  is  surrounded, 
and  imply  a  gesture. 

125  8  cuius :  referring,  like  qui,  to  the  subject  of  sentiet. 

125  17  (Sect.  28.)  me,  etc.,  abl.  abs.  — togato,  ?«  perfect  peace,  i.e. 
without  any  military  demonstration  :  the  toga  was  the  regular  dress  of  the 
Roman  in  time  of  peace.     (See  Fig.  -^^t^,  from  an  antique  statue.) 

125  22  illud:  in  appos.  with  ut  .  .  .  possitis :   I  will  secure  t/iat,  (tic. 

125  24  neque  .  .  .  -que,  not  .  .  .  and. 

125  28  (Sect.  29.)   quibus  .  .  .  ducibus,  tmder  whose  guidance. 

126  3  quam  urbem  .  .  .  hanc,  this  city  which  :  §  200,  <^,  n.  (  ) ; 
G.  616  ;  H.  445,  9  (399,  5);  H.  &  B.  ;  or  (repeating  the  noun)  the 
city  zvhich,  etc.,  —  that  city. 


THIRD   ORATION   AGAINST   CATILINE 

ARGUMENT 

Chap.  i.  Exordium.  The  citizens  are  congratulated  on  their  deliver- 
ance. —  Narratio.  2,  3.  Story  of  the  arrest :  the  conspirators'  plans  were 
watched:  arrest  of  certain  leaders  at  the  Mulvian  Bridge.  —  4.  The  con- 
spirators before  the  Senate:  testimony  of  Volturcius  and  the  Gauls. — 
5.  The  letters  produced.     Confession  of  Cethegus,  Lentulus,  and  Gabinius. 

—  6.  The  Senate  decrees  that  the  traitors  be  kept  in  custody,  and  that  a 
general  thanksgiving  be  held.  —  7.  Now  all  is  safe :  Catiline  alone  was  to 
be  feared,  and  that  only  while  in  the  city.  Character  of  Catiline.  —  8, 
9.  The  divine  aid  manifest  in  sundry  omens  :  Jupiter  watches  over  the  city. 

—  Peroratio.  10.  Exhortation  to  keep  the  thanksgiving:  this  bloodless 
victory  compared  with  others  more  costly.  —  ii.  Cicero  claims  no  reward 
but  a  grateful  remembrance. —  12.  But  he  is  less  fortunate  than  victors  in 


334  Notes 

foreign  war,  since  the  conquered  are  still  citizens.  He  relies  on  the  devo- 
tion of  his  countrymen,  and  has  no  fear  for  the  future.  The  assembly 
dismissed. 

I.      ExORDIUxM  (§§   I,  2) 

Sects.  1,  2.     The  citizens  congratulated  on  their  deliverance. 

Page  126.  Line  7.  (Sect,  i.)  vitam,  lives:  the  plural  would  rarely 
be  used  in  Latin. 

126  8  bona,  estates  (landed  property)  ;  fortunas,  goods  (personal 
property). 

126  16  (Sect.  2,)  nascendi  .  .  .  condicio, ///^ /c^/ ^//^/r///. 

126  17  ilium:  Romulus,  who,  after  his  death,  w^as  deified  and  identi- 
fied with  the  Sabine  god  of  war,  Quirinus. 

127  4  urbi,  etc.:   dat.  with  subiectos. 

127  6  idem  (plur.),  /  .  .  .  have  also,  etc. :   §  195,  e  {  ) ;   B.  248, 

i;   G.  310;   H.451,  3  (508,3);    H.&B. 
127  7  eorum,  i.e.  of  the  swords. 


II.     Narratio  (§§  3-22) 

Sects.  3-7.  Story  of  the  arrest.  The  conspirators  watched  :  their 
attempts  to  tamper  with  the  AUobroges  disclosed  to  Cicero :  the 
arrest  at  the  Mulvian  Bridge  :  seizure  of  incriminating  letters. 

127  8  (Sect.  3.)  inlustrata,  patefacta,  comperta:  the  anticlimax  is 
only  apparent,  for  comperta  expresses  the  most  difficult  as  well  as  the  most 
important  of  the  three  acts. 

127  9  vobis :  opposed  to  in  senatu  (1.  8). 

127  10  investigata,  traced  out  (observe  the  figure). 

127  11  tT^^-^^z\.dX\^,  are  waiting  to  hear. 

127  12  ut,  ever  since. 

127  16  possemus :   §  334,  b{  ) ;  B.  300,  2  ;  G.  467,  0  ;  cf.  H.  523, 

ii,  i,  N.  (642,  3);   H.  &  B.  .  —  cum  .  .  .  eiciebam  :  notice  the  tense 

{at  the  time  I  was  engaged  in  driving  out,  etc.,  also  volebam,  below^),  as 
compared  with  erupit  {burst  forth,  once  for  all).  Notice  also  the  differ- 
ence in  mood  {at  the  time,  etc.),  compared  with  cum  reliquisset  in  1.  14 
(not  referring  to  time  at  all,  but  to  circumstance  :  having  left  behind,  etc.)  : 
see  §  323,  325,  a  {  ) ;   B.  288,  i;   G.  580,  585;    H.  521,  i,  ii  (600, 

601);   H.&B. 

127  17   invidiam:  see  Cat.  i.,  p.  128,  1.  27,  and  note. 


Third  Oration  against  Catiline  335 

127  18   ilia,  sc.  iuvidia.  —  quod  .  .  .  exierit :  §  341,  d  {  );   B, 

323;  G.  539;   II.  516,  ii  (588,  ii);   H.cKiB. 

127  20   restitissent :   in  dir.  disc,  this  would  be  restiterint  (fut.  perf.). 

127  25  (Sect.  4.)  quoniam  .  .  .  faceret,  because  (as  I  thought),  etc.; 
hence  the  subj.  rather  than  f aciebat :   §  341,  rt',  r.  (  );    fi.  541  ; 

H.  516,  ii  (588,  ii);   H.  &  B. 

127  2G    (^XdX\Q),  avi^unient ;  fidem  isLCeret,  gain  credence. 

127  27  rem  comprehenderem,  ,^^v/  hold  of  the  matter.  —  ut  .  .  .  provi- 
deretis :  purpose. 

127  28  cum  .  .  .  videretis :  subj.  of  integral  part  (otherwise  it  would 
be  videbitis). 

127  29  Allobrogum  :  the  AUobroges  were  a  Gallic  nation,  between  the 
Rhone  and  tlie  Alps  (in  the  modern  Dauphine  and  Savoy);  subdued  B.C. 
121,  and  united  with  the  province  Narbonensis.  They  were  restless  under 
their  new  masters  (see  sect.  22),  and  inclined  to  take  up  with  Catiline's 
movement.  Their  ambassadors  had  come  to  complain  of  certain  exactions 
of  their  provincial  governor.  —  belli,  i.e.  when  out  of  the  range  of  the 
Roman  jurisdiction  ;   tumultus,  rebellion,  i.e.  when  nearer  home. 

127  .30  Lentulo,  see  Introd.,  p.  126:  he  had  been  consul  B.C.  71,  but 
had  been  expelled  from  the  vSenate  the  next  year,  with  sixty-three  others,  on 
account  of  his  character,  and  he  now  held  the  prittorship  with  the  view  of 
beginning  the  career  of  office  over  again. 

128  5  manifesto  deprehenderetur,  taken  in  the  act :  the  words  apply 
strictly  to  the  criminals  themselves. 

128  7  (Sect.  5.)  praetores  :  although  the  regular  duties  of  the  prcetors 
were  judicial,  yet  they  possessed  the  imperiwn,  and  in  virtue  of  this  could 
command  troops  in  the  absence  of  the  consuls,  or  under  their  authority. 

128  9   qui  .  .  .  sentirent  (subj.  of  characteristic),  as  men  who,  etc. 

128  11  pontem  Mulvium :  the  bridge  over  the  Tiber,  about  two  miles 
above  the  city,  by  which  the  principal  roads  (the  Flaminian  and  Cassian) 
led  into  north  Italy. 

128  13   inter  eos,  i.e.  between  the  two  divisions. 

128  15  praefectura :  the  title  given  to  the  politically  lowest  class  of 
Italian  towns,  which  had  lost  their  independence;  cf.  Vocab.  under  colonia 
and  municipium.  —  Reatina :  Reate  was  a  very  ancient  town  of  the 
Sabines,  about  forty  miles  northeast  of  Rome.  Cicero  was  the  patronns 
of  Reate  ;  that  is,  acted  as  its  attorney  and  legal  counsel :  which  accounts 
for  his  having  this  body-guard  of  young  men  from  that  place.  Besides, 
these  simple  mountaineers  still  retained  something  of  the  old  Italian 
virtues,  and  therefore  were  well  fitted  for  this  service. 


336  Notes 

129  1    praesidio  :  dat.  of  service. 

129  2  (Sect.  6.)  tertia  .  .  .  exacta,  about  3  a.m.  :  the  night,  from  sunset 
to  sunrise,  was  divided  by  the  Romans  into  four  vigiliae  of  equal  length. 

129  3   magno  comitatu  :  abl.  of  accomp.;   §  248,  «,  n.  (  ); 

cf.  B.  222,  I  ;   G.  392,  R.i ;    H.  419,  i^  (474,  2);    H.  &  B. 

129  5   res  :   the  occasion  of  the  attack. 

129  6  ignorabatur,  etc.  Though  the  Allobroges  had  played  the  con- 
spirators false,  and  knew  that  the  consul  had  his  plans  ready,  they  did  not 
know  what  these  plans  were,  and  therefore  were  as  much  taken  by  surprise 
as  Volturcius  himself.  Even  the  troops  would  appear  not  to  have  known 
what  special  enterprise  they  were  engaged  in. 

129  11  machinatorem :  Gabinius  had  been  the  go-between  in  this 
case  ;   he  and  Statilius  were  to  burn  the  city  (Sail.  Cat.  43,  44). 

129  14   venit :   of  course  he  had  been  summoned  like  the  others. 

129  15   praeter,  etc.,  since  Lentulus  was  notoriously  lazy. 

129  IG  (Sect.  7.)  viris,  dat.  after  placeret,  which  has  for  subject  lit- 
teras  .  .  .  aperiri,  etc. 

129  18  deferrem,  integral  part  of  aperiri ;  otherwise  it  would  probably 
be  defers  :  see  §  327,  <:/  (  );  cf.  B.  291,  i  ;  G.  574  ;  H.  520  (605,  2); 

H.  &  B. 

129  20  esse  facturum  governs  the  result  clause  ut  .  .  .  deferrem  :  we 
may  translate,  /  said  I  would  not  fail  to  lay  before  the  public  council  a 
matter  touching  the  public  danger  before  it  had  been  tampered  with  (inte- 
gram). 

129  22   etenim  ...  si,  for  if  you  see. 

129  23  reperta  .  .  .  essent:  in  dir.  disc,  this  would  be  reperta  erunt. 

Sects.  8-13.  The  conspirators  before  the  Senate.  Evidence  of 
Volturcius  and  the  Allobroges.  The  letters  produced.  Confession 
of  the  conspirators. 

129  27  (Sect.  8.)   si  quid  .  .  .  esset,  whatever  weapons  there  might  be. 

129  30  introduxi,  sc.  in  senatum.  —  fidem  publicam,  assurance  of 
safety  :  he  was  to  be  used  as  state's  evidence. 

129  31    sciret  :   subj.  of  integral  part. 

130  3  servorum :  the  recollection  of  the  terrible  servile  insurrections 
in  Sicily,  and  especially  that  of  Spartacus  in  Italy,  less  than  ten  years  be- 
fore, would  make  this  shock  and  terrify  Cicero's  hearers  beyond  measure. 
—  ut  .  .  .  uteretur :  %  zz^  'k  );  B.  295,  4  ;  G.  546  ;  H.  498,  i  (565); 
H.  &  B.  ;   obj.  of  the  verb  of  commanding  implied  in  mandata,  etc 

130  4    id  :   in  a  sort  of  apposition  with  ut  .  .  .  accederet. 


Third  Oration  against  Catiline 


337 


130  5  cum  .  .  .  incendissent  :  subj.  because  integral  part  of  ut  .  .  . 
praesto  esset ;   otherwise  it  would  be  incenderimus  (fut.  perf.). 

130  0  erat  :   §  336,  ^  (  )  ;    B.  314,  3;    G.  628,  k.;    H.  524,  2 

(643,4);   II.  &B. 

130  12  (Sect.  9.)  ut  .  .  .  mitterent  :  purpose. — equitatum  :  the 
Roman  cavalry  was  at  this  time  chiefly  composed  of  Gallic  and  other 
auxiliaries. 

130  13  sibi  (copias)  refers  to  the  conspirators  ;  sibi  (confirmasse)  to 
the  envoys  :   §  196,  a,  i  and  2  (  )  ;  B.  244,  i,  ii ;  11.  &  B. 

—  defuturas  [esse]  depends  on  the  idea  oi saying\xa^\\Q<\  in  praescriptum. 

130  14  fatis  :  the  books  bought  by  Tarquinius  Superbus  of  the 
Cumsean  Sibyl.  They  were  kept  in  charge  of  a  board,  collegitmi,  the  quin- 
decimviri  sacris  faciundis,  and  consulted  in  cases  of  great  public  emer- 
gency (cf.  /Eneid,  vi.  71,  and  note).  —  haruspicum  :  the  haruspices  were 
Etruscan  soothsayers,  who  interpreted  the  will  of  the  gods,  chiefly  from 
the  entrails  of  animals  sacrificed.  They  were  a  private  class,  of  low  stand- 
ing, and  are  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  augurs,  who  were  a  board  of 
Roman  noblemen,  of  high  rank,  who  interpreted  the  auspices  according  to 
the  native  Roman  rules,  chiefly  by  the  flight  of  birds,  by  lightning,  etc. 

130  16  Cinnam,  etc. :  L.  Cornelius  Cinna  was  colleague  of  Marius, 
and  ruled  Rome  after  his  death,  B.C.  86.  L.  Cornelius  Sulla  ruled  Rome 
B.C.  82-79  (see  sect.  24). 

130  19  virginum  :  the  Vestal  Virgins,  six  in  number,  maidens  of 
high  rank,  consecrated  to   chastity 

and  the  service  of  Vesta.     (See  Fig.  Fig   34 

34.)  They  were  peculiarly  sacred, 
and  were  highly  privileged.  Viola- 
tion of  their  vow  of  chastity  was 
incestus,  and  was  regarded  as  a  pro- 
digium  of  very  bad  omen.  Of  the 
incident  referred  to  here  nothing 
further  is  known.  —  Capitoli  :    the 

temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  (see  "  Plunder  of  Syracuse, 
burned  during  the  rule  of  the  Marian  faction,  B.C.  83. 

130  21  (Sect.  10.)  Saturnalibus  :  a  very  ancient  festival  in  honor  of 
Saturn,  the  god  of  seed-sowing,  celebrated  Dec.  19.  During  this  festival 
every  serious  business  was  suspended  ;  and  it  was  so  complete  a  holiday 
that  slaves  feasted  at  the  same  tables  with  their  masters.  No  better 
opportunity  could  be  found  for  the  outbreak  of  an  insurrection  than  this 
season  of  unrestrained  jollification. 


sect.  15)  was 


33<S 


Xotes 


130  24  tabellas,  tablets  of  wood  :  wax  was  spread  on  the  inside,  and 
on  this  the  writing  was  scratched  with  a  stilus.  When  used  for  letters,  the 
tablets  were  tied  about  with  a  linen  thread,  linuin,  and  sealed.  See  Fig. 
35  (from  a  Pompeian  wall-painting)  and  Fig.  44. 

130  27    ipsius  manu  :   the  ambassadors  had  made  sure  to  get  all  the 

conspirators  committed   in   writing    except   Cassius,    who    alone    had    the 

sagacity  to  keep  out  of  it.  —  senatui :  the  Gallic  tribes  were  governed  by 

an  aristocracy,  hav- 
FiG.  35  .  "  ., 

mg    a    council    or 

senate  as  its  mouth- 
piece. 

130  28  sese, 
etc. :  in  dir.  disc, 
faciam  quae  vestris 
legatis  confirviavi. 

130  29  Ut  .  .  . 
illi,  etc. :  in  the 
direct  form,  —  vos 
facite  quae  sibi  ves- 
tri  legati  receperunt.  Note  the  change  of  pronouns  as  well  as  of  moods 
and  tenses. — sibi  recepissent,  had  taken  upon  themselves. 

130  30  qui  .  .  .  respondisset,  qui  concessive. — tamen,  i.e.  in  spite 
of  the  strong  evidence  agamst  him. 

131  5   est  vero,  etc.,  i.e.  you  may  well  recognize  it  :  it  is,  etc. 

131  6  avi  tui  :  Cornelius  Lentulus,  cos.  B.C.  162.  He  was  princeps 
senatus,  that  is,  designated  by  the  censors  as  first  man  of  the  Senate  :  an 
honorary  office,  held  ordinarily  by  patricians. 

131  8   debuit,  ought  to  have  recalled :  §  288,  a   {  );   B.  270,  2; 

G.  254,  R.i ;    H.  537,  I  (618,  2)  ;   H.  &  B.  .     (The  joining  of  such 

opposites  as  muta  and  revocare  is  called  oxyvioi-on,  or  paradox.^ 

1319    (Sect.  II.)    QSi^QruTaMonQ,  to  the  same  purport. 

131  10   si  vellit  :  §  341,  r  (  )  ;   cf.  B.  323  ;   G.  663,  2,  b  (direct,  si 

vis). — feci  potestatem,  I  gave  him  leave. 

131  16  nihilne  :  equiv.  to  nonne  aliquid. 

132  1  esset,  2.y  .•  imperf.  by  seq.  o^  tenses  ;  §  287,  </ (  );  H.495,v 
(549)  ;  H.  &  B. 

132  11  (Sect.  12.)  quis  sim,  etc.:  this  letter  is  given  with  slight 
variations  by  Sallust,  Cat.  44. 

132  12  quern  in  locum,  etc.,  hozu  far  you  have  gone  (alluding  to  the 
fact  that  he  was  thoroughly  compromised). 


Third  Oration  against  Catiline  339 

132  14   infimorum,  i.e.  slaves  ;   see  note,  p.  130,  1.  3,  al)ove. 

132  17    (Sect.  13.)    ilia,  the  following;  §  102,  (^  (  )  ;    B.  246,  2  ; 

G.  307,  3  ;   H.  450,  3  (507)  ;    H.  &  B. 

132  21  furtim,  stealthily  ("like  thieves");  so  English  stealth  from 
steal. 

132  23  senatum  COnsului:  deliberative  assemblies  in  ancient  times 
were  under  the  control  of  the  presiding  officer,  and  members  could  not 
speak  or  introduce  business  except  when  called  upon  by  him.  He  laid  a 
subject  before  them  {consider e  senatum,  refert-e  ad  senatum),  and  asked 
their  opinions  individually,  in  a  definite  order,  usually  according  to  their 
rank  or  dignity.  In  the  case  of  a  general  question  he  was  said  referre 
{consulere)  de  sum  ma  re  publica.  The  form  would  be,  die,  C.  luli,  senten- 
tiam.     (See  Introd.,  p.  Ivii.) 

132  25  a  principibus,  the  leading  men.  —  sententiae  :  the  views  of  the 
individual  Senators  (see  note  on  1.  23,  above), 

132  27  perscriptum  :  the  opinions  (sententiae)  of  the  Senators  (given 
as  just -described)  merely  determined  the  substance  of  the  ordinance,  which 
was  afterwards  written  out  in  regular  form  by  the  secretaries  in  the  presence 
of  some  of  its  advocates  and  under  the  direction  of  the  presiding  officer. 

Sects.  14,  15.  Action  of  the  Senate :  the  chief  conspirators  are 
given  into  custody  and  a  thanksgiving  is  voted. 

132  31  (Sect.  14.)  L.  Flaccus:  see  note  on  p.  128,  1.  7. 

133  1  conlegae :   C.  Antonius;   see  Introd.  to  Cat.  i.,  p.  99. 

133  3  rei  publicae  consiliis,  the  public  counsels,  i.e.  his  own  (officially) 
as  consul. 

133  4  cum  se  abdicasset,  after  abdicating.  Lentulus  could  not  prop- 
erly be  called  to  account  during  his  magistracy;  but  he  might  be  forced  to 
resign,  and  could  then  be  proceeded  against. 

133  6  erant :  notice  that  this  and  similar  clauses  in  this  section,  since 
they  are  explanations  made  by  Cicero  and  not  parts  of  the  decree,  take  the 
indicative. 

133  7  L.  Cassium,  etc. :  these  last  mentioned  had  not  yet  been  arrested, 
but  Ceparius  was  caught  in  his  flight  and  brought  back. 

133  9  pastores :  Apulia  was,  as  now,  used  chiefly  for  pasturage.  In 
the  summer,  when  these  broad  plains  were  dried  up,  the  flocks  were  driven 
to  the  mountain  pastures  of  Samnium  and  Lucania.  These  pastoral  regions 
have  always  been  the  home  of  a  lawless  and  restless  population,  prone  to 
brigandage. 

133  11  COlonis,  etc.:   cf.  sect.  20,  above  (pp.  121,  122). 


340  Notes 

133  19  (Sect.  15.)  supplicatio:  a  day  of  prayer,  proclaimed  by  the 
Senate,  either  in  thanksgiving  (^gratulatio)  as  in  the  present  case,  or  in 
entreating  favor  of  the  gods. 

133  20  eorum,  i.e.  the  gods. 

133  '-'1  togato,  as  a  civilian:  cf.  Cat.  ii.,  p.  125,  1.  17  and  note.     See 

133  23  liberassem :   in  the  decree,  liberavit. 

133  24  hoc  interest,  there  is  this  difference.  —  bene  gesta,  as  well  as 
conservata,  agrees  with  re  publica  (abl.  abs.). 

133  2G  faciendum  .  .  .  fuit :  observe  that  this  form  has  not  here  its 
usual  cont.  to  fact  implication. 

133  29  ius,  rights.  — tamen  :  he  was  allowed  to  resign  instead  of  being 
put  to  death  without  resigning  (as  in  the  case  below). 

133  30  quae  .  .  .  fuerat,  what  had  not  been  a  scruple  to  Marius  =  a 
scruple  which  had  not  prevented  M.  from  (quo  minus,  etc.). 

133  31  quo  minus  occideret,  to  prevent  his  killing,  following  religio : 
§  319,  c{  )  ;   B.  cf.  295,  3  ;   G.  549  ;    H.  499,  3,  N.2  (568,  8) ;  H.  &  B. 

.  —  C.  Glauciam  :  see  note  on  Cat.  i.,  p.  loi,  1.  i.  —  nominatim,  i.e. 
Marius  acted  merely  under  the  general  authority  conferred  on  him  by  the 
Senate  in  the  formula,  Videant  consules,  etc.  (see  note  on  Cat.  i.,  p.  100, 
1.  12). 

Sects.  16,  17.  The  conspiracy  is  now  crushed.  Character  of 
Catiline. 

134  5  (Sect.  16.)  pellebam :  conative  imperf.;  cf.  p.  127,1.  16,  and 
note. 

134  8  pertimescendam :  observe  the  intensive  force  of  per. 

134  It  ille  erat,  etc. :  with  this  character  of  Catiline,  cf.  notes  on  Cat.  i., 
26  (p.  109,  1.  23)  and  ii.,  9  (p.  117,  1.  4). 

134  10  continebatur :  for  tense,  see  §  276,  e,  n.  (  );  G.  569  ; 

H.  519,  i  (603);    H.  &B. 

134  12  consilium,  ability  to  plan. 

134  15  mandarat :  for  mood  and  tense,  see  §§  322,  309,  c  {  ) ; 

B.  287,  2  ;    G.  567  ;    H.  472,  2  (539,  2)  ;    H.  &  B. 

134  22  (Sect.  17.)  QLt^vli^^^vss.,  pushed  aside  :  the  image  is  of  averting 
a  crushing  weight  (molem),  just  ready  to  fall. 

134  23  non  ille,  etc.,  i.e.  as  Cethegus  did.  —  Saturnalia,  i.e.  so  dis- 
tant a  date.  —  constituisset :  the  prot.  (cont.  to  fact)  is  implied  in  ille  ; 
§  310,  a  (  );   B.  305,  2;   G.  593,  3;   H.  507,  nJ  (575,  9);   H.  &  B. 

000,  o. 


Third  Oration  against  Catiline 


341 


134  24  rei  publicae :  dat.  after  denuntiavisset. 

134  25  testes :  in  appos.  with  both  signum  and  litterae, 

134  26  quae  :  referring  to  Cicero's  success  in  securing  (lit.  capturing) 
the  evidence  of  guilt. 

135  3  hostis  (pred.  appos.),  as  an  enemy. 

Sects.  18-22.  Thanks  due  to  the  gods.  Signs  and  omens.  Jupiter 
watches  over  the  city. 

135  7  (Sect.  18.)  cum  (correl.  with  tum  vero,  1.  9),  i.e.  we  cannot 
merely  guess  it  (for  tlie  reason  in  the  quod  clause  following),  but  still 
more  we  can  almost  see  it  with  our  own  eyes. 

135  8  quod  .  .  .  potuisse  (parenthetical),  because,  etc.  —  consili  (pred. 
gen.  limiting  gubernatio),  to  belong  to  human  wisdom. 

135  11  possemus:   for  tense,  see  §  287,  «  (  ) ;  B.  268,  7  ;  G.  511, 

R.3;    H.  495,  i  (546);  H.  &  B. 

135  12  faces,  etc. :  these  omens  are  such  as  the  Romans  observed  and 
noted  carefully.     Livy's  history  is  full  of  them. 

135  16  praetermittendum,  inadvertently;  relinquendum, intentionally. 

135  18  (Sect. 
19.)  Cotta  et  Tor- 
quato :  consuls  is.c. 
65,  the  year  in  which 
Catiline  first  in- 
tended to  carry  out 
his  conspiracy. 

135  21  aera :  the 
laws  were  engraved 
on  bronze  tables. 

135  22  ille  .  .  . 
Romulus  :  there  is  a 
bronze  statue  of  the 
wolf  suckling  the  in- 
fants in  the  Capito- 
line  Museum  at 
Rome,  which  bears 
marks  either  of  lightning  seaming  one  of  its  hind  legs,  or  of  some  defect 
in  the  casting  (Fig.  36).  This  is  probably  identical  with  that  here 
mentioned. 

135  25  haruspices:  see  note  on  p.  13d,  1.  14. 

135  29  flexissent:    in  dir.  disc,  flexerint,  following  appropinquare. 


342  Notes 

which  points  to  the  future  ;    §  307,  d\   G.  595;    H.  508,  4  (580) ;   H.  &  B. 
000,  o. 

135  29  (Sect.  20.)  illorum,  i.e.  the  haruspices. 

135  30  ludi  :  festivals  in  which  races  and  theatrical  performances  were 
celebrated  in  honor  of  the  gods  ;  such  festivals  were  especially  appointed 
to  appease  the  deities  in  times  of  danger  and  distress  ;   cf.  Verres,  i.,  sect. 

31- 

136  1  idem  (plur.),  they  also. 

136  3  contra  atque,  opposite  to  ivhat :  §  156,  rt:  (  )  ;  B.  341,  i,  c  ; 

G.  643;   H.  459,  2  (516,3);   H.  &B. 

136  5  solis  .  .  .  conspiceret :  the  Forum  and  the  Senate  house  {curia) 
were  east  of  the  south  end  of  the  Capitoline  Hill,  on  which  stood  the  Capi- 
tolium,  or  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  (see  Plan  of  Forum). 

136  7  inlustrarentur :  the  word  is  chosen  with  reference  to  the  omen 
of  Jupiter  looking  toward  the  rising  sun. 

136  8  conlocandum  locaverunt :  locare  with  the  gerundive  is  the 
regular  expression  for  giving  out  a  contract  ;    §  294,  d  {  ) ;    B.  337, 

7,  b,  2  ;    G.  430  ;    H.  544,  N.-^  (622)  ;    H.  &  B. 

136  9  illi,  i.e.  of  year  before  last. 

136  10  consulibus  and  nobis :  abl.  abs.  expressing  the  date. 

136  13  (Sect.  21.)  praeceps,  headstrong;  mente  captus,  insane. — 
haec  omnia,  i.e.  the  universe. 

136  15  ita  is  explained  by  caedes  .  .  .  comparari,  below. 

136  IG  responsum  :  the  regular  expression  for  any  prophetic  answer 
as  of  an  oracle  or  seer.  —  rei  publicae  (dat.),  against  the  state. 

136  17  et  ea,  and  that  too  (cf.  /cat  ravTo). 

136  18  ea :  referring  to  caedes,  etc.,  above. 

136  20  illud :  referring  forward  to  the  result  clause  ut  .  .  .  statueretur 
(11.  21-23). 

136  23  in  aedem  Concordiae :  one  of  the  principal  temples  at  the 
northern  end  of  the  Forum  (see  Plan),  where  the  Senate  had  held  its 
session  on  this  day.  It  was  built  by  the  consul  L.  Opimius,  B.C.  121,  after 
his  bloody  victory  over  C.  Gracchus. 

136  26  (Sect.  22.)  quo,  %vherefore ;  see  §  250,  n.  (  ). 

136  28  vestris,  etc  :  observe  the  contrast  between  vestris  and  deorum, 
which  is  emphasized  by  their  respective  positions. 

136  31  non  ferendus,  intolerable  for  arrogance.  —  ille,  etc. :  anaphora; 
see  §  386  (  ) ;  B.  350,  \\,b;  cf.  G.  682  ;  H.  636,  iii,  3  (666,  i)  ;  H.  & 
B. 

137  2  ilia,  etc, :   omit  the  words  in  brackets  as  being  a  manifest  gloss. 


TJiird  Oration  against  Catiline  343 

137  r>  consilium,  etc. :  cf.  the  proverb,  qiievi  dens  perdere  volt,  prius 
defuentat. 

137  7  ut  introduces  the  result  clause  ut  .  .  .  neglegerent,  with  which 
id  is  in  apposition,  the  whole  forming  the  subject  of  esse  factum.  —  gens 
refers  here  to  the  Ciauls  as  a  whole,  not  to  the  AUobroges  in  particular. 

137  10  patriciis  :  the  old  patricians,  though  having  no  special  political 
privileges,  still  retained  considerable  prestige  as  an  hereditary  aristocracy. 
Cf.  note  on  Verres,  i.,  sect.  I  (p.  28,  1.  2).  Of  the  conspirators,  Catiline, 
Lentulus,  and  Cethegus  were  jnitricians. 

137  12  qui  .  .  .  superare  potuerint :  cf.  note  on  p.  131,  1.  8  ;  qui,  as 
subj.  of  the  charact.  clause,  may  be  translated  by  when  they. 


III.     Peroratio  (§§  23-29) 

Sects.  23-25.     Citizens  exhorted  to  thanksgiving. 

137  14  (Sect.  23.)  pulvinaria,  shrines  :  properly  cushions,  upon  which 
the  statues  of  the  gods  were  laid,  when  a  feast  was  spread  before  them.  This 
was  called  lectisterniuni,  and  was  usually  connected  with  the  supplicatio  (see 
note  on  p.  133,  1.  19).  Only  certain  gods,  chiefly  Grecian,  had  pulvinaria, 
and  the  rite  was  established  by  direction 
of  the  Sibylline  books  (see  note,  sect.  9). 
—  celebratote  :  the  future  imperative  is 
used  on  account  of  its  reference  to  a  set 
time  in  the  future  ;    §  269,  d  (^  )  ;    G. 

268,  2;  H.  487,  ii  (560,  4);  H.  6c  B. 
.  The  figure  in  the  text  (from  an 
ancient  altar  relief)  represents  a  procession 
such  as  was  usual  on  occasions  of  this  kind. 
Fig.  37  (from  an  ancient  lamp)  shows  the 
images  at  such  a  feast. 

137  20  duce,  i.e.  in  actual  command  ; 
imperatore,  i.e.  holding  the  sovereign  power,  whether  actually  commanding 
that  particular  operation  or  not. 

137  22  (Sect.  24.)  dissensiones :  for  case,  see  §  219,  <5  (  ) ;  G. 

376,  R.2  ;   H.  407,  N.i  (455) ;   H.  &  B. 

137  23  p.  Sulpicium  [Rufum],  a  young  man  of  remarkable  eloquence, 
a  leader  in  the  reforming  party  among  the  aristocracy.  He  was  tribune 
B.C.  88,  and  his  quarrel  with  C.  Caesar  was  the  first  act  of  the  Civil  War.  By 
his  proposition,  the  command  in  the  Mithridatic  War  was  transferred  from 


344  Notes 

Sulla  to  Marius  ;  and  when  Sulla  refused  to  obey,  and  inarched  upon  the 
city,  Sulpicius  was  one  of  the  first  victims. 

137  27  conlegam  :  Lucius  Cornelius  Cinna,  the  Marian  partisan  (see 
note  on  p.  130, 1.  16).  He  and  Cn.  Octavius,  a  partisan  of  Sulla,  were  con- 
suls B.C.  87,  after  the  departure  of  Sulla  for  the  East,  and  in  their  dissensions 
the  Civil  War  broke  out  afresh.  The  victory  of  Cinna  later  recalled  Marius 
from  exile. 

137  29  lumina  :  among  these  were  Octavius;  C.  Caesar  (see  above), 
and  his  brother  Lucius  ;  Q.  Catulus,  father  of  the  opponent  of  the  Manilian 
Law  (see  below)  ;  i\L  Antonius,  the  great  orator  ;  and  the  pontifex  ??iaxi- 
mus,  Q.  Scaevola. 

137  30  ultus  est :  to  preserve  the  emphasis,  render,  the  cruelty,  etc., 
zvas  avenged  by  Sulla. 

137  32  dissensit,  there  zuas  a  quarrel  between,  etc.  —  M.  Lepidus, 
father  of  the  triumvir,  was  consul  B.C.  78  (after  Sulla's  death),  with  Q. 
Catulus,  son  of  the  one  murdered  by  Cinna.  The  scheme  of  Lepidus  to 
receive  the  Marian  party  resulted  in  a  short  civil  war,  in  which  he  was  de- 
feated by  his  colleague  and  killed. 

138  2  ipsius :  he  was  the  victim  of  his  own  violence,  and  therefore  less 
regretted. 

Sects.  26-29.  Cicero  asks  for  no  reward  except  the  memory  of 
this  day.  He  relies  on  the  devotion  of  the  citizens,  and  has  no  fears 
for  the  future.     The  assembly  dismissed. 

138  3  (Sect.  25.)  tamen,  i.e.  though  these  disturbances  cost  a  great 
many  lives,  yet  they  were  not  so  revolutionary  as  this  conspiracy,  which  has 
been  put  down  without  bloodshed. 

138  4  commutandam  rem  publicam,  a  change  of  government. 

138  12  quale  bellum,  a  war  such  as. 

138  13  quo  in  bello :    §  200,  a  (  );   B.  351,  4;   G.  615;   H.  & 

B. 

138  14  omnes,  etc.,  i.e.  everybody  except  the  desperate. 

138  17  tantum,  only  so  many. 

138  18  restitisset  (resisto),  should  survive. 

139  8  (Sect.  26.)  mutum :  such  as  a  statue,  for  example. 

139  12  eandem,  diem,  etc,  the  same  period  of  time  —  eternal  as  I  hope 
—  is  p>-olonged,  both  for  the  safety  of  the  city,  etc. 
139  15  duos  civis,  i.e.  Pompey  and  himself. 
139  20  (Sect.  27.)  quae,  as :  §  201,^  (  ). 

139  22  isti  (contrasted  with  mihi),  refers  to  illorum  (1.  20). 


Fourth  Oration  against  Catiline  345 

139  24  mentes,  counsels. 

139  27  nihil  noceri  potest,  no  harui  can  he  done. 

139  30  dignitas,  etc.,  i.e.  the  majesty  of  the  Roman  state  will  be  an 
invisible  safeguard  for  me  ;  cf.  "  the  divinity  "  that  "  doth  hedge  a  king  " 
(Hamlet,  iv.  5.  123). 

139  31  conscientiae,  etc.,  i.e.  my  enemies,  conscious  of  their  guilty 
sympathy  with  this  conspiracy,  will,  in  their  attempts  to  injure  me,  inevi- 
tably commit  some  act  which  will  show  them  to  be  traitors  to  the  state. 

140  2   (Sect.  28.)  ultro,  i.e.  without  waiting  to  be  attacked. 

140  3  domesticorum  hostium:  oxymoron;  §  386  (  ) ;  B.  375,  2; 
G.  694;    H.  637,  xi,  6  (752,  12);    H.  &  B.  ;   cf.  the  same  figure  in 

Cat.  i.,  sect.  21  (p.  108,  1.  4) :  cum  tacent,  clamant. 

140  4  convertit :   pres.  for  fut.,  as  often,  especially  in  protasis, 

140  6  obtulerint :  subjxmc.  of  integral  part. 

140  8  in  honore  vestro :  honor  is  used  here,  as  usual,  to  denote 
external  honors  (offices)  conferred  by  the  people.  Holding  the  consul- 
ship, he  had  nothing  higher  to  look  forward  to. 

140  13  (Sect.  29.)  conservanda  re  publica:  abl.  of  means. 

140  14  in  re  publica,  in  public  life. 

140  15  virtute  non  casu,  etc.,  i.e.  he  will  show  this  l)y  such  conduct  as 
shall  be  consistent  with  this  glorious  achievement. 

141  1  lovem  :  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  is  shown  in  the  back- 
ground of  the  illustration  opposite  p.  136;  the  figure  in  the  text  at  p.  140 
is  a  restoration  of  this  temple. 


FOURTH   ORATION   AGAINST   CATILINE 

ARGUMENT 

Chap.  i.  Exordium.  Solicitude  of  the  Senate  for  Cicero.  The  ques- 
tion of  the  traitors'  doom  must,  however,  be  settled  without  regard  to  such 
considerations.  —  Propositio.  2,  3.  The  Senators  need  not  fear  for  Cicero. 
Let  them  take  counsel  for  the  welfare  of  the  state.  Enormous  guilt  of 
the  conspirators.  Judgment  already  rendered  by  the  action  of  the  Senate. 
The  sole  question  is :  What  shall  be  the  penalty  ?  —  4.  Silanus  proposes 
death;  Csesar,  perpetual  imprisonment. —  5.  Caesar's  proposition  discussed. 
—  Contentio.  6.  Death  none  too  severe  a  penalty:  severity  to  the  con- 
spirators is  mercy  to  the  city.  Opinion  of  L.  Caesar.  —  7.  Severe  measures 
will  be  supported  by  the  people.  —  8.  The  humblest  citizens  are  stanch, 


34t)  Notes 

—  9,  The  Senators  urged  to  act  fearlessly:  the  consul  will  not  fail  them. — > 
Peroratio.  10.  Cicero  is  undismayed:  his  fame  is  secure,  whatever  happens 
to  him.  He  has  undertaken  a  perpetual  war  with  the  bad  elements  in 
the  state,  but  the  result  is  certain. —  11.  Then  let  the  Senate  dare  to  act 
rigorously. 

As  this  is  the  first  deliberative  oration,  delivered  in  the  Senate,  con- 
tained in  this  collection,  it  will  be  well  for  the  student  to  consult  the 
account  of  a  senatorial  debate  given  in  the  Introduction,  p.  Ivii. 

In  the  present  case  —  in  which  the  question  was  what  sentence  should 
be  passed  upon  the  captured  conspirators  —  the  consul  elect,  D.  Junius 
Silanus,  had  advised  that  they  be  put  to  death;  C.  Julius  Cassar  (as  praetor 
elect),  on  the  contrary,  that  they  be  merely  kept  in  custody.  At  the  end 
of  the  discussion,  Cicero,  as  presiding  consul,  gave  his  views  as  expressed 
in  the  present  oration.  (For  the  speeches  of  Ccesar  and  Cato,  see  Sallust, 
Catiline,  chs.  51,  52.) 

I.     Exordium   (§§  i,  2) 

Sects.  1.  2.  Solicitude  of  the  Senate  for  Cicero.  But  the  question 
of  the  traitors'  doom  must  be  settled  without  regard  to  such  consid- 
erations. 

Page  141.  Line  13.  (Sect,  i.)  si  haec,  etc.,  i.e.  if  the  consulship  has 
been  given  me  on  these  terms. 

141  14  ut  .  .  .  perferrem,  subst.  clause  of  purpose  in  apposition  with 
condicio. 

142  2  (Sect.  2.)  ego  sum  ille  consul,  I  am  a  consul  (i.e.  that  kind 
of  consul). 

142  3  aequitas  :  in  the  P^orum  was  the  tribunal  of  the  pn^tor  who 
administered  justice  between  citizens. 

142  4  campus  :  see  note  on  Cat.  i.,  sect.  1 1  (p.  104, 1.  7) .  —  auspiciis : 
the  taking  of  the  auspices  always  preceded  the  election. 

The  Roman  commonw^ealth  was  regarded  as  depending  directly  upon 
the  will  of  the  gods.  Their  will  was  thought  to  be  expressed  in  signs  sent 
by  them  {auspicia).  These  could  be  observed  only  under  the  supervision 
of  the  board  of  Augurs,  a  body  whose  duty  it  was  to  know  the  rules  of 
interpretation  as  a  special  science  called  ins  aiiguriiim.  Most  public  acts 
of  any  kind  had  to  be  performed  aiispicato,  especially  the  holding  of  all 
public  assemblies  in  which  business  was  transacted.  Thus  the  Campus  was 
"consecrated  by  auspices"  every  time  that  the  comitia  centuriata  were 
held. 


Fourth  Oration  against  Catiline  347 

142  5  auxilium:  the  Roman  Senate,  having  the  management  of 
foreign  affairs,  was  at  this  time  a  great  court  of  appeal  for  subject  or 
friendly  nations. 

142  7  sedes  honoris,  i.e.  the  sella  curulis  or  seat  used  by  the  curule 
magistrates  :  viz.  interrex,  dictator, 

magister    equitum,    consul,    proetor,  y\o.  38 

censor,  and  curule  aedile.  It  was 
like  a  modern  camp-stool  without 
back  or  sides,  with  crossed  legs  of 
ivory,  so  that  it  could  be  folded  up 
and  carried  with  the  magistrate 
wherever  he  went.  See  Fig.  38 
(from  a  Roman  coin). 

142  8  fuit:  we  should  expect  the  subj.  of  characteristic,  but  the  indie, 
is  used  (as  often)  to  emphasize  \}[i^  fact. 

142  11  ut  .  .  .  eriperem  (1.  15,  below)  :  subst.  clause  of  result,  in  appos. 
with  exitum  (1.  10). 

142  14  foedissima,  horrible,  with  the  added  idea  of  polluting  things 
sacred. 

142  17   fatale:  see  Cat.  iii.,  sect.  9  (p.  130). 

142  18  laeter:  §  268  (  );  B.  277  ;  G.  466  ;  H.  484,  v  (559,  4) ; 
H.  &  B.  :   apodosis,  see  §  306,  a  (^  )  ;    G.  595  ;  H.  508,  4  (580)  ; 

H.  &  B. 

II.     Propositio  (§§  3-10) 

Sects.  3-6.  The  Senators  need  not  fear  for  Cicero  :  they  should 
take  counsel  for  the  welfare  of  the  state.  Enormous  guilt  of  the 
conspirators,  judgment  has  been  already  rendered  by  the  action  of 
the  Senate.     The  sole  question  is:  What  shall  be  the  punishment? 

142  24  (Sect.  3.)  pro  eo  .  .  .  ac  mereor,  in  proportion  as  I  desei-ve. 

142  25  relaturos  gratiam,  zvill  re%vard  ("  return  favor  "  :  cf.  habere, 
agere) . 

142  27  immatura :  because  an  ex-consul  had  reached  the  highest 
point  of   Roman  ambition. 

142  28  misera :  the  philosophy  of  the  ancients  professed  to  make 
them  despise  death  (see  Plato,  Apologia,  and  Cicero,  Titsc.  Quaest.  i.  —  ille 
ferreus  qui,  so  iron-hearted  as  (hence  movear,  subj.)  —  fratris  :  his  brother 
Quintus,  younger  than  he,  and  at  this  time  praetor  elect.  He  served  with 
credit  in  Caesar's  Gallic  campaigns. 


348  Notes 

142  31  neque  .  .  .  non,  nor  can  it  he  but  that,  etc. ;  the  two  negatives 
make  an  affirmative,  but  with  a  kind  of  emphasis  which  the  simple  affirma- 
tive statement  could  not  give. 

142  32  uxor:  his  wife  Terentia. — filia  :  his  daughter  TuUia,  married 
to  C.  Calpurnius  Piso.  Daughters  took  the  gentile  name  of  the  father  ; 
see  §  8o,  ^  (  ) ;  G.  p.  493  ;  H.  649,  4  (354,  9) ;  H.  &  B.  .  — filius : 
his  son  Marcus,  now  two  years  old. 

143  3  gener:  Piso  was  not  yet  a  member  of  the  Senate,  and  was 
probably  standing  in  the  lobby.  —  moveor  (emphat.,  as  shown  by  its  posi- 
tion), I  am  affected. 

143  4  uti  sint,  [to  wish]  that,  etc.  (the  verb  being  implied  in  moveor)  ; 
pereamus  is  in  the  same  construction  as  sint. 

143  5  una  .  .  .  peste,  i.e.  by  a  destruction  which  is  at  the  same  time 
that  of  the  whole  state. 

143  9  (Sect.  4.)  non  Ti.  Gracchus,  etc. :  to  preserve  the  emphasis, 
render  it  is  not  Ti.  Gracchus  who,  etc.  For  the  historical  allusions,  cf. 
Cat.  i.,  sects.  3,  4  (p.  100),  and  notes. 

143  10  agrarios :  see  note  on  p.  147,  1.  29. 

143  11  Memmium:  C.  Memmius,  one  of  the  most  upright  men  of  his 
time  ;  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  consulship  against  Glaucia,  was  mur- 
dered by  instigation  of  Glaucia  and  Saturninus  (B.C.  100). 

143  13  tenentur,  are  in  custody ;  to  preserve  the  emphasis  we  may 
change  the  voice,  —  we  have  in  our  hands.  — vestram  omnium  :  §  184,  d 
(  )  ;   B.  243,  3,  «  ;   G.  321,  R.-^ ;   H.  &  B. 

143  18  ut  .  .  .  nemo :  instead  of  the  usual  ne  quis  or  ne  quisquam ; 
§  319,  d,  R.,  cf.  §  105,  d,  N.  (  ) ;  G.  543,  4,  cf.  317,  I  ; 

H.  497,  ii,  cf.  457  (568,  cf.  513)  ;  H.  c\:  B.  ;  because  of  the  following 

ne  .  .  .  quidem. 

143  22  (Sect.  5.)  iudiciis :  their  verdict  on  the  conspirators'  guilt 
consisted  in  the  acts  recounted  in  the  following  clauses. 

143  23  gratias  egistis :  cf.  relaturos,  p.  142,  1.  25. 

143  25  abdicare,  etc. :  see  Cat.  iii.,  sect.  14  (p.  133,  1.  4),  and  note. 

144  1  (Sect.  6.)  sed,  i.e.  though  you  have  in  fact  decided.  —  tam- 
quam  integrum,  as  if  an  open  questioji  (i.e.  as  if  you  had  not  already 
expressed  your  judgment). 

144  2  iudicetis  refers  to  their  judgment  as  a  court  with  respect  to  the 
facts  ;  censeatis,  to  their  view  as  a  pubHc  council  respecting  the  punish- 
ment. 

144  3  ilia  .  .  .  COnsulis,  etc.,  /  7vill  say  in  advance  what  belongs  to 
[me  as]  the  consul :  i.e.  declare  the  need  of  instant  action;   zvhat  action, 


Foiirtli  Oration  against  Catiline  349 

it  is  for  the  Senate  to  determine  ;   for  construction,  see  §  214,  ^  (  ); 

G.366;    H.  401  (439);    H.  &B. 

144  4  nova  .  .  .  misceri,  that  a  revoliction  subversive  of  the  goverji- 
mentivas  on  foot;  nOva  (subj.  of  misceri)  means  innovations  or  tincon- 
stitutional  measures;  misceri  refers  to  the  disorder  which  these  would 
produce. 

144  5  concitari  mali,  that  evil  designs  were  set  in  motion.  —  videbam : 
for  tense,  see  §  277,  b  {  ) ;    B.  260,  4;    G.  234;    H.  469,  2  (535); 

H.  &  B. 

144  11  opinione:  §  247,  b  {  );   B.  217,  4;  G.  398,  n.i  ;   H.  417, 

I,  N.5(47i,  7);  H.&B. 

144  13  provincias,  especially  Spain,  with  which  Cn.  Piso  had  had 
relations.  It  had  not  yet  become  fully  reconciled  since  the  overthrow 
of  Sertorius,  only  eight  years  before.  —  sustentando,  by  forbearance  ;  pro- 
latando,  by  procrastination. 

144  14  ratione  :  abl.  of  manner. 

144  15  placet,  sc.  vindicare. 

Sects.  7-10.  Silanus  proposes  death  ;  Caesar,  perpetual  imprison- 
ment.    Caesar's  proposition  discussed. 

144  17  (Sect.  7.)  haec  (with  a  gesture),  all  this,  i.e.  city,  citizens,  and 
government. 

144  19  amplectitur,  adopts. 

144  '-'0  pro,  ///  accordance  with. 

144  21  versatur  in,  exhibits. 

144  'JT  mortem,  etc.:  a  doctrine  of  the  Epicureans,  to  which  sect 
Coesar  and  many  other  eminent  Romans  belonged. 

144  31  et  ea :  cf.  note  on  p.  136,  1.  17. 

144  32  municipiis  dispertiri,  sc.  eos  in  custodiam. 

145  1  iniquitatem,  since  it  might  expose  them  to  danger,  and  it  would 
be  unjust  to  choose  among  so  many;  difficultatem,  since  they  might  decline 
the  service. 

145  3  (Sect.  8.)   statueritis:  subj.  of  integral  part. 

145  4  dignitatis  :   §  214,  ./  (  ) ;   cf.  B.  198,  3  ;   G.  366,  r.i  ;   H. 

401,  N.-  (439,  3);    H.&B.  .  —  adiungit,   he   (Caesar)    adds  to   his 

proposal. 

145  5  niperit:   §  341,  ^  (  );  cf.  B.  323  ;  G.  366  ;   H.  401  (439); 

H.  &  B.  . 

145  7  sancit,  ordains  (under  penalties). 

145  8  per  senatum,  by  an  executive  decree  ;  per  populum,  by  a  law. 


350  Notes 

145  11  uno,  sc.  dolor e. 

145  12  itaque,  etc. :  an  artful  way  of  making  the  punishment  of  death 
seem  less  cruel ;  since  death  is  a  relief,  these  myths,  says  Cicero,  have  been 
invented  to  give  it  terror. 

145  15  eis  remotis:   equiv.  to  a  fut.  protasis;   §  310,  iz  (  ) ;   G. 

593,2;   H.  549,  2  (638,2);   H.&B. 

145  17  (Sect.  9.)    mea :    §  222,  a  {  );    B.  211,  i,  ^  ;    G.  381  ; 

H.  408,  i,  2  (449,  I);    H.  &  B. 

145  19  popularis,  not  popular,  but  devoted  to  the  people,  democratic  : 
Caesar  was  now  the  recognized  leader  of  this  party. 

145  20  auctore  (abl.  abs.),  proposer ;  cognitore,  sponsor  (a  legal  term). 

145  24  maionim :  none  of  Caesar's  ancestors  were  men  of  any  distinc- 
tion, although  some  distant  relatives  were  prominent  in  public  affairs  in 
the  time  of  Sulla  ;  see  note  on  p.  137, 1.  22.  He  belonged,  however,  to  one 
of  the  oldest  patrician  families. 

145  25  obsidem,  i.e.  he  is  pledged  at  all  events  to  defend  the  state  as 
against  the  conspirators. 

145  27  interesset:  for  tense,  see  §  287,  </  (  );    H.  &  B.  . — 

levitatem,  want  of  principle,  i.e.  of  the  steady  purpose,  or  stability  of 
character,  implied  in  gravitas. 

145  28  saluti,  i.e.  not  voliintati  :  their  interests,  not  their  capricious 
wishes. 

145  29  (Sect.  10.)  non  neminem:  it  is  said  that  the  person  referred 
to  was  Q.  Metellus  Nepos,  brother  of  Celer  (see  Cat.  i.,  sect.  19),  a  partisan 
of  Pompey  and  an  enemy  of  Cicero. 

145  31  dedit,  decrevit,  adfecit,  i.e.  gave  his  vote  for  these  acts.  With 
this,  of  course,  his  present  action  is  inconsistent. 

146  1  qui  has  for  antecedent  the  subject  of  iudicarit. 

146  3  re,  the  matter  (in  general)  ;  causa,  the  issue  to  be  decided.  — 
C.  Caesar:  the  full  name  gives  emphasis,  contrasting  him  with  the  nojt 
nemo  (p.  145,  1.  29).  Caesar  votes  for  a  judgment  against  the  conspirators 
which  seems  contrary  to  the  Sempronian  Law,  but  he,  a  true  friend  of  the 
people  {yere  popularis),  recognizes  that  this  law  applies  to  Roman  citizens 
only,  and  that  it  therefore  cannot  protect  these  traitors. 

146  4  Semproniam :   see  note  on  "Crucifixion,"  etc.,  p.  61,  1.  10. 

146  6  latorem,  i.e.  C.  Gracchus. 

146  7  iussu  populi  :  not  strictly  true,  for  C.  Gracchus  was  put  to  death, 
not  by  order  of  the  people,  but  by  virtue  of  the  dictatorial  authority  con- 
ferred upon  the  consuls  by  the  Senate.  —  rei  publicae  :  dative.  —  depen- 
disse :  punishment  with  the   Romans  was  regarded  as  a  penalty /^zV  by 


Fourth  Oration  agaijist  Catiline  35 1 

the  ofifender  to  the  injured  party  (hence  dare,  solvere,  pendere  oi  the  guilty; 
capere,  petere,  repetere,  postulare,  etc.,  of  the  person  wronged). 

146  8  Lentulum :  by  discussing  this  conspirator  as  an  example  of  the 
would-be  popularis,  Cicero  skilfully  throws  discredit  on  the  non  nemo 
(p.  145,  1.  29)  and  others  like  him.  —  largitorem,  etc.,  i.e.  however  lavish, 
—  a  symptom  of  courting  the  popular  favor. 

146  13  se  iactare,  i.e.  as  a  pretended  friend  of  liberty,  like  the  tion 
netiio  above. 

146  15  omnis  cruciatus :  accusative  plural. 

III.       CONTENTIO    (§§     II-19) 

Sects.  11-14.  Death  is  none  too  severe  a  penalty:  rigor  in 
punishing  the  conspirators  is  mercy  to  the  city.  Opinion  of  L. 
Caesar. 

146  17  (Sect,  ii.)  quam  ob  rem,  etc.:  because  Caesar's  view  has 
in  Caesar  a  popular  sponsor,  while  the  view  of  Silanus  is  in  fact  the  more 
merciful  one.  —  statueritis,  dederitis  :  §  307,  c,  and  n.  (  ) ; 

G.  595,  N.2  ;    H.  473,  2  (540,  2)  ;    H.  &  B. 

146  1«  COntio :  see  Introd.  to  Manilian  Law  in  notes  (p.  272).  The 
action  of  the  consul  would  have  to  be  justified  before  the  people,  who 
might  regard  it  as  a  tyrannical  measure.  In  this  justification  Cicero  would 
have  Caesar  to  assist  him. 

146  20  obtinebo  eam,  make  it  appear  that  it  (this  view),  etc. 

146  23  ita  .  .  .  liceat :  an  asseveration  like  our  "so  help  me  God." 
The  point  lies  in  the  idea  of  "  so  and  not  otherwise  "  implied  in  ita. 

146  24  ut  .  .  .  moveor,  as  [it  is  true  that]  I  am  influenced,  etc. 

146  29  animo,  /;/  my  mind''s  eye  (properly,  abl.  of  means).  —  patria, 
native  city. 

146  32  (Sect.  12.)  cum  vero:  vero  introduces  (as  often)  the  most 
striking  point.     The  other  conspirators  are  bad  enough,  but  ivJie)i,  etc. 

147  4  Vestalium:  see  note  on  p.  130,  1.  19. 

147  7  si  quis:   for  form,  see  §  104,  a,  n.  (  );   G.  106,  r.;    H. 

454,  I  (512,1);    H.&B. 

147  9  sumpserit:  see  note  on  dependisse,  p.  146,  1.  7  ;  for  tense,  see 
note  on  statueritis,  p.  146,  1.  17. 

147  IS  ut  .  .  .  conlocarent:  purp.  clause  in  appos.  with  id  (1.  16). 

147  22  (Sect.  13.)  nisi  vero,  etc. :  reductio  ad  absurdum,  as  usual  with 
thisphrase;  §3I5,/7,N.  (  ) ;  G.  591,  R."* ;  H.cS:B.  .—L.Caesar: 

L.  Cresar  (consul  B.C.  64),  was  a  distant  relative  of  the  Dictator,  son  of 


352  Notes 

Lucius  Caesar  (consul  B.C.  90,  the  year  of  the  Social  War),  the  author  of  the 
law  giving  citizenship  to  the  Italian  allies  (see  note,  Arch,,  sect.  7).  The  sis- 
ter of  Lucius  Caesar  (the  younger)  was  married  to  Lentulus,  and  his  mother, 
Fulvia,  was  daughter  of  M.  Fulvius  Flaccus,  the  leading  adherent  of  C.  Grac- 
chus. When  Gracchus  and  Placcus  found  themselves  (B.C.  121)  drawn 
into  a  collision  with  the  Senate,  they  sent  the  young  son  of  Flaccus  with  a 
proposition  of  compromise.  The  Senate,  however,  refused  to  listen  to  any 
terms,  threw  the  messenger  into  prison,  —  where  he  was  afterwards  strangled, 
—  and  moved  upon  the  insurgents  with  all  the  power  of  the  state.  In  the 
contest  that  followed,  both  leaders  and  several  thousands  of  their  partisans 
lost  their  lives.  It  was  to  these  events  that  L.  Ciesar  had  appealed,  in 
justifying  his  vote  in  condemnation  of  his  brother-in-law  Lentulus. 

147  2G  eius  refers  to  avum.  —  legatum :  of  course  the  informal 
messenger  of  insurgents  could  have  no  claim  to  the  title  ambassador^  or 
to  the  privileges  which  attached  to  the  title  in  ancient  as  well  as  modern 
times. 

147  27  quorum  limits  factum :  understand  with  simile  some  word 
describing  the  present  conspiracy  {ivhat  act  of  theirs  was  like  this  ?). 

147  29  largitionis  .  .  .  versata  est:  the  plans  of  C.  Gracchus  em- 
braced not  only  a  lex  frumentaria,  allowing  every  citizen  to  buy  a  certain 
amount  of  corn  from  the  state  at  less  than  half  its  market  rate,  and  a  lex 
agraria,  providing  for  the  distribution  of  public  land  among  the  poorer 
citizens  ;  but  also  the  establishment  of  several  colonies,  both  in  Italy  and 
the  provinces,  the  object  of  which  was  at  once  to  provide  poor  citizens  with 
land,  and  to  relieve  the  city,  by  emigration,  of  a  part  of  its  proletariat. 
Though  these  grants  were  perhaps  just,  yet  their  proposal  was  regarded  by 
the  nobility  as  a  political  bid  for  popular  favor,  and  hence  gave  rise  to 
violent  party  jealousy  (partium  contentio). 

147  31  avus  (see  note  on  p.  131,  1.  6)  :  he  was  an  active  supporter  of 
the  Senate  on  this  occasion  ;   ille  (1.  32)  refers  to  the  same  person. 

148  4  urbem  inflammandam :  according  to  Sallust's  Catiline,  ch.  43, 
this  work  was  assigned  to  Gabinius  and  Statilius. 

148  5  vereamini  follows  censeo  (ironical),  as  if  with  ut  omitted. 

Sects.  14-19.  Severe  measures  will  be  supported  by  the  people. 
The  humblest  citizens  are  stanch.  The  Senators  are  urged  to  act 
fearlessly :  the  consul  will  not  fail  them. 

148  12   (Sect.  14.)  voces,  remarks. 

148  13  eorum,  on  the  part  of  those,  etc.  —  vereri  .  .  .  ut :  §  331,/ 
(  );   B.  296,  2  ;   G.  550,  2  ;    H.  498,  iii,  N.i  (567,  i);    H.  &  B. 


Fourth  Oration  against  Catiline  353 

148  16  mea,  etc. :  observe  the  antithesis  between  mea  summa  cura 
and  maiore  populi  .  .  .  voluntate. 

148  28  (Sect,  15.)  ad,>;-. 

148  29  consentiunt,  unite. 

149  1  ita  .  .  .  ut,  only  to,  etc.  (Ht.  7vith  this  limitation  thai)  :  see 
§  3195  ''''  (  );  ^^-  552,  R.'^ ;  H.  cK;  B.  .  — summam  ordinis  consi- 
lique,  superiority  in  rank  and  precedence  in  counsel. 

149  3  huius  ordinis  (i.e.  the  Senate)  limits  dissensione  in  the  sense 
o{  cum  hoc,  etc.     For  the  long  contest  here  alluded  to,  see  Introd.,  p.  Ixv. 

149  5  quam  si,  etc.,  and  if  we  keep  this  union,  etc. 

149  6  confirmo,  I  assure,  in  a  different  sense  from  confirmatam  :  Latin 
style  does  not  (as  ours  does)  object  to  such  repetitions  with  a  variation  in 
meaning. 

149  9  tribunes  aerarios,  deans  of  the  tribes.  The  Roman  people  were 
divided  into  thirty-hve  tribes,  local  and  territorial,  like  wards.  These  tribes 
were  made  the  basis  of  the  comitia  centuriata,  as  well  as  the  coinitia 
tributa.  They  served  also  as  general  administrative  and  financial  divisions. 
From  the  latter  character  the  name  tribuni  aerarii  was  given  to  their 
presiding  ofilicers. 

149  10  scribas  :  the  scribae  quaestorii  (treasury  clerks)  formed  an  im- 
portant and  powerful  corporation.  As  they  were  a  permanent  body,  while 
the  qusestors  (treasurers)  were  elected  annually,  they  had  the  real  responsi- 
bility in  the  management  of  the  treasury. 

149  11  sortis :  the  qugestors  entered  upon  office  on  the  Nones  of  De- 
cember (Dec.  5) ;  all  other  patrician  magistrates  on  the  first  of  January. 
The  scribae  had  therefore  come  together  in  order  to  be  present  while  the 
quaestors  drew  lots  for  their  provinces. 

149  12  (Sect.  16.)  ingenuorum, /;v^-<^^r;z.  Freedmen, //7^^;7z«/,  were 
always  regarded  as  inferior  in  rank,  if  not  in  civil  and  political  rights. 
Even  these,  however,  are  shown  in  the  next  chapter  to  be  interested  in  the 
safety  of  the  republic. 

149  18  sua  virtute  :  manumission  was  very  commonly  bestowed  as  the 
reward  of  some  peculiar  merit  in  the  slave. 

149  20  hie  nati,  i.e.  citizens,  as  contrasted  with  the  manumitted  slaves 
(who  were  for  the  most  part  of  foreign  birth). 

149  25  qui  modo  ...  sit :  §  320,  d  (  ).  —  condicione  :  §  251,  n. 

(  );   cf.B.  224,1;    G.400;    H.419,  2*  (473,  2,  N.i);  H.&  B. 

149  28  voluntatis  :  partitive  gen.  with  quantum,  as  if  tanttim  voluntatis 
quanttim,  etc. 

149  30  (Sect.  17.)  circum  tabernas,  i.e.  among  the  artisans.    The 


354 


XoUs 


Roman  shops  w^re  like  little  stalls  along  the  street,  open  in  front,  with  a 
'*  long  room,"  or  perhaps  two,  at  the  back.  See  Fig.  39  (Pompeian  shop, 
restored);    Fig.  40  shows  the  arrangement  of  such  shops  along  the  streets. 

Fig.  39 


150  3  cubile  ac  lectulum :  both  words  mean  nearly  the  same  thing,  and 
imply  a  very  humble  way  of  living. 

150  4  oi\os,nrs\,  peaceable ;  so  oti  (1.  6). 

150  8  quorum  relates  to  eorum,  three  lines  above. 

150  9  incensis,  sc.  tabemis.  —  futurum  fuit  =  fuisset;  §  308,  d 
(  )'   G.  597,  R.^  ;    H.  511,  2  (582)  ;    H.  &  B.  ;    the  protasis   is 

implied  in  incensis. 

150  11  (Sect.  18.)  populi  Romani,  as  contrasted  with  the  Senate  : 
cf.  the  formula  Senaius  Populusque  Romamis. 


Fourth   Oration  against  Catiline 


355 


151  2    impiae,  impious  (in  its  strict  sense  a  want  of  filial  duty). 

151  4  arcem  et  Capitolium  :  the  Capitoline  was  a  saddle-shaped  hill, 
having  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  (Capitolium)  on  the  southwestern 
point  and  the  old  citadel  (arx)  on  the  northeastern  (see  Cat.  iii.,  sect.  20). 
Since  Jupiter  Capitolinus  was  the  protecting  divinity  of  Rome,  his  temple 
was  the  most  sacred  spot  in  the  whole  empire. 

151  5  aras  Penatium  :  the  Penates  were  gods  of  the  household  and 
the  larder  {penics),  worshipped  by  q\ try  paterfamilias  in  his  own  atrium. 
The  state,  being  developed  from  the  family,  had  likewise  its  Penates,  which 
were  fabled  to  have  been  brought  by  yEneas  from  Troy  and  established  at 

Fig.  40 


Lavinium,  whence  they  were  transferred  to  Alba  Longa,  and  afterwards  to 
Rome.  Their  temple  was  on  the  Velia,  the  low  hill  connecting  the  Pala- 
tine and  Esquiline.  —  ignem  Vestae  :  the  temple  of  Vesta  was  on  the 
Sacra  Via,  toward  the  Palatine,  —  a  small  round  building  containing  the 
symbolic  household  fire  of  the  Roman  state.     See   note   on  the  Vestals, 

p.  130,  1.  19- 

151  9  focis  :  the  focus,  the  symbol  of  household  life,  was  a  brazier  for 
burning  charcoal.  It  originally  stood  at  the  rear  end  of  the  atrium,  or 
great  hall,  of  the  house.  Later  it  was  moved,  for  all  practical  purposes,  to 
the  kitchen,  but  a  representative  focus  remained  in  the  atrium  and  con- 
tinued to  be  the  symbol  of  household  life.  Fig.  41  shows  a  great  bronze 
foctts  from  the  baths  of  Pompeii.  The  domestic  focus  was,  of  course,  much 
smaller,  but  was  similar  in  shape. 

151  11    (Sect.  19.)    quae  f acultas  :  §  201,  c/ (  );  cf.  B.  251,4,^^; 

G.  616,  2;   H.  &B. 


356 


Notes 


151  13   in  civili  causa,  on  a  political  question. 

151  14   quantis  .  .  .  delerit  :    this   clause  will   be    best    turned  into 
English    by    translating    the    participles   fundatum,    etc.    as    verbs,    and 


Fig.  4 


delerit  as  a  relative  clause,  —  with  how  great  toil  this  empire  was  estab- 
lished, WHICH  one  night,  etc.  In  Latin  the  question  is  contained  in  the 
interrogative  modifiers  of  imperium  and  not  in  the  main  clause. 


IV.     Peroratio  (§§  20-24) 

Sects.  20-24.  Cicero  is  undismayed  :  his  fame  is  secure.  He  has 
undertaken  a  perpetual  war  with  the  bad  elements  in  the  state  ;  but 
the  result  is  certain.     Then  let  the  Senate  dare  to  act  rigorously. 

151  29  (Sect.  20.)  me  .  .  .  factorum  :  for  cases,  see  §  221,  /^  (  )  ; 
B.  209,  I  ;   G.  377  ;    H.  409,  iii  (457)  ;    H.  e^'  B. 

152  1   gesta  :  abl.  abs.  with  re  publica. 

152  3  (Sect.  21.)  Scipio  :  the  elder  Africanus,  who  brought  the 
Second  Punic  War  to  a  triumphant  close  by  the  battle  of  Zama,  B.C.  202. 
By  "  carrying  the  w-ar  into  Africa,"  he  forced  Hannibal  to  retire  from 
Italy. 

152  5  alter  Africanus  :  the  younger,  surnamed  .^imilianus.  He  was 
son  of  L.  ^'Emilias  Paulus  (mentioned  below),  and  adopted  by  the  son  of 
the  elder  Africanus.  He  captured  Carthage,  B.C.  146,  and  Numantia,  in 
Sp.ain,  B.C.  133. 

152  7   Paulus  :   father  of  the  younger  Africanus,  and,  like  his  son, 


Fourth  Oration  against  Catiline  357 

the  most  eminent  and  upright  man  of  his  generation.  He  brought  the 
Third  Macedonian  War  to  a  close  by  the  battle  of  Pydna,  B.C.  1 68,  and  led 
King  Perseus  captive  in  his  triumphal  procession.  —  currum  \jriumpha- 
km']  :  the  captives  did  not  go  with  or  behind  the  triumphal  chariot,  but 
preceded  it  in  the  procession. 

152  9  bis  liberavit  :  by  the  victories  over  the  German  invaders, — 
over  the  Teutones  at  Aquae  Sextiae  (B.C.  102),  and  the  Cimbri  at  Vercellae 

(B.C.   lOl). 

152  10  Pompeius  :  it  should  be  remembered  that  Pompey  was  now 
in  the  East,  in  the  midst  of  his  career  of  conquest,  and  that  his  return  was 
looked  for  with  expectancy  by  all  parties.  Cicero  took  every  means  to 
win  the  confidence  of  the  great  general,  and  gain  him  over  to  his  views  in 
public  affairs ;  but  to  no  purpose.  After  some  wavering,  Pompey  asso- 
ciated himself  with  Caesar,  thus  giving  the  Senate  a  blow  from  which  it 
never  recovered,  and  preparing  the  way  for  his  own  downfall. 

152  13  aliquid  loci  :   §  216,  a;,  3  (  )  ;   B.  202,  2;    G.  369; 

H.  397,  3  (442) ;  H.  &  B. 

152  16    (Sect.  22.)    quamquam,  and  yet.  —  uno  loco,  in  one  respect. 

152  18  Q'^^XQSSi^^iy'vxvA.,  are  crushed  and  enslaved;  §  292,  R.  (  ); 
cf.B.  337,  2;   H.  &B.           . 

153  1  (Sect.  23.)  pro  imperio,  in  place  of:  all  these  honors,  which 
Cicero  might  have  gained  by  a  foreign  command,  he  has  renounced  in 
order  to  stay  at  home  and  protect  the  city. 

153  4  clientelis  hospitiisque  :  the  relation  of  cliens  to  patromis  was 
that  of  a  subordinate  to  a  superior,  carrying  with  it  services  on  the  one 
side  and  protection  on  the  other  ;  the  hospiies  were,  on  the  other  hand, 
equals,  and  their  connection  was  one  of  mutual  aid  and  friendship. 
Foreign  states  and  citizens  were  eager  to  form  such  ties  with  influential 
Romans,  and  they  were  equally  advantageous  to  the  Roman.  Of  course 
a  provincial  governor  had  peculiar  opportunities  for  this. 

153  5  urbanis  opibus,  the  means  afforded  by  a  city  life.  Such  ties 
would  be  more  easily  formed  by  a  sojourn  in  a  province,  but  they  could 
also  be  formed  by  a  statesman  who  remained  at  home  ;  for  the  value  of 
such  a  relation  to  the  provincial  consisted  in  the  opportunities  for  protec- 
tion and  assistance  which  the  statesman  possessed  in  the  city  itself. 

153  6   pro  meis  studiis,  in  return  for  my  efforts. 

153  10    quae  dum,  and  as  long  as  this.  —  mentibus  :  §  254,  a  (  )  ; 

cf.  B.  228,  I  ;    H.  425,  i'-^  (485,  I)  ;    H.  &  B. 

153  15  suo  solius  :  §  197,  <?  (  *  )  ;  B.  243,  3,  a  ;  G.  321,  r.^; 
H.  398,  3  (446,  3)  ;   H.  &  B. 


358  Notes 

153  20  (Sect.  24.)  eum  .  .  .  qui,  a  consul  who,  etc. ;  §  102,  d 
(  )  ;   B.  247,  I,  a;    H.  &  B. 

153  22  per  se  ipsum  praestare,  make  good  [so  far  as  he  may]  on  his 
oivn  part. 


ORATION    FOR   ARCHIAS 

ARGUMENT 

Chap.  I.  Exorditim.  Cicero's  obligations  to  Archias. —  2.  He  justifies 
the  unusual  tone  of  his  argument.  —  Narratio.  3.  Early  career  of  Archias  : 
he  is  enrolled  as  a  citizen  of  Heraclia.  —  Confirjuatio.  4.  His  technical 
claim:  his  registry,  acts  of  citizenship,  domicile.  —  5.  Argument  from  the 
public  records.  —  6.  The  case  is  now  closed.  Further  argument  is  unnec- 
essary. Literature  an  indispensable  relaxation,  and  also  a  source  of  moral 
strength.  —  7.  All  famous  men  have  been  devoted  to  letters.  —  8, 9.  Great 
artists  are  of  themselves  worthy  of  admiration.  The  poet  is  especially 
sacred :  he  is  the  herald  of  fame.  —  lo.  Greek  is  a  surer  passport  to  fame 
than  Latin.  Men  inferior  to  Archias  have  been  honored  with  citizenship. 
—  II,  12.  Fame  is  the  strongest  motive  to  acts  of  public  virtue.  Liter- 
ature is  the  most  enduring  of  monuments.  —  Peroratio.  12  (sect.  31). 
Appeal  to  the  court  to  protect  Archias  the  poet  in  his  rights. 

I.     Exordium  (§§   1-3) 

Sects.  1-3.  Cicero's  obligations  to  Archias  make  it  a  duty  to 
undertake  his  defence.     The  unusual  tone  of  the  argument  justified. 

Page  154.  Line  1.  (Sect,  i.)  iudices,  i.e.  the  members  of  a  special 
court  (quaestio)  established  by  the  Lex  Papia  (see  Introd.  to  the  oration, 
p.  154)  to  inquire  into  cases  arising  under  that  law. 

154  3  versatum:  cf.  the  date  of  the  defence  of  Roscius  and  the 
opening  passage  of  that  oration.  —  huiusce  rei,  i.e.  dicendi. 

155  1  ratio,  knoivledge,  i.e.  theoretic  acquaintance,  contrasted  with 
exercitatio,  practice. 

155  3  A.  Licinius :  following  the  custom  of  naturalized  foreigners,  as 
well  as  freedmen,  Archias  had  taken  the  gentile  name  of  his  noble  friends 
and  patrons,  the  Luculli.  Cicero's  motive  in  always  speaking  of  him  by 
his  Roman  name  is  obvious. 

155  6    'v[i^(Si^X%Q^Q,fro7n  as  far  back  as  that,  Isay. 


Oration  for  Archias  359 

155  7  principem,  master. 

155  8  rationem,  course.  For  the  connection  of  the  meanings  of  this 
word,  see  Vocab. 

155  10  a  quo  relates  to  huic,  which  is  dat.  after  ferre  ;  quo  relates  to 
id  :  surely,  to  the  man  himself  from  whom  I  have  received  that  ivhereby^  etc. 

155  11  ceteris,  all  the  rest  [of  my  fellow-citizens],  i.e.  other  than 
Archias.  —  alios,  some  of  them. 

155  12   opem  corresponds  to  opitulari ;  salutem,  to  salvare. 

155  14  (Sect.  2.)  neque,  and  not. 

155  15  dicendi  ratio  aut  disciplina,  art  or  science  of  oratory.  —  ne 
nos  quidem,  etc.,  i.e.  not  even  I,  though  by  profession  an  orator,  have 
devoted  myself  to  oratory  alone. 

155  20  (Sect.  3.)  quaestione  legitima:  see  note  on  iudices,  p.  154, 
1.  I. 

155  22  severissimos,  i.e.  before  men  of  the  old  Roman  stamp,  who 
might  not  be  favorably  impressed  by  such  praise  of  literature. 

155  24  forensi  sermone  is  not  used  here  in  its  special  meaning,  "  the 
language  of  the  courts,"  but  in  its  wider  sense,  the  language  of  the  Forum, 
i.e.  the  ordinary  tone  of  practical  affairs  (the  Forum  being  the  centre  of 
Roman  business  and  politics). 

155  27  ut  .  .  .  patiamini,  a  purp.  clause  in  appos.  with  veniam  (1.  25). 

155  28  hoc  concursu,  loc.  abl.  expressing  the  circumstances  ;  so  also 
hac  vestra  humanitate,  with  men  of  yotir  cultivation. 

155  29  hoc  praetore :  Q.  Cicero  was  himself  a  poet  and  man  of  criti- 
cal taste. 

155  30  paulo  .  .  .  liberius,  zvith  somewhat  unusual  freedotn  :  §  93,  a 
(         );   B.  240,  I  ;   G.  297  ;   H.  444,  I  (498);    H.  &  B. 

155  31  otium  ac  studium,  a  quiet  life  of  study  (almost  hendiadys) ; 
so  iudiciis  periculisque  below. 

II.     Narratio  (§§  4-6) 

Sects.  4-6.  Earlier  career  of  Archias.  His  celebrity  in  Asia 
and  elsewhere.  His  removal  to  Rome  and  his  distinguished  patrons 
there.     He  becomes  a  citizen  of  Heraclia. 

156  3  (Sect.  4.)   cum,  causal,  but  best  translated  when. 

156  4  esset :   for  tense,  see  §  ZZI*  ^^-  ^  (  ) ;   B.  268,  4  ;  G.  597, 

R.4;    H.  527,  iii  (647);    H.  cS:B. 

156  5  asciscendum  fuisse :  in  the  direct,  asciscendus  erat :  §  308,  d 
(  );   B.  304,  3,  <^;  G.  597,  R.3^;   H.  511,  2  (582);   H.  &:  B.  j 


360  Notes 

cf.  note  on  Pompey's  Mil.  Command,  sect.  49  (p.  88,  1.  32),  erat  deli- 
gendus. 

156  y   urbe:  §  184,  r  (  );   G.  411,  r.^;   H.  363,  42  (393,  7);   H. 

cS:B. 

156  12    contigit :  sc.  ei,  i.e.  Archias.  —  post,  afterwards. 

156  15  (Sect.  5.)  tunc,  at  that  tirne.  This  was  the  long  period  of 
comparative  quiet  between  the  Gracchan  disturbances  (B.C.  133-121)  and 
the  tribunate  of  Drusus  (B.C.  91),  which  was  followed  by  the  Social  War 
and  the  civil  wars  of  Marius  and  Sulla. 

156  IG  Latio :  not  the  geographical  Latium  merely,  but  all  towns 
which  at  that  time  possessed  Latin  citizenship  ;  that  is,  the  Latin  colonies, 
such  as  Venusia,  the  birthplace  of  the  poet  Horace. 

156  21  de  ingeniis,  i.e.  could  form  some  opinion  about  the  talents  of 
literary  men. 

156  23  absentibus, /(?<T/'/<?  at  a  distance.  —Mario  et  Catulo  (coss.  B.C. 
102)  ;  of  these,  Marius  was  renowned  for  his  exploits,  while  Catulus  was  a 
good  officer,  and  also  a  man  of  culture. 

156  25  nactus  est,  etc.,  he  happened  to  find  holding  the  consulship. — 
eos  quorum  alter,  men  of  such  a  kind  that  one  of  thetn,  etc.  This  would 
not  only  furnish  him  with  themes  for  his  poetry  but  insure  appreciation  of 
his  genius. 

156  27  Luculli :  Lucius,  the  one  who  fought  against  Mithridates,  and 
his  brother  Marcus:  both  of  them  belonged  to  the  highest  ranks  of  the 
aristocracy,  and  were  men  of  distinguished  taste  and  culture. 

156  29  ingeni,  pred.  gen.  after  an  understood  erat :  this  was  [a  proof] 
not  only  of  his  genius,  etc. 

156  30   ut  .  .  .  esset,  result  clause  in  app.  with  hoc  (1.  29). 

157  1  (Sect.  6.)  iucundus,  etc. :  ever  since  the  introduction  of  Greek 
culture  at  Rome,  it  had  been  customary  for  cultivated  Romans  of  high 
rank  to  entertain  Greek  men  of  letters  in  their  houses,  partly  as  tutors 
and  partly  as  companions.  Such  associates  frequently  accompanied  their 
patrons  on  their  journeys  and  even  on  their  campaigns.  —  Metello  Numi- 
dico  :  the  most  distinguished  member  of  this  family.  He  was  predecessor 
of  Marius  in  the  war  against  Jugurtha,  and  from  this  service  in  Numidia 
received  his  agnomen. 

157  2  Aemilio,  i.e.  M.  ^milius  Scaurus  (cos.  B.C.  115),  for  many  years 
princeps  senatus. 

157  3  Catulo :  see  note  on  p.  156,  1.  23.  —  L.  Crasso :  the  most  dis- 
tinguished orator  of  his  time,  a  man  of  genius  and  culture  (see  Introd., 
ch.  ii,  p.  xxxiv);    he  died  B.C.  91. 


Oration  for  ArcJiias  361 

157  4  Drusum  (M.  Livius),  tribune  B.C.  91,  a  distinguished  orator  and 
statesman,  who  lost  his  Hfe  in  a  vain  attempt  to  reconcile  the  aristocratic 
and  democratic  factions  in  the  republic.  —  Octavios :  see  Cat.  iii.,  sect.  24. 
—  Catonem :  probably  the  father  of  the  famous  Cato  of  Utica  is  meant. 

157  5  Hortensiorum :  the  most  eminent  of  these  was  Q.  Hortensius, 
the  rival  of  Cicero  and  his  opponent  in  the  case  of  Verres. 

157  8   si  qui  forte,  those  {if  there  were  any)  who,  etc. 

157  11  Heracliam:  an  important  Greek  city,  on  the  southern  coast 
of  Lucania.  In  the  war  with  Pyrrhus  it  had  fought  on  the  side  of  the 
Romans,  and  B.C.  278,  it  entered  into  an  alliance  of  the  closest  and  most 
favorable  character  (aequissimo  iure  ac  foedere). 

III.     Confirm ATio   (§§   7-30) 

Sects.  7-11.  Archias  received  Roman  citizenship  under  the  Lex 
Plautia-Papiria,  complying  with  all  the  provisions  of  that  law.  The 
evidence  of  this  cannot  be  shaken  ;  the  testimony  of  the  census  is 
unnecessary.     No  further  argument  is  needed  ;  the  case  is  closed. 

157  15  (Sect.  7.)  Silvani  lege,  etc.,  i.e.  the  Lex  Plautia-Papiria,  of 
the  tribunes  M.  Plautius  Silvanus  and  C.  Papirius  Carbo  (not  to  be  con- 
founded with  his  infamous  cousin  Cneius,  the  Marian  leader  after  the  death 
of  Cinna),  extended  the  Roman  citizenship  to  all  Italian  communities  which 
had  not  yet  received  it.  These  towns  now  exchanged  their  independence 
for  Roman  citizenship,  and  became  incorporated  with  the  republic;  though 
many  of  them,  as  Heraclia,  hesitated  about  making  the  change,  and  did  it 
with  great  reluctance.  They  lost  all  rights  of  independent  government 
(such  as  that  of  coining  money,  the  ius  exsili,  etc.).  Latin  became  the 
official  language  ;  justice  was  administered  by  Roman  law  ;  and  in  most 
cases  their  government  was  organized  on  the  model  of  Rome,  having 
duumviri  for  consuls,  and  a  curia  for  the  Senate.  The  passage  here 
given  from  the  Plautian-Papirian  Law  contains  its  application  to  citizens 
of  foreign  birth,  like  Archias.  —  si  qui,  etc.:  the  law  is  quoted  in  indir. 
disc,  but  the  main  clause  is  omitted,  being  implied  in  data  est  ;  see 
§  341,  c  {  );   G.  663,  2,  ^;    H.  &B. 

157  18  essent  professi,  should  have  declared  their  intention. 

157  19  Q.  Metellum  [Pium],  praetor,  B.C.  89:  the  most  eminent  living 
member  of  this  family,  and  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  aristocracy. 

157  22  (Sect.  8.)   Grati,  the  complainant  (see  Introd.,  p.  154  of  text). 

158  1  religione,  conscientiousness. 

158  tt  desideras,  call  for  (lit.  miss,  feel  the  wantof).  —  \\.dL\\zo  bello, 


362  Notes 

(i.e.  the  Social  War)  :  §  259,  «  (  ) ;   G.  394,  r.  ;    H.  429  (486) ; 

H.  &  B. 

158  11  municipi :  since  the  bestowal  of  the  Roman  citizenship,  the 
Italian  civitates  had  become  Roman  mutiicipia  (see  Introd.,  p.  liii). 

158  12  'vdj&m.,  you  yourself  {\\\..  the  same  man). 

158  15  (Sect.  9)  In  sect.  8  Cicero  shows  that  Archias  was  a  citizen  of 
Heraclia  and  so  came  under  the  first  requirement  of  the  law ;  in  sect.  9 
he  claims  that  his  client  had  also  complied  with  the  other  two  requirements 
(domicilium  and  prof  essio) .  —  civitatem  datam,  i.e.  by  the  law  before 
cited. 

158  17  professione,  list  of  declaratiojis. 

158  18  conlegio :  the  prstors,  when  regarded  as  a  whole,  could  be 
spoken  of  as  a  "  board." 

158  19  cum,  while.  —  Appi,  i.e.  Appius  Claudius,  husband  of  Ccecilia 
(the  friend  of  Roscius :  see  Rose.  Am.,  sect.  50)  and  father  of  the  infamous 
Clodius. 

158  20  Gabini :  see  Introd.  to  Pompey's  Military  Command. 

158  21  damnationem :  he  was  condemned,  B.C.  54,  for  extortion  on 
complaint  of  the  Achccans. 

158  23  L.  Lentulum :  nothing  further  is  known  of  him  ;  he  probably 
presided  over  a  court  (iudices)  to  determine  cases  involving  citizenship 
under  the  new  law. 

158  29  (Sect.  10.)  multis  and  praeditis  are  dat.  after  impertiebant ; 
arte,  abl.  after  praeditis. 

158  30  Graecia,  i.e.  Magna  Griecia,  the  Greek  cities  of  Italy. 

158  31  credo  (ironical),  /  suppose.  —  Locrensis :  Locri  Epizephyrii,  a 
Greek  city  near  Rhegium. 

158  32  quod  relates  to  id,  which  is  governed  by  largiri  understood. 

159  1  ingeni  limits  gloria,  which  depends  on  praedito. 
159  2  civitatem  datam,  i.e.  by  the  Lex  Plautia-Papiria. 

159  3  legem  Papiam :  see  Introd.  to  the  Oration,  p.  154  of  text. 

159  4  illis,  sc.  tabulis,  i.e.  of  Tarentum,  Rhegium,  and  Naples. 

159  G  (Sect,  ii.)  census:  the  lists  of  citizens  made  out  by  the  cen- 
sors for  purposes  of  taxation.  These  were,  of  course,  excellent  evidence 
on  a  question  of  citizenship  ;  but  they  were  not  needed  in  this  case.  — 
requiris :  cf.  desideras  in  the  same  sense  in  sect.  8  (p.  158,  1.  6). 

159  7  est  obscurum  (ironical),  it  is  not  generally  knozvn.  — proximis, 
abl.  of  time :  translate  by  under.  The  censors  referred  to  were  L.  Gellius 
and  Cn.  Lentulus  (b.c.  70.)  —  clarissimo :  observe  the  art  with  which 
Cicero  here  again  calls  attention  to  the  connection  of  Archias  with  the  dis- 


Oration  for  ArcJiias  363 

tinguished  Romans  any  one  of  whom  could  at  any  moment  have  procured 
him  the  citizenship  if  he  had  not  already  possessed  it. 

159  8  apud  exercitum,  i.e.  in  the  war  against  Mithridates  (see  Oration 
for  the  Manilian  Law).  —  superioribus,  sc.  censoribus.  New  censors  were 
regularly  appointed  every  tive  years :  those  here  referred  to  were  Q.  Mar- 
cius  Philippus  and  M.  Perperna  (B.C.  86).  In  the  present  instance  the 
succession  had  been  interfered  with  by  Sulla,  but  restored  in  B.C.  70. 

159  9  in  Asia:  this  was  in  the  First  Mithridatic  War,  in  which  LucuUus 
served  as  quaestor  to  Sulla.  —  primis,  i.e.  the  first  after  the  passage  of 
the  Lex  Plaiitia-Papiria  :    these  were  L.  Julius  C?esar  and    P.    Crassus 

(B.C.  89). 

159  14  esse  versatum  (sc.  eum),  /im/  availed  himself  of:  this  clause 
is  the  obj.  of  criminaris.  —  testamentum,  etc.,  acts  which  no  foreigner 
could  do. 

159  16  in  beneficiis,  etc.:  his  naviezvas  reported  for  a  retvard  from 
the  state  (i.e.  on  the  ground  of  some  special  merit)  :  this,  of  course,  implied 
citizenship. 

159  18  suo,  etc.,  i.e.  Archias  and  his  friends  knew  that  he  was  a  citizen 
and  had  acted  as  such,  whatever  might  be  said  on  the  other  side. 

At  this  point  Cicero  practically  rests  his  case.  The  remainder  of  his 
speech  is  devoted  to  the  praise  of  poetry  and  literature.  This  eulogy  is, 
however,  skilfully  connected  with  the  argument.  Literature  is  useful  in 
the  state,  he  contends,  and  poets  are  particularly  in  favor  with  great  men. 
Hence  Archias  could  not  have  failed  to  receive  the  citizenship  as  a  gift 
from  some  of  his  illustrious  Roman  friends  if  he  had  not  held  it  already. 
Since  he  is  a  citizen,  so  eminent  and  useful  a  man  should  be  protected  in 
his  rights. 

Sects.  12-16.  Literature  is  an  indispensable  relaxation :  and  also 
a  source  of  moral  strength.  Hence  all  famous  men  have  been  devoted 
to  letters.     The  dignity  and  delight  of  liberal  study. 

159  20  (Sect.  12.)  ubi  {—locum  iibi)  .  .  .  reficiatur,  rel.  clause  of 
purpose. 

159  22  suppetere  has  for  subject  the  suppressed  antecedent  of  quod. 
—  posse  (with  a  fut.  force),  should  de  able. 

159  24  contentionem,  strain. 

159  25  ego  (emphat.),  etc.,  for  my  part  I  admit,  etc.  We  should  re- 
member that  the  more  old-fashioned  of  Cicero's  contemporaries  were  still 
inclined  to  regard  literary  and  artistic  pursuits  as  frivolous  in  comparison 
with  the  more  "  truly  Roman  "  professions  of  war  and  politics  (cf.  .'Eneid, 


364  Notes 

vi.  847  ff.).     Hence  it  was  important  for  Cicero  to  show  that  literature  was 
of  practical  value  to  the  man  of  affairs. 

159  2G  his  studiis,  the  study  of  letters  in  general,  including  all  varieties 
of  literature,  poetry  as  well  as  prose. 

159  30  nuUius  tempore,  etc.,  the  necessities  or  interests  of  no  one  (i.e. 
as  a  client). 

160  1  (Sect.  13.)  ceteris  depends  on  conceditur  (1.  4). 
160  3  ad  ipsam  requiem,  even  to  repose. 

160  4  temporum  limits  quantum  (1.  3),  which  has  tantum  (1.  6)  for 
antecedent.  — alii:  notice  how  this  differs  in  meaning  from  ceteris  (1.  i), 
—  the  first  mentioned  pursuits  (attending  to  business,  celebrating  festivals, 
etc.),  are  common  to  everybody,  the  last  (being  dissipations)  belong  only 
to  "  some  people."  —  tempestivis  conviviis,  early  dinners,  i.e.  beginning 
by  daylight,  or  in  business  hours,  —  a  mark  of  luxury  and  idleness :  we 
should  refer  to  "late  dinners." 

160  8  oratio  et  facultas,  hendiadys.  —  quantacumque,  etc.,  i.e.  such 
as  I  have  (a  modest  disclaimer). 

160  9  periculis  :  Cicero  prided  himself  on  defending  cases  rather 
than  acting  for  the  prosecution  (cf.  amicorum  temporibus,  etc.,  Pompey's 
Mil.  Command,  sect.  i). 

160  10  quae,  i.e.  the  mere  ability  to  speak.  —  ilia  (obj.  of  hauriam), 
i.e.  the  moral  character  resulting  from  the  praecepta  mentioned  below. 

160  12  (Sect.  14.)  multorum,  i.e.  great  minds  whose  thoughts  have 
found  expression  in  literature.  —  multis  litteris,  wide  reading. 

160  13  nihil  esse,  etc.  :  these  doctrines  had  been  the  commonplaces 
of  philosophy  and  letters  for  hundreds  of  years  before  Cicero  wrote,  and 
to  the  cultivated  Roman  they  took  the  place  which  with  us  belongs  to  the 
ethical  teachings  of  sacred  literature. 

160  16   parvi,    of  slight  account ;  §  252,  ^  (  );   B.  169,  4;  G.  379, 

380,  I  ;    H.  404  (448)  ;    H.  &  B. 

160  19  exemplorum,  i.e.  examples  of  heroism  and  virtue  recorded  in 
hterature.  The  moral  education  of  the  ancients  consisted  largely  in  the 
study  of  the  lives  of  eminent  men  of  past  ages. 

160  21   accederet,  were  thrown  upon  them. 

160  27  (Sect.  15.)  Observe  the  attitude  of  the  Romans  toward  litera- 
ture, which  they  valued  as  a  source  of  ethical  and  political  cultivation,  and 
not,  like  the  Greeks,  for  its  own  sake  or  as  a  means  of  affording  aesthetic 
pleasure. 

161  9  (Sect.  16.)  ex  hoc,  etc.  :  Cicero  enumerates  the  most  distin- 
guished patrons  of  the  newly  introduced  Greek  culture.     Cato  is  separated 


Oration  for  Archias  365 

from  the  rest  because  he  was  in  theory  opposed  to  this  tendency  on 
account  of  its  imagined  ill  effects  ;  hence  the  rather  apologetic  tone  in 
which  Cicero  speaks  of  him. 

161  10  Africanum  :  Scipio  the  younger  (^milianus).  —  Laelium  : 
the  younger  Laelius  (surnamed  Sapiens),  whose  friendship  with  Scipio 
^milianus  forms  the  groundwork  of  Cicero's  famous  treatise  De  Amicitia. 
—  Furium  :  I>.  Furius  Philus  (cos.  B.C.  136)  a  patron  of  literature.  These 
three  men  belonged  to  the  so-called  Scipionic  Circle,  which  was  especially 
influential  in  the  introduction  of  Greek  culture. 

161  12  Catonem  :  M.  Porcius  Cato,  called  the  Censor,  was  one  of  the 
leading  men  of  Rome  in  the  first  half  of  the  second  century  B.C.  :  a 
shrewd,  hard-headed  Roman  of  the  old  school,  full  of  prejudices,  and 
priding  himself  on  his  blunt  manners.  He  was  a  distinguished  antiqua- 
rian, and  wrote  books  on  antiquities  and  agriculture. 

161  13  senem  :  he  gives  the  nanfe  to  Cicero's  dialogue  on  Old  Age 
(^Cato  Maior). 

161  15-23  quod  si,  etc.  :  even  if  literature,  Cicero  argues,  had  no  great 
practical  or  ethical  value  (as  it  has),  it  would  still  be  worthy  of  respect  as 
a  means  of  mental  refreshment  and  diversion.  The  passage  is  a  very 
famous  tribute  to  liberal  studies. 

161  18    ceterae,  sc.  animi  adversiones  (from  1.  17). 

161  21   adversis  [rebus],  dat.  with  praebent. 

Sects.  17-24.  Great  artists  are  themselves  worthy  of  admiration. 
The  poet  is  especially  sacred  :  he  is  the  herald  of  fame.  Alexander 
at  the  tomb  of  Achilles. 

161  25    (Sect.  17.)  deberemus  :  308,  c,  n.i  (  )  ;   B.  304,  3,  a,  n.  ; 

G.  597,  R.3,  /;  ;    cf.  H.  511,  I.  N.3  (583)  ;     H.  &.  B. 

161  26  videremus  :  subj.  because  an  integral  part  of  the  cont.  to  fact 
apodosis. 

161  27  Rosci  :  Q.  Roscius,  the  most  eminent  actor  of  his  time,  defended 
by  Cicero  in  a  speech  which  is  still  extant. 

161  30  corporis  :  observe  the  emphatic  position  as  opposed  to  ani- 
morum  (1.  31).  In  the  ancient  drama  the  action  was  much  more  impor- 
tant as  compared  with  the  delivery  and  facial  expression  than  is  the  case 
on  the  modern  stage, 

162  2  (Sect.  18.)  novo  genera  :  such  praise  of  letters  was,  of  course, 
an  innovation  on  the  formal  proceedings  of  a  Roman  court. —  quotiens, 
etc.  :  given  as  a  remarkable  instance  of  poetical  improvisation  illustrating 
the  celeritas  mentioned  in  1.  31,  above. 


366  Notes 

162  5  revocatum  [hunc],  subj.  of  dicere.  The  enco7-e  was  a  common 
Roman  practice,  as  with  us. 

162  10   sic,  tJds  (referring  to  the  indir.  disc,  that  follows). 

162  14  Q.  Ennius  :  the  father  of  Latin  poetry.  He  was  born  at  Rudige 
in  Magna  Grsecia  (B.C.  239),  but  wrote  in  Latin.  His  principal  work  was 
the  Annales,  an  epic  poem  upon  Roman  history,  lost  except  for  a  few 
fragments. 

162  19  (Sect.  19.)  bestiae,  etc. ;  alluding  to  the  myths  of  Orpheus 
and  Arion  (see  Ovid,  Met.  x.  3,  Fasti,  ii.  83-118;   Virg.  Eel.  viii.  56). 

162  21  Homerum,  etc.  :  the  names  of  the  cities  which  thus  claimed 
Homer  are  given  in  the  following  hexameter  verse  : 

Smyrna,  Chios,  Colophon,  Salamis,  Rhodos,  Argos,  Athenae. 

162  27   olim,  almost  equiv.  to  an  adj. ;  cf.  §  188,  ^  (  )  ;  G.  439,  N.'* ; 

H.  359,  N.*  (497,  5)  ;   H.  &  B. 

162  29  Cimbricas  res  :  the  war  with  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones,  who 
invaded  Italy  and  were  at  length  defeated  by  Marius  (the  Teutones,  B.C. 
102  ;   the  Cimbri,  loi). 

162  30  durior  :  Marius  was  a  rude  and  illiterate  soldier.  The  illustra- 
tion (p.  163)  shows  what  seems  to  be  the  most  trustworthy  portrait  of 
Marius  (from  the  impression  of  a  coin,  now  lost)  ;  various  busts  have  been 
identified  with  him,  but  without  any  probable  evidence. 

163  3  (Sect.  20.)  Themistoclem  :  the  great  Athenian  statesman 
and  general,  who  won  the  battle  of  Salamis,  in  the  second  Persian  invasion 
(B.C.  480),  and  afterwards,  by  his  skilful  policy,  raised  Athens  to  its  greatest 
height  of  power. 

163  8  (Sect.  21.)  For  the  statements  in  this  section,  see  Oration  for 
Manilian  Law. 

163  14  natura  et  regione,  hendiadys. 
163  17   eiusdem,  i.e.  LucuUus. 

163  19  nostra,  as  oias  (predicate),  agreeing  with  pugna.  Cicero 
means  that  these  exploits,  since  they  have  been  immortalized  by  Archias, 
will  always  remain  the  glory  of  the  Roman  people. 

164  3  quae,  these  things  (just  mentioned)  ;  quorum  limits  ingeniis 
and  refers  to  eis. 

164  4    (Sect.  22.)    Africano  superior!  :  the  conqueror  of  Hannibal. 

164  5  in  sepulcro  Scipionum  :  this  tomb  on  the  Appian  Way  has 
been  discovered,  and  in  it  a  bust  of  peperino  (not  marble),  which  has  by 
some  been  supposed  to  be  that  here  referred  to.  It  now  stands  upon  the 
sarcophagus  of  Scipio  in  the  Vatican  museum  (Fig.  42). 


Oration  for  ArcJiias 

Fig.  42 


367 


rvf 1,.,../ a..., ^^      4 .ffiiii 


Fig.  43 


164  8  huius :  M,  Porcius  Cato,  later  called  Uticensis,  from  his  killing 
himself  at  Utica  after  Caesar's  victory.  Cato  the  Censor  was  his  great- 
grandfather. 

164  10  Maximi,  etc. :  Q.  Fabius 
Maximus,  "  the  shield  of  Rome,"  in  the 
Second  Punic  War;  M.  Marcellus,  "  the 
sword  of  Rome  "  (see  note  on  p.  48, 1. 
5)  ;  Q.  Fulvius  Flaccus,  a  distinguished 
ofificer  in  the  same  war. 

164  11  ilium,  i.e.  Ennius. 

164  13  Heracliensem :       Heraclia 
(see  note  on  p.  157,  1.  ii),  as  being  an  important  city,  is  here  contrasted 
with  the  insignificant  Rudiie.  —  civitatibus  :   §  232,  «  (  );   G.  354; 

H.  388,  I  (431,  2);    H.  &  B. 

164  18  (Sect.  23.)  Graeca  leguntur,  Crt'^,^ /5  r^^7^/.  Greek  was,  in  the 
ancient  world,  almost  the  universal  language  of  polite  society;  cf.  the  use 
of  French  in  modern  times. 

164  21  quo  {i.vhither')  relates  to  eodem  {thither^ ;  cupere  governs  the 
clause  quo  .  .  .  penetrare. 

165  1  populis,  dat.  after  ampla,  a  noble  thing  for  them. 


Coin  of  Cato  Uticensis 


368  Notes 

165  2  eis,  i.e.  the  individuals  by  whom  these  exploits  are  performed  as 
contrasted  with  their  peoples  as  a  whole. 
165  10  (Sect.  24.)  Magnus,  i.e.  Pumpey. 

Sects.  25-30.  Many  would  have  been  glad  to  give  Archias  the 
citizenship  if  he  had  not  already  possessed  it.  All  men  thirst  for 
glory,  which  he  can  confer.  Literature  is  the  most  enduring  of 
monuments, 

165  17  (Sect.  25.)  asset:  §  308,  a  (  );   B.  304,  2;   G.  597,  r.i  ; 

H.  510,  N.'-  (579,  i);    H.  &  B.  .  —  civitate  donaretur:   §  225,  d 

(  );    B.  187,  i,  a  ;   G.  348;   H.  384,  ii,  2  (426,  6);    H.  &  B. 

165  18  donaret,  so.  civitate. 

165  13  repudiasset:  the  protasis  is  implied  in  petentem.  —  quem, 
sub),  of  iubere,  below. 

165  20  de  populo,  of  the  people,  i.e.  of  low  birth.  —  quod  .  .  .  fecisset, 
which  he  had  made  as  an  epigram  (poetical  address)  to  hi/n ;  for  gender, 
see§i95,  rt'(  );   B.  250,  3  ;   cf.  G.  2ir,  R.^  ;    H.  445,  4  (396,  2);   H.  & 

B. 

165  21  tantummodo  .  .  .  longiusculis,  merely  ivith  the  alternate  verses 
a  little  longer,  i.e.  it  was  written  in  some  metre  in  which  (as  in  elegiac 
verse)  long  and  short  lines  alternated  ;  tantummodO  implies  that  this  was 
its  only  merit. 

165  22  eis  rebus :  i.e.  confiscated  goods.  Apparently  a  commander 
could  take  out  from  the  booty  anything  he  desired  to  bestow  upon  a  sol- 
dier as  a  reward;  and  here  the  confiscated  goods  are  treated  in  the  same 
manner. 

165  30  (Sect.  26.)  pingue  atque  peregrinum,  cognate  accusatives; 
§  240,  a  (  )  ;  B.  176,  2,  h,  N.;  G.  333,  2,  X.6 ;  H.  37 1,  ii  (409  and  i); 
H.  &  B. 

166  2  prae  nobis  ferendum,  a  thing  to  be  proud  of. 

166  3  optimus  quisque :  §  93,  <:  (  ) ;  B.  252,  5,  c ;  G.  318,  2  ;  H. 
458,  I  (515.2);   H.&B. 

166  5  in  eo  ipso,  in  the  very  act. 

166  6  praedicari,  impersonal. 

166  7  (Sect.  27.)  Brutus:  D.  Junius  Brutus  (cos.  B.C.  138)  conquered 
the  Lusitanians  (of  Portugal). 

166  8  Acci  :  L.  Accitis  (less  properly  Attius),  a  tragic  poet  (born  B.C. 
170);  distinguished  for  vigor  and  sublimity;  he  lived  long  enough  for 
Cicero  in  his  youth  to  converse  with  him. 

166  10  Fulvius:  M.  Fulvius  Nobilior  (cos.  B.C.  189)  subdued  ^tolia. 


Oration  for  Archias  369 

He  was  distinguished  as  a  friend  of  Greek  literature,  and  built,  from  the 
spoils  of  war,  a  temple  to  Hercules  and  the  Muses. 

166  12  prope  armati,  having  scarce  laid  aside  their  arms. 

166  14  tOgati:   see  note  on  p.  125,  1.  17. 

166  18  (Sect.  28.)  quas  res,  i.e.  the  suppression  of  Catiline's  con- 
spiracy. 

166  23  adornavi,  I  supplied  him  with  materials  (i.e.  facts). 

166  25  quid  est  quod,  etc.:  §  317,  2  (  );   B.  282,  2  ;  G.  631,  2  ; 

H.  497,  i  (590);   H.  &B. 

166  30  (Sect.  29.)  nee  tantis,  etc. :   here  the  apod,  begins. 

167  5  (Sect.  30.)  parvi  animi,  mean-spirited :  §  215  (  ) ;  B.  203, 
i;   G.  365;    H.  396,  V  (440,3);    H.&B. 

167  9  imagines,  busts.  Whoever  held  any  curule  office  (dictator,  con- 
sul, interrex,  praetor,  curule  aedile)  thereby  secured  to  his  posterity  the  ius 
imaginum,  i.e.  the  right  to  place  in  their  halls  and  carry  in  funeral  pro- 
cessions a  wax  mask  of  him  as  well  as  of  any  other  deceased  members  of 
the  family  of  curule  rank.  Since  this  right  was  a  distinguishing  mark  of  the 
Roman  nobility,  it  was  naturally  highly  prized. 

IV.     Peroratio  (§31) 

Sect.  31.  Archias  the  poet  should  be  protected  in  the  rights  of 
citizenship,  which  are  legally  his. 

167  20  (Sect.  31.)  pudore  eo,  of  such  high  character  (i.e.  sense  of 
honor  and  self-respect,  as  contrasted  with  the  unprincipled  Greek  hangers- 
on  with  whom  Roman  society  was  infested). 

167  22  vetustate,  i.e.  long-continued  friendship  (see  sect.  5).  —  id 
existimari  depends  on  convenit,  it  is  fitting. 

167  24  videatis,  subjunctive  of  integral  part. 

167  25  municipi,  i.e.  Heraclia. 

167  26  comprobetur,  subjunc.  of  characteristic. 

167  28  ut,  with  accipiatis,  p.  168,  1.  2. 

168  I  ex  eo  numero,  i.e.  of  poets. 

168  9  ab  eo  qui,  etc.:  Q.  Cicero  (see  Introd.,  p.  154  of  text). 


LETTERS 


The  customs  of  the  Romans  in  regard  to  letter-writing  were  much  Hke  our 
own  :  we  have  long  letters  and  short  letters  to  familiar  friends,  business  letters, 
formal  communications,  and  letters  to  known  enemies.  But  in  the  details  there 
was  considerable  difference, 


370  Notes 

There  were  two  forms  of  material,  —  the  tabellae  ("  tablets,"  whence  we  have 
tabellarius,  "  letter-carrier  "),  and  the  papyrus,  or  roll  made  from  the  pith  of  the 
papyrus  reed.  The  tabellae  were  made  of  two  or  more  very  thin  boards  {tabu- 
lae) fastened  together  like  a  double  slate,  and  covered  on  the  inside  with  a  thin 
coating  of  wax.  The  writing  was  done  by  scratching  with  a  sharp-pointed  metal 
instrument  (the  stilus) ,  and  erased,  when  necessary,  with  the  other  end  of  the 
same,  which  was  left  fiat  for  the  purpose.  The  rolls  were  made  of  the  solid  pith 
of  the  papyrus  reed,  sliced  longitudinally,  about  a  foot  long,  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
thick,  and,  in  proportion  to  the  diameter  of  the  reed,  an  inch  or  two  inches  in 
width.  This  reed  formerly  grew  abundantly  in  Eg\pt,  but  now  is  extinct  there. 
It  still  survives  in  a  wild  state  in  Sicily,  on  the  White  Nile,  and  elsewhere.  The 
slices  were  laid  down  as  we  lay  down  boards  to  make  a  floor,  close  together 
in  two  layers  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  and  pressed,  dried,  and  polished  so 
as  to  make  a  coarse  kind  of  paper  in  squares,  which  were  glued  together  in 
strips  of  convenient  length. 

The  ancient  writing  shows  all  forms  of  capital  letters,  from  the  more  than 
printed  regularity  of  an  ofificial  inscription  to  the  almost  illegible  rudeness  of 
school-boy  scrawls  and  business  documents,  but  no  current  hand  of  joined  letters 
is  anywhere  found. 

If  the  tabellae  were  used,  they  were  closed  with  a  string  {limun)  ;  if  the 
-"-^pyrus  was  used,  it  was  rolled  up  and  tied  with  a  string.  In  either  case  the 
ultimate  closure,  as  well  as  the  authentication,  was  made  by  the  sender's  seal,  in 
gypsum  or  wax,  attached  to  the  knot  of  the  string. 

The  letter  was  addressed  to  the  receiver  on  the  outside  in  the  dative  (perhaps 
also  in  the  accusative  with  ad). 

There  was  no  public  post-ofifice,  but  the  administration  had  slaves  provided 
beforehand  as  letter-carriers  {fabellarii),  and  large  business  interests  might 
have  the  same  arrangement.  Less  frequent  correspondents  used  chance  facili- 
ties, or  sent  private  slaves.  It  would  appear  also  that  persons  whose  special 
business  it  was  to  act  as  managers  or  cojnmissionaires  could  be  hired  in  the 
Forum. 

The  formal  part  of  the  letter  was  always  in  the  third  person,  containing  the 
name  of  the  writer  (in  the  nominative)  and  that  of  the  recipient  (in  the  dative). 
Usually  there  was  added  a  formal  expression  of  good  will :  "  Salutem  plurimam 
dicit "  (or  salutem  dicit,  or  merely  salutem  i) ,  frequently  abbreviated  to  S.  P.  D. 
(S.  D.  orS.). 

Of  course  a  signature  was  unnecessary.  If  the  letter  was  dictated,  the  seal 
was  the  only  authentication.  It  was  customary  to  close  the  letter  with  Vale 
("  farewell"). 

If  the  date  was  given,  it  was  in  the  form  of  the  ablative  or  locative  of  the 
place,  and  the  day  of  the  month  (according  to  Roman  reckoning),  preceded  by 
the  word  data  (sc.  epistola),  i.e.  "given"  (to  the  messenger  from  the  place 
mentioned). 

1  The  indirect  expression  of  the  common  greeting  Salve. 


Letters 


371 


3/2  Notes 

When  Cicero's  letters  were  written,  this  form  of  composition  was  hardly 
recognized  as  literature.  Still,  great  care  was  often  used  in  letter-writing,  and 
copies  may  have  been  kept  for  publication.  Tiro,  Cicero's  favorite  freedman 
and  private  secretary,  is  thought  to  have  collected  his  master's  letters  and  given 
them  to  the  world.  Somewhat  later,  however,  epistolary  writing  became  more 
or  less  a  literary  genre  (as  in  the  case  of  Pliny  the  younger)  ;  and  in  modern 
times  the  publication  of  correspondence  has  become  very  common. 


169  1  ames,  approve.     For  omission  of  ut,  see  §  331,  /,  R.  (  ); 

B.  296,  \,a;   G.  546,  R."^;    H.  499,  2  (565,  2);    H.  &  B.  .  — ludos:  to 

visit  the  games  was  fashionable  with  the  Romans,  like  "going  to  the 
Derby  "  (races)  in  England.  Hence  to  stay  away  was  strength  of  ?nind 
(constantiam). 

169  2  vTroabXoLxov,  sotnething  of  a  solecisvi  (an  absurd  or  inconsistent 
action) ;  see  the  etymology  and  meanings  of  soleeist?i  in  any  large  English 
dictionary.  Greek  was  the  "  polite  language  "  of  ancient  times,  as  French 
is  to-day.  All  cultivated  Romans  could  speak  and  write  Greek,  and  it  was 
the  fashion  to  use  Greek  phrases  in  society  and  in  letter-writing,  as  we  use 
savoir  faire,  comnie  il  fatit,  preciser,  and  the  like. 

169  3  dvacpaiveadaL  (inf.,  subject  of  est),  to  appear,  to  let  myself  be  seen. 
The  participial  construction  (peregrinantem)  is  in  accord  with  the  Greek, 
which  takes  a  participle  after  di/a^atVo/xat;  but  the  case  of  peregrinantem 
accords  with  the  Latin  idiom  (ace,  agreeing  with  the  implied  subject  me). 
—  delicate  .  .  .  inepte :  the  common  jest  about  the  freedom  which  re- 
spectable men  allow  themselves  when  away  from  home  explains  this  pas- 
sage. Cicero  says  that  if  he  were  to  visit  the  Antian  games,  he  might 
appear  not  merely  to  be  self-indulgent  (delicate),  but  even  to  be  making 
a  fool  of  himself  (inepte)  on  his  tour.  Cf.  Henry  V  in  Shakspere's  play 
(act  i,  scene  2)  : 

"  We  never  valued  this  poor  seat  of  England ; 
And  therefore,  living  hence,  did  give  ourself 
To  barbarous  license,  as  'tis  ever  common 
That  men  are  merriest  when  they  are  from  home." 

170  2  ab  :  the  Romans  often  dated  from  (rather  than  c?/)  a  place. 
Appii  Forum  and  Tres  Tabernae  were  villages  on  the  Appian  Way  (see 
Acts  yc^\\\\.  15).  x\tticus  was  at  Rome.  Cicero  has  written  one  letter  at 
Tres  Tabernae,  and  now  despatches  a  second  from  his  next  stopping-place, 
Appii  Forum.  —  dederam,  /  have  written  :  on  the  epistolary  tense,  see 
§  282  (         );   B.  265;   G.  252;    H.  472,  I  (539,  I);   H.  &  B. 


Letters 


373 


II 

170  4  re  publica, //^£'  condition  of  the  state.  —  ego  :  the  verb  (scribam) 
is  omitted;  such  ellipses  are  especially  common  in  the  epistolary  style. — 
subtiliter,  in  detail. 

170  5  hoc  (degree  of  difference)  .  .  ,  miserior,  it  is  the  more  ivretchea. 

170  G  dominatio,  tyranny :  especially  used  of  unconstitutional  rule, 
usurpation  of  power  in  a  free  state. 

170  7  bonis,  i.e.  the  aristocracy  (as  opposed  to  the  rabble,  who  were 
not  regarded  as  "good"),  the  conservatives  (Cicero's  party).  —  ita  .  .  .  ut 
tamen,  though  .  .  .  still. 

170  8  nunc  .  .  .  omnibus,  is  noio,  of  a  sudden,  so  hateful  to  all  (both 
to  the  conservatives  and  the  populace)  ;  omnibus  is  in  the  dat.  with  tanto 
in  odio,  which  is  equiv.  to  tam  odiosa :   §  234,  a  {  );   B.   192,   i; 


G.  359;  H.  391,  I 
(434,2);.H.&B. 
000,  o.  —  erup- 
tura  sit  :  indir. 
quest.;  for  tense, 
see  §  334,  a  and 

N.(  ); 

cf.  B.  269,  3;  G. 
515;  H.  529,  ii, 
4(649,11,  I);  H. 
&B. 

170  9  horrea- 
mus,  7i<e  shudder 
to  think.  —  illo- 
rum,  Caesar,  Pom- 
pey,  and  Crassus, 
—  the  so-called 
First  Triumvirate. 


Fig.  45 


Girl  writing  a  Letter 


170  10  Catoni,  afterwards  called  Uticensis  (from  Utica,  the  place  of 
his  suicide),  the  leader  of  the  Conservative  or  Old  Republican  party,  —  an 
uncompromising  aristocrat  and  enemy  of  Caesar,  upright  and  patriotic,  but 
narrow-minded  and  impracticable.  His  death  afterward  caused  him  to 
be  regarded  as  a  martyr  to  ancient  liberty.  His  daughter  Porcia  was  the 
wife  of  Brutus,  the  conspirator. 

170  11  videbantur :  the  force  of  the  imperf.  may  be  reproduced  by 
translating y6!rwt'/-/j'  they  seemed.  — venenis  :  poisoning  was  not  uncommon 
at  Rome;   hence  this  figure  was  natural  to  a  Roman. 


374  Notes 

170  12  sibilis  volgi,  by  the  hisses  of  the  commoji  people. 

170  13  exarserint,  have  become  infuriated.  The  actions  of  the  "  tri- 
umvirs "  are  such  that  Cicero  thinks  they  have  lost  patience,  and  are  ready 
to  resort  to  open  violence. 

170  15  orbem  .  .  .  conversum,  i.e.  that  the  revolution  in  the  state 
had  been  accomplished.  To  keep  the  figure  expressed  in  orbitam  (yViit, 
loheel  mark),  we  may  translate,  that  the  wheel  of  the  government  had  made 
a  complete  revolution. 

171  1  fuisset,  it  Tvould have  been  (apodosis,  contrary  to  fact). 

171  2  homines,  people  (i.e.  the  Romans  and  Italians  in  general,  who 
have  not  been  able  to  let  the  revolution  take  place  without  expressing 
their  feelings). 

171  5  amicus,  i.e.  Pompey.  —  insolens  infamiae,  not  accustomed  to 
ill- repute. 

171  6  deformatus  corpore  :  this  probably  means  merely  that  his  health 
and  personal  appearance  had  suffered  from  his  anxiety  and  chagrin. 

171  7  progressum  .  .  .  reditum  (observe  the  chiastic  order),  i.e.  the 
way  before  him  is  a  headlong  descent,  and  if  he  turns  back,  there  is  no 
firm  footing.     The  figure  is  uncommonly  vigorous  and  condensed. 

171  8  bonos,  i.e.  the  optimates  (see  note  on  p.  170,  1.  7).  —  inimicos 
(pred.  ace),  as  his  enemies. 

171  10  mollitiem  animi,  77iy  tenderness  of  heart.  —  non  tenui  lacrimas, 
could  not  keep  back  the  fears.  —  ilium,  i.e.  Pompey. 

171  11  edictis  Bibuli :  M.  Calpurnius  Bibulus,  Caesar's  colleague  in  the 
consulship  of  B.C.  59,  M^as  such  a  nonentity  that  the  year  was  jocosely  spoken 
of  as  "  the  consulship  of  Julius  and  Caesar  "  (instead  of  "  Bibulus  and 
Caesar").  Caesar  was  anxious  to  pass  certain  bills,  —  especially  an  act  for 
the  division  of  the  public  land  among  the  poorer  citizens  and  an  act  to 
legalize  the  acts  of  Pompey  in  Asia.  Bibulus  shut  himself  up  in  his  house, 
whence  he  issued  edicts  opposing  Caesar's  bills,  and  assailing  him  and 
Pompey  with  unmeasured  abuse.  These  edicts  made  a  great  noise  but 
had  no  permanent  effect.  —  contionantem,  addressing  the  people  (in  reply 
to  the  edicts  directed  against  him  by  Bibulus).  For  the  nature  of  a  contio, 
see  p.  273. 

171  12  illo  in  loco,  i.e.  in  the  Forum,  where  (or  in  the  Comitiuni) 
such  public  meetings  for  address  or  debate  were  held. 

171  13    ut,  how  (exclamatory). 

172  1  Crasso :  Crassus  was  an  old  enemy  of  Pompey's,  and,  though 
now  his  political  partner,  might  be  supposed  to  take  secret  satisfaction  in 
his  waning  popularity. 


Letters  375 

172  3  lapsus  quam  progressus,  i.e.  rather  to  have  got  into  his  present 
position  by  carelessness  than  to  have  advanced  into  it  with  his  eyes  open. 

172  6  pictum,  etc. :  Cicero  refers  to  Pompey  as  a  work  of  art  and  of 
himself  as  the  artist.  He  has  in  mind  the  splendid  encomium  contained  in 
the  Oration  for  the  Manilian  Law  (see  pp.  66-97). 

172  8  Clodianum  negotium,  the  Clodins  affair.  In  order  to  become 
eligible  for  the  tribunate,  Clodius  had  procured  his  adoption  into  a  ple- 
beian faiiiily.  Pompey  had  countenanced  this  proceeding,  acting  as  ait- 
spex  at  the  ceremony.  This  was  enough  to  estrange  Cicero  from  him,  as 
everybody  thought,  for  Clodius  was  Cicero's  bitterest  enemy. 

172  10  Archilochia :  the  Parian  poet  Archilochus,  said  to  have  invented 
iambic  verse,  was  a  proverbially  savage  satirist.  The  edicts  of  Bibulus 
handled  both  Pompey  and  Caesar  without  gloves. 

172  12  proponuntur,  are  posted  up. 

1.12,  13   ipsi,  i.e.  to  Pompey  himself. 

172  18   qui :  §  104  ^  (  ) ;   B.  90  ;   G.  106  ;   H.  188,  ii,  i  (184,  i) ; 

H.  &  B.  .  —  sit  .  .  .  futurus:  for  tense,  see  note  on  p.  170,  1.  8. 

172  10  comitia  .  .  .  distulisset :  Bibulus  had  issued  an  edict 
postponing  the  consular  elections  for  the  following  year.  They  finally 
took  place  on  October  18,  when  L.  Calpurnius  Piso  (Caesar's  father-in- 
law)  and  A.  Gabinius  (a  partisan  of  Pompey's :  see  p.  67)  were  elected. 
Such  postponements  were  usually  disliked  by  the  common  people. 

172  21  iret  ad  Bibulum,  i.e.  to  his  house,  to  terrify  him  by  a  display 
of  mob-violence. 

172  22  vocem  exprimere,  squeeze  out  a  single  voice  (in  favor  of  this 
demonstration  against  Bibulus). 

172  23  quid  quaeris  ?  ivhat  would  you  have?  —  sentiunt,  i.e.  Caesar, 
Pompey,  and  Crassus. 

172  24  partis, /«r/j.  —  eo  magis,  etc. :  to  carry  through  their  plans 
the  triumvirs  may  have  to  conciliate  Clodius  by  sacrificing  Cicero.  —  nobis 
(dat.  of  agent)  ;  equiv.  to  mihi. 

172  25   eum,  i.e.  Clodius. 

172  28  sXxAidi,  good  will,  devotion.  It  was  Cicero's  weakness  to  exag- 
gerate his  own  popularity. 

172  29  cum,  not  only.  —  res  .  .  .  vocat,  the  circumstances  themselves 
sumjfion you  (to  Rome). — ad  tempus  iWvid.,  for  that  (critical)  moment. 

172  31  Varro,  i.e.  M.  Terentius  Varro,  who  had  served  under  Pompey 
in  the  East. 

172  32  divinitus  (adv.),  like  one  inspired.  Pompey  was  full  of  pro- 
fessions of  friendship,  but  he  did  nothing  to  prevent  Cicero's  exile. 


376  Notes 

172  33  discessuros,  come  out  of  the  affair  (the  struggle  with  Clodius). 
—  tu:  emphatic.  Cicero  has  been  writing  of  his  own  travels  ;  he  closes 
with  an  incjuiiy  about  the  doings  of  his  correspondent. 

172  34  cum  Sicyoniis :  Atticus  was  having  difficulty  in  collecting  a 
large  sum  of  money  which  the  Sicyonians  owed  him.  The  details  of  the 
transaction  are  not  known,  but  it  is  several  times  mentioned  in  Cicero's 
letters. 

Ill 

173  3  me  miserum:  §  240,  d  (^  );  B.  183  ;  G.  343,  i  ;  H.  381 
(421);  H.  &  B.  .  —  te  (emphatic)  .  .  .  incidisse  :  exclam.  inf.; 
§  274  (  )  ;  B.  334  ;  G.  534  ;  H.  539,  iii  (616,  3)  ;  H.  &  B.  ,  to  think 
that  you  have,  etc.  Tulliolam  .  .  .  percipere  (11.  5-6)  is  in  the  same 
construction. 

173  5  Tulliolam :  Cicero's  favorite  child.  Observe  the  pet  name 
(diminutive  of  Tullia).  —  ex  quo  patre  ...  ex  eo,  etc.,  should  suffer 
such  grief  for  her  father,  in  whoj7i  she  used  to  take  so  much  delight!  For 
the  order  of  clauses,  see  §  201,  <:  (  ),  G.  620  ;  H.  572,  ii,  N.  (683,  2)  ; 

H.  &  B. 

173  7  Cicerone:  M.  Tullius  Cicero,  only  son  of  the  orator,  was  born 
B.C.  65,  and  was  therefore  a  mere  boy  at  this  time.     He  was  educated  at 

Athens,  where  he  was  studying  when 
Brutus,  after  the  death  of  Cassar, 
visited  that  city  on  his  way  to  Mace- 
donia. Young  Cicero  joined  the  army 
of  Brutus,  and  was  present  at  the  Bat- 
tle of  Philippi  (B.C.  42).  He  made 
his  peace  with  Octavius  and  was  his 
Com  OF  Brutus  and  Casca  colleague     in    the    consulship    in    the 

year  B.C.  30.  The  figure  in  the  text 
(p.  201)  is  from  a  medal  struck  in  his  honor  by  the  Magnesians.  —  sapere, 
to  knoiv  anything  (be  old  enough  to  understand  anything). 

173  10  ab  eis :  the  aristocratic  party,  who  had  not  stood  by  Cicero  in 
his  struggle  with  Clodius. 

173  11  qui  petebant,  i.e.  the  triumvirs  (see  preceding  letter)  or  their 
party. 

173  12  nostris,  our  ozvn. 

173  15  ne  valetudo  .  .  .  desit,  that  sickness  on  my  part  may  not 
thwart  your  efforts.  Terentia  showed  much  energy  in  working  for  her 
husband's  recall  and  in  managing  his  affairs  during  his  exile.     She  had 


Letters  'i,y'j 

apparently  expressed  her  fear  that  Cicero  might  fall  a  victim  to  the  plague 
(see  1.  2i),  but  he  promises  to  look  out  for  his  health.  —  res,  the  business 
(of  procuring  Cicero's  recall). 

173  16  quantoque  .  .  .  redire,  how  much  easier  it  was  to  stay  at  home 
than  (it  is)  to  return  (now  that  I  am  in  exile). 

173  17    habemus,  have  (on  our  side). 

173  20  familia,  our  slaves.  What  the  advice  of  friends  was  is  not 
certain.  In  a  previous  letter  Cicero  had  said  that  his  slaves  were  to  be 
freed  if  his  property  were  confiscated  and  he  were  not  allowed  to  buy  it  in. 

173  L'l  loco,  this  place,  i.e.  Thessalonica,  where  the  body  of  the  letter 
was  written.     A  postscript  was  added  at  Dyrrachium. 

173  22  Plancius :  Cn.  Plancius,  at  this  time  quaestor  in  Macedonia. 
He  was  afterward  (b.c.  54)  successfully  defended  by  Cicero  on  a  charge 
of  corrupt  political  bargaining.     The  oration  (^Pro  Cn.  Flancio)  is  extant. 

173  24  Hispo  :  who  he  was  is  unknown,  perhaps  an  officer  who  was 
keeping  his  eye  on  Cicero's  movements.  Possibly  Cicero  uses  Hispo  as  a 
nickname  for  his  enemy,  L.  Calpurnius  Piso,  who  had  been  active  in  pro- 
curing his  banishment.  — veniret  :  subjunc.  of  characteristic. 

173  25  retinet :  for  tense,  see  §  276,  a  {  )  ;  B.  259,  4 ;  G.  230 ; 
H.  467,  in,  2  (533,  I);    H.  &B. 

174  2  Pisonis :  C.  Calpurnius  Piso  Frugi,  the  husband  of  Cicero's 
daughter,  TuUia.  He  did  everything  in  his  power  to  procure  Cicero's 
recall,  but  died  (B.C.  57)  shortly  before  it  took  place.  Tullia  afterwards 
married  Dolabella  (see  p.  194). 

174  5  Q.  fratre :  Cicero's  brother  Quintus,  with  whom  Terentia  had 
not  been  quite  friendly. 

174  7  egi,  sc.  eis  gratias.  —  me  a  te,  etc.:  Terentia  had  informed 
her  husband  of  the  good  offices  of  various  friends  and  had  asked  him  to 
thank  them  by  letter. 

174  10   puero  :  the  younger  Cicero  ;    for  case,  see  §  244,  d  {  )  ; 

of.  B.  218,  6;  G.  401,  R.' ;  H.  415,  iii,  n.i  ;  H.  &  B. 

174  13  tantum,  so  much  only.  —  erunt  in  officio,  do  their  duty,  stand 
by  us. 

174  14  efficere,  make  out. — tua  pecunia  :  Terentia's  private  fortune 
was  considerable,  and  the  estate  which  she  meant  to  sell  was  probably  her 
own. 

174  15  ne  .  .  .  perdamus,  not  to  ruin  our  boy,  ivho  is,  indeed,  ruined 
already.  Observe  the  alliteration.  —  cui  .  .  .  egeat,  if  he  has  something 
to  keep  him  from  poverty,  it  will  require  only  moderate  courage,  etc.,  on 
his  part  to  achieve  everything  else. 


378  Notes 

174  19  iam  brevis,  at  all  events  I  have  not  long  to  u^ait  noiu.  The 
question  of  his  recall  will  soon  be  decided  one  way  or  the  other. 

174  20  d.  a.  d.  VI.  K.  Decemb.,  i.e.  datae  ante  diem  sextum  Kalendas 
Decembris. 

174  21-23  A  postscript.  See  note  on  p.  173,  1.  21,  above.  —  libera 
civitas  being  a  "free  city,"  Dyrrhacium  had  the  "right  of  exile"  {ius 
exsili),  i.e.  though  subject  to  Rome  it  was  technically  foreign  territory, 
and  exiles  could  live  there  unmolested. 


IV 

174  25  tui:  genitive  with  indigebunt.—mei  (subject  of  indigebunt), 

i}iyfa!nily.  —  nostii&  .  .  .  desis,  «o/ /tf/7/V  [us  in  our]  misfortunes. 

V 

175  1  Pollione  :  C.  Asinius  Pollio,  now  about  twenty  years  of  age.  He 
afterwards  became  one  of  Csesar's  most  trusted  friends,  arid  acted  an  im- 
portant part  in  the  events  that  followed  the  dictator's  death ;  but  he  is  best 
known  as  a  lover  of  literature  and  a  patron  of  Virgil  and  Horace.  Virgil's 
fourth  Eclogue  was  dedicated  to  him.  He  died  a.d.  4,  in  his  eightieth 
year. 

175  4  fore  ut  infringatur :    §  288,  /  (  )  ;  B.  270,  3  ;  G.  656 ; 

H.  537.  3  (619,  2)  ;   H.  &  B. 

175  5  ipsa  die,  by  time  itself:  for  gender,  see  §  73  (  )  ;  B.  53  ; 
G.  64;   H.  123  (135);   H.&B. 

175  6  proditorum  tuorum,  those  who  have  betrayed  you. 

175  7  secundo  loco,  in  the  second  place.  —  temponim,  misfortunes 
(his  exile). 

175  9  violatur,  adflicta :  observe  the  difference  in  the  strength  of  the 
verbs ;  the  honor  of  Lentulus  is  being  attacked ;  Cicero's  had  been  laid 
low.  —  quam  mea,  than  [that  in  which]  mine,  etc. 

175  12  praesta  te  eum  qui,  t\.c.,  shoza  yourself  that  [same]  jnan  that  I 
have  known,  etc.,  i.e.  don't  change  your  character  now  ;  be  consistent  with 
my  knowledge  of  you.  —  a  teneris  unguiculis,  i.e.  from  infancy.  The 
Greek  phrase  is  e|  bv^xijiv  or  e^  airaXwv  6vvxi>}v.  Horace  uses  de  tenero 
ungui. 

175  14  hominum  iniuria,  the  injustice  that  men  do  you. 


Letters  379 

VI 

176  5  utrumque  laetor,  I  am  glad  of  two  things.  —  et,  both. 

176  7  modo  ut  COnstiterit,  etc.,  provided  only  you  have  derived  some 
advantage  from  your  leisure. 

176  8  in  ista  amoenitate :  Marius  was  at  his  villa  near  Stabise  on 
the  Campanian  shore.  To  enjoy  the  prospect  of  Misenum  (see  illustra- 
tion, Greenough  and  Kittredge's  Virgil,  p.  161),  he  had  opened  a  window 
looking  out  on  the  Bay  of  Cumae.    Stabianum  perforasti  seems  to  be  corrupt. 

176  12  \ecii\xnz\x\\s,  pleasant  little  readittgs.  —  cum  (temporal),  w/^z7^. 

176  13  istic,  in  that  place  of  yours. 

176  16  Sp.  Maecius :   Sp.  Mtecius  Tarpa,  licenser  of  plays. 

176  17  probavisset  (subj.  of  characteristic),  such  plays  as  ALvcius  had 
approved. 

176  18  tui  stomachi,  to  your  taste. — meo,  sc.  stomacho. 

177  1  in  scaenam,  etc. :  i.e.  certain  famous  actors  who  were  past  their 
prime  had  been  induced  to  appear  on  this  occasion,  not  to  the  advantage 
(Cicero  thinks)  of  their  reputation.     The  pun  on  honoris  causa  is  obvious. 

177  2  decesse  =  decessisse:  §  128,  /;(  )  ;  B.  116,  4,  <;;  G.  131, 
4,4;  H.  235,  3  (238,3);   H.&B.     •       . 

177  3  Aesopus :  Claudius  (or  Clodius)  /Esopus,  the  most  celebrated 
tragic  actor  at  Rome  and  a  friend  of  Cicero's.  He  had  retired  from  the 
stage,  and  was  now  very  old,  but  he  appeared  (for  the  last  time)  on  this 
occasion. 

177  4  iurare,  i.e.  to  recite  some  oath  taken  by  a  character  in  the  play. 

177  7  adparatus,  etc. :  the  lavish  display  offended  Cicero's  taste,  or  so 
he  says.     The  same  criticism  is  often  passed  on  modern  performances. 

177  9  carueris,  got  along  without,  dispensed  with. 

\11  10  sescentis :  used  in  Latin  for  any  large  number,  as  we  say  "  a 
thousand."  —  Clytaemnestra,  a  lost  tragedy  of  L.  Attius,  the  celebrated 
Roman  dramatist.  Its  subject  was  the  murder  of  Agamemnon  by  his  wife 
Clytemnestra  on  his  return  from  the  Trojan  War.  This  is  also  the  plot 
of  the  Agamemnon  of  yEschylus.  The  mules  probably  carried  Trojan 
booty,  for  we  know  that  the  play  included  Agamemnon's  return  from  Troy. 

Equo  Troiano  :  a  tragedy  by  Livius  Andronicus,  the  earliest  of  Roman 
dramatists  (third  century,  B.C.). 

177  11  creterrarum  {craterarum  is  the  common  form)  :  these  differed 
from  the  "  properties  "  in  the  modern  theatre  in  that  they  were  real. 

177  14  Protogeni :  cultivated  Romans  employed  highly  trained  slaves 
(usually  Greeks)  to  read  to  them. 


38o 


Notes 


177   15  ne,  adv.,  ivithout  doubt. 

\11  17  Oscos  ludos,  Oscan  plays  :  rustic  farces  {fabulae  Atellanae), 
said  to  have  come  originally  from  the  Oscan  town  of  Atella.  They  were 
very  popular  at  Rome. 

177  18  vel  in  senatu  vestro :  the  local  senate  of  the  town,  probably 
Stabiiis.  Cicero  jestingly  insinuates  that  their  delil)erations  must  be  farcical 
enough. 

178  1  ita  non  ames,  j'^«  are  so  far  from  liking. 

178  2  via  Graeca  :  this  road  is  said  to  have  been  out  of  repair.  At 
all  events,  the  jest  at  Marius'  dislike  of  things  Greek  is  obvious  enough. — 

athletas,  apparently  Greek  athletes, 
imported  to  give  eclat  to  the  show, 
but  less  successful  in  pleasing  the 
spectators  than  ordinary  gladiators 
would  have  been. 

178  3  gladiatores  contempse- 
ris :  perhaps  an  allusion  to  assist- 
ance rendered  to  Cicero  against 
Clodius'  band  of  roughs. 

178  4  operam  et  oleum  perdi- 
disse,  has  7vasted  his  pains  and  his 
money  (lit.  pains  and  oil)  :  a  pro- 
verbial expression  for  fruitless  labor. 
Apparently  it  comes  from  the  waste 
of  "  midnight  oil "  over  plans  that 
come  to  naught.  Ilere,  however, 
there  is  probably  a  punning  allu- 
sion to  the  oil  used  by  the  athletes. 
—  Pompeius :  the  giver  of  the 
games   (see  p.  176). 

178  9  neque  nos,  not  e-'en  I. 
178  11  volgi  atque  turbae,  the 
vulgar    rabble,   the    coiujuon   herd: 
hendiadys  ;    §  385  (  )  ;   B.  374, 

4;  G.  698;  H.  636,  iii,  2  (751, 
3,  x.i);    H.&B. 

178  12  misericordia  :  Pliny 
the  Elder  {^Hist.  Nat.  viii.  7)  tells  an  extraordinary  story  which  illustrates 
the  excitability  of  the  Roman  crowd.  So  far  were  they  from  being  pleased 
with  the  slaughter  of  the  elephants  that  when  the  beasts  trumpeted  with 


/Edile  opening  the  Games 


Letters  381 

terror,  and  seemed  "  by  a  gesture  impossible  to  describe  "  to  beg  mercy 
of  the  spectators,  the  beholders  burst  into  tears,  and,  springing  to  their  feet, 
called  down  curses  on  Pompey's  head. 

178  17  Canini :  L.  Caninius  Gallus.  Nothing  is  known  of  this  case.  — 
facilem,  ready  to  spare  me,  or  imhilgent. 

178  I'O  cum,  noi  only  (correlative  with  turn  in  1.  22). 

178  22  non  defendere,  to  refuse  to  defend  (i.e.  to  take  only  such  cases 
as  I  chose).  — vita  nulla  est,  this  is  no  life  for  me. 

178  26  quaero  .  .  .  arbitratu,  /  am  seeking  every  possible  pretext  for 
living  finally  as  I  should  like  to  live  (arbitratu  meo,  lit.  according  to  my 
oivn  wishes),  i.e.  for  getting  rid  of  court  business  and  devoting  myself  to 
literature  and  philosophy  ;  aliquando  implies  that  Cicero  thinks  it  is  high 
time  to  rest  from  his  toilsome  profession.  His  friend  Marius  was  a  man 
of  leisure,  apparently,  —  partly  from  choice  and  partly  because  of  ill 
health. 

178  28  quod-que,  etc,  and  that  yon,  etc.:  the  clause  is  in  apposition 
with  hoc,  object  of  fero. 

178  31  plane  exsolvam,  get  rid  of  them  entirely.  Cicero  does  not 
affect  a  wish  to  leave  public  life  altogether  ;  he  wishes  for  more  leisure 
and  greater  independence. 

178  33  commentaris,  have  been  studying.  —  humaniter  vivere,  to  live 
as  a  man  of  culture  should. 

179  2  mecum  lecticula  .  .  .  concursare,  run  about  (i.e.  make  excur- 
sions) -vith  me  in  my  litter  ;  lecticula  is  literally  abl.  of  means. 

VII 

179  11    L.  filios,  i.e.  Luci  (gen.)  filios. 

179  12  familiarissime  utor,  I  am  on  very  friendly  terms.  —  maiorem 
in  vcvO^xwa., particularly  (suggesting  that  this  is  not  a  mere  formal  recom- 
mendation). 

179  15  multas,  many  [of  my  letters  of  introduction]  have  had  much 
influence  with  you. 

179  17-18  gratissimos  .  .  .  gratissimum :  cf.  §  344,  w  (  ) ;  B. 
350,  10  ;  G.  681  ;  H.  563  (667)  ;    H.  &  B. 

VIII 

180  3  Britanniam :  Trebatius  had  declined  to  accompany  Ctesar  in 
his  First  Invasion  of  Britain.  Cicero,  doubtless  somewhat  disappointed, 
here  suggests  in  a  jocose  way  that  it  would  have  been  for  the  interest  of 
Trebatius  to  take  part  in  the  expedition. 


382  Notes 

180  5  verum  tamen,  but  to  be  seriotis. 

180  6   ultro,  of  his  ozcji  acco?-d,  without  anybody's  asking  him  (Caesar). 

180  7   eo,  Coesar.  —  ad  quern,  to  ivhose  compajiionship. 

180  9   in  ista  epistula,  in  that  letter  of  yours. 

180  10   curae :  §  233,  a{  )  ;  B.  191 ;  G.  356;  H.  390,  i  (433)  ;  H. 

tS:  B.  .     Cicero  was  always  generous  and    painstaking  in  assisting 

young  men  of  talent  like  Trebatius. 

180  11  frigeas,  take  cold.  Some  have  seen  here  a  suggestion  of  a 
double  meaning :  "  I  fear  you  have  not  consulted  your  own  interests  in  stay- 
ing in  winter  quarters  in  Gaul  instead  of  going  to  Britain."  But  the  passage 
seems  merely  jocose,     Trebatius  was  longing  for  the  comforts  of  the  city. 

180  12  Mucio,  etc.  :  Q.  Mucius  ScKvola  and  M.  Manilius,  famous 
jurists  of  the  previous  century,  whose  "professional  opinion"  on  the  sub- 
ject of  keeping  up  a  good  fire  in  winter  Cicero  pretends  to  quote.  —  idem 
placebat,  this  was  also  the  opinion  of 

180  13  qui  .  .  .  abundares,  since  you  had  no  great  supply,  etc.  (when 
you  left  Rome).  There  is  a  jocose  suggestion  that  Trebatius  was  not  very 
well  off  when  he  set  out  on  this  campaign,  and  hence  that  he  ought  to 
look  out  for  his  own  interests  now.  Perhaps  there  is  a  suggestion  that 
Trebatius  went  away  from  Rome  to  mend  his  fortunes.  Cicero  is  con- 
stantly reminding  him  that  his  campaign  ought  to  make  him  well  off. 

180  14   calere  :  the  Gauls  were  "  making  things  warm  "  for  the  Romans. 

180  16  natare  :  Trebatius  was  fond  of  swimming  ;  yet,  says  Cicero,  he 
would  not  go  to  Britain,  even  for  the  sake  of  sea  baths. 

180  17  essedarios :  the  war  chariots  of  the  Britons,  which  Trebatius, 
who  was  fond  of  sports,  might  have  been  supposed  likely  to  find  worth 
seeing.     There  is  a  pun  on  essedarii,  a  kind  of  gladiators. 

180  18  andabata,  gladiators  of  the  lowest  class,  who  fought  blindfold. 
To  care  for  them  was  a  sign  of  passionate  devotion  to  such  sports.  The 
suggestion  is  that  surely  a  British  chariot  ought  to  have  been  an  attraction 
to  a  man  who  never  missed  seeing  the  andabatae. 

180  24  quid  profecerim,  how  far  I  succeeded  (in  advancing  your  for- 
tunes by  the  letter  referred  to). 

180  25  facias  (object  of  velim,  sc.  ut),  etc.,  /  should  like  to  have  you 
let  me  know. 

181  2   id,  i.e.  your  absence. 

181  3  sin  autem,  etc. :  again  the  suggestion  that  Trebatius  is  neglect- 
ing his  opportunities. 

181  4  qui  (causal)  .  .  .  attraham,  that  I  do  not,  etc. 

181  6   pluris  :  see  §  252,  a   (^  ) ;   B.   203,  4 ;   G.  379,  380  ;    H. 


Letters  383 

405  (448,  4)  ;   H.  &  B.  .  —  fratres,  etc.:  the  Haedui  had  been  for- 

mally addressed  as  fratres  coiisanguineique  by  the  Roman  Senate  (see 
Caesar,  B.  G.  i.  t^t,). 

181  9  aut  COnsolando,  etc. :  a  line  from  one  of  Terence's  comedies, 
Hautontimorumenos  ("The  Self-Tormentor"),  i.  34;  quoted  as  we  might 
quote  Shakspere. 

•IX 

181  10  quantae  curae  tibi  fuerit,  how  zealous  you  have  been  for:  for 
the  two  datives,  see  §  233,  a  {  )  ;  B.  191- ;  G.  356  ;  H.  390,  i  (433)  ; 

H.   &  B.  .  —  honos,  the  supplicatio,  which  Cato   had  opposed,  but 

which  had  finally  been  decreed,  after  much  wrangling.  —  quam  .  .  .  fueras, 
and  how,  as  consul,  you  have  shown  the  same  disposition  to  honor  me  and 
increase  my  reputation  that  you  and  your  parents  and  your  whole  family 
had  always  shozvn  (lit.  you  have  stood  out  as  the  sa?}ie  that  you  had  always 
been,  etc.) ;  fuerit  and  exstiterit  are  indirect  questions  dependent  on  cog- 
novi  below. 

181  14  quod  .  .  .  debeam,  that  I  ought  not  to  do  it  for  your  sake. 

181  15  magni  interest,  it  makes  a  great  difference. 

181  IG   debeas,  are  indebted. 

181  19  ita  rem  publicam,  etc. :  it  cannot  be  said  that  Marcellus  showed 
any  great  ability  in  his  administration  ;   but  he  was  of  Cicero's  party. 

181  20  ut  .  .  .  non  recusem :  clause  of  result  after  ita  geris,  etc.  ; 
quo  minus  .  .  .  debeam  (1.  21)  depends  on  recusem. 

181  22  exitus :  the  result  of  the  agitation  of  Marcellus  was  the  actual 
breaking  out  of  the  great  Civil 

War  and  the  destruction  of  the 

party    to   which    he    belonged. 

He  was  attached  to    the  Pom- 

peian  party,  and  is  best  known 

for    the    vigor    with    which    he 

opposed    Ccesar    at    this    time. 

After   the    Civil    War  he  made 

,  .                         .  1      ^  TT-  Coin  of  Mark;  Antony  and  his  Brother 

his    peace    with    Caesar.  His                                  t 

^  _  Lucius 

wife    was     Octavia,    afterwards 

married  to   Mark    Antony   (see    coin    of  Antony   and  Octavia,    p.    183). 

182  1  si  .  .  .  morabitur,  unless  I  am  obliged  to  postpone  my  voyage 
(lit.  unless  my  voyage  shall  keep  me  waiting^. 

182  2  incurrebat,  falls  in  with;  for  epistolary  imperf.,  cf.  note  on 
p.  170,  1.  2. 


384  Notes 


182  (address)  Q.  Q.,  i.e.  the  two  Quintuses,  —  Cicero's  brother  Quiutus 
and  the  latter's  son. 

182  4  opportunitatem  operae  tuae,  the  advantage  of  your  devotioji. 

182  c.  quartanam :  the  disease  appears,  then,  to  be  not  a  malignant 
fever,  as  had  been  feared,  but  a  quartan  ague. 

182  7  Curius :  M.  Curius,  a  banker  at  Patris,  who  was  keeping  Cicero 
informed  of  Tiro's  condition. 

182  8  id  quod  .  .  .  tuae,  as  befits  your  refined  ctdture.  Cicero  jest- 
ingly tells  Tiro  that  so  highly  cultivated  a  man  ought  to  have  the  wisdom 
to  attend  to  nothing  but  recovery.  He  is  anxious  lest  Tiro's  devotion  may 
lead  him  to  resume  his  journey  before  he  is  strong  enough. 

182  13  ad  urbem :  he  could  not  enter  the  city  since  he  was  still  a 
military  commander.  —  obviam  .  .  .  proditum  :  such  a  procession  came  out 
to  meet  me. 

182  14  incidi,  etc :  though  Caesar  did  not  cross  the  Rubicon  until 
July,  B.C.  49,  —  more  than  six  months  after  Cicero's  arrival  at  the  walls  of 
the  city,  —  yet  the  Civil  War  had  virtually  begun  when  this  letter  was 
written. 

183  1  mederi :  Cicero  tried  to  mediate  between  Caesar  and  Pompey. 
Apparently  he  did  not  perceive  how  inevitable  the  struggle  was.  Indeed, 
no  contemporary  could  understand  the  signihcance  of  the  great  Civil  War. 
To  most  of  them  it  must  have  appeared  merely  a  political  struggle  of 
unusual  proportions.  They  could  not  see  that  the  victory  of  Caesar  meant 
a  new  era  in  human  civilization.  Probably  Caesar  himself  was  the  only 
man  then  alive  who  had  any  conception  of  the  true  nature  of  the  crisis.  — 
Ctrto^Vim., particular  perso7is  (whom  I  could  name). 

183  3  omnino,  in  a  word. 

183  4  amicus :  Cicero  was  at  this  time  on  good  terms  with  the  leaders 
of  both  parties.  —  minacis  .  .  ,  litteras :  Caesar  was  proconsul  in  Gaul, 
and  was  candidate  for  the  consulship,  —  an  office  which  insured  con- 
tinuance of  his  military  authority.  His  enemies  wished  him  to  disband 
his  army,  which,  unless  Pompey  had  done  the  same  thing,  would  have  been 
madness.  His  ultimatum  (the  letter  here  referred  to)  was  received  by 
the  Senate  Jan.  i,  B.C.  49.  Caesar  says  that  it  made  very  easy  demands 
(^B.C.  i.  5),  and  it  certainly  offered  great  concessions.  But  the  Pompeians 
carried  the  day.  The  Senate  voted  that  Caesar  must  disband  his  army 
before  a  fixed  date  (probably  Feb.  i)  or  be  declared  a  public  enemy.  The 
tribunes  interposed  their  veto,  but  were  forced  to  flee  from  the  city  and 


Letters  385 

take  refuge  with  Caesar  at  Ravenna.  The  Senate  appointed  Pompey 
dictator  only  a  few  days  before  this  letter  was  written. 

183  5  miserat,  has  sent ;  erat,  is  ;  incitabat  (1.  6),  is  egging  him  on  ; 
profecti  erant  (1.  8),  have  gone  (a  colorless  word  —  not  taken  refuge  or 
the  like);    the  tenses  are  "epistolary"  (see  note  on  p.  170,  1.  2). 

183  u  Curio  meus  :  C.  Scribonius  Curio,  a  friend  of  Cicero's  (as  his 
father  had  been),  was  tribune  B.C.  50.  He  was  a  man  of  talent,  but 
notoriously  profligate,  and  owed  immense  sums  (33,000,000,  it  is  said). 
Caesar  paid  these  debts  and  thus  won  him  over  from  the  Pompeians,  to 
whose  party  he  naturally  belonged.  In  the  disputes  that  preceded  the 
crossing  of  the  Rubicon,  Curio  acted  with  great  adroitness.  It  was  he 
who  proposed  that  both  Ccesar  and  Pompey  should  give  up  their  military 
commands,  —  a  proposition  which  put  Pinipey  completely  in  the  wrong, 
since  he  had  no  intention  of  becoming  a  private  citizen,  even  for  a 
moment.  Curio  fought  on  Caesar's  side  in  the  Civil  War,  and  fell  in 
Africa. 

183  7  Antonius  .  .  .  Q.  Cassius :  the  tribunes  for  B.C.  49,  both  parti- 
sans of  Caesar.  — nulla  vi  expulsi  :  this  is  literally  true  ;  yet  Antony  and 
C'assius  had  certainly  been  threatened,  and  they  fled  from  Rome  disguised 
as  slaves.     Caesar  was  at  Ravenna,  where  they  joined  him. 

183  9  nobis,  us,  i.e.  Pompey  and  Cicero.  Ordinarily  the  proconsuls 
were  not  included,  but  the  whole  object  of  the  vote  was  to  make  Pompey 
practically  dictator. 

183  10  ne  quid,  etc.  :  the  regular  formula  for  proclaiming  martial  law 
(see  note  on  p.  100,  1.  12).  It  "had  been  a  signal  of  death  to  the 
Gracchi,  to  Saturninus,  to  the  Catilinarian  conspirators."  But  Caesar 
was  ready  for  the  struggle,  and  the  Pompeians,  in  whose  hands  the  con- 
stitutional authority  now  technically  rested,  were  absolutely  unprepared 
for  action. 

183  13  ex  hac  quoque  parte,  on  our  side  as  7vell. 

183  15  sero :  Pompey  was  madly  self-confident.  His  famous  boast 
that  he  had  but  to  stamp  his  foot  to  raise  up  soldiers  was  not  justified  by 
the  event. 

183  17  Lentulus  :  L.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Crus,  consul  (with  C.  Claudius 
Marcellus)  for  B.c  49  ;  a  violent  Pompeian.  He  was  friendly  to  Cicero, 
and  had  assisted  him  against  Clodius,  but  he  thought  the  application  for  a 
triumph  inopportune  when  the  state  was  in  danger.  Cicero  suggests 
that  he  is  delaying  to  make  his  services  to  Cicero  seem  the  greater  when 
he  does  bring  forward  the  motion.  But  the  passage  is  intentionally  rather 
vague. 


386  Notes 

183  18  expedisset  ( =  expedivisset :  see  note  on  p.  177,  1.  2),  etc., 
had  made  the  necessary  arrangements  for  the  safety  of  the  state  (lit.  had  set 
in  order  [the  things]  which  were  necessary,  etc.) ;  expedisset  is  subord. 
clause  in  indir.  disc,  (for  fut.  perf.  of  the  direct). 

183  19  relaturum  :  it  was  the  consul's  business  to  bring  such  a  matter 
before  the  Senate. 

183  20  cupide  :  a  just  remark.  Cicero  was  less  actuated  by  selfish 
ambitions  and  low  greed  than  almost  any  public  man  of  his  time.  —  pluris  : 
gen.  of  price  (see  note  on  p.  181,  1.  6);  both  parties  were  anxious  to 
secui;e  Cicero. 

183  21  quisque,  i.e.  each  of  the  officers  mentioned  in  the  decree 
spoken  of  above.  —  tuereter :  indirect  question. 

183  22  Capuam :  Cicero  soon  withdrew  to  Capua,  which  had  thus 
been  put  in  his  charge.     For  his  further  movements,  see  pp.  185-186. 

XI 

184  (address)  Tullius  Terentiae,  etc. :  the  address  includes  a  greeting 
from  Cicero  to  his  wife  Terentia  and  his  daughter  Tullia,  and  from  Cicero's 
son  Marcus  (here  called  simply  Cicero')  to  the  same  (matri,  sorori).  For 
S.  P.  D.,  see  greeting  in  Letter  X. 

184  1  si  vos  valetis,  etc.:  a  regular  formula;  cf.  the  old-fashioned 
"  I  write  these  few  lines  to  inform  you  that  I  am  in  good  health,"  etc.  — 
vestrum  (emphatic),  it  is  for  you  to  consider.  The  special  question 
was,  whether  they  should  remain  at  Rome,  whither  Caesar  was  advancing 
rapidly. 

184  2   ille,  i.e.  Caesar. 

184  4   diripiendam,  to  be  plundered :  §  294,  d{  )  ;  B.  337,  7,  ^,  2; 

G.  430  ;   H.  544,  2,  N.-  (622) ;    H.  &  B.  .     Ccesar's   moderation  in 

the  moment  of  victory  was  contrary  to  all  Roman  precedent  in  civil  wars  ; 
quite  different  from  what  was  to  be  expected  of  the  Pompeians.  But 
Cicero  could  not  foresee  this.  No  one  then  knew  that  Caesar's  plans  were 
constructive,  not  merely  revolutionary.  —  ut,  that  .  .  .  not. 

184  5  Dolabella :  the  husband  of  Cicero's  daughter  Tullia.  He  was 
a  profligate  and  unscrupulous  man,  but  high  in  Caesar's  favor,  and  likely 
to  be  influential  in  protecting  Cicero's  family.     See  p.  194. 

184  8  vestri  similes,  ajiy  ladies  of  your  station;  both  Terentia  and 
Tullia  are  meant.     For  case  of  vestri,  see  §  234  d,  2  (^  ) ;  B.  204, 

3;   G.  359,  R.i  and  N.*;   H.  391,  ii.  4  (435,  4);   H.  &  B.  .— ne, 

whether. 

184  9   ut,  hozv  (indirect  question). 


Lettei's  387 

184  10  modo  ut,  provided  only.  —  haec  .  .  .  loca,  i.e.  the  Capuan 
territory,  to  which  Cicero  had  been  assigned  as  governor. 

184  14:  Camillo  :  C.  Camillas,  a  lawyer,  whom  Cicero  elsewhere  speaks 
of  as  his  close  friend  ;   Camillus  was  then  at  Rome.  —  videbitur,  seem  best. 

184  15  rem  meliorem  fecit,  has  followed  the  better  cause.  Labienus, 
Ceesar's  legatus  in  Gaul,  had  joined  the  Pompeian  party. 

184  IG  Piso:  L.  Calpurnius  Piso  Csesoninus,  Caesar's  father-in-law, 
who  had  accompanied  Pompey.  He  had  once  been  a  bitter  enemy  of 
Cicero.  —  sceleris  :  gen.  of  the  charge;  §  220  (  )  ;  B.  208;  G.  378;  H. 
409,  ii  (456)  ;    H.  &  B. 

184  18    istic,  where  yotc  are. 

184  19  Rufus :  probably  Mescinius  Rufus,  who  had  been  one  of 
Cicero's  quaestors  in  his  Cilician  province. 

184  L'O    Kal.,  i.e.  of  February. 

XII 

185  1  S.  V.  b.  e.,  i.e.  j'z  vales  bejie  est  (see  note  on  p.  184,  1.  i).  —  lit- 
teras,  i.e.  Cicero's  letter  of  Feb.  15.  —  recognovi,  i.e.  in  the  letter. 

185  2   consules  :  C.  Marcellus  and  L.  Lentulus,  partisans  of  Pompey. 

185  4   pro,  in  accordance  iviih. 

185  5  ut  conferas  :  obj.  of  hortor  ;  ut  feramus  :  dep.  on  conferas. 

185  7  facias  :  obj.  of  censeo;  for  the  omission  of  ut,  see  §  331,  f.  R. 
(  )  ;   B.  295,  8  ;    G.  546,  R.^  ;    H.  499,  2  (565,  4)  ;  H.  &  B. 

XIII 

186  1  litteras,  i.e.  Cicero's  letter  of  Feb.  15  (see  introduction  to  Letter 
XVI) .  —  Canusi,  at  Caiitisiwn  in  Apulia,  where  Pompey  halted  on  hi^ 
way  from  Luceria  to  Brundisium. 

186  2  rei  publicae  causa :  Pompey  was  the  representative  of  lawful 
authority,  being  a  proconsul  with  dictatorial  power  and  having  both  con- 
suls on  his  side.  Csesar  was  technically  a  rebel ;  Cicero  elsewhere  calls 
him  a  "  tyrant  "  and  a  "  Pisistratus." 

186  3  fore  ut  .  .  .  possemus  :  periphrasis  for  the  fut.  inf.  ;  §  288 
(        )  ;    B.  270,   3  ;  G.  248  ;    H.  537,  3  (619,  2)  ;    H.  &  B. 

186  4  concordiam  :  to  the  very  last  Cicero  had  hoped  for  a  peaceful 
settlement  of  the  quarrel  (see  note  on  p.  183,  1.  i)  ;  but  Pompey's  flight 
had  left  Ccesar  master  of  Italy. 

186  5  dignitate  :  Pompey's  conduct  in  abandoning  Corfinium  and 
fleeing  from  Italy  was  extremely  mortifying  to  Cicero.  He  speaks  of  it  in 
some  of  his  letters  to  Atticus  in  terms  of  unmeasured  contempt. 


388  Notes 

186  7  ad  consules,  for  the  consuls  (i.e.  to  be  carried  to  them). — 
consili  :  Fompey  had  sent  orders  by  D.  Laelius  that  one  consul  should  join 
him  at  Luceria  in  ApuHa  and  that  the  other  should  go  to  Sicily  with  such 
troops  as  had  been  collected  about  Capua.  These  orders  he  subsequently 
rescinded,  on  learning  of  the  siege  of  Corfinium  (see  Att.  viii.  12.  a). 

186  8  non  exspectavi,  etc,  /  did  not  ivait  for  you  to  reply  to  my  letter 
(i.e.  the  letter  of  March  15).  — redderentur:  §  328  (  );  B.  293  ;  G.  572; 
H.  519  (603)  ;    H.  &B. 

186  9  -que,  but.  —  in  Apuliam  :  Pompey  had  written  on  Feb.  10, 
advising  Cicero  to  join  him  at  Luceria. 

186  12  Caesarem  .  .  .  Aeserniae  :  a  false  rum  )r.  Caesar  was  still  be- 
sieging Corfinium. 

186  14  si  ita  esset  :  subjunc.  in  subord.  clause  in  ind.  disc;  Cicero's 
thought  was,  —  si  ita  est,  iter  meuin  interclusmn  est. 

186  15   exceptum,  caught. 

186  16  certum,  trustworthy  information.  —  ab  Aesernia  :  ab  is  used 
because  the  news  would  come  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  town,  not  from 
within   its   walls;     §   258,  a,  N.i    (  )  ;     B.   229,   2;    G.    391,    R.i  ; 

H.  412,  ii,  3,  N.  (462,  3)  ;    H.  &  B. 

186  19  misisses  :  subjunc.  in  informal  ind.  disc.  ;  §  341  (  )  ; 
B.  323  ;    G.  508,  3  ;    H.  528,  I  (649,  i)  ;    H.  cK:  B. 

187  1  litteras,  etc. :  here  follows  Pompey's  letter  reported  in  ind. 
disc.  ;  compare  the  same  in  the  direct  discourse  as  inclutled  by  Cicero  in  a 
letter  to  Atticus  (viii.  6)  :    Litterae  mihi  a  L.  Domitio  ad.  Xiii  Kalend. 

PiG_  4g  Mart,  adlatae  sunt:    earu7n  exemplum  infra  scripsi. 

Nunc,  ut  [i.e.  although]  ego  non  scribam,  tua  sponte 
te  intellegere  scio,  quanti  rei  publicae  intersit  omnis 
copias  in  unum  locum  primo  quoque  tempore  convenire. 
Tu,  si  tibi  videbitur,  dabis  operam  quai7i  primum  ad 
nos  veuias,  praesidi  Capuae  qtiantum  constitueris  satis 
esse,  relinquas.  —  L.  Domitio  :  the  commander  at  Cor- 
finium. His  letter  informed  Pompey  that  Caesar  had 
encamped  before  the  town.  (See  Fig.  49  :  head  of  L.  Domitius  Aheno- 
barbus,  from  a  coin.) 

187  2  earumque  .  .  .  subscripseras,  you  appended  a  copy  of  this 
letter;  subscripseras  is  in  the  indie  because  (though  the  statement 
actually  stood  in  Pompey's  letter  :  see  note  on  1.  i)  Cicero  asserts  the 
fact  on  his  own  authority  and  does  not  make  it  a  part  of  the  indir.  disc. 
For  the  epistolary  tense,  see  note  on  p.  1 70,  1.  2.  —  exemplum,  copy. 

187  3   magni  :  see  note  on  pluris,  p.  181,  1  6.  —  rei  publicae  :  §  222 


Letters  389 

(       )  ;    B.  211  ;   G.  381  ;    H.  406,  iii  (449,  i)  ;    H.  &  B.  .  — primo 

quoque  tempore,  at  the  earliest  possible  nionienl  (quoque,  abl.  of  quisque). 

187  4  ut  .  .  .  relinqueret  :  dependent  on  the  idea  of  command  im- 
plied in  what  pn-cedes  and  in  the  general  tone  of  the  letter. 

187  4  in  unum  locum :  Cicero  and  "  everybody  else "  (reliqui 
Omnes)  were  wrong  in  supposing  this  mustering  place  was  to  be  Cor- 
finiiiJii.  Pompey  had  no  intention  of  trying  to  raise  the  siege  of  that 
town.  lie  had  determined  to  collect  all  his  troops  at  Brundisitun,  there 
to  embark  for  Dyrrhacium  in  Illyria, 

187  6    qua  :  translate  by  as. 

187  7   ad  Corfinium:  §  258,  h,  ^?  (  ) ;   B.  182,  3;  G.  ^^2>1, 

R-t ;   H.  380,  ii,  I  (418,  4) ;   H.  &  B.        .     Cf.  ab  Aesernia  (p.  u^    1.  17). 

187  9  cum  .  .  .  esset,  while  we  zoej'e  awaiting  res  tilts  witl  ie  most 
intense  anxiety.  —  utrumque  simul,  tivo  things  at  the  same  timl  The  first 
of  these  two  pieces  of  news  is  expressed  in  the  form  of  an  indir.  question 
(quae  .  .  .  acta  assent);  the  second  in  indir.  disc,  (te  .  .  .  COepisse). 
Both  clauses  are  in  apposition  with  utrumque. 

187  10  quae  .  .  .  acta  essent :  Domitius  concealed  the  truth  from  the 
garrison,  pretending  that  he  still  expected  Pompey  to  come  to  the  rescue. 
But  "his  looks  belied  his  words"  (C^s,  B.C.  i.  19);  the  facts  transpired  ; 
the  soldiers  arrested  their  commander,  delivered  up  the  town  to  Caesar, 
and  enlisted  in  his  service. 

187  11  cum,  although.  —  nee  .  .  .  contenderemus,  neither  I  nor  my 
brother  felt  any  hesitation  about  hastening  forivard  to  Brundisium  (to  join 
Pompey)  ;   §  332,  g,  N.-  (  )  ;    B.  298,  b;  G.  555,  3;  H.  &  B. 

187  13  ut  caveremus:  §  331  (  );  B.  295,  296;  G.  546;  H.  498,  i 
(565);  H.  &B. 

187  14  in  eadem  loca:  Cresar  left  Corfinium  immediately,  and  was 
now  in  close  pursuit  of  Pompey. 

187  14-1 G  quod  .  .  .  venturus  esset,  because  .  .  .  he  was  sure  to  reach 
his  destination  (Brundisium)  even  sooner  than  7ue  could.  For  mood  of 
venturus  esset,  see  §  321  (  );  B.  286;  G.  541  ;  H.  516,  ii  (588,  ii) ; 
H.  &  B.  :   the  reason  is  given  on  the  authority  of  those  who  dis- 

suaded Cicero  from  the  attempt. 

187  15  possemus  .  .  .  intenderet :  for  mood,  see  §  342  (  ) ;  B.  324; 
G.  663;    H.  529,  ii,  N.i   I    (652,   i);    H.  &    B.  .     The    informants 

said  :  Caesar  celeriiis  etiam  quam  vos  poteritis  eo  quo  contendit  venturus  est 
(or  veniet'). 

187  17  committere  ut  .  .  .  noceret,  to  injure  by  our  rashness  not  only 
ourselves,  but  the  stale  as  well :    §   332  and  e   {  );    B.  297,  l;    (i. 


390  Notes 

553,  I  ;   H.  498,  ii  (564,  i);    H.  &  B.  .     To  allow  themselves  to  be 

captured  by  Caesar  would  do  Pompey  no  good,  and  would  be  an  injury  to 
the  commonwealth. 

187  10   quin  .  .  .  possemus:   §  332,  ^  and  r.  (  ) ;  B.  298; 

G.  555,  2  ;  H.  504,  3,  2  (595,  i);  H.  &  B.  .  —  si  .  .  .  fuisset :  §  342 

(       )  ;    B.  324  ;   G.  663  ;    H.  529,  ii,  N.i,  i  (652)  ;   H.  &  B.  .     Their 

thought  was :  si  etiam  tutiii7i  nobis  iter  fuerit,  Ponipeium  ia?He/i  iain  con- 
sequi  7ion  poteriinus  {ox  possumiis'). 

187  21  tuas  litteras :  this  is  the  letter  immediately  preceding  in  this 
edition  (No,  XII). 

187  26   qui  .  .  .  fuissent:  §  336,  2  (  );   B.  314,  i  ;  G.  650;   H. 

524  (643)  ;  H.  «&  B.  .A  number  of  important  members  of  the  Pom- 

peian  party  had  fallen  into  Caesar's  hands  on  the  surrender  of  Corfinium, 
all  of  whom  he  released,  in  accordance  with  his  custom. 

187  28  regionibus  (abl.  of  separation)  exclusi,  shut  out  from  (certain) 
regio7is  (as  Cicero  now  was  from  Apulia). 

187  29  arma  aliena,  the  armed  hands  of  another  (i.e.  a  hostile  or 
opposed)  party. 

187  30  maxime  vellem  primum,  viy  first  and  most  earnest  zvish  is; 
vellem  implies  that  the  wish  is  now  unfulfilled:    §  311,  ^  (  )  ;   cf.  B. 

280,  2;  G.  258,  N.  I  ;   H.  486,  i  (556);   H.  &  B.  .  —  vellem  .  .  . 

fuissem:   §  267,  <f  (  );    cf.  B.  180,  2,  a;    G.  261,  R.  ;    PI.  &  B. 

For  ut  omitted,  see  §  331,/  R.  (  ) ;   B.  295,  8;    G.  546,  R.2  ;   H. 

499,  2  (565,  2)  ;    H.  &  B.  .     For  tenses,  see  §  267  (       ) ;   B.  279; 

G.  256,  I  ;    H.  4S3,  2  (558,  1);   H.  &  B. 

187  31  ostenderam,  I  showed:  for  epistolary  tense,  see  note  on  dede- 
ram  (p.  170, 1.  2). 

187  33  sine  exercitu:  the  attempt  to  collect  troops  in  the  Capuan  dis- 
trict had  not  been  very  successful,  and  Pompey,  after  fleeing  from  Rome, 
had  shown  little  concern  for  the  west  of  Italy. 

187  34  viris  fortissimis,  i.e.  Domitius  and  the  other  Pompeians  at 
Corfinium.  The  allusion  conveys  a  delicate  shade  of  reproach  to  Pompey 
for  making  no  attempt  to  relieve  that  town.  Cicero  regarded  his  conduct 
as  cowardly  and  disgraceful  (see  note  on  p.  187,  1.  34). 

188  1  non  contigit,  it  zvas  not  my  good  fortune. 

188  2  consili  :  Cicero  elsewhere  complains  that  he  had  known  nothing 
of  Pompey's  plans :  "  Shall  he  who  did  not  inform  me  of  his  plans  until 
Corfinium  was  lost  find  fault  at  my  not  having  gone  to  Brundisium  when 
Csesar  was  between  me  and  Brundisium  ?  "  ( Att.  ix.  2.  A.)  In  fact,  Pompey 
had  had  no  real  plan  for  the  Italian  campaign.     The  rapid  marches  of 


Letters  391 

Caesar  had  disconcerted  him  completely,  and  he  was  driven  out  of  the 
country  almost  before  he  realized  his  situation.  —  suspicione  adsequi,  szis- 
pect  (or  guess)  it  (i.e.  your  plan).  Here,  and  in  what  follows,  Cicero, 
though  using  the  most  courteous  language,  makes  it  clear  enough  what 
he  thought  of  Pompey's  abandonment  of  Italy. 

188  3  omnia  .  .  .  fore,  etc.,  /  thought  nothing  so  unlikely  to  happen 
as  that  this,  the  cause  of  the  state,  should  be  tenable  to  maijitain  itself,  etc. 

188  4  quam  ut  .  .  .  posset :  clause  of  result, 

188  5-7  Notice  the  artful  accumulation  of  negatives:  neque,  non,  minus, 
nihil,  nisi. 

188  G  quid  .  .  .  secutus  (ind.  quest.),  ivhat  your  purpose  has  been. 

188  7  idcirco,  o)i  that  account-  (i.e.  because  I  do  not  understand  your 
purpose).  —  te  .  .  .  i.QZ\%SQ,  that  you  have  taken  no  step  without  exercising 
the  very  best  judg/nent ;  a  purely  formal  expression  of  respect.  Pompey 
had  acted  weakly  and  spasmodically.  His  plans  —  such  as  they  were  — 
had  been  demoralized  by  the  rapidity  of  Caesar's  movements,  and  the  pres- 
tige gained  by  his  distinguished  military  career  had  suffered  severely. 
Cicero  knew  all  this  well  enough.  Nor  is  there  anything  in  this  part  of 
his  letter,  despite  its  courteous  phrases,  which  actually  conceals  his  opinion 
from  Pompey. 

188  9  mea:  emphatic.  —  vel  iniqua  condicione,  even  on  unfavorable 
terms.  Cicero  had  been  a  consistent  advocate  of  peace  ;  but  the  Pompeians 
had  been  insanely  confident  and  eager  for  war.  One  reason  for  Cicero's 
vacillation,  indeed,  was  the  outspoken  ferocity  of  his  own  party  as  opposed 
to  the  mild  policy  of  Caesar. 

188  10  de  urbe  (sc.  retinenda)  :  Pompey  had  fled  from  Rome  on  the 
news  of  Caesar's  approach,  and  his  example  was  followed  by  the  consuls. 
Cicero  believed  that  this  was  a  wrong  move.  He  calls  it  a  "  mad  plan  " 
{aDientissiinum  consilium,  Att.  vii.  lo).  —  de  Italia  (sc.  retinendd)  :  Cicero 
had  not  made  known  to  Pompey  his  opinion  as  to  holding  Italy,  because 
Pompey  had  never  suggested  to  him  till  now  that  there  was  any  question 
about  that.  The  parenthesis  conveys  a  subtle  reproach,  none  the  less 
stinging  for  its  delicacy  of  expression. 

188  12  mihi  non  sumo,  /  do  not  presume  to  think.  —  ut  .  .  .  debuerit 
(clause  of  result  instead  of  indir.  disc),  ought  to  have  prevailed  (been 
adopted);   for  tense  of  inf.,  see  §  288,  «  (  ) ;   B.  270,  2;    H.  537,  I 

(618,  2);    PI.  &  B. 

188  1.3  neque  id  .  .  .  causa,  and  that  (cf.  Or.  koX  radra)  not  for  the 
sake  of  the  commonu'ealth. 

188  14  ai^f^\z\.di,  prostrate. 


392  Notes 

188  16  eius  rei,  i.e.  of  being  with  you.  In  fact  Cicero  joined  Pompey 
at  Dyrrachium  several  months  later  (in  late  autumn  or  early  winter). 

188  18  pugnandi  cupidis,  as  the  Pompeians  had  been  from  the  first. 

188  li»  prae  me  tuli,  /  jnade  no  secret  of  the  fact  that,  etc. 

188  20  non  quin  .  .  .  timerem:    §  156,/  321,  k.  (  ); 

B.  286,  ^;  G.  541,  2;   H.  516,  ii.  2  (588,ii,  2);   II.  &  B.  .  — eadem, 

i.e.  the  abuses  and  the  danger  to  the  constitution  likely  to  result  from 
Caesar's  having  a  share  in  the  government.  Caesar  was  the  leader  of  the 
popular  party,  and  counted  among  his  adherents  some  of  the  most  turbu- 
lent elements  in  the  state.  The  optimates  (Cicero's  party)  of  course 
regarded  him  as  a  furious  demagogue. 

188  21  inde,  then  (fc^llowing  primum,  1.  19). 

188  22  ad  te,  i.e.  from  Csesar.  The  excuses  that  follow,  though  they 
may  sound  somewhat  hollow,  were  just  and  reasonable.  So  long  as 
Pompey  showed  himself  willing  to  make  terms  w^hich  would  allow  Ctesar 
some  share  in  the  government,  Cicero  could  not  be  blamed  for  refusing  to 
treat  Cassar  as  an  out-and-out  public  enemy. 

188  23  responderi:  used  impersonally.  —  honorifice  et  large,  in  hon- 
orable and genero2is  terms.  Caesar  was  to  be  allow-ed  to  stand  for  the  con- 
sulship provided  he  would  evacuate  the  towns  he  had  taken  in  Italy,  and 
withdraw  to  his  province.  This,  however,  he  was  unwilling  to  do.  The 
negotiations  referred  to  took  place  near  the  end  of  January,  but  came  to 
nothing.  —  duxi  meam  rationem,  I cons7ilted tjiy  owti  interests  (lit.  drew  tip 
my  own  account :  a  mercantile  figure,  like  many  Latin  idioms). 

188  24  tibi  probaturum  [esse],  /  should  easily  justify  to  you.  —  pro: 
see  note  on  p.  185,  1.  4. 

188  25  pro,  in  return  for. 

188  26  meritis,  i.e.  in  suppressing  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline.  —  sup- 
plicia,  i.e.  his  banishment, 

188  27  si  offendissem,  etc. :  in  dir.  disc,  si  offender 0  .  .  .  subiciar. 
—  eius,  i.e.  Caesar. 

188  28  cum,  although.  —  consulatus,  etc  :  see  note  on  1.  23. 

188  29  deferebatur,  was  offered  {mcWc.  because  it  is  stated  as  a  fact). 
The  argument  is  unanswerable.  If  Pompey  and  the  Senate  were  actually 
trying  to  come  to  terms  with  Caesar,  why  should  Cicero  go  out  of  his  way  to 
offend  the  latter  ?  He  had  already  suffered  enough.  These  allusions  to 
his  exile  are  veiled  reproaches  to  Pompey,  who  had  not  stood  by  him  in  his 
time  of  trouble  (see  Introduction  to  Letter  II,  p.  170).  —  eisdem  proeliis, 
the  same  contests  (i.e.  the  same  as  those  which  he  had  passed  through  after 
the  condemnation  of  Catiline,  which  resulted  in  Cicero's  exile). 


Letters  393 

188  30  semper  .  .  .  populare,  seemed  always  to  be  a  kind  of  favorite 
object  for  the  attacks  of  evil-minded  citizens.  The  use  of  populare  suggests 
that  it  was  easy  to  win  the  applause  of  the  popular  party  l)y  attacking 
Cicero. 

188  31  non  prius  .  .  .  quam,  no  sooner  .  .  .  than.  Cicero  says  that 
he  not  merely  suspected  the  danger  ;  he  had  plain  notification  that  it  ex- 
isted. He  seems  somewhat  to  have  exaggerated  his  peril.  It  is  not  likely 
that  Caesar  would  have  treated  him  with  harshness.  Caesar's  mild  policy, 
however,  was  not  at  that  time  understood.  A  reign  of  terror  was  feared, 
like  that  of  the  Sullan  proscriptions. 

188  32  neque  ea  .  .  .  possem,  /  did  not  fear  them,  if  they  7vere  neces- 
sary evils  (lit.  if  they  had  to  be  undergone^,  so  much  as  I  thought  it  my 
duty  to  shun  them  if  I  could  avoid  them  honorably. 

188  33  essent  .  .  .  possem :  suhjunc.  in  informal  indir.  disc.  ;  per- 
timui  is,  in  effect,  a  "verb  of  thinking." 

188  34  quam  .  .  .  ademit,  you  have  my  accotmt  of  myself,  put  in  the 
briefest  possible  way,  for  the  time  during  zvhich  there  zvas  hope  of  a  peaceful 
settlement ;  for  the  time  remaining  (i.e.  for  all  the  rest  of  the  time  since 
peace  became  impossible),  the  course  of  events  (res,  the  facts  of  the  case) 
has  deprived  me  of  the  poiver  {of  action)  ;  i.e.  I  have  given  a  good  account 
of  myself  up  to  the  moment  when  peace  was  despaired  of,  showing  you  why 
I  was  not  more  active  on  your  side  ;  since  that  moment  I  have  had  no 
chance  of  joining  you  (for  the  reasons  explained  in  the  first  part  of  the 
letter).  —  quam  brevem,  for  quam  brevissimam,  as  brief  as  possible. 

189  1  rationem :  lit.  an  accoiDit  or  reckoning,  such  as  an  agent  makes 
to  his  principal  (a  commercial  figure,  continuing  that  in  p.  188,  1.  23). — 
reliqui  (sc.  temporis),  dependent  on  facultatem. 

189  3  neque  ego,  etc.,  i.e.  my  course  has  not  been  dictated  by  friend- 
liness to  Caesar  or  by  disloyalty  to  the  state.  I  have  simply  preferred  to 
oppose  Caesar  by  diplomacy  (which,  indeed,  I  understood  to  be  the  method 
that  you  yourself  wished  to  follow)  rather  than  by  armed  force.  The  policy 
of  violence  has  now  been  adopted,  —  and  I  acquiesce.  The  republic  will 
find  me  a  good  citizen,  and  you  will  find  me  a  faithful  friend. 

189  5  hoc  .  .   .  interest,  there  is  only  this  difference. 

189  6  quod,  that.  —  cum,  ichile.  —  ista  laude,  i.e.  the  merit  of  being  a 
patriotic  citizen. 

189  7  ego :  supply  malui  from  maluerimt  in  1.  8.  —  condicionibus 
(al)l.  of  means),  negotiations.  —  quod  .  .  .  velle  (parenthetic),  a  method 
ivhich  I  had  understood  that  you  (also)  preferred  (alluding,  of  course,  to 
Pompey's  negotiations  with  Ca-sar  already  mentioned). 


394  Notes 

189  8  disceptari  (impersonal),  that  the  controversy  should  be  condiccted. 

—  quae  quoniam  ratio,  and  since  the  latter  plan  (i.e.  armed  violence). 
189  9  ut  .  .  .  desideres:  result,  obj.  of  perficiam.  —  a  me  .  .  .  desi- 

deres,  shall  miss  in  me. 

189  10  amici,  sc.  animum. 

XIV 

189  12  fama  :  i.e.  reports  that  Cicero  was  likely  to  join  Pompey. 

189  13  ne  quo  progredereris,  that  you  would  not  take  any  step  (liter- 
ally, advance  to  any  position), 

189  14  proclinata  iam  re,  now  that  affairs  have  taken  a  favorable  turn 
for  me.     Cicero  had  never  dared  hope  for  the  ultimate  success  of  Pompey. 

—  Integra,  i.e.  re  Integra,  when  the  whole  matter  was  an  open  question. 
189  16  si,  inasmuch   as.     In  following  Pompey  now,  Caesar  argues, 

Cicero  will  not  seem  to  be  following  fortune  (for  Pompey  is  unlikely  to 
win),  nor  the  catise  (since  in  that  case  he  would  have  joined  the  Pompeians 
at  once) ;   he  will  rather  seem  to  be  acting  in  condemnation  of  Caesar. 

189  19  meum  aliquod  factum,  some  act  of  mine. 

190  2  quod,  a  course  which. 

190  5  reperies :  a  distinct  enough  promise  ;  as  if  Caesar  had  said, 
"  Only  do  not  join  the  Pompeians,  and  I  will  see  that  your  safety  and 
dignity  are  provided  for." 

XV 

191  1    C.  Trebatius:  see  Letter  VIII,  p.  179. 

191  2   moleste  te  ferre,  that  yoti  feel  regret.  —  quod,  that. 

191  3   ad  urbem,  to  the  walls  of  the  city. 

191  4   si  .  .  .  accessissem :  for  the  fut.  perf.  of  the  direct  discourse. 

191  5  de  officio,  about  the  duty  of  us  both  (as  citizens  in  the  present 
crisis). — nostrum:  §  194,  b  {  );   B,  242,  2;   G.  364,  r.  ;   H.  446,  n.^ 

(500,4);   H.&B. 

191  6  salvis  rebus,  zuhile  the  state  was  still  in  safety.  The  expression 
is  much  stronger  than  a  literal  English  translation  suggests.  The  foixe  of 
the  words  may  be  given  by  some  such  phrase  as  before  the  downfall  of  the 
state.  —  sic  .  .  .  dicendum,  for  that  is  the  word  to  use. 

191  8   absens,  i.e.  in  my  Cilician  province. 

191  9  mala,  i.e.  the  Civil  War.  —  multo  ante,  long  before  they  took 
place.  —  in.consulatu:   Sulpicius  was  consul  B.C.  51. 

191  10  cum,  though.  —  consilium,  i.e.  his  purpose  of  reconciling  Caesar 
and  Pompey. 


Letters  395 

191  12  sero,  too  late  (since  the  quarrel  had  gone  too  far).  —  solus  eram, 
I  stood  alone.  —  rudis,  etc.,  /  was  thought  to  be  not  zvell  acquainted  zvith  the 
case  (the  figure  is  that  of  a  lawyer  who  has  not  the  facts  well  in  hand). 

191  14  nunc:  opposed  to  salvis  rebus  (1.  6).  —  nihil  (emphatic),  not 
at  all,  in  no  possible  zoay  :  adverbial  ace;    §   240,  a  {  );    B.  176,  3  ; 

G.  333;   11.378,2(416,2);    H.&B. 

191  15  nobismet  ipsis  consulere,  to  take  counsel  for  our  ozun  ivelfare 
(since  the  state  is  past  hope).  —  possimus  :   subj.  of  characteristic. 

191  17  iugeamus:  suggesting  that  there  is  nothing  to  be  done  but  to 
express  our  sorrow  at  the  catastrophe.  —  quicum  :   §   104,  <:  (  ) ;   B. 

89,  footnote  I  ;   G.  105,  3  ;    H.  187,  I,  2  (182,  i,  2);    H.  &  B. 

191  19  clarissimorum,  etc.,  i.e.  Sulpicius  is  well  acquainted  with 
history  and  philosophy.  The  ancients  valued  both  of  these  studies  as 
affording  rules  for  human  conduct,  not  merely  for  the  cultivation  of  the 
mind  (cf.  p.  160,  11.  18-26). 

191  L'l  te  f  Ugiunt,  escape  your  memory.  —  scripsissem  (cont.  to  fact)  : 
the  protasis  is  ni  veritus  essem  (1.  23).  —  in  senatum,  i.e.  the  Senate  called 
together  by  Caesar.  Sulpicius  had  taken  his  seat  in  this  body,  but  this 
Cicero  had  refused  to  do.  He  will  not  even  call  it  the  Senate  —  it  is  rather 
a  mere  informal  meeting  of  senators  (conventum  senatorum). 

191  23  ne  .  .  .  offenderem,  to  hurt  the  feelings  of  one  who,  etc.,  i.e.  of 
Caesar,  who  had  expressed  the  hope  that  Cicero  would  take  his  seat  in  the 
reorganized  Senate. 

191  25  eadem  omnia,  etc. :  Cicero  had  told  Caesar  that  he  should 
regard  it  as  his  duty,  in  case  he  acceded  to  Caesar's  request  and  entered 
the  Senate,  to  speak  against  Caesar's  proposed  Spanish  expedition  and  his 
purpose  to  pursue  Pompey  with  an  army.  He  dexterously  compliments 
both  Sulpicius  and  himself  by  remarking  that  Sulpicius  had  taken  the  same 
independent  attitude  on  these  questions. 

191  27  res  .  .  .  habeat  (indir.  quest.),  you  see  what  the  position  of 
affairs  is.  —  imperils  distributis  (abl.  abs.),  divided  up  among  different 
military  commands. 

191  28   ardere  (indir.  disc),  is  ablaze. 

191  30  non  modo :  §  209,  a  {  ) ;  B.  347,  2  ;  G.  445  ;  H.  553,  2 
(656,  2);  H.  &  B.  .  —  quod  sperem:  §  320,  a  {  );  B.  283,  2; 
G.  631,  2;    H.  503,  i  (591,  I);   H.&B. 

192  1  longius  :  Cicero  was  thinking  of  leaving  Italy  altogether.  His 
words  were  doubtless  intended  to  hint  at  his  purpose  of  going  to  Greece 
to  join  Pompey.  —  cogitabam  :  for  mood,  see  §  313,  ^  (  ) ;  B.  309,  2  ; 
G.  605;    H.  515,  i  (586,  I);   H.&B. 


396  Notes 

192  3  ut  .  .  .  ne  recusaret,  so  that  he  may  tiot  refuse:  §  319,  a,  n. 
(  )  ;    G.  546,  2  ;    H.  499,  I  ;    H.  &  B. 

192  4  ut  facias  :  purp.  clause,  obj.  of  velim  ;  in  the  line  before,  velles 
takes  the  ace.  and  inf.;    §  331,  b  and  N,  (  )  ;    B.  331,  iv,  a  ;  G. 

546,  2,  R.i ;   H.  498,  i,  535,  ii  (614)  ;   H.  &  B.  .  —  tuorum  fidelium, 

of  your  own  confidential  friends. 

192  5   mittas :  in  the  same  construction  as  facias  (1.  4). 

192  s  exploratum  habeam :  result,  following  tantum  in  1.  7  ;  the 
relative  clause  with  quantum  is  in  a  manner  parenthetical.  We  might 
express  the  sense  by  translating:  I  ascribe  so  much  credit  to  you  (^and  per- 
haps I  claim  as  much  for  myself^  that  I  regard  it  as  certain  that,  etc. 

XVI 

192  10  quid  fieri  placeret,  7^;/^^?/  I  ivished  to  be  done,  i.e.  with  reference 
to  the  divorce  of  Cicero's  daughter  Tullia,  whose  husband,  Dolabella,  had 
been  making  a  great  deal  of  trouble  (see  introductory  note  to  Letter  XIX, 
p.  194).  — ad  Pomponium,  i.e.  T.  Pomponius  Atticus,  who  was  at  Rome. 

192  13  velim:  §  311,  /^  (  );  cf.  B.  280,  2,  a  ;  G.  257  ;  H.  486,  i 
(556);    H.&B. 

XVII 

193  2  liberales,  courteous  and  kind.  Ceesar's  letter  is  lost,  but 
Cicero  says  elsewhere  (/«  Ligarittni,  §  7):  "[Caesar]  ad  me  ex  Egypto 
litteras  misit,  ut  essem  idem  qui  fuissem  "  (an  assurance  that  his  dignity 
was  not  to  sufter).  — Opinione  :  §  247,  b  {  )  ;  B.  217,  4  ;  G.  398,  N.i  ; 
H.417,  I.  N.5  (471,  7);    H.  &B. 

193  3  cui:   §  228,  b  {  ).  —  hie,  i.e.  at  Brundisium.     Cresar  landed 

at  Tarentum,  and  started  for  Brundisium  by  land.  His  interview  with 
Cicero  is  described  by  Plutarch,  Life  of  Cicero,  39. 

193  4  mihi:  not  to  me  (which  would  be  ad  me),  but  rather  for  me. 

XVIII 

193  7  familiaritas  consuetudoque,  friendship  and  intimacy. 

193  8  patre  eius  :  Cicero  had  defended  the  elder  Ccecina  in  an  oration 
{Pro  Caecina)  which  is  still  extant. 

193  9  plurimum  sum  usus,  enjoyed  the  especial  friendship.  —  hunc, 
i.e.  the  younger  Caecina. 

193  12  studiis  communibus :  Caecina  was  himself  an  author. 

193  15  quibuscumque  rebus  possim,  byez>ery  means  in  my  poiver. 

193  16  reliquum  est  ut  .  .  .  petam  :  §  332,  a  {  ) ;  B.  297,  2 ; 


Letters  397 

G.  553,  4;   H.  501,  i,  I  (571,  0;   H.  &  B.  ,  —  cum  cognorim,  ^z;/*:^ 

/  knoiv  (lit.  hav^  perceived). 

193  17  pluribus,  many.  — quid  .  .  .  sentias  (indir.  quest.),  ivhat  your 
sentiments  arc.  —  \iQvaQi\xva.,  good  citizens,  i.e.  the  optiinates. 

193  IS  nisi,  except. 

193  is-21  ut  ad  earn  voluntatem,  etc.,  t/iat  to  the  good  will  which  you 
are  sure  to  feel  toivard  Ccecina  of  your  own  accord,  you  add,  by  reason  of 
my  recommendation,  an  amount  proportionate  to  the  regard  in  which  I 
kno-w  I  am  held  by  yoii. 

193  1*0  quanti  (correl.  with  tantus)  :  gen.  of  indefinite  value  with  fieri; 
§  252,  .z  (  );   B.  211,3,  .z;   G.  379;    H.  405(448,  4);  H.&B. 

XIX 

194  1  etsi  .  .  .  eram  .  .  .  capiebam  :  for  mood,  see  §  313,  <:  (  )  ; 
cf.  B.  309  ;   G.  604  ;    H.  515,  ii  (586,  ii)  ;    H.  &  B. 

194  2   non  possum  non  confiteri,  I  must  confess. 

194  (1  valetudinis  causa  :  the  region  of  Pompeii  was  a  favorite 
"  health  resort  "  ;    Baise  was  especially  noted  for  its  salubrious  air. 

194  7  praeterea,  etc  ,  and  besides,  my  friends  from  the  free  towns  in 
great  numbers.     Yox:  inunicipium,  see  Introduction,  pp.  liii-liv. 

194  8  quin  .  .  .  agant  :  §  319,  d  (  )  ;  B.  284,  3;  G.  632; 
H.  504,  I  (595,  4)  ;  H.  &  B.  .  —  cum  .  .  ,  extulerunt  :  §  323,  i, 
325  (                    )  ;  G.  580;    H.  521,  i  (600)  ;    H.  &  B. 

195  1    te   .   .  .  -prdiehQaiS,  ai-e  sho-wing  yourself 

195  3  quae  facias  .  .  .  facere,  do  ivhat  you  are  doing.  —  nee  .  .  .  con- 
silio,  and  need  nobodfs  advice. 

195  5   omnis,  altogether,  entirely.  —  profecta,  to  have  sprung  from. 

195  G    valde,  emphatically. 

195  8  Agamemnoni  :  Agamemnon  was  commander  of  the  Greeks  at 
Troy  ;  Nestor,  the  oldest  of  the  Grecians,  was  their  counsellor.  Cicero 
takes  pleasure  in  thinking  of  himself  as  a  veteran  consul,  who  has  saved 
the  state  on  a  former  occasion  and  now  sees  one  of  his  pupils  saving  it  in 
his  turn.  The  exaggeration  of  this  passage  is  not  more  remarkable  than 
its  easy  and  finished  eloquence. 

195  !)-io  te  .  .  .  florere  :  subject  of  est,  understood  after  gloriosum. 
—  iuvenem  :  Dolabella  was  under  the  legal  age  (see  p.  lix)  and  had 
never  been  praetor.  —  quasi,  as  it  were. 

195  12  L.  Caesar  :  L.  Julius  Caesar,  a  relative  of  the  great  Caesar  and 
one  of  his  legati  in  Gaul.  After  Caesar's  death  he  joined  the  Senatorial 
party. 


398  Notes 

195  11'  ad  eum  .  .  .  Neapolim,  to  him  at  N'aples :  observe  the  difference 
of  idiom,  and  cf.  §  259,  //  (  )  ;   B.  182,  2,  h  ;   G.  337,,6  ;    H.  (418,  i)  ; 

H.  &  B. 

195  15  cum  tantum  vales,  etc.,  thai  you  are  so  strong  with  Dolabella. 
For  mood,  see  §  326,  a{  )  ;   cf.  B.  290,  i  ;   G.  582  ;    H.  517,  2  (599)  ; 

H.  &  B.  .  —  quantum  si  ego  .  .  .  valerem,  and  if  I  had  as  much 

(influence),  etc. 

195  16  sororis  filium  :  Antony,  who  was  the  son  of  L.  Caesar's  sister 
Julia.      For  the  pohtical  position  of  Antony,  see  p.  197. 

195  1(3  possemus  :  apod,  of  a  present  condition  contrary  to  fact ;  for 
mood,  see  §  308,  c,  N.i  (  )  ;  B.  304,  3,  x. ;  G.  597,  r.  3,  (b); 
H.  &  B. 

196  2  post  te  consulem,  since  your  consulship.  Cicero  had  reason  to 
be  proud  of  his  own  consular  administration. 

196  3  deinde  multa  (sc.  dixit),  etc.,  next  he  had  much  to  say  of  what 
you  had  done  and  of  your  management  of  the  affair,  and  then  (he  added) 
that  nothing,  etc.  This  alludes  to  Dolabella's  act  in  demolishing  a  column 
erected  in  the  Forum  "  to  C^sar,  Father  of  his  Country,"  and  in  punishing 
with  death  those  who  had  set  it  up.  The  figure  on  p.  195  shows  what  is 
thought  to  be  the  base  of  this  column.  It  is  taken  from  Lanciani's  '  New 
Tales  of  Old  Rome,'  where  an  interesting  account  of  excavations  in  and 
near  the  Forum  may  be  found. 

196  4  actum  [esse]  :  indir.  disc. ;  the  subject  is  nihil. 

196  7  alienae  gloriae,  of  another's  glory.  —  cernere,  to  accept;  cernere 
was  the  technical  term  for  entering  upon  an  inheritance.  —  aliqua  ex  parte, 
to  some  extent. 

196  8  quamquam,  and  yet :  §  313,/  (  )  ;  B.  309,  5;  G.  605, 
R.  2  ;   H.  515,  N.  2  (5S6,  4)  ;   H.  &  B. 

196  9  haec  enim  iocatus  sum,  for  in  all  this  I  have  merely  been 
jesting  (i.e.  in  what  he  has  said  about  having  a  share  in  Dolabella's 
glory)  ;   haec  is  cogn.  ace.  with  iocatus  sum ;   §  238,  b  (^  )  ;    cf.  B. 

176,  2;  G.  333;   H.  375  (412)  ;   H,  &  B.  .  —  si  modo  sunt  aliquae 

meae,  if,  to  be  sure,  I  have  any. 

196  10  transfuderim  .  .  .  exhauserim  :  §  311,  rt;  (  )  ;  B.  280; 
G.  257,  2;   H.  486,  i  (556);   H.  &B. 

196  11  cum  .  .  .  tum,  not  only  .  .  .  but  also;  cum  is  also  causal  here 
(hence  the  subjunctive).  The  passage  cannot  well  be  literally  rendered. 
We  may  translate  :  while  I  have  always  loved  you,  I  afn  noiv,  in  addition 
(tum)  so  fired  by  your  actions  that  no  love  (lit.  nothing  in  affection)  ivas 
ever  more  ardent. 


Letters  399 

196  15  amabilius,  more  worthy  of  love, 

196  16   M.  Brutum  :  the  conspirator. 

196  18  constantiam,  strength  of  character.  —  Idibus  Martiis  (abl.  of 
time)  :  the  date  of  Caesar's  murder.  The  conspirators  were  regarded  by 
Cicero  and  by  themselves  as  tyrannicides,  as  assertors  of  their  country's 
freedom.  "The  Ides  of  March  "  became  the  watchword  of  the  Senatorial 
party.  See  Fig.  on  p.  196,  the  famous  coin  of  Brutus,  struck  in  commemo- 
ration of  the  deed.  The  reverse  shows  a  cap  of  liberty  between  two  daggers 
and  the  legend  EID-MAR  ("the  Ides  of  March  "). —  tantum  accessit, 
so  much  was  added. 

196  10   locum  f  uisse  augendi,  that  there  was  room  for  increase. 

196  20  quiputaret:  §  320,  ^?  (  );  B.  283,  2  ;  G.  631,2;  11.503,! 
(591,1);   H.&B. 

196  22  nunc  denique,  71070  for  the  first  time  (lit.  now  at  length,  i.e.  now 
and  not  before). 

196  23  dilexisse,  merely  to  have  had  a  liking  for  you  (a  weaker  word 
than  amare). 

196  24  quid  est  quod,  etc.,  ^uhy  should  I,  etc. :  see  note  on  p.  102,  1.  i. 

196  25  servias,  devote  yourself  to.  —  proponam,  shall  I  set  before  you 
(as  examples)?  §  268  (  ) ;  B.  277;  G.  465;  H.  484,  v  (559,4);  H.  & 
B.  ;   see  note  on  p.  193,  1.  19.  — quod  .  .  .  solent,  as  those  are  wont 

to  do  ;  the  unexpressed  subject  of  solent  is  the  antecedent  of  qui. 

196  27  te  (emphatic)  imitere,  etc.,  you  must  i>nitate  yourself  (your 
own  example),  j(?//;  must  vie  zuith  yourself.  —  imitere  .  .  .  certes  :  §  331,  ?', 
and  N.i  (  );  B.  295,  6;  G.  535,  R.- ;  H.  502,  i  (564,  ii,  i); 
H.  &  B. 

197  2  utendum  est :   §  294,  c  and  n.  (  ) ;  B.  337,  7,  l> ; 

G.  251,  2,  427,  N.4;    H.  &  B. 

197  3  contigit  .  .  .  tibi,  it  has  been  your  happy  lot.  —  quod  .  .  .  nemini, 
so/nething  that  I  rather  think  has  never  happened  to  any  one  else  (anticipat- 
ing the  substantive  clause  ut  .  .  .  esset). 

197  4  se Veritas  animadversionis,  j/^rw;?^^^  ijithe  infliction  of  punish- 
'i.ient.  Dolabella  had  caused  some  of  the  persons  concerned  in  setting  up 
the  column  in  Caesar's  memory  to  be  thrown  from  the  Tarpeian  Rock  and 
had  crucified  others.  Cicero  regards  his  action  as  necessary  and  laudable. 
—  invidiosa,  a  cause  of  oditim. 

197  5  popularis,  a  source  of  popularity.  —  cum  .  .  .  tum,  not  only  .  .  . 
but  also,  both  .  .  .  and  (so  in  1.  8,  below).  —  bonis,  i.e.  (as  usual)  the 
opti  mates. 

197  8  magnitudine  :  abl.  of  cause. 


400  Notes 

197  9  contionem :  an  address  at  a  public  meeting  of  citizens  held  fot 
debate  or  address  only  (see  p.  273). 

197  10  accessus  {approaches)  .  .  .  recessus  {jvithdraivals)  :  nom.  pi., 
subj.  of  facti  [sunt].  Translate:  so  cazitioiisly  and  gradually  did  you  (in 
your  speech)  now  make  your  approaches  to  the  case,  and  then  again  drazv 
hack  fr 0771  the  subject,  that  the  facts  the 771  selves,  by  com  771011  conse7it,  gave  ripe 
occasio7i  for  the  punish77ie/it  (which  you  inflicted)  :  i.e.  all  agreed  that  it 
was  high  time  for  such  severe  measures  as  those  you  took. 

197  12  liberasti,  etc. :  the  column  in  Caesar's  honor  had  been  a  rally- 
ing place  for  disorderly  Caesarians.  There  had  been  much  rioting,  and  a 
general  e77ieute  was  feared.  Dolabella's  sharp  measures  (characteristic  of 
Roman  cruelty)  cowed  the  populace  for  a  time. 

197  13  ad  tempus,  y^'v-  the  preseiit  crisis. 

197  1-4  ad  exemplum,/^raw^jfrt?;///^  (to  posterity);  cf.  p.  196, 11.  26-27. 

197  15  in  te  positam,  etc.,  the  safety  of  the  state  depends  on  you.  —  tibi : 
dat.  of  agent. 

197  16  tuendos :  Dolabella  had  protected  the  conspirators  —  the 
"  liberators,"  as  Cicero  calls  them  —  from  mob  violence.  —  illos  viros,  i  e. 
Brutus  and  his  associates. 

197  18  coram,/? (ft-  to  face.  —  plura,  sc.  dicain. 

197  19  conservas  :  note  the  tense  ;  the  state  is  not  yet  safe,  but  Dola- 
bella is  saving  it.  —  fac  ut:  §  269,^'-  (  )  ;  G.  271,  i ;  H.  &  B. 

XX 

199  1  sententiam  et  orationem,  i.e.  the  opiniuns  expressed  by  Cicero 
in  the  First  Philippic,  and  the  form  in  which  he  expressed  them. 

199  2  qua  .  .  .  liceret,  if  I  zoere  free  to  express  myself  in  that  zcay 
oftener ;  the  antecedent  of  qua  is  sententiam  et  orationem.  —  nihil  esset 
negoti,  there  would  be  no  difficulty.  —  libertatem  .  .  .  reciperare  :  Cicero 
found  that  the  death  of  Caesar  had  not  restored  the  constitution.  Antony 
had  become  in  his  eyes  a  worse  tyrant  than  Caesar  himself.  He  more  than 
once  gave  utterance  to  his  regret  that  Antony  had  not  been  murdered  too. 

199  3  homo  amens,  i.e.  Antony. 

199  4  ille  ipse,  i.e.  Caesar.  —  quem  tu,  etc.,  whom  you  have  said  to  be 
the  greatest  cri77ii7ial  that  zvas  ever  p7it  to  death. 

199  5  caedis,  a  7nassacre. 

200  1  auctorem,  instigator.  This  charge  was  brought  against  Cicero 
by  Antony  in  his  reply  to  the  First  Philippic. 

200  2  veterani,  i.e.  Caesar's  veterans. 

200  3  modo,  //  ofily.  —  facti,  i.e.  the  assassination  of  Caesar. 


Letters 


401 


200  4  communicet :  §3i4(  );  B.  310,  ii;  G.  573  ;  11.513,1(587); 
H.  cS:  B.  .  —  Pisoni :  Csssar's  father-in-law,   L.  Calpurnius  Piso  (see 

note  on  p.  184,  1.  16.  —  invectus  est:    Piso's  speech  against  Antony  was 
delivered  in  the  Senate,  August  i,  ]?.C.  44. 

200  5  tricensimo  die :   i.e.  in  the  F"irst  Philippic. 

200  I!  P.  Servilio  :  P.  vServilius  Vatia,  Qiesar's  colleague  in  the  consul- 
ship in  B.C.  48.  He  was  now  a  member  of  the  Senatorial  party,  and  had 
spoken  against  Antony  on  Sept.  2.  —  est  COnsecutus,  follozved  in  my 
footsteps. 

200  7  caedem  (emphatic),  for  a  massacre  is  what  the  cut- throat  is 
striving  for.      Gladiator  is  one  of  Cicero's  epithets  for  Antony. 

200  8  a.  d.  XIII.  Kal.  Octobr.,  on  the  nineteenth  of  September  (the  date 
of  Antony's  reply  to  the  First  Philippic).  —  a  me,  with  tne  (lit.  from  me).  — 
ad  quern,  on  7vhich  (flay). 

200  ;•  venerat,  i.e.  into  the  Senate.  —  Metelli,  i.e.  L.  Metellus  Scipio, 
Pompey's  father-in-law.  He  had  commanded  the  Pompeian  forces  in 
Africa,  and  had  committed  suicide  (B.C.  46)  after  Caesar's  victory  at 
Thapsus.  His  villa  at  Tibur  was  now  in  Antony's  possession,  and  it  was 
there  that  he  prepared  the  speech  in  question.  —  COmmentatus  esset,  had 
prepared  his  speech. 

200  13  quod  scribis,  etc.,  as  to  your  luriting  that,  etc. 

200  1.")  ut  in  tantis  malis,  considering  the  desperate  circumstances  (lit. 
as  in  so  great  evils'). 

200  16  tris  .  .  .  consulares :  Piso,  Cicero,  and  Servilius.  —  quae  .  .  . 
senserint,  i.e.  their  patriotic  sentiments. 

200  1!>  nee  est,  etc.,  and  there  is  no  reason  ivhy  you  should  expect  any- 
thing further  (to  be  accomplished),  i.e.  anything  beyond  what  has  just 
been  mentioned. 

200  20  necessarius  :  M.  Lepidus,  afterwards  the  triumvir  (see  Fig.  50). 
He  and  Cassius  had  married  half- 
sisters  of  Brutus.  —  adfinitate,  alli- 
ance (by  marriage).  Lepidus'  son 
had  recently  married  Antony's 
daughter. 

200  21  ludorum :  the  ///(//  Apol- 
linares  (in  honor  of  Apollo),  held 
June  5,  had  been  paid  for  by  Brutus, 
though  he  was  unable  to  be  present. 
The  favor  with  which  they  were  received  was  a  tribute  to  the  liberator,  and 
therefore  unpleasant  to  Lepidus.     Cicero  says,  jestingly,  that  Lepidus  has 


Coin  of  Lepidus  and  Oct.- 
Triumvirs 


402 


Notes 


lost  his  taste  for  sports.  —  fratris  tui  (obj.  gen,):  probably  L.  Cassius. 
The  applause  referred  to  may  have  been  at  the  ludi  Apollinaj-es,  or  on 
some  other  public  occasion.  It  was  construed  as  a  compliment  to  C. 
Cassius,  who  was  not  in  the  city.  —  dirumpitur,  i.e.  with  envy. 

200  22  alter  .  .  .  adfinis :  some  connection  of  Cassius,  whom  Antony 
has  conciliated  by  means  of  bribery;  it  is  not  known  who  is  meant.  —  novis 
commentariis,  by  means  of  a  new  instalment  of  Ccesar''s  com?}ientaries. 
Antony  had  got  possession  of  Caesar's  papers,  and  professed  to  be  acting  in 
accordance  with  instructions  and  plans  which  they  contained.  Many  of  the 
documents  which  he  produced  were,  however,  forged  grants  of  money,  etc., 
in  which  he  and  his  wife,  Fulvia,  drove  a  thriving  trade.  Caesar's  writings 
on  the  Gallic  and  the  Civil  War  were  called  commentarii  (i.e.  notes),  and 
Cicero  is  here  punning  on  the  word. 

200  23  quod  est  qui,  that  there  is  a  man  who  ;  §  333  (  )  ;  B.  299,  i, 
b\  G.  540;  H.  540,  iv,  N.  (588,  i);  H.  &  B.  .     It  is  not  known  who 

this  was.  —  vestro  anno  :  observe  the  plural  possessive,  applying  to  Brutus 
as  well  as  Cassius.  They  w^ere  now  praetors,  and  were  not  eligible  for  the 
consulship  until  B.C.  41  (see  note  on  the  cursus  honorum,  Introduction, 
p.  lix).  Before  this  year  had  come,  both  of  the  "liberators"  were  dead 
(the  Battle  of  Philippi  took  place  in  B.C.  42). 

200  25  huic  latroni,  i.e.  Antony.  —  prae  se  f erat,  declares.  —  Cotta  : 
L.  Aurelius  Cotta  (consul  B.C.  65) ;  an  old  friend  of  Cicero's.  It  was  he 
who  proposed  the  supplicatio  for  the  suppression  of  Catiline's  conspiracy, 
and  he  was  instrumental  in  Cicero's  recall  from  exile  (B.C.  57). — nam: 
Cicero  is  giving  the  reasons  why  Cassius  has  little  to  expect  from  any  of  his 
friends  at  Rome.  He  began  with  enim,  in  1.  19,  and  now^  continues  with 
nam,  after  a  kind  of  parenthesis  (sed  haec  .  .  .  ferat,  11.  23-25). 
200  27  L.  Caesar:  see  p.  195,  1.  12  and  note. 

200  28  Sulpicius:  Cicero's  friend,  the  eminent  lawyer,  Servius  Sul- 
picius  Rufus  (see  introduction  to  Letter  XV,  p.  190). — summa  auctori- 
tate,  a  man  of  the  greatest  influence. 

200  29  non  adest,  ?>^z//^//^«^«. 
200  30  designatis,  the  consuls 
elect.  These  were  Aulus  Hirtius 
and  C.  Vibius  Pansa  (see  p.  199). 
200  31  consularis,  as  men  of 
consular  rank  (i.e.  they  were  not 
worthy  of  the  name).  —  habes,  etc., 
here  you  have  (i.e.  in  the  enumera- 
tion just  given). 


Fig 


Coin  of  Pansa 


Letters 


403 


200  32  etiam  bonis  rebus,  even  if  the  condition  of  public  affairs  were 
good ;  an  informal  protasis,  contrary  to  fact,  of  which  the  apodosis  is  esset. 
—  perditis  (belongs  to  rebus),  %ohen  ?V  (i.e.  the  condition  of  affairs)  is 
desperate. 

200  33  qui  si,  but  if  you.  —  abestis,  i.e.  from  Rome. — idcirco :  §  317, 
«  (  );   G.  545,  i;   H.  497,  ii,  i  (568,  3) ;    H.  &  B.  .  — ut  sitis 

in  \.Vi\.0,for  the  sake  of  your  own  safety. 

200  34  aliquid,  some  measure  (or  movement'). 

201  1  velim  salvis  nobis,  /  wish  (it  may  take  place)  while  I  am  alive. 
This  sounds  Hke  a  presentiment  of  Cicero's  fate.  See  Introd.,  p.  xxvi. — 
sin  id  minus,  but  if  that  is  not  to  be,  i.e.  if  I  do  not  live  to  see  you  restore 
the  state. 

201  2  ego  :  emphatic.  —  tuis,  your  friends. 

201  3  ad  me  referent,  apply  to  me  (or  consult  me). 


201  10  adiungeris 


XXI 

feceris:  cf.  p.  179,  1.  18,  and  note. 


Fig.  52 


Coin  of  Q   Cassius 


VOCABULARY 


SIGNS    AND    ABBREVIATIONS 


a.,  act.    . 

active. 

lit literal{ly). 

abs.   .     . 

.     absolutcijy). 

loc locative. 

adv.  .     . 

adverb.,  adverbially. 

M.,  masc.     .     .     masculine. 

borr. .     . 

borrowed. 

n neuter  (intransitive). 

c.  .     .     . 

coviDion  gender. 

N.,  neut.      .     .     neuter. 

cf.      .     . 

coinpare. 

neg negatively). 

cog.  .     . 

cognate. 

num numeral. 

comm.    . 

.     commonly. 

opp opposed. 

comp.     . 

.     composition. 

orig originally. 

compar. 

comparative. 

p present  participle. 

conn. 

connection. 

part particle. 

decl.  .     . 

declined. 

pass passive. 

def.    .     . 

definite.,  defective. 

perf perfect. 

dem. .     . 

demonstrative. 

perh perhaps. 

dep.  .     . 

deponent. 

pi.,  plur.      .     .    plural. 

dim.,  dimin 

. 

dimijtiitive. 

poss possibly,  possessive. 

distrib.  . 

distributive. 

p.p perfect  participle. 

emph.     . 

emphatic. 

prob probably. 

Eng. .     . 

English. 

pron pro7toun, pronominal. 

esp.   .     . 

especially. 

prop properly. 

et  seq.    . 

and  following. 

q.v.  {quod  vide)     which  see. 

etym.     . 

etymology. 

reduced  .     .     .     indicates  the  loss  of  a 

F.,  fem. . 

feminine. 

syllable  in  derivation 

f.  p.,  fut.  p 

f  tit  lire  participle. 

or  composition. 

fig.     .     . 

Jignrativeijy). 

redupl.    .     .     .     reduplicated. 

form,      . 

formation. 

reflex.      .     .     .     refiexive{ly). 

fr.      .     . 

from. 

rel relative. 

freq.  .     . 

frequentative. 

sc supply. 

Gr.    .     . 

Greek. 

sing singular. 

imp.,  impel 

imperative. 

Sk Sanskrit. 

impers.  . 

impersonal. 

subj.  ....     subjtinctive,  subject. 

increased 

indicates  the  addition 

subst.      .     .     .     substantiveijy). 

of  a  letter  or  letters. 

superl.    .     .     .     superlative. 

ind.    .     . 

indicative. 

tech technically). 

indecl.    . 

indeclitiable. 

term termination. 

indef.     . 

indefitiitc. 

transf.     .     .     .     transferred  (i.e.  from 

indep.    . 

indcpcndcnt{ly). 

a  proper  to  a  forced 

insep.     . 

inseparable. 

meaning). 

instr. 

instrumental. 

unc uncertain. 

intens.    . 

intensive. 

V verb. 

interr.    . 

interrogative. 

weakened    .     .     indicates  a  change  of 

irr.     .     . 

irregtilar. 

vowel. 

Other  common  abbreviations  will  be 

'eadily  understood. 

A  hyphen  (-)  at  the  end  of  a  word 

means  that  the  word  is  a  stem ;  between 

two  words  it  means  composition. 

A  plus  sign  (  +  )  indicates  derivation 

Dy  means  of  a- derivative  suffix  following 

the  sign. 

A  root  is  generally  given  in  small  c 

\PITALS. 

A  dagger  (j)  denotes  a  word  not  actu 

ally  found,  but  assumed  as  having  once 

existed. 

A  query  (?)  denotes  a  doubtful  etymo 

logy  or  meaning. 

Full-faced  type  in  parentheses  denote 

s  other  spellings  or  forms. 

h  2,  3,  4 

re 

fer  to  conjugations  of  verb 

s. 

VOCABULARY 


A 


A.,  abbreviation  for  Aulus. 

a.  d.,  ante  diem,  see  ante. 

a,  see  ab. 

ab  (a,  abs)  [reduced  case  of  unc. 
stem,  akin  to  Gr.  dwo,  Eng.  oj^,  of], 
adv.  (only  in  comp.),  and  prep, 
with  abl.,  away  from,  fr 0771  (cf.  ex, 
oiit  of,  and  de,  dow7t  fro77i,  off 
fro77i).  —  Of  place,  with  idea  of 
motion,  fro77i :  rediens  a  cena.  — 
With  expressions  of  measure,  off, 
away,  at  a  distance  of:  procul  a 
nobis ;  a  senatorio  gradu  longe 
abesse.  —  Of  time, /rtw/,  since:  a 
kal.  Ian.  —  Fig.,  frotn  (with  more 
or  less  idea  of  motion  as  in  Eng.) : 
ab  hoste  defendere  ;  ab  auro  manus 
cohibere;  urbs  ab  armis  conqui- 
escere ;  ab  eo  metuere ;  seceme  te  a 
bonis  ;  are  publica  deficere.  —  When 
the  idea  is  slightly  different  in 
Eng. :  vacuus  ab,  destitute  of ; 
quaere  a  vobis,  /ask  you  ;  a  scelere 
abhorrere  {be  i7ico7isiste7tt  with) ; 
postulare  ab,  ask  of ;  a  vobis  con- 
tendere {urge  upo7t) ;  ab  isto  poenas 
repetere  (see  poena). — Esp.  with 
passives  and  words  of  similar 
import,  by  (cf.  accidere  a  Caesare, 
at  the  hands  of,  showing  the  origin 
of  this  meaning).  —  Esp.  also  (prob. 


as  the  place  whence  the  impression 
comes),  071  the  side  of,  07i,  at,  07i 
the  part  of:  a  tergo  interclusus  (m 
the  rear).  —  In  comp.,  away,  off, 
apart.  —  Also  with  negative  force, 

7lOt,  U71-. 

.  abalieno,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ab- 
alieno],  i.  v.  a.,  {piit  away  to  a)i- 
othci-),  alie7tate. 

abdico,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ab- 
dico],  I.  v.  a.,  {assig7i  away). — 
With  reflex.,  abdicate:  se  praetura 
{resign  the  prcctorship). 

abdo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [ab-do 
{put)'\,  3.  V.  a.,  put  away,  re77iove, 
hide.  —  With  reflex.,  co7iceal  07ie^s 
self,  hide,  bury  07ie's  self  (litteris) ; 
sol  {hide  its  face  at  sunset).  —  With 
in  and  ace.  or  abl.,  hide  in,  with- 
di'aw  to  {take  refuge  a77i07ig),  with- 
draw and  hide  away.  —  abditus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  hidden,  re77iotc, 
secluded. 

abduco,  -diicere,  -duxT,  -ductus 
[ab-duco],  3.  v.  2i.,  lead  aiuay,  draw 
away,  take  away,  lead  off,  carry 
away  (of  persons  or  things  which 
move  of  themselves). 

abeo,  -ire,  -il,  -iturus  [ab-eo],  irr. 
V.  Vi.,go  away,  go  off,  retire,  go  (out 
of  sight  or  away) :  abiit,  he  is  gone 


aberro 


abstine5 


(without  regard  to  cause  or  man- 
ner).—  Fig.,  f  ass,  £-0  by:  abiit  ille 
annus  [passed  away). 

aberro,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus  [ab- 
erro], I.  V.  n.,  {wander  away  or  off), 
go  astray,  wander  away.  —  Fig., 
go  astray,  deviate  from :  studia 
aberrantia  a  communi  utilitate  (at 
variance  with,  not  in  harmony 
luith). 

abhorred,  -ere,  -ul,  no  p.p.  [ab- 
horreo],  2.  v.  n.,  shrink  from.  — 
Less  exactly  and  fig.,  be  at  variance 
tvith,  be  inconsistent  with,  be  averse 
from,  be  indisposed  to :  a  tuo  sce- 
lere ;  a  meis  moribus ;  a  Musarum 
honore ;  animi  a  causa  (be  estrangea 
from). 

abicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [ab- 
iacio],  3.  V.  a.,  throw  away,  throw 
down,  throw  (away  from  one's  self). 
—  Lit.,  cadaver  in  publicum  {cast 
forth). — Esp.,  at  one's  feet  as  a 
suppliant,  prostrate,  throw  {one's 
self). —  Fig.,  cast  aside  :  humanita- 
tem.  —  abiectus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  downcast,  overwhelmed,  abject, 
broken,  worthless,  fallen. 

abiectus,  see  abicio. 

abies,  -ietis  [.''],  w,  fir  ox  spruce 
(tree  or  wood),  prob.  including  all 
short-leaved  coniferae. 

abiudico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ab- 
iudico],  I.  V.  a.,  adjudge  away,  take 
away  (by  legal  decision). 

abiungo,-iungere,  -iunxi,  -iunctus 
[ab-iungo],  3.  v.  a.,  disjoitt,  detach. 

abnuo,  -nuere,  -nul,  -nutus,  -nui- 
turus  [ab-nuo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
{refuse  by  a  nod).  —  Less  exactly, 
refuse,  declifie. 


abripio,  -ripere,  -ripuT,  -reptus 
[ab-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  carry  off  {w\\.\\ 
\iolence),  drag  away,  drag  off. 

abrogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ab-rogo, 
in  its  political  sense],  i.  v.  z..,  pass 
a  vote  to  annul  or  take  away  :  colle- 
gae  magistratum  {deprive  of). 

abrumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupi,  -rup- 
tus  [ab-rumpo],  3.  v.  a.,  break  off. 
—  With  reflex.,  break  away,  with- 
draw (with  violence). 

abs,  see  ab. 

abscido,  -cTdere,  -cIdT,  -cisus 
[abs-caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  off,  lop  off, 
tear  off,  tear  away. 

abscondo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus 
[abs-condo],  3.  v.  a.,  hide  away. — 
absconditus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
hidden,  obscure,  far  to  seek. 

absens,  see  absum. 

absimilis,  -e  [ab-similis],  adj., 
unlike. 

absisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  no  p.p. 
[ab-sisto],  3.  v.  n.,  stajtd  away, 
withdraw.  —  Fig.,  leave  off,  keep 
aloof. 

absoliitio,  -onis  [ab-solutio ;  cf . 
absolve],  F.,  {a  setting  free),  an 
acquittal.  —  Also,  a  completion. 

absolve,  -vere,  -vT,  -utus  [ab- 
solve], 3.  v.  a.,  {loosen),  acquit. — 
Also,  co7nplete,  pe7fect. 

abstergeo,  -tergere,  -tersT,  -ter- 
sus  [abs-tergeo],  2.  v.  a.,  wipe  off, 
wipe   away  :  fletum. 

abstinentia,  -ae  [abstinent-  -f 
ia],  F.,  self-restraint  (abstaining 
from  gratifying  one's  passions)  : 
innocentia  et  abstinentia. 

abstineo,  -tinere,  -tinuT,  -tentus, 
[abs-teneo],    2.  v.  a.  and  n.,   hold 


abstraho 


5 


accusator 


off:  manus  animosque  {keep,  wit/i- 
hold). 

abstraho,  -trahere,  -tiaxT,  -trac- 
tus  [abs-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  drag  off, 
drag  away.  —  Fig.,  draw  a7vay. 

absum,  -esse,  -fuT  (afui),  -futu- 
rus  [ab-sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  he  away,  be 
absent,  he  off  (at  a  distance).— 
Fig. :  tantum  abes  a  perfectione ; 
flagitium  a  corpora  {)iot  be  foiDid 
on);  haec  a  meo  sensu  {be  unper- 
ceived  hy).  —  Esp.  impersonally,  be 
so  far  from,  etc.  :  tantum  abest  ut 
videar,  so  far  am   I  frovi   seeming. 

—  absens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  /'//  one's 
absence. 

abundantia,  -ae  [abundant-  + 
ia],  F.,  abundance. 

abundo,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus  [tab- 
undo-],  I.  V.  n.,  overflow.  —  Fig., 
abound.  —  Transf.  (of  the  place, 
etc.,  containing  the  thing),  be  strong 
in,  he  rich  in,  abound  in. 

abutor,  -iiti,  -usus  [ab-utor],  3. 
V.  dep.,  misuse,  abuse,  take  advan- 
tage of  (by  misuse). 

ac,  shorter  form  for  atque. 

accedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessu- 
rus  [ad-cedo],  3.  v.  \\.,move towards, 
draw  near,  approach,  come  up,  come 
near,  come  {io),  advance  to,  advaiice. 

—  Fig.,  come  to :  huic  causae  {take 
up)  ;  litterarum  lumen  {shine  upo/i). 

—  Esp.,  be  added,  where  often  an 
explanatory  word  is  necessary  in 
Eng. :  illud  nobis  {we  shall  have 
also  this  advantage)  ;  so  with  quod, 
there  is  also  the  fact  that,  there  is 
also  the  reason  that,  or  simply, 
moreover,  then  again. 

accelcro  (adc-),   -are,  -avI,  -atus 


[ad-celero],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  hasten 
(towards  something). 

accessus,  -iis  [ad-tcessus ;  cf. 
accedo],  m.,  a)i  approach. 

accido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  no  p.p. 
[ad-cado],  3.  v.  n.,  fall  tipon,fall : 
tela  gravius  {strike).  —  Fig.,  hap- 
pen, occur,  present  itself  turn  out, 
arise.  —  Often  euphemistically  for 
death,  defeat,  etc' :  si  quid  ipsi  (of 
conviction). 

accido,  -cidere,  -cIdT,  -clsus  [ad- 
caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  into,  partly  ctit. 

accipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 
[ad-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  take,  receive: 
bellum  {take  up).  —  Less  exactly, 
receii:e,  suff'er,  meet  with,  experi- 
ence: iniurias  ;  dolorem.  —  Fig., 
accept,  learn,  hear,  get,  take. 

Accius  (Attius),  -I  [.^],  m.,  a 
Roman  family  name.  —  Esp.,  L. 
Accius,  3.  tragic  poet,  born  B.C.  170. 

accommodo,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [ac- 
commodo-,  or  ad-commodo-],  i.  v.  a., 
ft  on,  fit,  put  on,  adjtist.  —  Fig., 
adapt,  suit,  coniform,  accommodate 
(testis  ad  crimen).  —  accommoda- 
tus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  fitted,  adapted, 
zvell  suited. 

accubo,  -are,  no  perf.,  no  p.p. 
[ad-cubo],  I.  V.  n.,  lie  at,  lie  near. 
—  Esp.,  recline  (at  table). 

accurate  [old  abl.  of  accuratus], 
a  Iv.,  with  care,  carefully. 

accusatio,  -onis  [accusa-  +  tio], 
F.,  an  accusation,  a  prosecution, 
an  arraig)iment  (speech  of  prose- 
cutor). 

accusator,  -oris  [accusa-  +  tor], 
M.,  a  prosecutor,  an  accuser,  a  con- 
ductor of  a  prosecutiofi. 


actio 


accuse,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ad- 
tcauso  (cf.  causor)],  i.  v.  a.,  accuse, 
blame,  find  fatdt  with.  —  Esp.,  coti- 
duct  a  proseciction  against, p7'oseciite, 
accuse,  arraign,  be  prosecutor. 

acer,  -cris,  -ere  [ac  (cf.  acus), 
+  lis  (cf.  -rus  in  purus)],  adj., 
sharp.  —  Fig.,  keen,  active,  violent, 
energetic,  spirited,  severe,  harsh : 
homo  ;  duces  ;  familia  ;  sententiae  ; 
supplicia ;  acri  auimo,  zoitk  great 
spirit:  in  f erro  (juith  the  sword). 

acerbe  [old  abl.  of  acerbus], 
adv.,  bitterly.  —  Fig.  (of  the  mind), 
with  bitterness,  severely  :  ferre  {s7if- 
fer  severely  from,  etc.). 

acerbitas,  -atis  [acerbo-  -f  tas], 
F.,  bitterness.  —  Fig.,  harshness, 
severity,  bitter  feeling.  —  Concrete 
in  plur.  (with  change  of  point  of 
view  in  Eng.),  sufferijigs. 

acerbus,  -a,  -um  [acer  (treated 
as  stem)  -f  bus  ;  cf.  superbus],  adj., 
bitter  (to  the  taste).  —  Fig.  (to  the 
mind),  bitter,  hard  to  bear,  cruel, 
harsh,  grievous  :  res  ;  supplicium. 
—  Transf.  to  the  feeling  subject, 
bitter, 7'iolent:  adversarius;  animus; 
imploratio. 

acerrime  (acerrume),  superl.  of 
acriter. 

acervus,  -T  [acer  (as  stem)  + 
vus  ;  cf.  torvus],  m.,  {pointed?),  a 
heap,  a  pile. 

Achaicus,  -a,  -um  ['Axai'/cos], 
adj.,  of  Achcva,  Achcean,  Grecian. 

Achaius  (Achaius),  -a,  -um 
['Axaia],  adj.,  Achcean.  —  Fem. 
as  subst.,  Achcea,  a  province  of 
Greece.  —  Later,  Greece,  as  a  Ro- 
man province. 


Achilles,  -is  (-eT,-ei,  -I)  [  AxtXXei/s] , 
M.,  Achilles,  the  hero  of  the  Tro- 
jan war. 

Achradina,  -ae  ['AxpaStm],  f., 
a  part  of  the  city  of  Syracuse. 

acies,  -ei  [ac  -f  ies  ;  cf.  series], 
F.,  point,  sharp  edge,  edge,  sharp- 
ness of  the  edge,  keen  glance,  glare : 
auctoritatis  {.edge,  fig.).  —  Esp., 
li)te,  battle  line,  array,  army  (as  in 
battle  array;  cf.  agmen),  rajik  (of 
an  army  in  several  ranks) :  in  acie 
cadere  {in  battle  array)  ;  Pharsalica 
{battle). 

Acilius,  -i  [unc.  stem  +  ius, 
prop,  adj.],  M.,  a  Roman  gentile 
name.  —  Esp., 71/'.  Acilius  Glabrio, 
who,  as  tribune  of  the  people, 
carried  a  severe  law  against  of- 
ficial extortion.  —  Hence,  as  adj., 
Acilian  (lex). 

acquiesce,  -escere,  -evi,  no  p.p. 
[ad-quiesco],  3.  v.  n.,  acquiesce. 

acquire,  see  adquiro. 

acrim5nia,  -ae  [aero-  -f  monia], 
F.,  {sharpness).  —  Fig.,  severity, 
acrimony,  energy  :  ad  resistendum, 

acriter  [aero-  +  ter  (prob.  neut. 
of  -terus  reduced)],  adv.,  sharply. 
—  Fig.,  actively,  sharply,  violently, 
with  spirit. 

acroama,  -atis  \a.Kpoaixa\,  n.,  an 
entertainment  (musical  or  dra- 
matic). 

actio,  -onis  [as  if  ag  -f  tio,  prob. 
tacti-  +  0],  F.,  a  doing  (including 
all  the  performances  expressed  by 
ago).  —  Y.%^., political  action,  official 
conduct :  Lentuli  consulis.  —  Also, 
a  civil  action,  a  prosecution  :  per- 
duellionis.  —  Also,  a  pleading  (of 


actor 


adduco 


a  case),  a  hearing  (changing  the 
point  of  view). 

actor,  -oris  [ag  +  tor],  m.,  a  doer 
(cf.  actio).  —  Esp.,  a  pleader  (of  a 
case,  on  the  side  of  the  plaintiff), 
a  prosecutor,  an  advocate  (of  the 
plaintiff),  an  attorney :  actor  hie 
defensorque  causae  meae. 

actum,  -1  [n.  p.p.  of  ago],  n.,  a 
proceeding  (official),  an  act. 

actus,  -lis  [ag  -f  tus],  m.,  a 
driving,  a  doing.  —  Esp.,  an  act 
(of  a  play). 

acuo,  -uere,  -ui,  -utus  [acu-,  stem 
of  acus],  3.  V.  a.,  sharpen.  —  Fig., 
irritate,  excite,  spur  on.  —  aciitus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  sharpened, 
sharp,  acute. 

acus,  -us  [AC  -f  us],  F.,  a  needle. 

a.  d.,  see  ante. 

ad  [?],  adv.  (only  in  comp.),  and 
prep,  with  ace.  With  idea  of 
motion,  to,  towards,  against.  — 
Where  the  idea  of  motion  is  more 
or  less  obliterated,  to,  towards, 
for,  at,  on,  against,  iji,  in  regard  to. 
—  Of  time,  till,  at,  or  on  :  ad  ves- 
peram ;  quam  ad  diem  {up  to,  as  a 
limit).  —  Esp.,  of  place,  at  (not 
exactly  in  wox  071),  around,  near: 
ad  Achillis  tumulum  {by) ;  ad  rhe- 
dam  {aroujid) ;  ad  curiam ;  quam 
ad  summam,  at  the  summit  of 
which  (city) ;  ad  inferos,  /;/  the  world 
beloxo  ;  ad  urbem,  near  the  city  (of 
a  commander  with  the  imperium, 
who  could  not  enter  the  walls) ; 
ad  populum,  before  the  people  (of 
official  action) ;  ad  senatorem  ilium 
{at  the  house  of,  etc.).  —  Also  fig., 
to,  tozvards,  for :   fatale    ad   perni- 


ciem  {fated for) ;  ad  quietem  ;  ad 
iudicandum  severus  (/'«) ;  momen- 
tum ad  suspicionem  {cause  for, 
etc.) ;  ad  laudem  contendere  {strive 
for).  —  Esp.,  with  gerund  to  denote 
purpose  or  tendency,  to :  audax  ad 
conandum  {in).  —  Also,  in  respect 
to,  in  accordance  with,  at :  praecla- 
rus  ad  adspectum  (///  appearance)  ; 
ad  severitatem  lenius  {in  respect 
to)  ;  ad  libidinem  {at) ;  ad  nutum ; 
ad  arbitrium.  —  In  comp.  as  adv., 
to,  in,  by,  towards. 

adaequo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ad- 
aequo],  i .  v.  a.,  make  equal  to  :  cum 
virtute  fortunam  (match).  —  More 
commonly  neuter,  become  equal  to, 
equal. 

adamo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ad-amo], 
I .  V.  a.,  fall  in  love  with,  take  a 
fancy  to,  covet. 

adauge5,  -augere,  -auxi,  -auctus 
[ad-augeo],  2.  v.  2^., add  to,  increase. 

ado-,  see  ace-. 

addico,  -dicere,  -dlxi,  -dictus  [ad- 
dico],  3.  v.  a.,  adjudge,  assign  (by 
legal  decision).  —  addictus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.  and  subst.,  assigned  (to 
one  in  satisfaction  of  a  debt),  bound, 
given  over  to,  devoted. 

addictio,  -onis  [ad-dictio ;  cf. 
addico],  F.,  an  adjtidging,  a)i  assign- 
7nent  (by  legal  decision). 

addo,  -dere,  -did!,  -ditus  [ad-do 
{put  and  give)^  3.  v.  a.,  give  to.  — 
Also,  put  to,  add. 

adduco,  -ducere,  -duxT,  -ductus 
[ad-duco],  3.  V.  a.,  lead  to,  draw  to, 
bring  in  (of  persons),  bring,  draw 
in  (towards  one),  drive,  force:  in 
eas   oras   exercitum  ;  in  iudicium  ; 


adeo 


8 


adfligo 


in  invidiam  {bring,  expose)  ;  in  ob- 
livionem  {consign) ;  in  spem  {raise) ; 
pretio  adducta  civitas  ;  amore  ad- 
ducti  {fascinated).  —  Fig.,  induce, 
persuade,  drive,  lead. 

^adeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itiirus  [ad-eo],  irr. 
V.  a.  and  n.,  go  to,  visit,  get  at, 
come  to,  come  up,  go  to  (a  place), 
get  in  (to  a  place),  advance  (some- 
where), attack,  approach  (speak 
with)  :    with  or  without   ad,   visit. 

—  Fig.,  encounter,  incur,  go  into, 
take  :  periculum  ;  ad  rem  publicam 
{take  part  in);  hereditates  {take). 

"adeo  [ad-eo],  adv.,  to  that  point. 

—  Less  exactly,  to  that  degree, 
so  tnuch,  so:  usque  adeo  {to  that 
degree).  —  Weakened,  in  fact,  at 
all,  exactly.  —  Esp.,  atque  adeo,  atid 
in  fact,  and  even,  or  rather. 

adeps,  -ipis  [.^],  c,  fat.  —  Plur., 
corpulence  (of  men). 

adfabre  (aff-)  [old  abl.  of  adfa- 
ber],  adv.,  skilfully. 

adfecto  (aff-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[ad-tfacto;  cf.  adficio],  i.  v.  a., 
{make  for ;  cf.  proficiscor),  aim  at, 
pursue :  iter  {run  a  course). 

adfero  (aff-),  -ferre,  -tidl,  -latus 
[ad-fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  bring  to,  bring. 

—  Fig.,  cause,  produce,  bring  forth, 
bring  forward,  allege,  report,  an- 
nounce, bring  about :  moram  ;  facul- 
tatis  tantum  {produce) ;  lucem 
{cause  to  shine,  bring)  ;  vim  {apply, 
use) ;  salutem ;  rei  publicae  mo- 
tum ;  medicinam  {apply) ;  vim  {of- 
fer) ;  manus  {lay  tipon). 

adficio  (aff-),  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus 
[ad-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  do  to,  affect: 
quonam   modo  vos   {treat).  —  With 


ace.  and  abl.,  affect  with,  inflict 
upon,  produce  in,  cause  to,  visit 
with,  fill  with :  praemiis  {confer 
upon,  honor  with)  ;  populum  laeti- 
tia  {fill  with).  —  In  passive,  suffer, 
receive,  be  in  (a  condition),  be  af- 
flicted by,  suffer  from  :  calamitate  ; 
honore  {receive)  ;  dolore  {suffer)  ; 
beneficiis  {receive) ;  turpitudine  {in- 
cur) ;  supplicio  {be  visited  with)  ; 
aetate  adfectus  {wor}i) ;  vitiis  ad- 
fectus  {possessed  by). 

adfigo  (aff-),  -figere,  -fixl,  -fixus 
[ad-figo],  3.  V.  2i.,  fasten  to,  crucify. 

adfingo  (aff-),  -fingere,  -finxl, 
-fictus  [ad-fingo],  3.  v.  a.,  make  up 
in  addition,  invent  more,  coiinter- 
feit  besides. 

adfinis  (aff-),  -e  [ad-finis],  adj., 
borderijig  071.  —  Fig.,  akin  to  (by 
marriage). —  Also,  implicated  (in 
anything)  :  culpae.  —  As  subst., 
kinsman  (by  marriage). 

adfinitas  (aff-),  -atis  [adfini-  + 
tas],  F.,  7iearness.  —  Esp.,  of  rela- 
tion by  marriage,  relationship,  alli- 
ance, connection. 

adfirmo,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [ad- 
firmo].  I.  v.  a.,  c on firyn,  strengthen, 
corroborate.  —  Hence,  declare,  as- 
sert. 

adflicto  (aff-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[ad-flicto;  cf  adfligo],  i.  v.  a.,  rt'^Kf// 
against,  dash  upon,  dash  to  the 
i^rojind.  —  Hence,  overthrow,  oz'er- 
whelm,  wreck. —  Fig.,  afflict  (with 
disease),  prostrate. 

adfligo  (aff-),  -fligere,  -flixi,  -fllc- 
tus  [ad-fligo],  3.  V.  a.,  dash  upon.  — 
Hence,  overthrow,  wreck,  over- 
turn :    equestrem    ordinem  {ruin)  ; 


adfluo 


administer 


consulate  nomen ;  causam  suscep- 
tam  ;  Catilinam.  —  adflictus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  cast  down,  broken, 
disheartened,  laid  prostrate,  riiinea 
(fortunae),  overwhelmed. 

adfluo  (afQ-),  -fluere,  -fluxl,  no 
p.p.  [ad-fluo],  3.  V.  Vi.,  flow  to. — 
Hence,  with  change  of  relation, 
floiv  (with  anything),  abound  in.  — 
adfluens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  abound- 
ing in,  full  of,  replete  with  :  urbs 
studiis  ;  unguentis  (Gabinius). 

adgrego  (agg-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[ad-tgrego],  i.  v.  a.,  laiite  together, 
assemble,  gather  together. 

adhaeresco,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  p.p. 
[ad-haeresco  ;  cf.  adhaereo],  3.  v.  n., 
adhere  to,  cling  to. 

adhibed,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  [ad- 
habeo],  2.  v.  a.,  have  /;/.  — Hence, 
call  in,  adi?rit,  bring  with  (one).  — 
Fig.,  employ,  use:  vim  {ofl'er,  use, 
employ) ;  studium  atque  aures  {af- 
ford, lend, fir nish)  ;  orationem. 

adhuc  [ad-huc],  adv.,  hitherto 
(of  place).  —  Of  time,  up  to  this 
time,  till  iww,  to  this  day,  thus  far, 
hitherto,  so  far. 

adimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptus  [ad- 
emo  {take)\,  3.  v.  a.,  take  away  (the 
action  regarded  as  done  to  some- 
body), take  from,  deprive  of  rob  of, 
remove  from  (a  person). 

adipiscor,  -ipTscT,  -eptus  [ad- 
apiscor],  3.  v.  dep.,  obtain,  secure, 
attain:  gloriam  [win,  gain). 

aditus,  -lis  [ad-itus ;  cf.  ladeo], 
M.,  approach,  arrival,  coming,  com- 
ing forward,  access.  —  Concretely, 
an  avenue  (of  approach),  access 
(excuse    for   approaching),   vieans 


of  approach,  means  of  access,  way 
of  approach  (in  military  sense), 
entrance :  laudis  {road  to  glory) ; 
faciles  aditus  ad  eum  privatorum 
{access) ;  omnium  aditus  tenebat. 

adiumentum,  -I  [ad-tiumentum; 
cf.  adiuvo],  n.,  aid,  assistance  :  adiu- 
mento  esse,  be  of  assistance.  — 
Concretely,  an  aid,  a  means  (of 
assistance). 

adiungo,  -iungere,  -iunxi,  -iiinc- 
tus  [ad-iungo],  3.  v.  a.,  Join  to, 
unite  to,  attic h,  unite  zvith,  add: 
divinitus  adiuncta  fortuna,  with  the 
addition  of  fortune  from  above. 

adiiitor,  -oris  [ad-tiutor;  cf.  ad- 
iuvo], M.,  helper,  assistant,  abettor. 

adiutrix,  -Tcis  [ad-tiutrix ;  cf. 
adiuvo],  F.,  a  helper  (female,  or 
conceived  as  such  in  gender),  an 
assistant,  an  abettor,  accoinplice. 

adiuvo,  -iuvare,  -iuvl,  -iutus  [ad- 
iuvo], I.  v.  a.,  assist,  help,  help  on, 
aid,  be  of  advantage,  be  an  assistance 
to,  give  assistance  :  causam  {sup- 
tort). 

adlego  (all-),  -are,  -avI,  -atus 
[ad-lego],  I.  V.  a.,  commission  (for 
some  purpose),  despatch,  send  (as 
agents). 

adlicio  (all-),  -licere,  -lexi,  -lectus 
[ad-lacio],  3.  v.  a.,  entice,  allure, 
draw,  persuade  :  ad  misericordiam. 

adlino  (all-),  -linere,  -levT,  -litus 
[ad-lino],  3.  v.  a.,  besmear,  smear  on. 

adluo  (all-),  -luere,  -uT,  no  p.p. 
[ad-luo],  3.  V.  a.,  7vash  (as  of  the 
sea,  etc.). 

administer,  -trl  [ad-minister], 
M.,  a  sercuint,  an  assistant,  an  abet- 
tor, a  tool  (of  persons) :  scelerum. 


administra 


lO 


adpello 


administra,  -ae  [ad-ministra] , 
F.,  (7  serzant  (female),  ati  assistant, 
a  handmaid :  virtutis. 

administro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad- 
ministro-],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  serve. — 
Also,  manage,  administer,  carry  on, 
conduct:  bellum ;  rem  publicam. 

admirabilis,  -e  [ad-mirabilis ; 
cf.  admiror],  adj.,  admirable,  ?nar- 
vellous,  astonishing. 

admiratio,  -onis  [ad-miratio ;  cf. 
admiror],  F.,  admiration,  wonder, 
surprise,  astonishment :  ipsius  ad- 
ventus  admiratioque,  his  arj'ival 
and  the  ?narvel  at  the  man  himself. 

admiror,  -arl,  -atus  [ad-miror], 
I.  V.  dep.,  be  surprised,  wonder  at, 
admire.  —  admirandus,  -a,  -um,  as 
adj.,  surprising. — admiratus,  -a. 
-um,  p.p.  in  pres.  sense,  beijig  sur- 
prised. 

admitto,  -mittere,  -misl,  -missus 
[ad-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go  to,  admit, 
let  go :  in  Tusculanum ;  ad  con- 
silium admittitur  casus.  —  Fig., 
allow  (cf.  com-  and  per-mitto) :  in 
se  facinus  {commit  a  crime) ;  dede- 
cus  [permit  to  be  incurred).  —  Also, 
without  in  se,  comtnit. 

admodum  [ad  modum],  adv.,  to 
a  degree.  — Hence,  veiy,  very  ?nuch, 
greatly,  exceedingly,  so  (very)  tnuch. 

admoneo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus  [ad- 
moneo],  2.  v.  a.,  warn,  urge,  remind. 

admonitus,  -us  [ad-monitus  ;  cf. 
admoneo],  m.,  a  reminder,  a  warn- 
i)ig,  a  sjiggestion. 

admoveo,  -movere,  -m5vl,  -motus 
[ad-moveo],  2.  v.  a.,  move  to,  ap- 
proach.— Less  exactly,  apply:  ignis 
ceterosque  cruciatus. 


admurmuratio,  -onis  [ad-mur- 
muratio],  f.,  a  viurmur  (at  some- 
thing), murmurs  of  intelligence  (or 
approval  or  displeasure). 

adnumero  (ann-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[ad-numero],  i.  v.  a.,  cou7it  out  to. 

adnuo  (ann-),  -nuere,  -nul,  no 
p.p.  [ad-nuo],  3.  v.  n.,  nod  to,  nod 
assent.  —  Less  exactly,  assent. 

adolescens,  see  adulescens. 

adolescentia,  see  adulescentia. 

adolesco,  -olescere,  -olevi,  -ultus 
[ad-olesco],  3.  v.  n.,  grow  up  (to 
maturity),  mature.  —  adultus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  grown  up,  mature. 

—  Fig.,  full  grown,  fill  developed. 
See  also  adulescens. 

adorior,  -orirl,  -ortus  [ad-orior], 
3.  and  4.  v.  dep.,  {rise  tip  against), 
attack,  assail. 

adorno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad-omo], 
I.  V.  a.,  adorn,  furnish,  provide,  fit 
out :  maria  classibus ;  hunc  ad  per- 
ficiendum  {furjiish  with  material, 
etc.). 

adparatus  (app-),  -us  [ad-pa- 
ratus  ;  cf.  adparo],  lA.,  preparation. 

—  Concretely,  preparations,  equip- 
ments, furnishings. 

adpareo  (app-),  -ere,  -uT,  -iturus 
[ad-pareo],  2.  v.  n.,  appear.  See 
pareo. 

adparo  (app-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[ad-paro],  i.  v.  a.,  {get  for  some 
purpose  ?  ),  prepare,  arrange,  make 
preparations  for  (with  a  conception 
of  the  object  from  Eng.) :  bellum  ; 
iter.  —  adparatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
2.^].,  prepared  (with  effort),  splen- 
did, magnificent,  elaborate. 

adpello   (app-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 


adpendo 


11 


adsequor 


[tadpello-  (ad-pello-,  akin  to  pello)], 
I.  V.  a.;  accost,  address,  call  to, 
appt^al  to,  call  upoi :  te  nunc  ap- 
pello.  —  Also,  call,  name:  quae 
appellatur  Insula  ;   sanctos  poetas. 

adpendo  (app-),-pendere,  -pendT, 
-pensus  [ad-pendo],  3.  v.  a.,  weigh 
out  to. 

adpeto  (app-),  -ere,  -IvI,  -Itus  [ad- 
peto],  3.  V.  a.  and  n.,  seek  to  gain,  de- 
sire, ai^n  at :  plus  ornatus;  regnum; 
inimicitias  (I'oluntarily  incur) ; 
vita  ferro  adpetita  {attempted). — 
adpetens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  desirous, 
eager  for,  covetous :  gloriae. 

adpono  (app-),  -ponere,  -posui, 
-positus  [ad-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  place 
near,  put  to,  fit.  —  appositus,  -a, 
-uni,  p.p.  as  adj.,  stiited,  fitted. 

adporto  (app-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[ad-porto],  i.  v.  a.,  bring  in,  bring 
(to  some  place). 

adprobo  (app-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[ad-probo],  i.  v.  a.,  approve  of ,  agree 
with  (an  opinion  or  action). 

adpromitto  (app-),  -mittere, 
-misl,  -missus  [ad-promitto] ,  3.  v.  a. 
and  n.,pro?nise  in  addition, promise 
as  surety. 

adpropero  (app-),  -are,  -avT, 
-atus  [ad-propero],  i.  v.  a.  and  n., 
hasten  towards,  hasten  in,  hurry  up, 
hasten  (to  something). 

adpropinquo  (app-),  -are,  -avi, 
no  p.p.  [ad-propinquo],  i.  v.  n., 
approach,  come  nearer,  come  near, 
be  at  hand. 

adquiro  (acq-),  -quirere,  -quisTvT, 
-quisitus  [ad-quaero],  3.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  {get  in  addition),  acquire,  gain  : 
adquirere  ad  fidem,  gain  in  credit. 


adripio  (arr-),  -ripere,  -ripul, 
-reptus  [ad-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  snatch 
up,  seize,  catch. 

adroganter  (arr-)  [adrogant- 
(stem  of  p.  of  adrogo)  -f  ter], 
adv.,  with  presumption,  preszini- 
ingly,   with    ifisolence. 

adrogo  (arr-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[ad-rogo],  i.  v.  a.,  {ask  in  addi- 
tion), claim,  dernand.  —  adrogans, 
-antis,  p.  as  adj.,  arrogajit,  pre- 
suming. 

adscendo  (asc-),  -seen  de  re, 
-scendl,  -scensus  [ad-scando],  3.  v. 
a.  and  n.,  climb  tip,  climb,  ascend, 
mount,  rise :  ad  caelum. 

adscensus  (asc-),  -iis  [ad-tscan- 
sus  ;  cf.  adscendo],  m.,  a  climbing 
up,  an  ascent,  a  going  up.  —  Con- 
cretely, a  way  up,  a  means  of  ascent. 

adscisco  (asc-),  -sclscere,  -scivT, 
-scitus  [ad-scisco],  3.  v.  a.,  attach 
(by  formal  decree),  adopt.  —  Less 
exactly,  attach  to  (one's  self),  unite 
with  (one's  self). 

adscribo  (asc-),  -scrlbere, 
-scrips!,  -scrlptus  [ad-scribo],  3.  v. 
a.,  write  dozvn  (somewhere),  eti- 
roll,  assign  (by  enrollment) :  civita- 
tibus  {enroll  as  citizens  of). 

adsensio  (ass-),  -onis  [ad-sensio; 
cf.  adsentior],  f.,  assent.  —  Con- 
cretely, a>i  expression  of  assent. 

adsentio,  -sentire,  -sensT,  -sensus, 
also  dep.,  adsentior  (ass-),  -sentlrl, 
-sensus  [ad-sentio],  4.  v.  dep.,  as- 
sent,  give  assent :  voluntatibus  {de- 
fer  tl). 

adsequor  (ass-),  -sequl,  -secutus 
[ad-sequor],  3.  v.  dep.,  follow  after, 
overtake.  —  Fig.,     attain,     secure. 


adservo 


adventus 


^aitiy  accomplish  (as  an  end).  — 
Also,  cotnpi-eheud,  understand. 

adservo  (ass-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[ad-servo],  i .  v.  a.,  guaj-d,  keep,  keep 
under  guard :  hominem  ;  tabulas. 

adsido  (ass-),  -sidere,  -sedl,  -ses- 
surus  [ad-sido],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  sit 
down  (near  or  by  something). 

adsidue  (ass-)  [old  abl.  of  adsi- 
duus],   adv.,  diligently,  constantly. 

adsiduitas  (ass-),  -atis  [adsi- 
duo-  +  tas],  F.,  diligeftce,  assiduity, 
constancy,  unremitting  effort:  mo- 
lestiarum  {constant  pressure). 

adsiduus  (ass-),  -a,  -um  [ad- 
tsiduus  (SED  +  uus  ;  cf.  residuus)], 
adj.,  {sitting  by),  constant,  con- 
tinued, incessant,  untiring,  inde- 
fatigable :  adversarius  ;  adsiduus  in 
praediis  {coistantiy  ejnployed). 

adsigno  (ass-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[ad-signo],  \.\.2i., assign,  attribute. 

adspectus  (asp-),  -us  [ad-lspec- 
tus  ;  cf .  adspicio] ,  m  ,  ^r  looking  at,  a 
sight,  a  view.  —  Transf.,  a7Z  appear- 
ajice,  an  aspect,  a  vietu  (objectively). 

adspernor,  see  aspernor. 

adspicio  (asp-),  -spicere,  -spexl, 
-.spectus  [ad-tspecio],  3.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  look  tip  on,  look  at,  look,  see : 
altius  {look,  aim). 

adspiro  (asp-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[ad-spiro],  1.  v.  n.,  {breathe  upon). 
—  Fig.,  strive  to  reach,  aspire. 

adsto  (ast-),  -stare,  -stiti,  no  p.p. 
[ad-sto],  I.  V.  n.,  stand  by,  stand 
near,  stand  (by  or  near). 

adsuefacio  (ass-),  -facere,  -feci, 
factus  [tadsue-  (unc.  case,  akin 
to  suesco)  facio],  3.  v.  a.,  accustom, 
train.  —  Pass.,  be  accusto?ned. 


adsum,  -esse,  -fuT,  -futurus  [ad- 
sum],  irr.  V.  n.,  be  near,  be  by,  he 
present,  be  at  hand,  be  there  {here), 
appear,  attend  (at  a  place) :  propter 
{be  near  by)  ;  animis   {be  attentive). 

—  Esp.,  be  by  to  assist,  assist,  defend. 

—  Also,  be  close  by,  impend. 
adtendd,  see  attendo. 
adtineo,  see  attineo. 
adtingo,  see  attingo. 
adtribuo,  see  attribuo. 
adulescens,    -entis    [p.    of    ado- 

lesco],  adj.,  young.  —  As  subst.,  a 
youth,  young  man.  —  With  proper 
names,  the  younger  {Jr.,  to  distin- 
guish one  from  his  father). 

adulescentia,  -ae  [adulescent- 
-f  ia],  F.,  youth. 

adulescentulus,  -I  [adulescent- 
(as  if  adulescento-)  +  lus],  m. 
(often  as  adj.),  a  ??iere  boy,  very 
yoting. 

adulter,  -erl  [ad-tulter  (cf.  ulte- 
rior, ultra),  ^;/^  who  roams  abroad  .^] , 
M.,  an  aditlterer,  a  paramour. 

adulterium,  -i  [adulter-  -f  ium], 
N.,  adultery. 

advena,  -ae  [ad-tvena  (vex  -f 
a)],  M.,  a  chance  comer  (as  op- 
posed to  a  native),  a  stranger,  a 
visitor. 

advenio,  -venire,  -venT,  -venturus 
[ad-venio],  4.  v.  n.,  come  to,  come, 
arrive :  Verri  advenienti  {on  his 
arrival). 

adventicius,  -a,  -um  [tadven- 
tico-  (adventu-  or  6-  -f  cus)  +  ius], 
adj.,  coming  by  chance  (cf.  advena), 
foreign,  exterjml,  additional  (to 
one's  own  resources). 

adventus,  -lis    [ad-tventus ;    cf. 


adversarius 


13 


aegre 


advenio  and  eventus],  m.,  a  co7?i- 
ing,  ait  arrival,  an  advent. 

adversarius,  -a,  -um  [adverso- 
(reduced)  +  arius ;  cf.  onerarius], 
adj.,  {turned  toivards),  opposed.  — 
As  noun,  aii  opponent.,  an  adversary. 

adversio,  -onis  [ad-tversio- ;  cf. 
adverto],  f.,  a  turning:  animi 
{occtipation,  einploynient).  See 
animadversio. 

adversus,  prep.,  see  adverto. 

adverts,  -vertere,  -vertT,  -versus 
[ad-verto],  3.  v.  a.,  turn  towards: 
animum  {turn  the  attention.,  notice  ; 
see  animadverto),  tiirn  against, 
turn  (to  anything).  —  adversus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  iii  froiit,  opposed, 
opposite,  in  opposition,  adverse : 
proelium  {unsjiccessftil);  res  adver- 
sae,  adversity,  zua/it  of  success.  — 
adversi,  those  in  front.  — adversus 
[petrified  as  adv.  and  prep,  with 
ace;  cf.  versus],  against. 

advesperascit,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no 
p.p.  [ad-vesperascit],  3.  v.  impers., 
grow  dark,  approach  evening. 

advocatio, -onis  [advoca-  +  tio], 
F.,  a  summoning  (for  legal  assist- 
ance), a  legal  consultation :  in 
advocationibus,  as  an  advocate. 

advoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad-voco], 
I.  V.  a.,  call  (to  one),  summon. — 
advocatus,  -I,  p.p.  as  subst.,  a  wit- 
ness (called  in  to  some  transaction 
as  witness  and  adviser),  a  sup- 
porter, a  counsel  (assisting  one 
in  a  suit  but  not  a  pleader;  cf. 
patronus). 

advolo,  -are,  -avT,  -aturus  [ad- 
volo],  I.  V.  n.,fly  to,  fly  at.  —  Also, 
fig.,_/7j',  rush. 


aedes,  -is  [idh  (cf.  aestas)  -f  es 
(cf.  honos)  and  -is  (cf.  orbis)],  f., 
{a fireplace?),  a  te?nple  (a  regular 
edifice  ;  cf.  templum,  a  consecrated 
spot,  andfanum,  a  shrine,  generally 
ancient).  —  Also  (only  in  plur.),  a 
house,  a  dwelling. 

aedificatio,  -onis  [aedifica-  -f 
tio],  f.,  building:  portus  in  aedifi- 
catione  aspectuque  urbis  inclusi  {the 
plan,  the  site). 

aedificium,  -T  [taedific-  (cf. 
artifex)  +  ium],  n.,  ^  building. 

aedifico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [taedific-; 
cf.  artifex],  i.  v.  a.,  build  (of 
houses),  erect,  construct.  —  Less 
exactly,  of  ships. 

aedilis,  -is  [aedi-  (as  stem  of 
aedes)  -f  lis],  m.,  {belonging  to  a 
tefnple  ?),  an  cedile,  an  officer  at 
Rome.  There  were  two  classes 
of  these  officers,  —  the  curule, 
who  had  charge  of  the  public 
games  and  were  important  civil 
magistrates,  and  the  plebeian,  who 
had  the  duties  of  police  commis- 
sioners. 

aedilitas,  -atis  [aedili-  -f  tas],  f., 
cedileship  (the  office  of  asdile). 

Aiegaeus, -a,  -um  [At7aros],  adj., 
yEgcEan  (of  the  .^gaean  Sea) : 
mare  {the  ALgcean). 

aeger,  -gra,  -grum  [unc.  root 
( }  IG,  shake)  -f  rus],  adj.,  sick,  dis- 
abled.— A\so,fig.,suffering,afi^icted, 
enfeebled. 

aegerrime,  superl.  of  aegre. 

aegre  [old  abl.  of  aeger],  adv., 
feebly.  —  Jlence,  zvith  difficulty, 
hardly,  scarcely,  unwillingly  (suffer 
from  doing  something). 


aegrotus 


aestas 


aegrdtus, -a, -um  [aegro-  +  tus], 
adj.,  sick,  diseased. 

Aegyptus,  -I  [At'7i'7rTos],  f., 
Egypt. 

Aelius,  -1  [?],  M.,  a  Roman  gen- 
tile name  (strictly  an  adj.). — Esp., 
Q.  ^liiis,  consul  B.C.  148. — Plur., 
the  yElii  (members  of  the  gens). 

Aelius,  -a,  -um  [properly  same 
word  as  last],  adj.,  ALlian  (belong- 
ing to  the  yElian  gens). —  Esp., 
^lian  (belonging  to  Q.  ALlius)  : 
lex  (a  law  regulating  the  auspi- 
ces of  the  comitia). 

Aemilius,  -I  [.^aemul6-  (reduced) 
+  ius],  M.,  a  Roman  gentile  name. 
— Esp.,  JMarcus  Ainiilius  Scauriis., 
consul  B.C.  115. 

aemulus,  -a,  -um  [.^  cf.  aequus  ?], 
adj.,  envious,  rivalling,  emtdons. — 
Masc.  and  fern,  as  subst.,  a  rival. 

aequabiliter  [aequabili-  -f  ter], 
adv.,  tiniforjnly,  zoithoiit  distinction. 

aequalis,  -e  [aequo-  +  alls],  adj., 
eqtial,  nnifortn. 

aequalitas,  -atis  [aequali-  -f  tas], 
F.,  equality. 

aequaliter  [aequali-  -f  ter;  cf. 
acriter],  adv.,  evenly,  iinifornily, 
equally,  on  an  equality. 

aeque  [old  abl.  of  aequus],  adv., 
equally,  evenly,  in  the  same  way,  as 
viiich,just  (as). 

aequitas,  -atis  [aequo-  +  tas], 
F.,  evenness. —  Hence  (cf.  aequus), 
fairness,  justice.  —  Esp.,  aequitas 
animi,  evenness  of  ?nind,  content- 
ment, resignation,  equanimity. 

aequus,  -a,  -um  [i*,  perh.  akin  to 
unus  (toenos)],  adj.,  even,  level, 
equal. — Hence, /^?/r,  just,  eqtiitable. 


right:  civitas  aequissimo  lure  {on 
a  pel  feet  equality  as  to  rights^. — 
Esp.,  aequus  animus,  equanimity, 
contentment,  resignatiott ;  aequo 
animo,  zoith  co7nposure  ;  with  verb, 
be  resigned  to,  be  satisfied  to,  be  con- 
tent to ;  aequus  animus  est,  /  am 
content,  resigned ;  aequo  animo 
paratoque,  with  resignation  and 
composure ;  aequo  animo  esse,  be 
iijidisturbed. 

aerarius,  -a,  -um  [aer-  (as  stem 
of  aes)  -f  arius ;  cf.  onerarius], 
adj.,  {having  to  do  with  copper). — 
tribuni  (see  that  word).  —  Neut.  as 
subst.,  the  treasury  (cf.  aes). 

aerumna,  -ae  [?],  f.,  hardship, 
trouble,  toil,  suffering. 

aerumnosus,  -a,  -um  [aerumna- 
-f  osus],  adj.,  toilsome,  painful, 
full  of  suffering,  wretched. 

aes,  aeris  [perh.  akin  to  Eng. 
iron^  N.,  copper  (for  the  arts, 
or  as  money).  —  Hence,  jnoney.  — 
Esp.,  alienum  {debt,  another  man's 
money).  —  Also,  bronze  (of  which 
copper  is  a  chief  ingredient),  a 
tablet  (of  bronze,  used  for  perpetu- 
ating ollicial  documents). 

Aesculapius,  -1  ['Ao-zcX'^Trtos],  m., 
the  god  of  medicine  among  the 
ancients. 

Aesernia,  -ae  [.^],  p.,  a  town  of 
Samnium  on  the  river  Volturnus, 
now  Iserfiia. 

Aesopus,  -I  [At'o-wTTos],  M.,  a 
tragic  actor,  friend  of  Cicero. 

aestas,  -atis  [stem  akin  to  aedes 
-f  tas,  or  perh.  aesta-  (cf.  iuventa) 
-f  tis(cf.  virtus)], F.,  {heat),  summer 
(the  season  for  military  operations). 


aestimo 


5 


ager 


aestimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [aesti- 
mo- (aes-tumus,  tu-  in  tueor?  + 
mus ;  cf.  aeditumus)],  i.  v.  a., 
value,  estimate^  assess  (of  damages, 
by  a  process  regular  in  Roman 
law). 

aestus,  -us  [root  of  aedes  -f 
tus],  M.,  heat  (plur.  in  same  sense)  : 
aestu  f  ebrique,  by  the  burning  heat 
of  fever.  —  Hence,  boiling,  tide. 

aetas,  -atis  [aevo-  (stem  of 
aevum)  -f  tas],  f.,  age  (of  old  or 
young), 7C7«///,  old  age,  life  :  aetata 
a.^iQCt\is,oppressedwithyears;  aetas 
atque  robur,  youth  and  strength ; 
aetatem  degere,  pass  one^s  life; 
nervos  aetatis,  sinews  of  youth  ;  ab 
ineunte  aetate,  from  early  man- 
hood;  aetatis  tempus,  time  of  life. 
—  Also,  age  (time,  generation). 

aetatula,  -ae  [aetat-  +  ula  (as 
if  aetato-  +  la)],  f.,  youthful  age, 
early  years  (as  a  period  of  life). 

aeternitas,  -atis  [aeterno-  -f  tas], 
F.,  eternity,  never-ending  time,  ever- 
lasting ages. 

aeternus,  -a,  -um  [aevo-  (stem 
of  aevum)  +  temus ;  cf .  hester- 
nus],  adj.,  eternal,  lasting,  never- 
en  ding,  ever  I  a  sting. 

Aetolia,  -ae  [Aetola-  -f  ia  (fern,  of 
-ius)],  F.,  a  region  of  Greece  north 
of  the  Gulf  of  Corinth,  conquered 
by  M.  Fulvius  Nobilior  in  B.C.  189. 

Aetolus,  -a,  -um  [Ai'rajXos],  adj., 
/Etolian  (of  ^tolia).  —  Plur.,  the 
Aitolians  (the  people  of  the  coun- 
try). 

aff-,  see  adf-. 

Africanus,  -a,  -um  [Africa-  + 
nus],  adj.,  of  Africa,  African  :  hel- 


ium (of  various  wars,  esp.  one 
fought  by  Pompey  against  Do- 
mitius,  a  partisan  of  Marius,  in  B.C. 
81).  —  Esp.,  as  surname  of  various 
Scipios,  Africanus.  —  So,  i .  P. 
Cornelius  Scipio  Africajms  the 
elder,  proconsul  B.C.  210,  the  con- 
queror of  Hannibal ;  and  2.  his 
adopted  grandson  (son  of  /Emilius 
Paullus)  consul  B.C.  147,  the  de- 
stroyer of  Carthage  and  Numantia. 

Africus,  -a,  -um  [Afro-  (stem  of 
Afer)  +  cus],  adj.,  of  Africa.  — 
Africa,  f.  as  subst.,  the  country  of 
Africa.  —  Esp.,  in  a  limited  sense, 
the  Roman  province  of  that  name, 
including  the  territory  of  Carthage 
and  the  regions  to  the  west. 

afuisse,  afutiirus,  see  absum. 

Agamemnon,  -onis  ['kyaij.^iji- 
vuv],  M.,  king  of  Mycenae,  and 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Grecian 
forces  at  Troy. 

Agathocles,  -is  ['A7a^o/cX?7s],  m., 
a  tyrant  of  Syracuse  (born  B.C. 
361)  who  long  waged  an  active 
warfare  against  Carthage. 

age,  see  ago. 

ager,  agri  [ag  {drive  ?)  +  rus  ; 
cf.  Gr.  dypos,  Eng.  acre],  M.,  land 
(cultivated),  fields,  country  (op- 
posed to  city),  territory  (country), 
cultivated  lands,  fields  (as  opposed 
to  woods)  :  fusi  per  agros  (of  rude 
men)  ;  ubertas  agrorum  {of  the 
land,  of  the  soil).  —  Esp.,  of  the 
possession  of  a  particular  city, 
land,  territory,  country.  A  state 
in  ancient  times  consisted  of  a 
fortified  city  or  town  (urbs,  oppi- 
dum),  the  dwelling-place  or  refuge 


agito 


16 


agricola 


of  all  the  citizens,  and  the  lands 
cultivated  by  them  around.  Farms 
in  the  modern  fashion  were  not 
common.  —  Cf.  per  agios  atque 
oppida  civium  Romanorum ;  agar 
Tauromenitanus ;  ager  Picenus  et 
Gallicus. 

agito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [agito-  (as 
if  stem  of  p.p.  of  ago)],  i.  v.  a., 
drive,  chase.  —  Hence,  rouse.,  stir 
up,  excite,  vex,  trouble.  —  Fig.,  turn 
over  (in  mind),  propose,  discuss, 
purpose. 

agnoscd,  -noscere,  -novl,  -nitus 
[ad-(g)nosco],  3.  v.  a.,  recognize  (in 
some  relation  to  one's  self;  cf. 
cognosco),  recogftize  as  otters  own, 
claim,  acknowledge. 

ago,  agere,  egl,  actus  [ag],  3.  v. 
a.  and  n.,  drive  (apparently  from 
behind;  cf.  duco,  lead).  —  With  a 
wide  range  of  meaning,  do  (esp.  of 
official  business ;  cf.  conduct  and 
carry  on),  act,  treat,  disctiss,  plead, 
manage,  conduct,  carry  on,  take  part 
(in  any  business),  deal  with,  take 
up,  handle,  take  action.  —  In  many 
phrases :  cum  aliquo  bene  [male] 
agere,  treat  ojte  well  or  /'//  ;  secum 
praeclare  agi  {that  he  is  lucky) ; 
mecum  male  agitur,  I  fare  hard ; 
agam  cum  populo,  lay  before  the 
people,  (of  magistrates,  who  had 
this  right) ;  agam  in  magistratu 
{take  up,  deal  with) ;  non  agam  ob- 
scure (/  will  not  treat  the  matter, 
etc.) ;  sic  tecum  agam  {address, 
deal  with,  plead  with)  ;  ita  quidam 
agebat  {represent,  urge,  argue) ; 
agere  causam  {plead) ;  ad  agen- 
dum, to  plead  the  case  ;  res  agetur 


{be  treated) ;  locus  amplissimus  ad 
agendum  {for  public  business) ;  ali- 
quid  agere,  aim  at  sotncthing,  work 
for  something :  id  actum  est,  this 
is  what  was  accomplished,  this  was 
the  end  and  aim  ;  quid  agis  ?  what 
are  you  doing  ?  what  are  you  about  ? 
what  are  you  aiming  at  ?  quid  gla- 
dius  agebat  ?  {ivhat  was  it  doing  ?) ; 
nihil  agere,  accomplish  nothijig, 
also,  be  idle,  do  nothing  purposely  ; 
magnae  res  aguntur,  great  interests 
are  at  stake ;  quid  agitur,  what  is 
the  question  ?  res  agitur,  the  ques- 
tion is,  also,  the  case  is  tried,  the 
cause  is  heard ;  de  quo  nunc  agi- 
mus  {is  now  in  question)  ;  si  mori- 
bus  ageret,  if  he  should  make  it  a 
question  of  771  orals  ;  actum  est,  // 
is  all  over  with  us  ;  de  vectigalibus 
agitur,  the  revoiues  are  at  stake  ; 
quid  potest  agi  severius  ?  {how  caji 
the  case  be  conducted,  etc.) ;  quae 
turn  agerentur,  which  were  the7t 
7i7ider  discussion,  goi/ig  07i  ;  nego- 
tium  meum  ago,  atte7id  to  my  ow7i 
interests ;  festos  dies  {celebrate)  ; 
triumphum  {e/ij'oy,  celebrate);  fun- 
damenta  {lay) ;  gratias  {f-eftder, 
pay,  express  ;  cf.  habeo  and  refero) : 
in  crucem  {drag,  7iail) ;  age,  age 
vero,  co77ie,  cotne  now,  see,  well. 

agrarii,  -orum  [agro-],  m.  plur., 
agraria7i  partisa7is. 

agrestis,  -e  [unc.  stem  (from 
agrS-)  +  tis ;  cf.  caelestis],  adj., 
of  the  fields,  7-ustic.  —  Plur.,  rustics, 
fa7'77iers.  —  Hence,  barbarous,  7'ude, 
clow7iish,  boorish. 

agricola,  -ae  [agio-  +  cola ;  cf . 
incola],  m.,  a  farmer. 


agricultura 


17 


aliquis 


agricultura  (often  as  separate 
words),  -ae  [agro-cultura  or  agri 
cultura],  F.,  land  tillage,  fartning. 

Ahala,  -ae  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.,  C.  Servilius 
Ahala,  who,  in  B.C.  439,  killed  Sp. 
Maelius  on  account  of  his  popular- 
ity and  his  good  will  to  the  lower 
classes,  shown  by  gifts  of  grain. 

Aiax,  -acis  [Afas],  m.,  Ajax,  the 
name  of  two  heroes  of  the  Trojan 
war.  —  Esp.,  the  more  famous  one, 
son  of  Oileus,  who  contended  with 
Ulysses  for  the  arms  of  Achilles, 
and  was  the  subject  of  many  liter- 
ary and  artistic  works. — Hence,  of 
a  statue  of  him,  as  we  say,  "  Pow- 
ers' '  Eve.' " 

aio  [.''],  3-  def.  v.  n.,  say,  assert : 
aiunt,  they  say,  they  tell  its. 

alacer,  -cris,  -ere  [?],  2id].,  active, 
eagej;  enej'getic,  spirited. 

Alba,  -ae[fem.  of  albus  {the  white 
town)],  ¥.,  the  name  of  several 
cities  in  Italy.  — Esp.:  i.  All>a 
Fucensis,  a  city  of  the  Marsi ;  2. 
Alba  Longa,  the  supposed  mother 
city  of  Rome. 

Albanus,  -a,  -um  [Alba-  +  nus], 
adj..  of  Alba,  Albaft. —  Neut.  sing., 
Albanum,  -1,  an  estate  near  Alba 
(in  which  region  many  Romans  had 
country-seats),  a7i  Alban  villa. 
I  alea,  -ae  [.^],  f.,  a  die  (for  play- 
ing).—  Also,  dice  (as  a  game). 
I  aleator,  -oris  [alea-  +  tor ;  cf. 
viator],  m.,  a  dicer,  a  gamester. 

Alexander,  -dri  ['AXe'laj^Spos], 
M.,  a  common  Greek  name.  —  Esp., 
Alexander  the  Great,  son  of  Philip 
of  Macedon. 


Alexandria  (-ea),  -ae  [  AXe^av- 
bpeta],  v.,  any  one  of  several 
towns  named  after  Alexander  the 
Great.  —  Esp.,  the  famous  city 
built  by  Alexander  on  the  coast 
of  Egypt. 

alienigena,  -ae  [alieno-tgena 
(gen-  -fa;  cf.  incola)],  m.,  a  for- 
eigner, foreign-borji. 

alieno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [alieno-], 
I.  V.  a.,  make  anothe7'''s.  —  Also, 
make  strange,  estrange,  alienate. 

alienus,  -a,  -um  [unc.  stem  akin 
to  alius  (prob.  imitated  from  verb- 
stems  of  second  conjugation)  + 
nus;  cf.  egenus],  adj.,  another'' s, 
of  others,  others\  other  people's  : 
pecuniae  ;  misericordia  ;  in  alieno, 
on  another's  land. —  Hence,  strange, 
foreign,  estranged,  unfavorable  (cf. 
suus),  foreign  to  the  purpose :  tem- 
pus  ;  eiectus  ad  alienos  (strangers) ; 
iter  [out  of  one's  way).  —  Superb 
as  subst.,  a  perfect  strajiger. 

alio  [abl.  of  alius],  adv.,  else- 
whither, elsewhere  (of  end  of 
motion). 

aliquando  [unc. form;  cf.  quando 
and  aliquis],  adv.,  at  some  time. — 
Emphatically,  at  last  (at  some  time, 
though  not  before). 

aliquanto,  see  aliquantus. 

aliquantus,  -a,  -um  [ali-  (re- 
duced stem  of  alius)  quantus  (cf. 
aliquis)],  adj.,  considerable. — Neut. 
as  subst.,  a  good  deal,  a  considerable 
part.  —  aliquanto  (as  abl.  of  meas- 
ure), by  cofisiderable,  considerably. 

aliquis  (-qui),  -qua,  -quid  (quod), 
[ali-  (reduced  stem  of  alius)  quis], 
pron.  (more  forcible  than  quis  ;  not 


aliquo 


8 


alter 


definite,  like  quidam ;  not  univer- 
sal, like  quisquam),  some,  some  or 
other,  any.  —  Emphatic,  some  (con- 
siderable), a)ty  (important).  —  As 
subst.,  some  one,  any  one,  some- 
thing, anything.  —  Also,  rarely, 
almost  if  not  quite  equal  to  quis 
alius  (cf.  derivation),  so7ne  other ; 
abire  in  aliquas  terras,  Cat.  1. 8,  20. 

aliquo  [abl.  of  aliquis],  adv., 
somewhither,  someivhere  (in  sense 
of  whither). 

aliquot  [ali-  (reduced  stem  of 
alius)  quot],  pron.  indecl.,  several, 
some  (more  than  one,  but  not  con- 
ceived as  many),  several  persons. 

aliquotiens  [ali-  (reduced  stem 
of  alius)  quotiens],  adv.,  several 
times,  a  member  of  times. 

aliter  [ali-  (reduced  stem  of 
alius)  +  ter;  cf.  acriter],  adv., 
otherwise,  differently  :  longe  aliter 
est,  the  case  is  far  otherwise. 

aliunde  [ali-unde;  cf.  aliquis], 
adv.,  from  another  quarter,  from 
elsewhere,  from  some  other  quarter. 

alius,  -a,  -ud,  gen.  -lus  [unc.  root 
(cf.  else)  +  ius  (va)],  pron.  adj., 
attother  (any  one,  not  all),  other, 
different,  else,  another  (of  the  sec- 
ond of  three  or  more).  —  Repeated 
(either  in  separate  clauses  or  in 
S2ime),  one  .  .  .  another,  one  another, 
one  one  {thing)  .  .  .  another  another, 
some  .  .  .  others :  alius  alia  causa 
inlata,  alleging  different  reasons ; 
alius  ex  alio,  from  different,  etc., 
one  from  one,  another  from  att- 
other ;   alius  atque,  see  atque. 

allatus,  see  adfero. 

allego,  see  adlego. 


allicio,  see  adlicio. 

allino,  see  adlino. 

Allobrox,  -ogis  [Celtic],  m.,  one 
of  the  Allobroges.  —  Plur.,  the  Al- 
lobroges,  the  tribe  of  Gauls  living 
in  Dauphiny  or  Savoy,  about  the 
upper  waters  of  the  Rhone,  subdued 
in  B.C.  121  by  Fabius  Maximus. 

alluo,  see  adluo. 

alo,  alere,  aluT,  altus  [al  ;  cf. 
adolesco],  3.  v.  a.,  cause  to  grow, 
feed,  nurse,  support  (supply  with 
food),  foster,  raise  (of  animals). — 
Fig.,  foster,  fo77ient,  feed,  increase  : 
haec  studia  adulescentiam  {are  the 
food  of). 

Alpes,  -ium  [alp  (Celtic  form 
of  albh;  cf.  albus)  -f  is],  f.  plur., 
the  Alps,  more  or  less  loosely  used 
of  the  whole  mass  of  mountains 
between  Italy  (Cisalpine  Gaul), 
Gaul,  and  Germany. 

Alsiensis,  -e  [Alsio-  +  ensis], 
adj.,  of  Alsium.  —  As  sul)st.,  a 
villa  near  Alsium,  a  town  on  the 
coast  of  Etruria. 

altaria,  -ium  [?  alto-  -f  aris],  n. 
plur.,  the  temporary  structure  on 
the  altar  for  burning  the  victim  (?). 
—  Less  exactly,  an  altar. 

alte  [old  abl.  of  altus],  adv., 
high,  deeply,  deep :  altius  adspicere, 
look  higher,  look  farther. 

alter,  -era,  -erum,  gen.  -lus  [al- 
(in  alius)  -f  ter  (for  -terus,  com- 
par.  suffix)],  pron.  adj.,  the  other 
(of  two),  one  (of  two) :  alter 
ambove,  one  or  both.  —  Plur.,  the 
other  party. — Repeated  (cf.  alius), 
one  the  other,  one  another  (of  two), 
07te    .    .    .  the  other.  —  Plur.,    one 


alternus 


19 


Amisus 


party  .  .  .  the  other.  — Also,  the 
second,  another  (the  second  of 
three):  centesima  et  altera,  ////;/- 
dred  and  second.  —  Also  (esp.  with 
negatives),  a ji other  (besides  one's 
self,  where  all  are  conceived  as  two 
parties,  one's  self  and  all  the  rest). 

alternus,  -a,  -um  [alter-  (as  stem) 
+  nus],  adj.,  alternate,  reciprocal, 
mutual,  alteriiating :  versus  {every 
second). 

alteniter  [alter-uter;  cf.  ali- 
quis],  -tra,  -trum,  gen.  -trius,  pron. 
adj.,  one  of  the  two,  one  or  the  other. 

alius,  -a,  -um  [p.p.  of  alo  as 
adj.],  high. —  From  another  point 
of  view,  deep.  —  Neut.  as  subst., 
the  sea,  the  deep :  in  alto,  in  deep 
7vater,  on  the  sea. 

alumnus,  -T  [alo-  (stem  of  alo) 
+  mnus  (cf.  -ixevos}),  the  fostered^, 
M.,  rt  foster  child,  a  nursling. 

alveolus,  -T  [alveo-  +  lus],  m.,  a 
little  basiji.  —  Esp.,  a  dice  box,  the 
dice  box  (as  a  symbol  of  gaming). 

amabilis,  -e  [ama-  4-  bills],  adj., 
loxutble,  attractive. 

amans,  see  amo. 

amb-  [akin  to  ambo,  a.[i.(p'C\,  prep, 
only  in  comp.,  about. 

ambitio,  -on is  [amb-titio ;  cf. 
ambio],  f.,  {a going  round).  —  Esp., 
to  canvass  for  office,  a  canvassing. 
—  Hence,  ambition. 

ambitus,  -us  [amb-itus ;  cf.  am- 
bio], M.,  {a  going  round).  —  Esp., 
to  canvass  (cf.  ambitio),  but  only 
of  illegal  means  of  canvassing, 
bribery  (at  elections),  iinlawful 
canvas si?ig :  de  ambitu,  on  a  charge 
of  this  crime. 


ambo,  -ae,  -o,  -orum  [akin  to 
amb-],  num.  adj.,  both  (together; 
cf.  uterque,  both  separately). 

amburo,  -urere,  -ussT,  -ustus 
[amb-uro],  3.  v.  a.,  burn  around, 
scorch,   half  burn. 

amens,    -entis    [ab-mens],   adj.,    , 
{having    the    fnind    away),    mad, 
crazy,  insane :  audacissimus  atque 
amentissimus,  of  the  greatest  reck- 
lessness and  madness. 

amentia,  -ae  [ament-  -\-  ia],  f., 
madness,  frenzy,  (mad)  folly,  in- 
sanity. 

Ameria,  -ae  [}],  v.,  an  old  city  of 
Umbria,  about  fifty  miles  up  the 
Tiber  from  Rome,  now  Amelia, 
but  only  a  ruin. 

Amerinus,  -a,  -um  [Ameria-  (re- 
duced) +  inus],  adj.,  of  Ameria.- — 
Masc.  plur.,  the  people  of'  Ameria. 

amicio,  -icTre,  -icuT  (-ixi),  -ictus 
[amb-iacio],  4.  v.  a.,  throtv  round 
(of  clothing),  wrap  about.  —  Also, 
with  object  of  the  person,  wrap, 
throw  around,  clothe  (with  outside 
garments)  :  velis  amicti  non  togis. 

amicitia,  -ae  [amico-  +  tia],  f., 
friendship,  friendly  relations,  alli- 
ance (opposed  to  hospitium,  which 
see),  personal  friendship. 

amicus,  -a,  -um  [unc.  stem  from 
AM  (in  amo)  -f  cus  ;  cf.  pudicus,  po- 
sticus], ■A.fS.].,  friendly,  well-disposed. 
—  Masc,  as  subst.,  a  friend,  an 
ally. 

amissus,  see  amitto. 

Amisus,  -1  [.''],  F.,  an  important 
commercial  city  of  Pontus,  on  the 
Sinus  Amisenus,  a  bay  of  the 
Euxine. 


20 


Ancharius 


amitto,  -mittere,  -misl,  -missus 
[ab-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go  (away), 
let  slip,  let  pass.  —  Hence,  lose 
(esp.  of  military  losses)  :  classes 
amissae  et  perditae  {lost,  by  negli- 
gence, and  ricified,  by  misdoing). 

am5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [?],  i.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  love.  —  amans,  -antis,  p.  as 
2id].,foncl. 

amoenitas,  -atis  [amoeno-  -f  tas], 
F.,  beauty  (as  of  scenery  and  the 
like),  beautiful  scenery,  loveliness 
(only  of  things  pleasant  to  the 
eye). 

amor,  -oris  [am  (in  amo)  +  or 
(for  -os)],  iM.,  love,  affection.  — 
Also,  toward  \}Li\\\^%,  fondness  f 07-, 
delight  in. 

ample  [old  abl.  of  amplus],  adv., 
widely, largely. — amplius,compar., 
farther,  more,  longer :  quid  vis  am- 
plius  (in  such  cases  it  may  be  re- 
garded either  as  adj.  or  adv.,  see 
amplus). 

amplector,  -plecti,  -plexus  [amb- 
plecto],  3.  V.  dep.,  {twine  around). 
* —  Hence,  embrace,  hold  in  one's 
arms.  —  Fig.,  include,  contain. — 
P^'io,  favor,  court  the  favor  of. 

amplexor,  -arl,  -atus  [amplexo-, 
stem  of  p.p.  of  amplector],  i.  v. 
dep.,  embrace. 

amplifico,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [am- 
plifies-), I.  V.  a.,  increase,  enlarge, 
extend,  heighten,  niag)iify. 

amplitude,  -inis  [amplo-  -f  tudo], 
F.,  size,  extent,  great^iess.  —  Esp., 
of  station  or  fame,  greatness, 
dig?iity,  position,  prominence. 

amplus,  -a,  -um  [.',  perh.  amb  -f 
stem  akin  to    plus,    planus],    adj. 


Of  size  and  extent,  lit  and  fig., 
large,  wide,  great,  grand :  curia.  — 
Esp.,  prominetit,  of  consequence, 
splendid,  noble,  distinguished,  glo- 
rious :  praemia  {lavish,  valuable)  ; 
fortunae ;  patrui  amplissimi  {most 
distinguished)  ;  homo  {great) ;  am- 
plum  et  praeclarum,  a  great  and 
glorious  thifig ;  munus  {noble); 
locus  ad  agendum  {honorable)  ;  fruc- 
tus  {splendid,  valuable) ;  magnum 
aut  amplum  cogitare,  have  a  great 
or  noble  thought ;  beneficia  amplis- 
sima  {highest)  ;  verba  amplissima, 
strongest  tertn s ;  laus  amplior 
{higher). —  amplius,  neut.  compar. 
as  subst.  or  adv.  (see  ample)  (cf. 
plus),  more,  a  greater  number, 
further,  besides. 

an  [.'],  conj.  introducing  the  sec- 
ond member  of  a  double  question, 
or,  or  rather:  ab  eone  an  ab  eis 
qui,  etc. ;  Gabinio  anne  Pompeio  {or). 
—  Often  with  the  first  member 
only  implied,  or,  (is  it  not  so  .-* )  or, 
(as  an  impossible  alternative)  or: 
utrum  ...  an,  whether  .  .  .  or.  — 
Esp.,  baud  scio  an,nescio  an,  I  know 
not  but,  I  a?n  inclined  to  think,  it 
may  be,  probably,  perhaps,  very 
likely.  —  an  vero,  see  vero. 

anceps,  -cipitis  [amb-caput], 
adj.,  {having  a  head  on  both  sides), 
double-headed.  —  Less  exactly,  two- 
fold, double :  contentio  (i.e.  with 
two  foes).  —  Hence,  doubtful :  for- 
tuna  (as  looking  both  ways,  and 
hence  undecided). 

Ancharius,  -1  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name. — Esp.,  Q.  Ancharius, 
a  friend  of  Cicero. 


ancilla 


21 


ancilla,  -ae  [anculo-  (anco-  +  lus) 
+  la],  F.,  a  7naid-scrva}it,  a  hand- 
77 1  aid. 

andabata,  -ae  [?],  m.,  a  hlijid- 
folded gladiator,  whose  helmet  was 
without  holes  for  the  eyes. 

angiportus,  -iis  (and  -i)  [tango- 
(ang  +  us)  +  portus],  M.,  a  la7ie, 
a  7tarrow  alley. 

ango,  angere,  anxi,  no  p.p.  [ang  ; 
cf.  anxius,  angustus],  3.  v.  a.,  thi-ot- 
tU.  —  Fig.,  distress,  7nake  a7ixioiis  : 
V3hementer  angebar,  /  was  771  ucA 
distressed;  tot  curis  vigiliisque 
angi  (distress  07ie's  self). 

anguis,  -is  [ang  (cf.  ango)  + 
is],  M.  and  F.,  a  serpent. 

angulus,  -T  [tango-  (cf.  angi- 
portus) +  lus],  jM.,  a  cor7ier,  an 
angle. 

angustiae,  -arum  [angusto-  -f 
ia],  F.  plur.,  7ia7'rows,  stratts : 
Ponti  (i.e.  the  Dardanelles).  — 
Fig.,  straits  (cf.  "  in  a  tight  place  "), 
7iarrow  bounds. 

angustus,  -a,  -um  [angor  (for 
angos)  +  tus],  adj.,  narrozv,  con- 
fi)ied :  angustiora  castra  {less  ex- 
tensive) ;  montes  {eo7tJitti7ig,  by 
7vhieh  07ie  is  he77i7)ied  /«).  —  Fig., 
animus  {iiarrozv,  S77iall). 

anhelo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [amb(?)- 
halo],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  pant,  breathe 
heavily,  breathe  (with  force). 

anima,  -ae  [ani-  (treated  as  root, 
fr.  an,  blow)  +  ma  (fern,  of  -mus) ; 
cf.  animus],  f.,  breath.  —  Hence, 
soul,  life :  liberorum  anima  {the 
lives);  as  term  of  endearment, 
darli7tg.  —  Plur.,  the  soul  (of  man, 
abstractly). 


animadversio,  -onis  [animo-  (?) 
adversio ;  cf.  animadverto] ,  F.,  a 
7totici7ig,  attentio7t  (to  a  thing). — 
Hence,  pU7tish7nent. 

animadverto,  -vertere,  -vertT, 
-versus  (also  animum  adverto  un- 
contracted)  [animum  adverto],  3. 
V.  a.,  tur7i  the  nmid  to,  atte7td  to: 
in  aliquem  {puiiish,  cf.  the  domes- 
tic "  attend  to  " ).  — -  Less  exactly, 
observe,  7iotice,  I  ear  71. 

animosus,  -a,  -um  [animo-  -f 
osus],  adj.,  spirited,  courageous. 

animus,  -1  [ani-  (stem  as  root, 
fr.  an,  blow)  -f  mus  ;  cf.  dve/xos, 
wi/id],  M.,  breath,  life,  soul  (vital). 
—  Usually  (the  above  meanings 
being  appropriated  to  anima,  which 
see),  soul  (as  thinking,  feeling), 
heart,  77ii7id,  feeli7igs,  feeli7ig,  intel- 
lect (but  cf.  mens),  spirit,  passio7i, 
desire:  concitatio  animorum  {feel- 
ings) ;  animi  ad  causam  excitati ; 
animum  vincere  {passio7is) ;  ani- 
morum motus,  the  activity  of  the 
i/itellect ;  magnus  animus,  a  great 
soul,  a  man  of  great  soul  ;  animo 
meliore,  better  disposed ;  quo  ani- 
mum intendit,  at  what  is  he  aimi7ig? 
animis  providere,  a7iticipate,  provide 
in  thought  ;  cerno  animo  (/'«  7ny 
mi7td''s  eye)  ;  bono  animo,  with  good 
i7ite7tt ;  virtutes  animi,  moral  vir- 
tues. —  Also  (in  a  good  sense,  often 
in  plur.),  spirit,  co7ista7icy,  courage, 
resolutio7i :  opes  animique,  re- 
sources  and  spirit.  —  Also  :  animus 
magnus,  courage,  7nag7ianimity, 
lofty  spirit :  animi  magnitudo,  lofty 
spirit. — Esp.  (as  directly  opposed  to 
mens,  which  see),  the  t/ioral po7vers. 


annalis 


22 


Antiochia 


will,  desires,  affections,  etc.,  the 
heart,  the  feelings,  the  disposition  : 
animus  et  mens,  heart  and  mind ; 
ex  animi  mei  sensu  {the  feelings  of 
my  heart).  —  Also,  fig.,  of  a  person 
beloved,  dear  one,  darling :  duabus 
animis  suis.  For  animus  aequus, 
see  aequus  ;  for  animum  advertere, 
see  animadverto. 

annalis,  -e  [anno-  +  alis],  adj., 
yearly.  —  As  subst.  (sc.  libri),  an- 
nals (books  of  history  arranged  in 
years),  history. 

Annius,  -T  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp.  :  i.  T.  An- 
nius Milo,  a  supporter  of  Cicero, 
defended  by  him  in  the  oration 
pro  Alilone ;  2.  Q.  Annius  Chilo, 
a  fellow-conspirator  with  Cati- 
line, 

anniversarius,  -a,  -urn  [anni- 
verso-  +  arius],  2id]., yearly,  rettirn- 
ing  every  year. 

annona,  -ae  [stem  akin  to  annus 
-f  na ;  cf.  colonus,  Pomona],  f., 
grain  crop  (of  the  year).  —  Hence, 
grain  market,  price  of  grain  :  vili- 
tas  annonae,  cheapness  of  grain  ; 
annonam  levare,  relieve  the  7narket, 
loiver  the  price  of  grain. 

annus,  -T  [?],  m.,  a  year  (as  a 
point  of  time,  or  as  the  course  of 
the  year,  or  as  a  period). 

ansa,  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  handle.  — 
Also,  fig.,  sermones  ansas  dabant 
{handles,  to  get   hold   of). 

ante  [old  antid,  abl.  of  tanti- 
(cf.  post  and  postis)],  adv.,  before 
(of  place  and  time),  /;/  front,  in 
advance,  beforehand,  first  (before 
something  else) :  ante  quam,  earlier 


than,  before,  zintil,  etc. ;  paulo  ante, 
a  little  while  ago ;  multis  ante 
annis,  many  years  ago  ;  iam  ante, 
already  before,  already.  —  Prep, 
with  ace,  before  (of  place  or  time), 
///  advance  of,  iji  frofit  of.  —  In 
dates:  ante  diem  (a.  d.)  {on  such 
a  day  before)  ;  ante  diem  xii  Kal. 
Nov.,  Oct.  2ist.  —  In  comp.,  before 
(of  place,  time,  and  succession). 

antea  [ante  ea  (prob.  abl.  or 
instr.  ;  cf.  ea,  qua)],  adv.  (of  time), 
before,  previously,  once,  formerly, 
hitherto,  ofice. 

antecello,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  p.p. 
[ante-cello],  3.  v.  n.,  surpass,  excel. 

antefero,  -ferre,  -tulT,  -latus 
[ante-fero],  irr,  v,  a.,  place  in  ad- 
vance, prefer.  —  Pass.,  b>e  preferred, 
be  t lie  first,  have  the  superiority. 

antelticanus,   -a,   -um   [ante-luc   /' 
+  anus],    adj.,    before   the   light:  ' 
cenae  [late,  prolonged   till   dawn). 

antepono,  -ponere,  -posuT,  -posi- 
tus  [ante-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  place  -in 
advajice  (cf,  antefero),  think  of 
viore  importance,  prefer,  place  be- 
fore, value  more  highly. 

antequam,  see  ante. 

antestor,  -arl,  -at us  [amb  (.^) 
-testor],  I.  V.  dtp.,  call  to  witness, 
appeal  to. 

anteverto,  -vertere,  -vertl,  -versus 
[ante-verto] ,  3.  v.  a.,  turn  in  front 
(cf,  antepono),  prefer.  —  Also,  aji- 
ticipate,  get  in  advance  of. 

Antiochia  (-ea),-ae  ['Airioxeta], 
F.,  the  name  of  several  ancient 
cities  of  the  East.  —  Esp.,  Antioch, 
a  city  of  Syria  founded  by  the  son 
of- Antiochus, 


Antiochus 


23 


Appius 


Antiochus,  -I  ['AutIoxos],  m., 
the  name  of  several  Eastern  poten- 
tates. —  Esp.,  Anfioc/ius  the  Gi-eat, 
king  of  Syria,  who  had  a  long  con- 
test with  the  Romans  and  their 
allies  for  supremacy  in  the  East, 
but  was  conquered  in  B.C.  190  by 
the  Scipios. 

antiquitas,  -atis  [antique-  +  tas], 
F.,  antiquity,  ancient  times. 

antiquus,  -a,  -um  [tanti-  (cf. 
ante)  +  cus  (cf.  posticus)],  adj., 
old  (existing  from  early  times,  not 
so  much  in  reference  to  present 
age  as  to  former  origin  ;  cf.  vetus), 
ancient.  —  Less  exactly,  foi'}?ier : 
status  (of  a  state  that  had  existed 
only  three  years  before,  but  was  of 
great  antiquity  previous  to  that)  ; 
ilia  antiqua,  those  ancient  examples  ; 
antiqui,  the  ancients.  —  Hence,  of 
the  old  stamp,  old  fashioned :  homi- 
nes (of  men  still  living). 

Antium,  -I  \^'kvrLov\,  n.,  an 
ancient  town  of  Latium,  not  far 
from  the  coast,  now  Porto  d'' Anzio. 

Antonius,  -I  \)\  im.,  a  Roman 
family  name. —  Esp.:  i.  Marcus 
(Mark  Antony),  the  famous  trium- 
vir ;  also,  2.  his  brother,  Lucius, 
consul  B.C.  41. 

anulus  (ann-),  T  [ano-  +  lus], 
M.,  a  ring. 

Ap.,  al)breviation  for  Appius. 

Apelles,  -is  ['ATreXX^s],  M.,  a 
famous  Greek  painter  in  the  time 
of  Alexander  the  Great. 

Apenninus,  -I  [Celtic],  m.,  the 
Apennines,  the  great  range  of 
mountains  which  forms  the  back- 
bone of   Italv. 


aperi5,  -perire,  -peruT,  -pertus 
[ab-pario  {get  off) ;  cf.  operio,  cover'], 
4.  v.  a.,  uncover,  open.  —  Fig.,  dis- 
close, open,  lay  bare,  lay  open.  — 
apertus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  open, 
exposed,  uncovered,  nnobstrticted, 
jinprotected,  without  concealment. 

aperte  [old  abl.  of  apertus], 
adv.,  openly,  unreservedly,  rvithcut 
concealment,  plainly,  clearly. 

Apinius,  -1  [?],  m.,  a  Romcri 
gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  P.  Apinius, 
a  young  man  robbed  by  Claudius. 

Apollo, -inis  [?],  M.,  the  son  of  Ju- 
piter and  Latona  and  twin  brother 
of  Diana,  god  of  the  sun,  of  divi- 
nation, of  poetry  and  music,  and 
president  of  the  Muses.  He  was 
also  god  of  archery,  of  pestilence, 
and,  on  the  other  hand,  of  heal- 
ing. He  is  identified  by  Casarwith 
some  Celtic  divinity. 

apparatus,  see  adparatus. 

appareo,  see  adpareo. 

apparo,  see  adparo. 

appello,  see  adpello. 

appendo,  see  adpendo. 

appeto,  see  adpeto. 

Appius,  -a  -um  [Appius  deck  as 
adj.],  adj.,  Appian,  of  Appius. — 
Esp.,  referring  to  Appius  Claudius 
Civcus :  via  (the  road  from  Ron  e 
to  Capua  made  by  him);  App'a 
(without  via),  in  same  sense.  — 
Appi  Forum,  a  small  market-town 
in  Latium  on  the  Via  Appia,  now 
Poro  Appio. 

Appius,  -I  [.^  prop,  adj.],  M., 
a  Roman  first  name.  —  Esp.:  i. 
Appius  Claudijis,  consul  T5.C.  54 ; 
2.    Appius    Claudius,    nephew    of 


applied 


Archilochius 


P.  Clodius,  and  one  of  Milo's 
accusers  ;  3.  a  brother  of  Clodius. 

applico,  see  adplico. 

appono,  see  adpono. 

apport5,  see  adporto. 

approbo,  see  adprobo. 

appromitto,  see  adpromitto. 

appropero,  see  adpropero. 

appropinquo,  see  adpropinquo. 

aptus,  -a,  -um  [ap  (in  apiscor) 
+  tus],  adj.,  {fitted  to),  suited, 
adapted,   fit,    apt. 

apud  [akin  to  ab  and  airo],  prep, 
with  ace,  at,  among,  with,  before,  on 
one^s  part,  in  relation  to  (a  person), 
in  one^s  house  {covipany,  possession), 
ajHOjig:  apud  Tenedum ;  adversa- 
rios  (i.e.  in  their  ranks);  inlustre 
apud  omnis  nomen  (i.vith,  among); 
apud  vos  in  honore  {-with,  a7nong); 
populum  Romanum  et  exteras  nati- 
ones ;  apud  Laecam  {at  the  house  of). 

Apuleius,  -i  [Apulo-  +  eius?], 
M.,  a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp., 
P.  Apuleius,  a  tribune  of  the  people 
who  supported  the  cause  of  the 
senate  against  x^ntony. 

Apulia,  -ae  [Apulo-  +  la  (fern,  of 
-ius)],  F.,  that  part  of  Italy  east  of 
Campania  and  Samnium  and  north 
of  Lucania,  famous  chiefly  for  its 
pastures. 

aqua,  -ae  [.^],  f.,  water,  a  water- 
course :  aqua  atque  igni  interdicere 
(a  form  of  banishment  among  the 
Romans). 

aquila,  -ae  [fern,  of  aquilus,  darh 
gray,  perh.  remotely  akin  to  aqua], 
F.,  an  eagle.  —  Esp.,  the  standard  of 
the  Roman  legion,  consisting  of  an 
eagle  on  a  staff. 


ara,  -ae  [?],  F.,  an  altar. 

arator,  -oris  [ara-  -f  tor],  m.,  a 
ploughmati.  —  Also,  a  latidholder 
(a  person  who  cultivated  the  pub- 
lic lands,  paying  tithes  for  the 
privilege). 

arbiter,  -tri  [ad-tbiter  (bi,  in 
bito,  -f  trus  ;  cf.  -trum)],  m.,  a  wit- 
ness. —  Less  exactly,  a  referee,  an 
arbitrator. 

arbitratus,  -us  [arbitra-  +  tus], 
M.,  a  decision:  arbitratu  eius,  at 
his  bidding.  —  Also,  will,  pleasure, 
choice :  arbitratu  meo. 

arbitrium,  -T  [arbitro-  +  ium ; 
cf.  iudicium],  N.,  judginent,  will, 
bidding,  pleastire  (what  one  sees  fit 
to  do  or  have  done) :  ad  arbitrium. 

arbitror,  -arl,  -atus  [arbitro-], 
I.  V.  dep.,  fudge,  think,  suppose 
(judge). 

arbor,  -oris  [?],  f.,  a  tree. 

area,  -ae  [arc-  (in  arceo)  +  a], 
F.,  a  chest,  a  box,  a  cell. 

arceo,  arce re, arcuT,arctus  [tarco- 
(stem  akin  to  area)],  2.  v.  a.,  con- 
fine. —  Hence,  by  a  change  of  the 
point  of  view,  keep  off, prevent,  drive 
azoay :  a  templis  homines  {defend 
from). 

arcesso,  -ere,  -TvT,  -Ttus  [akin 
to  accedo,  but  the  exact  relation 
uncertain],  3.  v.  a.,  siimmon,  invite, 
sold  for  (persons),  call  in. 

Archias,  -ae  ['Apxt'as],  m.,  a  poet 
of  Greek  extraction,  whose  claim 
to  citizenship  Cicero  defended  in  a 
famous  oration. 

Archilochius,  -a,  -um  [Archilocho- 
-f  ius],  adj.,  of  Archilochus,  Archi- 
lochian.  —  Fig.,  severe,  acrimonious. 


Archimedes 


25 


Armenius 


Archimedes,  -is  ['Apx'M^S'?^]) 
M.,  the  famous  mathematician  of 
Syracuse,  by  whose  assistance  that 
city  was  long  defended  against  the 
Romans. 

architectus,  -I  [prob.  corruption 
of  dpx'-'reKTLbi'],  M.,  an  architect,  a 
builder. 

arcus,  -us  [?],  M.,  a  Innv. 

ardeo,  ardere,  arsi,  arsus  [prob. 
arido-j  cf.  ardifer],  2.  v.  n.,  he  hot, 
be  in  a  blaze,  be  on  fire.  —  Fig.,  be 
excited,  he  in  a  blaze,  hum,  flash 
fire  (of  the  eyes).  —  ardens,  -entis, 
p.  as  adj.,  red  hot,  blazing,  flash- 
ing. 

ardor,  -oris  [ard  (in  ardeo)  -f  or], 
M.,  «  blaze,  heat,  flre :  caeli  {a  blaz- 
ing sky).  —  Yig., fire, fijiry  :  animo- 
rumet  armorum  {fire  of  passion  ajid 
fury  of  arms);  animi  {excitement). 

Arethiisa,  -ae  [^kpedovaa],  f.,  a 
celebrated  fountain  near  Syracuse. 

argentarius,  -a,  -um  [argento- 
+  arius],  adj.  Fem.  as  subst.  (sc. 
res),  money  business,  banking  busi- 
ness.—  Masc.  as  subst.,  a  banker,  a 
m  oney -changer. 

argenteus,  -a,  -um  [argento-  + 
eus],  adj.,  of  silver,  silver  (as  adj.). 

argentum,  -1  [akin  to  arguo],  n., 
{the  shining  metal),  silver  (the 
metal).  —  Also,  of  things  made  of 
the  metal,  silverware,  silver. 

argumentor,  -arl,  -atus  [argu- 
mento-],   i.  v.  dep.,  argue,  reason. 

argumentum,  -I  [argu-  (as  if 
stem  of  arguo)  +  mentum],  n.,  an 
argument,  a  proof  (drawn  from  rea- 
soning, as  opposed  to  witnesses), 
an  iftferettce,  a  subject  (in  art). 


arguo,  arguere,  arguT,  argutus 
[prob.  targu-  (stem  akin  to  Argus 
and  argentum)  -f  io  (.'')],  3.  v.  a., 
make  clear,  prove.  —  Esp.,  accuse 
(prove  guilty),  charge. 

Aricia,  -ae  [.-*],  f.,  a  town  of 
Latium  on  the  Appian  Way,  at  the 
foot  of  the  x^lban  Mount,  now  Ric- 
cia.  Near  l)y  was  a  famous  temple 
of  Diana. 

aridus,  -a,  -um  [taro-  (cf.  areo) 
+  dus],  adj.,  dry.  —  Less  exactly, 
meagre :  victus. 

Ariobarzanes,  -is  [Persian],  m., 
a  name  of  several  Persian  mon- 
archs. — ^  Esp.,  a  king  of  Cappa- 
docia,  established  on  his  throne  by 
the  Romans,  several  times  driven 
out  by  Mithridates  and  Tigranes, 
and  finally  restored  by  Pompey, 
B.C.  65. 

Aristaeus,  -T  [  'Apto-raTos],  m.,  an 
old  divinity  of  Greece,  patron  of 
pasturage,  bee-keeping,  and  oil-cul- 
ture; cf.  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  315  et  seq. 

arma,  -5rum  [ar,  fit  (cf.  armus, 
the  shoulder-joint)  -f  mus],  N.  plur., 
tools,  esp.  arfus,  equipmetit.  — 
Fig.,  arms  (as  symbol  of  war), 
war,  conflict,  forces  :  isdem  in  armis 
fui  {oti  the  safue  side,  in  a  civil  war); 
tua  quid  arma  voluerunt  {your 
ar?)i ed  ca7?ipaig)i ) . 

armattira,  -ae  [arma-  (stem  of 
armo)  +  tura],  v.,armor,equipment. 

armatus,  -a,  -um,  see  armo. 

Armenius,  -a,  -um  [jXpixevLa 
treated  as  adj.],  di.d].,  of  Armenia 
(the  whole  country  south  of  Pon- 
tus  and  Colchis,  west  of  the  river 
Araxes  and  the  Caspian  mountains. 


26 


Atilius 


east  of  Cappadocia,  north  of  the 
Niphates  mountains).  —  Also, 
used  of  Lesser  Armenia,  the  part 
west  of  the  Euphrates.  —  Masc. 
plur.  as  subst.,  the  Armenians^ 
inhabitants  of  the  countiy. 

armo,  -are,  -avT,  -at us  [anno-, 
stem  of  arma],  i.  v.  a.,  eqicip,  fur- 
nish with  weapons,  arm. —  Pass., 
in  middle  sense,  arm  (one's  self). 
^armatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
armed,  in  arms,  equipped ;  masc. 
plur.  as  subst.,  armed  ?nen. 

arripio,  see  adripio. 

Arrius,  -i  [.-'],  m.,  a  Roman  gen- 
tile name.  —  Esp.,  Q.  Arriiis,  a 
friend  of  Cicero. 

arroganter,  see  adroganter. 

arrogo,  see  adrogo. 

ars,  artis  [ar  -f  tis  (reduced)], 
F.,  skill,  art.  —  Also,  a  quality 
(especially  a  good  one).  —  Plur., 
the  arts,  the  useful  arts,  branches 
of  learnijig,  branches  (of  learning, 
implied). 

artifex,  -icis  [arti-tfex  (fac  as 
stem)],  M.  and  F.,  an  artist. 

artificium,  -T  [artific-  (stem  of 
artifex)  +  ium],  n.,  workmanship, 
skill  (of  an  artist),  a  skilful  contriv- 
ance, an  artifice,  a  trick.  —  Also,  a 
trade  (opposed  to  ars,  a  higher 
art).  —  Concretely,  a  work  of  art : 
opera  atque  artificia. 

arx,  arcis  [arc  (in  arceo,  area) 
-f  is  (reduced)],  f.,  a  stronghold, 
a  fortress,  a  citadel. 

ascendo,  see  adscendo. 

ascensus,  see  adscensus. 

ascisco,  see  adscisco. 

ascribo,  see  adscribo. 


Asia,  -ae  ['Ao-t'a],  f.,  the  country 
now  called  Asia  Minor.  —  Esp., 
the  Roman  province  of  Asia,  em- 
bracing Phrygia,  Caria,  Mysia,  and 
Lydia. 

Asiaticus,  -a,  -um  [Asia-  +  ti- 
cus],  adj.,  of  Asia,  Asiatic:  pecu- 
niae {in  Asia,  i.e.  invested  there). 

aspectus,  see  adspectus. 

aspere  [old  abl.  of  asper],  adv., 
roughly. 

aspernor,  -arl,  -atus  [tasperno-, 
stem  akin  to  ab-spemo],  i.  v.  dep., 
spur/i. 

aspicio,  see  adspicio. 

asporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [abs- 
porto],  I .  V.  a.,  carry  off",  carry  away. 

assidue,  see  adsidue. 

assiduitas,  see  adsiduitas. 

assiduus,  see  adsiduus. 

assuefacio,  see  adsuefacio. 

astrum,  -T  [aarpovl,  X.,  a  star,  a 
constellation.  —  Less  exactly  (in 
plur.),  heaven,  the  skies,  on  high  : 
deciderat  ex  astris. 

astutus,  -a,  -um  [astu-  +  tus ; 
cf.  barbatus],  adj.,  cunning,  crafty, 
astute. 

at  [prob.  form  of  ad],  conj.,  but, 
at  least.  —  See  also  enim  and  vero. 

Athenae,  -arum  ['A^-^j^at],  f. 
plur..   Athens. 

Atheniensis,  -e  [Athena-  -f  en- 
sis],  adj.,  of  Athens,  Athenian.— 
Plur.,  the  Athenians. 

athleta,  -ae  {aQX-qr -}]%],  m.,  a 
wrestler,  an  athlete. 

Atilius,  -1  [.'],  M.,  a  Roman  gen- 
tile name.  —  Esp.:  i.  M.  Atilius, 
a  Roman  who,  as  iudex,  was 
found  guilty  of  receiving  bribes; 


atque 


27 


auctionarius 


2.  Atilins  CiaviiDiiis,  a  tribune  of 
the  people  at  the  time  of  Cicero's 
recall. 

atque  (ac)  [ad-que],  conj.,  and 
(generally  introducing  some  more 
important  idea),  and  even,  andespc- 
liiilly,  and  further,  and  ?noreover, 
and  Jioiv.  —  Also,  as,  than  :  par 
atque,  the  same  as ;  simul  atque, 
as  soon  as  ;  similis  atque,/« j-^  like  ; 
aliter  ac,  otherwise  than,  di/feretit 
from  what,  etc. ;  contra  atque,  dif- 
ferent from,  etc. ;  atque  adeo,  and 
even,  and  in  fact,  or  rather ;  pro 
eo  ac,  according  as;  perinde  ac, 
just  as. 

atqui  [at-qui  (old  abl.  or  instr.)], 
conj.,  {di/t  somehow  F),  but  yet,  but, 
still,  now. 

atrium,  -T  [?,  atro-  +  ium],  n., 
the  atrium  [the  hall  of  a  Roman 
house).  —  Also,  a  hall  (of  a  temple, 
prob.  made  in  the  fashion  of  a 
house). 

atrocitas,  -atis  [atroci-  (as  if 
stem  of  atrox)  +  tas],  f.,  cruelty  : 
animi  [savage  disposition).  —  Also, 
of  things,  atrocity,  enormity. 

atrociter  [atroci-  +  ter],  adv.; 
savagely,  cruelly:  aliquid  atrociter 
fieri  {some  atrocious  crueltyi);  nimis 
atrociter  minitans  {too  violently)  ; 
atrociter  ferre  {pass  a  cruel  larv). 

atrox,  -ocis  [stem  akin  to  ater  -|- 
cus ;  cf.  colonus,  aegrotus,  and  ve- 
rax],  adj.,  savage,  cruel.  —  Also, 
of  things,  atrocious,  cruel,  inhu- 
man, monstrous. 

attendo  (adt-),  -tendere,  -tend!, 
-tentus  [ad-tendo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
{stretch  towards).  —  Esd.,  with  ani- 


mum,  tur}i  the  attention  to,  attend 
to,  attend.  —  Also,  without  animum, 
attend,  notice  :  ecquid  attendis,  (//  c- 
you  paying  any  attention  ?  me  tarn 
diligenter  {listen  to) ;  parum  atten- 
ditis,  you  are  too  careless.  —  atten- 
tus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  attentive. 

attenuo  (adt-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[ad-tenuo],  i.  v.  a.,  thin  out. —  Fig., 
lessen,  diminish,  reduce. 

attineo  (adt-),  -tinere,  -tinuT, 
-tentus  [ad-teneo],  z.  v.  a.  and  n., 
hold  out  towards.  —  Esp.,  reach, 
touch,  have  to  do  with,  make  a  dif- 
ference, be  of  importance :  nihil 
attinet,  it  is  useless,  unnecessary. 

attingo  [adt-],  -tingere,  -tigi, 
-tactus  [ad-tango],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
touch,  reach,  affect,  set  foot  on,  have 
to  do  with,  come  in  contact  with  : 
auctoritatem  {aspire  to) ;  Cimbricas 
res  {touch  upon  in  literary  compo- 
sition). 

Attius,  -T  [Atto-  -f  ius],  m.,'  a 
Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  P. 
Attius  Vartis,  praetor  in  Africa 
in  the  war  between  Caesar  and 
Pompey. 

attraho  (adt-),  -trahere,  -traxT, 
-tractus  [ad-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  dratv 
to,  attract.  —  Fig.,  draw,  allure  : 
te  Romam. 

attribuo  (adt-),  -tribuere,  -tribuT, 
-tributus  [ad-tribuo],  3.  v.  a.,  assign, 
appropriate. 

attuli,  see  adfero. 

auctio,  -onis  [aug  (as  root)  -f 
tio],  F.,  an  ijtcrease.  —  Hence,  {a 
raising  of  bids),  ati  auction. 

auctionarius,  -a,  -um  [auction- 
+  arius],   adj  ,    of  an  auction,   by 


auctor 


28 


Aurelius 


auction :  tabulae  novae  {liquidation 
by  forced  sale). 

auctor,  -oris  [aug  (in  augeo)  + 
tor],  M.,  a  voucher  (for  any  act  or 
statement),  an  authority,  an  ad- 
viser :  sceleris  {leader') ;  auctor 
esse,  approve,  advise;  auctore 
populo  {jvith  the  approval  of,  sup- 
ported />y)  ;   pads  (counsellors). 

auctoritas,  -atis  [auctor-  (as  if 
i-stem)  +  tas],  f.,  infljiejice,  pres- 
tige, authority  (not  political  nor 
military,  cf.  imperium  and  potestas, 
but  proceeding  from  official  char- 
acter). —  Concretely,  an  expres- 
sion of  opinion  (as  an  authority): 
cum  publicis  auctoritatibus,  jvith 
official  expressions  of  opinion,  on 
the  authority  of  the  state  or 
city;  summa  cum  auctoritate,  with 
the  greatest  effect :  circumstant  te 
summae  auctoritates  {the  strong- 
est influences) ;  auctoritates  con- 
trarias  {weighty  opinions,  etc.)  ; 
auctoritas  et  gratia,  prestige  from 
official  character,  and  infltioice 
from  private  friendship  and  the 
like.  —  In  technical  phrase,  sena- 
tus  {the  expressed  opinion,  having 
no  legal  binding  force,  but  car- 
rying weight  from  its  official  char- 
acter). 

aucupor,  -ari,  -atus  [aucup-],  i. 
V.  dep.,  hunt  birds.  —  Fig.,  search 
out,  hunt  for,  watch  for. 

audacia,  -ae  [audac-  -f  ia],  f., 
daring,  boldness,  effrontery,  reck- 
lessness, reckless  daring,  deeds  of 
daring,  desperate  undertaking. 

audax,  -acis  [auda-  (as  if  stem 
of   audeo)  -\-  cus    (reduced)],   adj.. 


daring  (in  a  bad  sense),  reckless, 
bold,  desperate. 

audeo,  audere,  ausus  sum  [prob. 
avido-,  stem  of  avidus],  2.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  dare,  venture,  risk,  dare 
to  try  (or  do).  —  ausus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  in  pres.  sense,  daring. 

audio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -Ttus  [prob.  akin 
to  aurisj,  4.  v.  a.,  hear,  hear  of, 
listen  to :  audita  dico  {what  I  have 
heard)',  multis  audientibus  {in  the 
hearing  of,  etc.). 

aufer5,  auferre,  abstull,  ablatus 
[ab-fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  carry  off,  carry 
azvay,  renioz'e,  take  aivay. 

augeo,  augere,  auxl,  auctus 
[AUG  (causative  or  fr.  unc.  noun- 
stem)],  2.  V.  a.,  increase,  viagfiify, 
enhance,  add  to  (something).  — 
Pass.,  be  increased,  increase. 

augur,  -uris  [?,  avi-  +  unc.  term.], 
M.,  an  augur  (one  of  the  official 
soothsayers  of  the  Roman  state. 
They  formed  a  college  which  de- 
cided all  matters  connected  with  the 
pul^lic  auspices,  and  these  auspices 
were  very  closely  connected  with 
the  Roman  polity ;  in  fact,  no  im- 
portant matter  was  ever  begun 
without  first  consulting  them). 

augustus,  -a,  -um  [.?,  perh.  taugor- 
(aug  -f  or)  4-  tus,  but  the  meaning 
is  somewhat  inconsistent  with  this 
etym.],  adj.,  cojisecrated  (either  by 
augury  or  perhaps  with  the  same 
sense  that  lies  in  auctor,  auctoritas), 
venerable,  august. 

Aulus,  -T  [?],  M.,  a  Roman  prae- 
nomen. 

Aurelius,  -T  [for  Auselius,  akin 
to   aurum,   Aurora,    and    uro],    m., 


Aurelius 


29 


a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp., 
Lucius  and  Cams,  friends  of  Cicero. 

Aurelius,  -a,  -um  [same  word  as 
preceding,  declined  as  adj.],  adj.,  of 
Aurelius,  Aurclian :  Forum  Aure- 
lium,  a  market  town  on  the  Aurc- 
lian Waym.  Etruria,  about  50  miles 
from  Rome ;  via  (the  old  Aurclian 
Way,  the  great  military  road  lead- 
ing from  Rome  along  the  coast  of 
Etruria);  tribunal  (a  raised  judg- 
ment-seat near  the  east  end  of  the 
Forum). 

aureus,  -a,  -um  [auro-  -f  eus], 
adj.,  of  gold,  golden,  gold:  nomen 
{gilded,  the  name  Chrysogonus, 
gold-born'). 

auris,  -is  [akin  to  Eng.  ear,  stem 
tauri-;  cf.  audio],  f.,  an  ear:  adhi- 
bere,  dare  {listening ears,  attention). 

aurum,  -i  [akin  to  uro],  n.,  gold. 

auspicium,  -1  [auspic-  +  ium 
(neut.  of  -ius)],  N.,  an  augury  (an 
observation  of  the  omens),  auspices 
(in  the  plural). 

aut  [?,  but  cf.  autem],  conj.,  or 
(regularly  exclusive  ;  cf.  vel).  —  Re- 
peated, either  .  .  .  or. 

autem  [?,  akin  to  aut],  conj., 
lut  (the  weakest  degree  of  opposi- 
tion ;  cf.  sed),  on  the  other  hand, 
however,  then  again,  now  (explana- 
tory), again,  whereas  (in  slight  op- 
position to  something  preceding), 
and  evoi  (where  not  only  has  been 
implied  before). 

auxilium,  -T  [tauxili-  (akin  to 
augeo  ;  cf.  fusilis)  -f  ium],  n.,  assist- 
ance, aid,  remedy,  relief,  help:  ferre 
{to  assist,  to  aid,  to  render  assist- 
ance) ;  adventicia  auxilia  {reinforce- 


fttents,  etc.);  omnium  auxilia,  the 
aid  of  all ;  summum  omnium  gen- 
tium {source  of  help) ;  auxilia  soci- 
orum,  auxiliaries,  reinforcements, 
as  opposed  to  the  regular  troops 
of  the  Romans. 

avaritia,  -ae  [avaro-  +  tia],  f., 
greed,  avarice,  love  of  mojicy,  greed 
of  gain. 

avarus,  -a,  -um  [tava-  (stem 
akin  to  aveo)  +  rus  ;  cf.  gnarus], 
3.(\].,  greedy  of  gain,  miserly,  avari- 
cious: homo  avarissimus,  a  man 
of  the  greatest  greed,  of  the  greatest 
az'arice. 

aveo,  -ere,  no  peif.,  no  p.p. 
[prob.  tavo-  (av  +  us)],  2.  v.  a., 
desire,  be  eager. 

aversus,  -a,  -um,  see  averto. 

averto,  -vertere,  -verti,  -versus 
[ab-verto],  3.  v.  a.,  turn  aside, 
divert,  turn  away,  avert:  mentem 
alicuius  {deter).  —  aversus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p..  as  adj.,  averse  to,  ifidisposed  to. 

avide  [old  abl.  of  avidus],  adv., 
greedily,  eagerly,  with  eagerness, 
7vith  avidity. 

avidus,  -a;  -um  [tavo-  (cf.  aveo 
and  avarus)  -f  dus],  adj.,  eager, 
desirous. 

avitus,  -a,  -um  [avo-  (as  if  avi-) 
-f  tus],  adj.,  of  one^s  grandfather, 
of  one's  aiicestors,  ancestral. 

avoco,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ab-voco], 
I.  V.  a.,  call  a7vay,  call  off. 

avunculus,  -I  [avo-  (as  if  avon-, 
or  perh.  through  it  as  intermediate 
stem)  +  cuius],  m.,  an  uncle  (on 
the  mother's  side ;  cf.  patruus). 

avus,  -T  [perh.  akin  to  aveo],  m., 
a  grandfather. 


bacchor 


30 


benignitas 


B 


bacchor,  -an,  -atus  [Baccha-],  i. 

V.  dep.,  join  in  a  bacchanal  07'gy. — 
Less  exactly,  rave,  mn  riot,  revel. 

Baliaricus  (Bale-),  -a,  -um  [Bale- 
ari-  +  cus],  adj.,  of  the  Balearic 
isles. — Y.<.^., Baliaricus,  as  a  Roman 
surname  applied  to  Ca^cilius  Metel- 
lus,  who  conquered  these  islands  ; 
cf.  Africanus. 

balneum,  -I  (plur.,  -ae  or  -a) 
[corruption  of  BaXai/etoj^],  N.  and 
F.,  a  hath.  —  Plur.,  public  baths. 

barbaria,  -ae  [barbaro-  +  ia],  f., 
savagenes's.  —  Also,  a  barbarous 
nation  ;  cf.  heathendom. 

barbanis,  -a,  -um  [prob.  from 
the  inarticulate  sound  of  foreign 
speech],  adj.,  strange,  foreign,  out- 
landish.— Also,  savage,  uncivilized, 
rude,  barbarous,  cruel.  —  Plur.  as 
subst.,  barbarians,  barbarous  people. 

barbatus,  -a,  -um  [barba-  -f  tus, 
as  if  p.p.  of  denom.  verb  tbarbo  ; 
zi.  bearded\  adj.,  bearded.  —  Esp. 
oftheoldRomans,^,?araV<r/a«r/>;//j-, 
unshaveJi  old  7voi-thies. 

basis,  -is  (-eos)  [/Sdcrts],  f.,  a 
pedestal. 

beatus,  -a,  -um  [p.p.  of  beo], 
adj.,  blessed,  happy,  fortunate.  — 
I'^sp.  (in  wealth),  rich,  well-to-do. 

belle  [old  abl.  of  bellus],  adv., 
prettily,  neatly,  finely,  well,  well 
off. 

bellicosus,  -a,  -um  [bellico-  + 
osus],  adj.,  warlike. 

bellicus,  -a,  -um  [bello-  -f  cus], 
adj.,  of  war,  in  war. 

bello,   -are,   -avi,    -atus    [bello-], 


I.  V.  w.,  fight,  make  war:  bellandi 
virtus,  excellence  in  war. 

bellum,  -I  [old  duellum,  from 
duo  ;  (/  strife  betweeti  two],  N.,  7var 
(as  declared  and  regular  ;  cf.  latro- 
cinium),  a  7var :  bellum  inferre, 
j:iake  war  (offensive)  ;  parare  bel- 
lum, make  zvarlike  preparatiotts. 

belua,  -ae  [.'],  f.,  a  wild  beast.  — 
Fig.,  a  brute,  a  monster,  a  wild  beast. 

bene  [old  abl.  of  bonus],  adv., 
well :  bene  gerere  rem  {be  successful 
in,  etc. ;  see  gero) ;  ad  res  bene  geren- 
das,  for  success  in  great  exploits  ; 
bene  sanum,  thoroughly  soicnd ; 
bene  sperare,  have  good  hope. 

beneficium,  -1  [benefico-  (re- 
duced) -f  ium  (but  perh.  bene- 
ificium ;  cf.  officium)],  n.,  well- 
doitig,  a  service,  a  favor,  often 
rendered  by  Eng.  plur.,  services, 
favors  shown,  services  rendered: 
meo  beneficio,  thanks  to  me;  in 
beneficiis,  among  the  beneficiaries. 
—  Esp.,  of  the  favors  of  the  people 
as  shown  by  election  to  office  : 
vestrum  ius  beneficiumque,  your 
rights  and  favors  conferred ;  hoc 
beneficium  populi  Romani,  this  favor 
showji  me  by  the  Rotnan  people. 

beneficus,  -a,  -um  [bene-  +  ficus 
(fac  +  us)],  adj.,  beneficent. 

benevolentia,  -ae  [benevolent- 
+  ia],  v.,  good-will,  kindness. 

benevolus,  -a,  -um  [bene-tvolus 
(vol  +  us)],  adj.,  well-wishing, 
kindly. 

benignitas,  -atis  [benigno-  4- 
tas],   F.,  kindness,  favor. 


bestia 


31 


bustum 


bestia,  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  brute  (as- 
opposed  to  man  ;  cf.  belua,  a  jnoii- 
ster  ox  ferocious  beast),  a  beast. 

bibo,  bibere,  bibl,  bibitus  [?,  pa 
reduplicated],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  drink. 

Bibulus,  -1  [tbibo-  +  lus],  m.,  a 
Roman  family  name.  —  Esp.,  Mar- 
cus Calpurnius  Bibuhis,  consul 
with  Cassar  u.c.  59. 
1  biduum,  -T  [tdvi-duum  (akin  to 
dies)],  N.,t7vo  days^  time,  tzvo  days. 

bini,  -ae,  -a  [tdvi  +  nus],  adj. 
plur.,  two  each,  two  sets  of,  two  (of 
things  in  pairs  or  sets). 

bipartito  [abl.  of  bipartitus], 
adv.,  in  tzuo  diTisions. 

bis  [for  dvis,  unc.  case-form  of 
duo;  cf.  cis,  uls],  adv.,  twice. 

Bithynia,  -ae  [^lOvvLo],  v.,  Bi- 
thynia,  part  of  Asia  Minor  on  the 
Propontis. 

blandus,  -a,  -um  [?],  adj.,  coax- 
ing, persuasive,  fascinating. 

bonitas,  -atis  [tbono-  +  tas], 
F.,  goodness,  kindness  :  praediorum 
{ferti/ity). 

bonus,  -a,  -um  [?],  adj.,  good : 
bona  ratio  cum  perdita,  sound  rea- 
son with  desperate  counsels ;  bono 
animo  esse,  to  be  well  disposed  ; 
optimum  est,  it  is  best;  optimum 
iudicium  facere,  express  so  high  an 
opinion  ;  Bona  Dea  (a  goddess  of 
Rome  worshipped  by  women  in 
secret);  Optimus  Maximus,  official 
title  of  Jupiter.  —  Neut.  as  subst., 
good,  advantage :  tantum  boni,  such 
an  advantage.  —  Plur.,  goods,  prop- 
erty, estate.  —  Masc.  plur.,  good 
men  (esp.  of  the  better  class  of 
citizens),  honest  men,  good  citizens. 


Bosporanus,  -a,  -um  [Bosporo- 
-f  anus],  adj.,  of  Bosporus. — Plur., 
the  people  of  Bosporus. 

brevis,  -e  [for  tbregus,  iiRA(;ii 
+  us],  adj.,  short  (of  space  or 
time),    brief. 

brevitas,  -atis  [tbrevi-  -f  tas], 
F.,  shortness. 

breviter  [tbrevi-  -f  ter],  adv., 
briejly. 

Brocchus,  -I  [?],  m.,  Roman 
name. —  Esp.,  Titus  Brocchus,  an 
uncle  of  Ligarius. 

BrundUsinus,  -a,  -um  [Brundu- 
sio-  -f  inus],  adj.,  of  Brundusiufn. 
—  Plur.,  the  people  of  Brundusiufu. 

Brundusium  (Brundis-),  -I  [.^], 
N.,  a  port  of  Apulia,  now  Brindisi. 

Brutus,  -I  [brutus,  heavy^  m., 
a  family  name  at  Rome.  —  Esp. : 

1.  Marcus  Junius  Brutus,  one  of 
Csesar's     assassins ;     see     below. 

2.  Decimus  Junius  Brutus  Albi- 
nus,  a  legatus  of  Ceesar.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  command  of 
C Cesar's  fleet  off  the  coast  of  Gaul, 
and  afterwards  in  the  civil  war  on 
the  side  of  Caesar.  But  he  joined 
the  conspiracy  against  Cassar  with 
Marcus  Brutus,  and  was  one  of 
Caesar's  assassins.  He  was  after- 
wards killed  in  Gaul  by  order  of 
Antony.  3.  Decim2is  Junius  Brti- 
tus,  consul  B.C.  138,  conqueror  of 
Lusitania. 

bucula,  -ae  [bovi-  -f  cula],  p.,  a 
heifer. 

bulla,  -ae  [?],  p.,  a  bubble.  — 
Also,  a  knob,  a  boss. 

bustum,  -i  [.^  perh.  neut.  p.p.  of 
buro  (cf.  comburo)],  n.,  a  totnb. 


32 


Caesonius 


C,  numeral  for  lOO. 

C.,  abbreviation  for  Gaius,  usu- 
ally called  in  Eng.  Cains. 

cadaver,  -eris  [?,  unc.  form.,  akin 
to  cado],  N.,  a  corpse,  a  body 
(dead). 

cado,  cadere,  cecidi,  casurus 
[cad],  3.  V.  n.,  fall,  be  killed.  — • 
Fig.,  happen,  turn  out,  come  to  be. 
—  Also,  fail,  cease,  come  to  tiojight. 

Caecilia,  -ae  [fem.  of  following 
word],  F.,  the  name  of  several 
women  of  the  gens  Cacilia  (see 
following  word). — Esp. :  i.  Circilia 
Metella,  a  daughter  of  Q.  Caecilius 
Metellus  Baliaricus,  and  wife  of 
Appius  Claudius  Pulcher. 

Caecilius,  -T  [?,  caeculo-  +  ius], 
M.,  a  Roman  gentile  name. — Esp. : 
I.  L.  Cc€ciliiis  Rtifiis,  prastor  B.C. 
57,  who  was  instrumental  in  pro- 
curing the  return  of  Cicero. 

Caecina,  -ae  [Etruscan],  m.,  a 
family  name.  —  Esp.,  A.  Lici/iius 
CcEcina,  an  intimate  friend  of 
Cicero. 

caecus,  -a,  -um  [?],  adj.,  blind 
(also  fig.).  —  Also,  dark.  —  Esp., 
Ca!C2is  as  a  Roman  name ;  see 
Claudius. 

caedes,  -is  [tcaed  (as  root  of 
caedo)  +  is],  ¥.,  murder,  massacre, 
slaughter,  assassination,  butchery, 
a  deadly  affray :  maximam  f  acere 
{co?nmit  wholesale  murder^. 

caedo,  caedere,  cecidi,  caesus 
[prob.  causative  of  cado ;  cf.  fall, 
fell\  3.  v.  a.,  strike,  strike  down, 
beat  (as  with  rods),  beat  (as  of  an 


army),  fell  (of  trees),  cut  down, 
slay. 

Caelius,  -i  [.'],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp. :  i .  yl/.  Ccrlius, 
a  tribune  of  the  people  B.C.  52,  and 
a  protege  of  Cicero,  who  exerted 
himself  in  behalf  of  ]\Iilo  ;  2.  Q. 
Ciclius  Latiniensis,  a  tribune  of 
the  people ;  3.  T.  Ccslius,  a  gentle- 
man of  Terracina,  mysteriously 
assassinated. 

caelum,  -i  [?],  x.,  the  sky,  the 
atmosphere,  the  air,  the  heavens, 
heaven  (as  the  abode  of  the  gods) : 
in  caelum  tollere,  extol  to  the  skies. 

caementum,  -1  [caed-  (as  root  of 
caedo)  -f  mentum],  N.,  loose  stones, 
rubble. 

caenum,  -1  [?],  n.,  tnud.  —  Ap- 
plied to  persons,  matt  of  filth. 

caerimonia,  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  cere- 
mony, a  rite. 

Caesar,  -aris  [.^],  m.,  a  family 
name  in  the  gens  Julia.  —  Esp. :  i, 
C.  Julius  CcEsar,  the  conqueror  of 
Gaul;  2.  L.  Juliics  Ccesar,  a  kins- 
man of  the  former,  acting  as  his 
legatus  in  Gaul ;  3.  C  Ccvsar,  a 
name  given  to  Octavius  (Augustus) 
as  adopted  son  of  No.  i. 

Caesetius,  -i  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  C.  Ccrsetiits, 
a  friend  of  Ligarius. 

Caesius,  -I  [akin  to  caeruleus], 
M.,  a  Roman  family  name.  —  Esp., 
P.  Ccvsius. 

Caesonius,  -I  [?,  cf.  Caesar],  m., 
a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  M. 
Ccesonius,  a  colleague  of  Cicero  in 


Caieta 


33 


capesso 


the  aedileship,  and  one  of  the 
indices  in  the  case  of  Verres. 

Caieta,  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  port  on  the 
coast  of  Italy,  now  Gaeta. 

Caius,  see  Gaius. 

Cal.,  see  Calendae. 

calamistratus,  -a,  -um  [calamis- 
tro-  (as  if  verb-stem  in  a- ;  cf . 
barbatus)  +  tus],  adj.,  ivith  curled 
hair.,  cri»ipcd. 

calamitas,  -atis  [?],  f.,  disaster 
(orig.  to  crops  ?),  defeat,  misforttme 
(also  euphemistically  for  death), 
mill. 

calamitosus,  -a,  -um  [calamita- 
(ti  ?)  -f  osus],  adj.,  unfortunate: 
res  calamitosa  est  {a  matter  of 
7nisfortnne). 

calceus,  -I  [calc-  +  eus],  m.,  a 
shoe. 

Calendae,  see  Kalendae. 

caleo,  -ere,  -ul,  no  p.p.  [  I  calo-, 
cf.  calidus],  2.  v.  n.,  be  zvarni  or 
hot,  glow. 

Cales,  -ium  [/caXr^o-ta] ,  F.  plur., 
a  town  in  Campania,  now  Calvi. 

Calidius,  -I  [.^  calido-  -f  ius],  m., 
a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  P2sp., 
Q.  Calidius,  a  Roman  ex-prastor, 
condemned  for  extortion. 

callidus,  -a,  -um  [tcallo-  (cf.  cal- 
lum)  +  dus],  adj.,  {tough  ?),  shrewd, 
cznuiing,  skilful. 

calor,  -oris  [cal-  (as  root  of 
caleo)  -f  or],  m.,  heat. 

calumnia,  -ae  [.^  icalumno-  (cf. 
alumnus)  -f  ia],  F.,  trickery  (orig. 
in  an  diCCnsdition),  falsity. 

calx,  -cis  [?,  cf.  calculus],  f., 
(m.  ?),  a  stone.  —  Esp.,  lime. 

Camillus,   -T   [camillus,  a  young 


religious  servaiit,  prob.  akin  to  ca- 
no,  carmen,  Camena],  M.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.,  Camillus,  a 
friend  of  Cicero. 

caminus,  -I  [/cd/itj'os],  m.,  a  fur- 
nace (for  forging  or  for  warming). 
—  Fig.,  a  fire  (for  warming). 

campus,  -T  [.''],  M.,  a  plain.  — 
Esp.,  the  Catnpus  Martins  (the 
meeting-place  of  the  Roman  comi- 
tia,  just  outside  the  city  proper,  in 
the  region  now  occupied  by  mod- 
ern Rome).  —  Fig.,  a  field  (of 
activity). 

candidatus,  -a,  -\m\  [candido- 
(as  if  verb-stem  in  -a)  +  tus  ;  cf. 
barbatus],  adj.,  clad  in  zvhite. — 
Hence,  a  candidate  (because  these 
appeared  in  newly  whitened  togas). 

Caninius,  -T  [)^,  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.- — Esp.,  L.  Caninius 
Callus,  tribune  of  the  plebs,  B.C.  56. 

canis,  canis  [.?],  m.  and  f.,  a 
dog,  a  hound. 

cano,  canere,  cecinl,  cantus 
[can],  3.  V.  a.  and  n.,  sitig,  sound 
(with  voice  or  instrument).  — 
Hence  (because  oracles  and  most 
prophecies  were  in  \&vse), prophesy, 
foretell,  predict,  give  warning  be- 
forehand. 

canto,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [canto-], 
I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  sing,  play  (on  an 
instrument). 

cantus,  -us  [can  -f  tus],  m.,  a 
song,  a  tune,  singing,  playing, 
tnusic. 

Canusium,  -T  [.^],  n.,  an  ancient 
town  of  Apulia,  now  Canosa. 

capesso,  -ere,  -ivT,  -itus  [akin  tt^ 
capio    with    unc.    form.],  3.    v.    a., 


capillus 


34 


Cassianus 


seize,  take  hold  of:  rem  publicam 
{engage  in  politics) . 

capillus,  -i  [adj.  form,  akin  to 
caput],  M.,  the  hair  (collective). 

capi5,capere,cepi,  captus  [cap], 
3.  V.  a.,  take,  capture,  take  possession 
of,  get,  acquire,  seize :  arma  {take 
up);  urbes,  legates  {take  captive); 
consilium  {adopt) ;  magistratum 
{etiter  upon) ;  vim  {take  up,  adopt); 
fructus  {reap);  somnum  {take,  en- 
joy); dolorem  {feel) ;  mens  aliquid 
{conceive) ;  career  aliquos  {hold,  con- 
tain) ;  amentiam  civitas  {endure) ; 
vos  oblivio  {possess);  captus  eques- 
ter  ordo  {taken  captive) ;  mente  cap- 
tus, stricken  in  fnind,  insane. 

capitalis,  -e  [capit-  +  alls],  adj., 
{relating  to  the  head),  chief,  prin- 
cipal:  hostis  {deadly;  cf.  arch 
enemy). 

Capito,  -onis  [capit-  +  0],  m.,  a 
Roman  family  name;  cf.  Naso, 
Cicero.  —  Esp.,  T.  Roscius  Capito, 
an  enemy  of  Sex.  Roscius. 

Capitolinus,  -a,  -um  [Capitolio- 
+  inus],  adj.,  of  the  Capitol :  clivus 
{the  hill  of  the  Capitol,  the  road 
leading  up  from  the  Forum  to  the 
top  of  the  Capitoline  Hill) :  cohortes 
{the  guards  of  the  Capitol). 

Capitolium,  -i  [capit-  (with  unc. 
terminations  and  connection)],  N., 
the  Capitoline  Hill.  —  Also,  the 
Capitol,  the  temple  of  Jupiter  on 
this  hill. 

Cappadocia,  -ae  [KaTTTraSo/cta], 
F.,  one  of  the  districts  of  Asia 
Minor,  south  of  Pontus,  west  of 
the  Euphrates,  north  of  the  Taurus 
range,  and  east  of  Phrygia. 


Capua,  -ae  [?],  f.,  the  chief  city 
of  Campania,  famed  for  its  wealth 
and  luxury. 

caput,  capitis  [.?],  N.,  the  head. 

—  Hence,  life,  existence  (as  a  citi- 
zen), civil  rights:  iudicium  de 
capite,  capital  trial. — Also,  chief 
point,  sour ce ,  fountain-head,  highest 
point,  climax  :  caput  urbis  {centre, 
the  senate-house). 

Carb5,  -onis  [.'],  m.,  {coal). — 
Also,  as  a  Roman  family  name.  — 
Esp.:  I.  C.  Papirius  Carbo,  cowsxA 
B.C.  82,  the  last  leader  of  the 
Marian  faction ;  2.  C  Papirius 
Carbo,  tribune  of  the  people  B.C. 
89,  one  of  the  proposers  of  the 
Lex  Plautia  Papiria  in  regard  to 
Roman  citizenship  ;  3.  C.  Papirius 
Carbo,  tribune  B.C.  128,  father  of 
2.  and  uncle  of  i.,  a  demagogue 
attached  to  the  party  of  the  Gracchi, 
but  afterwards  opposed  to  them. 

career,  -eris  [prob.  borrowed  fr. 
Gr.  KapKapov],  M.,  a  prison,  a  gaol. 

careo,  -ere,  -uT,  -iturus  [.?],  2.  v. 
n.,  be  without,  go  withotit,  be  de- 
prived of  lose,  deprive  one^s  self  of : 
aegrius  {suffer  from  the  want  of) ; 
foro  {stay  away  from). 

caritas,  -atis  [caro-  -f  tas],  f., 
dearness,  preciousness,  high  pj'ice. 

—  Also,  with  change  of  point  of 
view,  affection,  fondness. 

carmen,  -inis  [.',  akin  to  cano], 
N.,  a  song,  a  verse  (of  poetry), 
poetry. 

carus,  -a,  -um  [?],  adj.,  dear, 
precious,   valuable. 

Cassianus,  -a,  -um  [tCassiS- 
(reduced)  +  anus  ;     cf.  Romanus], 


Cassius 


35 


Catulus 


adj.,  of  Cassius:  illud  Cassianum, 
that  saying  of  Cassius. 

Cassius,  -T  [?],  M.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp. :  i .  Z.  Cassius 
Longimis  Ravilla,  consul  B.C.  127 
(see  Cassianus);  2.  L.  Cassius  Lon- 
gtjizis,  one  of  the  jurors  in  the  case 
of  Verres  ;  3.  C.  Cassius  Longinus, 
another  of  the  same  family,  who 
voted  in  favor  of  the  Manilian  law; 
4.  L.  Cassius,  one  of  the  associates 
of  Catiline ;  5.  C.  Cassius  Longinus, 
one  of  the  assassins  of  Caesar,  to 
whom  Cicero  wrote  several  let- 
ters. 

caste  [old  abl.  of  castus],  adv., 
with  piirity,  purely,  virtuously. 

Castor,  -oris  [Kdo-rwp],  m.,  the 
brother  of  Pollux,  son  of  Jupiter 
and  Leda,  worshipped  by  the 
Greeks  and  Romans,  with  his 
brother,  as  a  divinity.  Their  tem- 
ple was  in  the  forum  :  ad  Castoris, 
to  the  temple  of  Castor. 

castrensis,  -e  [castro-  -f  ensis], 
adj.,  of  the  camp:  latrocinium 
{armed,  open,  as  by  a  pitched 
camp  instead  of  hidden  crime). 

castrum,  -1  [skad  .^  {cover)  + 
trum],  N.,  a  fortress.  —  Plur.,  a 
camp  (fortified,  as  was  the  manner 
of  the  Romans) :  annis  et  castris 
dissidebamus,  we  were  at  variance 
in  arms  and  in  pitched  battle. 

casus,  -lis  [cad  +  tus],  m.,  (what 
befalls),  an  accident,  a  chance  (good 
or  bad),  a  mischance,  a  misfortune  : 
casus  temporum,  the  exigencies  of 
the  times ;  casus  humani,  vicissi- 
tudes ;  casu,  by  chance,  by  accident, 
accidentally,  as  it  happened. 


Catilina,  -ae  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.,  L.  Sergius 
Catilina,  who  was  charged  by 
Cicero  with  an  attempt  to  burn 
the  city  and  overthrow  the  gov- 
ernment (see  Orations  against  Cati- 
line). 

Catilinarius,  -a,  -um  [Catilina- 
-f  arius],  adj.,  of  Catiline. 

Cato,  -onis  [prob.  cato-  (stem 
of  catus  ;  cf.  Catulus)  -f  0],  m.,  a 
Roman  family  name.  —  Esp.:  \.M. 
Porcius  Cato,  called  the  Censor 
(also  Sapiens,  Major,  and  Orator), 
of  plebeian  origin  and  a  noz-us 
homo,  but  a  violent  supporter  of 
the  old  Roman  aristocracy.  He 
began  his  military  service  as  early 
as  B.C.  217,  and  only  ended  his  po- 
litical career  at  his  death  in  B.C.  149, 
having  been  one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent men  in  the  state  during  the 
whole  of  that  interval.  2.  31. 
Porcius  Cato,  grandson  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  friend  of  Sulla,  and  father 
of  Cato  U tic  ensis.  3.  M.  Porcius 
Cato  Utic ensis,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, and  nephew  of  M.  Livius 
Drusus,  famous  for  the  constancy 
(perhaps  obstinacy)  of  his  charac- 
ter and  for  his  death  at  Utica, 
which  he  sought  with  his  own 
hands  rather  than  submit  to  Caesar. 
He  was  one  of  the  indices  in  the 
case  of  Milo. 

Catulus,  -T  [cato-  -f  lus;  cf. 
Cato],  M.,  {little  hound?),  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.  \  \.  Q.  Luta- 
tius  Catulus,  consul  B.C.  78,  one  of 
the  best  and  most  eminent  men 
of    the   aristocracy    in    the    times 


36 


following  the  retirement  of  Sulla. 
He  was  one  of  the  opposers  of 
the  Manilian  law.  2.  Q.  LiUatius 
Cattihis,  father  of  the  preceding, 
consul  B.C.  102  with  Marius. 

causa,  -ae  [prob.  akin  to  caveo], 
F.,  a  case  (at  law),  a  cause.  —  Hence, 
a  side  (in  a  dispute),  a  party,  a 
case,  a  situation,  a  claim,  a  reason, 
a  motive,  a  purpose.  —  Esp.,  abl. 
causa,  following  a  noun,  for  the 
sake  of,  for:  sua  causa,  for  his 
sake ;  monumenti  causa,  for  a 
7fionu?nent. 

Causinius,  -i  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
name.  —  Esp.,  C.  Causitiius  Schola, 
a  man  of  Interamna,  a  witness  in 
the  case  of  Milo. 

caute  [old  abl.  of  cautus],  adv., 
cajitiously,  ivith  cautio)i,  carefully. 

cautio,  -5nis  [cavi-  (as  if  stem 
of  caveo)  +  tio],  f.,  taking  care, 
caution,  a  security  (a  means  of 
taking  care). 

cautor,  -oris  [cavi-  +  tor],  m., 
one  who  takes  care,  one  who  guards 
against,  a  security  (a  person  acting 
as  such). 

caveo,  cavere,  cavi,  cautus  [?], 

2.  V.  a.  and  n.,  take  security  (perh. 
orig.  a  legal  word),  he  on  one's 
guard,  guard  against,  take  care,  be- 
ware, look  out  for  (something  so  as 
to  prevent  it).  —  Esp.,  cave  with 
subj.  in  prohibitions  with  or  with- 
out ne,  do  not,  take  care  not  to,  see 
that  you  do  not.  —  cautus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  cautious,  oji  one's  guard. 

cedo,  cedere,  cessl,  cessurus  [?], 

3.  V.  n.,  niake  way  (giving  place). — 
Esp.,    give    way,    retreat,    retire  i 


possessione  {yield  the  possession). 
—  Fig.,  yield,  give  7vay,  retire, 
alloT^v,  permit :  temporibus  rei  pub- 
licae. 

celeber,  -bris,  -bre  [.^],  adj., 
crowded, frequent,  m  uch  frequented: 
locus  {public);  urbs  {populous); 
gratulatio  {j'cry general).  —  Hence, 
famous. 

celebritas,  -atis  [celebri-  -f  tas], 
F.,  nicmbers,  freqiiency,  a  crowd, 
populousness,  publicity.  —  Hence 
(cf.  celeber),  celebrity:  famae 
{widely  extended  fame);  supremi 
diei   {public  cerem.onies,   etc.). 

celebro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [cele- 
bri-], I.  V.  a.,  crowd,  throjig,  fre- 
quent. —  Hence,  celebrate,  talk  of, 
spread  abroad,  fioise  abroad,  extol, 
praise :  festos  dies  ;  adventus  ; 
gloriam. 

celer,  -eris,  -ere  [cel  (in  cello) 
+  ris],  adj.,  sivift,  quick,  speedy, fast. 

celeritas, -atis  [celeri- -f  tas] ,  f., 
swiftness,  activity,  speed,  prompt- 
ness:  quae  celeritas  reditus,  how 
speedy  a  return. 

celeriter  [celeri-  +  ter],  adv., 
quickly,  speedily,  rapidly,  in  hasie, 
very  soon,  soon. 

celo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [?,  akin  to 
clam  and  caligo],  i.  v.  a.,  conceal, 
hide.  —  Pass.,  pass  unnoticed. 

cena  (coe-),  -ae  [?],  F.,  a  dinner 
(the  principal  meal  of  the  day, 
eaten  at  various  times  in  the  after- 
noon). 

ceno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [cena-], 
I.  v.  n.,  dine.  —  cenatus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  in  active  sense,  having  dined, 
after  dinner. 


censeo 


37 


censeo,  censere,  censui,  census 
[?],  2.  V.  a.,  {perh.  yi/n'),  review  (of 
the  censor),  assess,  enroll  (as  a 
citizen),  reckon^  estimate.  —  Less 
exactly,  give  one''s  opinion,  advise, 
decree  (of  the  Senate),  determine, 
think :  censendi  causa,  /or  tJie 
cejtstis  (to  be  reviewed  by  the 
censor). 

censor,  -oris  [cen-  or  cent-  (as 
root  of  censeo)  +  tor],  M.,  t/ie  censor 
(the  officer  at  Rome  who  enrolled 
and  taxed  the  citizens) :  proximis 
censoribus,  at  the  last  census. 

census,  -us  [akin  to  censeo],  m., 
a  numbering,  a  census,  an  enrol- 
ment (of  citizens  by  the  censor). 

centesimus,  -a,  -um  [cento-  + 
esimus],  num.  adj.,  the  hiindredth. 

centum  [?],  indecl.  num.  adj., 
one  hundred. 

centuria,  -ae  [cento-  (or  centu-) 
-f  line,  term.],  F.,^!  hundred. — Esp., 
a  century  (a  division  of  the  Roman 
people  in  their  elective  capacity  as 
originally  organized  in  an  army,  in 
which  a  century  was  half  of  a 
maniple). 

centuriatus,  -us  [centuria-  + 
tus],  M.,  office  of  ceiiturion,  a  coitu- 
rionship. 

centurio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [cen- 
turia-], I.  v.  a.,  divide  into  ce7ituries. 
—  centuriatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
divided  into  centuries.  —  Esp.,  of 
the  people :  comitia  centuriata  (the 
chief  election  of  the  Roman  people), 
see  comitia. 

centurio,  -5nis  [centuria-  (or 
kindred  stem)  -f  o],  m.,  a  centu- 
rion (a  commander  of  one-half  a 


maniple,  answering  nearly  to  a 
modern  sergeant). 

Ceparius  (Cae-),  -I  [cepa-  -f  arius, 
onion-seller\  M.,  a  Roman  gentile 
name.  —  Esp.,  M.  Ceparitcs,  one  of 
the  Catilinarian  conspirators. 

Ceres,  -eris  \},  unc.  root  +  es, 
the  beneficent  ?\  F.,  the  goddess  of 
grain  among  the  Romans. 

cerno,  cernere,  crevi,  cretus 
[cer],  3.  V.  a.,  separate.  —  Hence, 
distinguish,  see,  behold,  descry,  per- 
ceive, discer7i:  hereditatem  {accept). 

certamen,  -inis  [carta-  (in  certo) 
+  men],  N.,  «  struggle,  a  contest, 
rivalry. 

certatim  [certa-  -f  tim  (as  if  ace. 
of  tcertatis  ;  cf.  partim)],  adv.,  (/// 
a  rivalry),  eagerly. 

certe  [old  abl.  of  certns],  adv., 
certainly,  sjirely,  no  doubt,  at  least 
(surely  what  is  mentioned,  if  noth- 
ing more). 

certo  [abl.  of  certus],  adv.,  xuith 
certainty:  certo  scio,  /  am  per- 
fectly sure,  I  a7n  co}ivinced,  I  am 
certain,  I  am  well  aivare. 

certo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [certo-], 
I.  v.  n.  (and  a.),  contend,  struggle, 
vie  (with  one  in  doing  anything). 

certus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  cerno  as 
adj.,  deto-mined,  fixed,  certain  (of 
the  thing  as  well  as  the  person), 
sure,  established,  tried,  trtistzuorthy, 
trusty,  certain  (in  its  indefinite  use 
as  a  pronoun),  some,  a  particular, 
a  special,  a  certain:  ratio  {sound); 
mihi  certum  est,  I  a>n  determined. 

cervix,  -Tcis  [prob.  akin  to  cere- 
brum, cornu,  cervus],  f.,  the  back 
of  the  fzech,  the  neck,  the  shoulders 


ceterus 


38 


circumcludo 


(the  back  just  below  the  neck,  esp. 
in  plur.)  :  molem  a  cervicibus  de- 
pellere,  tJn-ow  off  a  weight  frot?i  tJie 
shoulders;  cervices  diaxe,  offer  one's 
throat  to  be  eiit  (properly,  lean  for- 
ward to  have  one's  head  struck  off, 
esp.  in  fig.  sense);  furores  a  cervi- 
cibus repellere,  repel  a  mad  attack 
frorn  one's  throat. 

(ceterus),  -a,  -um  [ce  (in  ecce, 
hie)  -f  terus  (cf.  alter)],  adj.,  the 
other,  the  rest  of  (cf.  alius,  other, 
not  including  all). —  Plur.,  the  rest, 
the  remaining,  the  others,  every  one 
else,  everythifig  else,  others  (mean- 
ing all  others)  :  ad  ceteras  res,  in 
every  other  respect ;  ceteris  {the 
rest)  opitulari  et  alios  {others,  not 
all)  servare ;  cetera  tua,  your  other 
deeds. 

Cethegus,  -T  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.,  C.  Cethegus, 
one  of  the  Catilinarian  conspira- 
tors. 

Chil5,  -5nis  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.,  Q.  Annins 
Chilo,  one  of  the  Catilinarian  con- 
spirators. 

Chius,-a,-um[X?os],adj.,^C/^/(?j- 
(an  island  in  the  .Egean).  —  Masc. 
plur.  as  siibst.,  the  Chians. 

Chrysogonus,  -T  [Xpu<T67oi'os], 
M.,  {gold-born),  ^{3.\' or  lie  of  Sulla, 
who  enriched  himself  from  the 
property  of  the  proscribed. 

cibus,  -T  [?],  u.,/ood. 

Cicero,  -onis  [cicer-  +  0  (orig.  a 
nickname,  possibly  from  excres- 
cences on  the  nose)],  m.,  a  name 
of  a  Roman  family  from  Arpinum. 
—  Esp. :   I .  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero, 


the  great  orator;  2.  Quiutus  {Tul- 
lius), his  brother;  3.  Marcus 
{Ttillius),  his  son. 

Cilices,  -um  [KtXt/ces],  m.  plur., 
Cilicians,  the  people  of  Cilicia. 

Cilicia,  -ae  [KiXi/ct'a],  f.,  the 
country  of  Asia  Minor  south  of 
the  Taurus,  a  favorite  place  of 
refuge  for  pirates. 

Cimber,  -bri  [.=],  m.,  used  in  the 
plur.  of  the  Citnbri,  a  German  tribe 
of  Jutland,  conquered  at  Vercellas 
by  Marius  and  Catulus.  —  Also 
used  as  a  Roman  name ;  esp., 
Gabinius  Cimber,  one  of  the  con- 
spirators with  Catiline. 

Cimbricus,  -a,  -um  [Cimbro-  -f 
cus],  adj.,  of  the  Cimbri :  res  {the 
story  of  the  Cimbri,  the  history  of 
their  invasion  and  defeat). 

cingo,  cingere,  cinxi,  cinctus  [?], 
3.  V.  a.,  surrouJid,  encircle. 

cinis,  cineris  [?],  m.  and  f., 
ashes. 

Cinna,  -ae  [.'],  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.,  L.  Cornelius 
Cinna,  a  colleague  of  Marius,  and 
one  of  his  adherents  in  the  civil 
war  with  .Sulla. 

Cinnanus,  -a,  -um  [Cinna-  + 
anus],  adj.,  of  CiJina  :  dies  (the  day 
when  Cinna  slaughtered  the  adher- 
ents of  the  consul  Octavius  and 
re-established  the  party  of  Marius). 

circum  [ace.  of  circus ;  cf .  cir- 
ca], adv.  and  prep.,  around,  about : 
tribus  {around,  among). 

circumcludo,  -cludere,  -clu.sT, 
-clusus  [circum-claudo],  3.  v.  a., 
enclose  around,  encircle,  place  a 
band  around,  shut  in,  hem  in. 


circumdo 


39 


civitas 


circumdo,  -dare,  -dedi,  -datus 
[circum-'-do],  i.  v.  a.,  put  a7-oitnd : 
ignes  {set (7 round);  custodias  {set). 
—  By  a  confusion  of  ideas,  sur- 
round, e7tcircle. 

circumfluo,  -fluere,  -fliixT,  no  p.p. 
[circum-fluo],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  Jlorv 
round,  overflozv.  —  t  ig.,  overfloxv 
with,  have  in  abundance,  be  rich 
in  :  gloria. 

circumfund5,  -fundere,  -ffidl, 
-fusus  [circum-fundo],  3.  v.  a..,/>our 
around.  — Pass,  (as  reflexive), /^^wr 
in,  rush  around,  rush  in  oji  all 
sides.  —  Also  (cf.  circumdo),  su?-- 
ronnd :  copiis  circumfusus. 

circumscribo,  -scrlbere,  -scrlpsT, 
-scrlptus  [circum-scribo],  3.  v.  a., 
write  aro7ind,  drazu  around.  — 
Hence,  hold i 71  check,  limit,  confine, 
cheat,  defraud. 

circumscriptor,  -oris  [circum- 
scriptor],  m.,  a  cheat. 

circumsedeo,  -sedere,  -sedT,  -ses- 
sus  [circum-sedeo],  2.  v.  a.,  sit 
around,  surround.  —  Hence,  block- 
ade, besiege. 

circunispici5,  -spicere,  -spexT, 
-spectus  [circum-specio],  3.  v.  a., 
look  about  for.  —  Fig.,  think  over, 
consider,  cast  about  for,  survey. 

circumsto,  -stare,  -stetl,  no  p.p. 
[circum-sto],  i.  v.  a.,  swround. 

circus,  -T  [prob.  for  tcicrus  (unc. 
root  -f  rus) ;  cf./cu/cXos],  M.,  {round?), 
a  circus  (a  building  orig.  oval,  for 
races,  etc.) :  Flaminius  {the  Flam  if  i- 
ian  circus,  one  of  the  most  famous 
of  these  buildings,  situated  by  the 
Campus  Martius,  near  the  Capito- 
line  and  the  river;  used  for  meet- 


ings of  the  peoplt') ;  maximus  {the 
Circus  Maximus,  the  largest  and 
most  important  of  these  buildings, 
between  the  Palatini  and  the 
river). 

cisium,  -T  [.^  prob.  a  foreign 
word],  N.,  a  chaise  (a  light  two- 
wheeled  vehicle,  something  like  a 
chaise  without  a  top). 

Cispius,  -I  [.'],  M.,  a  Roman  gen- 
tile name.  —  Esp.,  AT.  Cispius,  a 
tribune  of  the  people  at  the  time 
of  Cicero's  return  from  exile. 

cito  [abl.  of  citus,  p.p.  of  cieo], 
adv.,  quickly.  —  citius,  compar., 
sooner,  rather. 

cito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [cito-],  i.  v. 
a.,  urge  on,  hurry,  set  in  motion.  — 
Also,  sum??ion,  cite. 

citro  [dat.  of  citer  (ci-  -f  ter)J, 
adv.,  {to  this  side) :  ultro  citroque, 
this  way  and  that,  back  and  forth. 

civilis,  -e  [civi- -f  lis] ,  adj.,  of  a 
citizen  (or  citizens),  civil,  internal 
(in  reference  to  the  state),  intes- 
tine:  bellum  {civil);  causa  {politi- 
cal); odium  {partisan,  political); 
ius  {civil,  as  opposed  to  natural). 

civis,  -is  [ci  (in  quies)  -f  vis 
(weakening  of  -vus)],  c,  a  citizen, 
a  fellow-citizen. 

civitas,  -atis  [civi-  +  tas],  v., 
the  state  of  being  a  citizen,  citiztn- 
ship.  —  Esp.,  Roman  citizenship, 
the  Roman  franchise. —  Less  ex- 
actly, a  body  of  fellow-citizens,  the 
citizens  (as  a  body),  one's  fellotv- 
citizens,  a  state  (composed  of  citi- 
zens) a  city  (abstractly ;  cf.  urbs, 
a  city,  locally),  a  nation,  a  tribe 
(politically)  :    nomen    civitatis,  the 


clades 


40 


Clodius 


nat)ic  of  citizen  ;  fortunam  huius 
civitatis  {0/ citizenship  in  this  city). 

clades,  -is  [?,  perh.  akin  to  /cXctw], 
F.,  a  da7nage,  a  disaster,  loss,  dc- 
stricctio7i,  ruin.  —  Esp.,  in  war, 
defeat,  disaster. 

clam  [case  of  stem  akin  to 
caligo,  etc.],  adv.  and  prep.,  secretly. 

clamito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
clamo,  perh.  tclamita-  (cf.  nauta)], 
I.  V.  a.,  keep  ciying  out,  vociferate, 
cry  ojit. 

clamo,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [stem  akin 
to  KaXeoj,  perh.  tclama-  (cf.  fama)], 
I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  cry  out,  exclai?n. 

clamor,  -oris  [clam  (as  if  root  of 
clamo)  +  or],  M.,  a  shouting,  a  shout, 
a  cry,  aji  outcry,  clamor,  shouts  (as 
if  plur.). 

clarus,  -a,  -um  [cla  (in  clamo) 
+  rus],  adj.,  loud,  distinct,  bright, 
clea r. — Fig. ,  fam  ous,  distingu ish  ed, 
eminent,  glorious. 

classis,  -is  [cla  (in  clamo)  +  tis], 
F.,  (a  su??imoning).  —  Less  exactly, 
the  army  (called  out  ;  cf.  legio,  a 
levy).  —  Esp.,  an  army  (called  out 
for  duty  at  sea),  a  fleet  (the  most 
common  later  meaning),  naval 
forces. 

Claudius,  -1  [claudo-  -f  ius  (prop. 
adj.)],  M.,  a  Roman  gentile  name. 
—  Esp. :  I.  Appius  Claudius  Ccecus, 
consul  in  B.C.  54 ;  2.  C.  Claudius, 
aedile  B.C.  99. 

claudo,  claudere,  clausT,  clausus 
[of  unc.  formation,  akin  to  clavis], 
3.  V.  a.,  close,  shut,  fasten,  shut  up 
(of  a  prisoner),  confne. 

clavus,  -1  [prob.  klu  (in  claudo, 
increased)  -f  us],     M.,    a    nail.  — 


Also  (cf.  clava),  a  tiller,  a  rjidder, 
the  helm. 

Clemens,  -entis  [perh.  cla  (in 
clarus)  +  mens  ;  cf.  vehemens], 
adj.,  {bright  ?),  gentle  (of  weather). 
—  Fig.,  gentle,  kind,  merciful, 
humane,  gracious,  kindly,  clement. 

clementer  [clement-  -f  ter],  adv., 
mercifully,  graciously. 

dementia,  -ae  [clement-  +  ia], 
F.,  ki?idness,  gentleness,  humanity, 
cle?nency. 

cliens,  -entis  [pres.  p.  of  clueo], 
C,  {a  hearej-),  a  dependent,  a  vas- 
sal, a  retainer.  It  was  the  cus- 
tom at  Rome  for  persons  of  humble 
origin  to  attach  themselves  to  some 
prominent  Roman  in  a  kind  of 
vassalage. 

clientela,  -ae  [client-  -f  ela  (imi- 
tating suadela,  etc.)],  f.,  vassalage 
(as  condition  of  a  cliens).  —  Also, 
a  relation  of  clientage,  a  cojinection 
"with  a  client:  pro  clientelis,  in 
place  of  clients. 

clivus,  -T  [cLi  (in  clino)  -f  vus], 
RL,  a  slope,  a  declivity,  an  acclivity  : 
Capitolinus  {the  road  to  the  Capitol, 
the  street  in  Rome  which  ascended 
from  the  Forum  to  the  Capitol). 

cloaca,  -ae  [akin  to  cluo,  cleanse^ 
F.,  a  se7uer. 

Clodianus,  -a,  -um  [Clodio-  -f 
anus],  adj.,  of  Clodius:  crim.en 
(made  by  him) ;  leges  (passed  by 
him). 

C15dius,  -1  [the  popular  form  of 
Claudius],  M.,  a  Roman  gentile 
name,  belonging  to  the  plebeian 
branch  of  the  gens  Claudia.  — 
Esp. :   \.  P.  Clodius,  a  most  bitter 


Clytaemnestra 


41 


cognitio 


enemy  of  Cicero.  He  was  killed 
in  a  fray  by  T.  Annius  Milo'. 
2.  C.  Clodius,  another  of  the 
same    family. 

Clytaemnestra,  -ae  [KX^rat/iyeV- 
rpa\,  F.,  Clytenuiestra,  wife  of 
Agamemnon  and  mother  of  Ores- 
tes, Iphigenia,  and  Electra. — Also, 
a  tragedy  of  that  name  by  Accius. 

Cn.,  abbreviation  for  Gnaeus ; 
cf.  C.  and  Caius. 

Cnaeus,  see  Gnaeus. 

Cnidius  (Gn-),  -a,  -um  [Kj/i5ios], 
adj.,  of  Ciiidiis.  —  Masc.  plur.  as 
subst.,  the  people  of  Cnidus. 

Cnidus  (Gni-),  -I  [KytSos],  f.,  a 
city  of  Caria,  famous  for  a  statue 
of  Venus. 

coactus,  -a,  -um,  see  cogo. 

coaedifico,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [con- 
aedifico],  i.  v.  a.,  build  togethej-, 
join  (in  building),  build  audjoiti. 

C0argu5,  -arguere,  -arguT,  -argu- 
tus  [con-arguo],3.  v.  2i., prove, prove 
guilty,  acciise. 

COemo,  -emere,  -emi,  -emptus 
[con-emo],  3.  v.  a.,  buy  up. 

coeo,  -ire,  -Ivi,  no  p.p.  [con-eo], 
irr.  V.  n.,  conie  together,  tinite,forni 
(by  uniting). 

coepi,  -isse  [con-tapi  (perf.  of 
tapo,  cf.  apiscor)],  def.  v.  a.,  (Jiave 
taken  hold  of),  began,  undertook, 
started:  perge  quo  coepisti  {have 
started).  —  coeptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p., 
used  in  the  same  sense  as  active 
with  passive  infinitives. 

coerceo,  -ercere,  -ercuT,  -ercitus 
[con-arceo] ,  2.  v.  a.,  confijie,  keep  in 
check,  put  down,  crush,  coerce,  re- 
press. 


coetus,  -us  [con-itus],  m.,  a 
meeting,  aji  assembly  (not  regularly 
convened ;  cf.  contio),  a}L  assemblage, 
a  concourse. 

c5gitate  [old  abl.  of  cogitatus], 
adv.,  thoughtfully,  purposely,  de- 
signedly. 

cogitatio,  -onis  [cogita-  +  tio], 
F.,  thought,  a  design,  a  plan,  an 
expectation,  imagifiation,  an  idea. 

cogito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [con-agito 
(in  sense  of  revolve,  discuss)'],  i.  v. 
a.,  consider,  think  over,  thi7ik  of 
—  Esp.  (as  to  some  plan  of  action), 
think  about,  discuss  (what  to  do), 
have  an  idea  of,  intend,  consider 
(that  something  may  happen),  ex- 
pect (contemplate  the  possibility)  : 
cogitate  ne,  see  that  not,  think  how 
not,  plan  to  prevent ;  nihil  cogitate, 
have  no  thought,  think  of  nothiiig; 
nihil  cogitasse,  Jieverhada  thought ; 
hoc  cogitat,  has  this  idea  ;  magnum 
aut  amplum  cogitate,  have  any  great 
or  noble  idea  ;  nihil  cogitas,  medi- 
tate nothing ;  cogitate  de,  think  of 
meditate,  plan  ;  ut  exsilium  cogites, 
dream  of  any  exile  ;  nihil  esse  a  me 
nisi  optime  cogitatum,  that  I  had 
had  none  Init  the  best  designs  ;  cogi- 
tati  futotes  {meditated,  intended) ; 
cogitatum  f acinus  (^premeditated). 

cognatio,  -onis  [con-(g)natio], 
F.,  connection  by  birth,  kinship,  kin- 
dred, relationship :  non  gtatia  non 
cognatione,  not  by  influejice  of  per- 
sonal friends  or  powerful  relations. 

cognitio,  -onis  [con-(g)notio  ;  cf. 
cognosco] ,  F.,  I  caroling,  study,  be  coin- 
ing ac(]uai)ited  with,  examination, 
acquaintance. 


cognitor 


42 


col5nia 


cognitor,  oris  [con-t(g)notor ; 
cf.  cognosce],  M.,  {one  who  investi- 
gates ?),  an  attorney. — Less  exactly, 
a  defender,  a  supporter,  an  advo- 
cate. — Also,  one  who  is  acquainted 
with  (a  person),  a  voucher,  sponsor. 

cognomen,  -inis  [con-{g)nomen], 
N.,  a  }iame.  —  Esp.,  the  personal 
or  family  last  nafne,  a  sobriquet,  a 
nickfiatne. 

COgnosco,  -gnoscere,  -gnovi,  -gni- 
tus  [con-(g)nosco],  3.  v.  a.,  learn, 
find  out,  Jind,  become  aware,  becovie 
acquainted  with,  recognize,  hear  (a 
thing  read).  —  Esp.,  investigate, 
inquire  into,  learn  about,  study, 
consider.  —  In  perfect  tenses  (cf. 
nosco),  know,  be  aware,  be  ac- 
quainted with  :  cognitum  est  {zvas 
known) ;  causa  cognita,  tipon  a  full 
investigation,  after  trial ;  specta- 
tus  et  cognitus,  tried  and  proved  ; 
cognoscendi  consuetude  {of  investi- 
gation). 

COgO,  cogere,  coegT,  coactus 
[con-ago],  3.  V.  a.,  bring  together, 
collect,  assemble,  get  together.  — 
Esp.,  of  money,  collect,  exact  — 
Hence, /<7;r^,  compel,  oblige  :  sena- 
tum  {assemble,  of  the  consul,  who 
could  enforce  attendance). 

COhaereo,  -h^terere,  -haesT,  -hae- 
surus  [con-haereo] ,  2.  v.  n.,  clifig 
together,  cohere,  be  closely  connected. 

cohibeo,  -hibere,  -hibui,  -hibitus 
[con-habeo],  2.  v.  2..,  hold  together, 
hold  in  check,  restrain,  keep  (from 
anything),  control. 

COhors,  -hortis  [con-thortis  (re- 
duced), akin  to  hortus],  F.,  an 
enclosure,  —  Hence,    a    body    of 


troops,  a  coho7-t  (the  tenth  part 
of  a  legion,  corresponding  as  a 
unit  of  formation  to  the  company 
of  modern  tactics,  and  containing 
from  300  to  600  men). — Loosely, 
soldiers,  infantry,  armed  men.  — 
Also,  any  body  of  infantry  or  per- 
sons conceived  as  such,  a  troop,  a 
company,  a  band :  praetoria  {a  body- 
guard, attending  the  commander, 
originally  praetor). 

cohortatio,  -onis  [con-hortatio ; 
cf.  cohortor],  F.,  an  exhortation, 
an  encouraging,  encouragevient. 
—  Esp.  (to  soldiers),  a7i  address 
(almost  invariably  a  preliminary 
to  an  engagement). 

cohortor,  -arl,  -atus  [con-hortor] ,     - 
I.  V.  dep.,  encourage,  rally,  exhort, 
address  (esp.  of  a  commander). 

coUaudo,  see  conlaudo. 

collectio,  see  conlectio. 

collega,  see  conlega. 

collegium,  see  conlegium. 

colligo,  see  conligo. 

collinus,  -a,  -um  [colli-  -f  nus], 
adj.,  of  the  hill.  —  Esp.,  of  the 
tribe  of  that  name,  the  Collina  (a 
name  of  great  antiquity  and  un- 
certain meaning). 

colloco,  see  conloco. 

colloquor,  see  conloquor. 

CoUuvio,  see  conluvio. 

COlo,  colere,  colul,  cultus  [col; 
cf.  inquilinus],  3.  v.  a.,  ////,  culti- 
vate :  agrum  ;  studia. —  Also,  wor- 
ship, reverence,  court,  show  respect 
to,  observe :  delubra  {zvorship  at). 

colonia,  -ae  [colono-  +  ia],  f.,  \ 
{state  of  a  colojtist). —  Concretely,  I 
a  colony  (both  of  the  establishment 


colonus 


43 


commemoratio 


and  the  persons  sent).  The  Roman 
colonists  were  and  continued  to 
be  Roman  citizens,  and  served  as 
armed  occupants  of  the  soil  where 
they  were  sent  in  the  interests  of 
the  mother  country ;  cf.  munici- 
pium,  a  conquered  city,  partially 
incorporated  into  the  Roman  state. 

colonus,  -T  [verb-stem  akin  to 
colo-  +  nus ;  cf.  patronus,  aegro- 
tus],  M.,  a  fanner.  — Esp.,  a  colo- 
nist (a  Roman  citizen  to  whom 
lands  were  granted  away  from  the 
city),  a  citizen  of  a  colony. 

Coloph5n,  -5nis  [KoXo^wi/],  m., 
a  town  of  Lydia,  one  of  the  seven 
that  claimed  Homer  as  their  citizen. 

Colophonius,  -a,  -um  [Colophon- 
+  ius],  adj.,  of  Colophon.  —  Plur., 
the  people  of  Colophon. 

color,  -5ris  [prob.  akin  to  caligo, 
as  opposed  to  white'],  m.,  color, 
cojnplexion. 

COlumen,  -inis  [stem  akin  to 
columna,  incolumis  (.''),  cello  (.^  cf. 
excelsus)  +  nien  (cf.  crimen)],  N., 
a  pillar,  a  prop,  a  stay  :  rei  publicae 
(as  in  Eng.). 

columna,  -ae  [stem  akin  to  colu- 
men  +  mna ;  cf.  alumnus],  F.,  a 
column u,  a  pillar.  —  Esp.,  the  Col- 
n/nn  (moenia,  a  pillar  in  the  Forum 
on  which  notices  of  insolvency 
were  posted). 

com-  (con-,  co-)  [the  same  as 
cum],  adv.  in  comp.,  zvith,  together, 
up.  Often  intensifying  the  mean- 
ing without  definite  translation. 

coma,  -ae  [/c6yu.r;],  F.,  hair  (on 
the  head),  locks  (hair  arranged  or 
ornamented). 


combiiro,  -urere,  -ussl,  -ustus 
[con-tburo  (.-*),  relation  to  uro  very 
uncertain;  cf.  bustum],  3.  v.  a., 
l>iir}i  np,  consume. 

comes,  -itis  [con-tmitis  (ma  (in 
meo)  -f  tis  ;  cf.  semita)],  c,  a  com- 
panion (esp.,  an  inferior  as  attend- 
ant or  follower),  a  follower,  an 
adherent,  an  associate,  an  attoidant. 

c5missatio,    -onis    [comissa-  +    / 
tio],  F.,  a  revel  (in  the  streets  after 
a  debauch). 

comitatus,  -us  [comita-  +  tus], 
M.,  an  accompanying,  a  company, 
a  train,  a  following,  followers,  an 
escort. 

comitium,  -T  [?,  perh.  comit- 
(see  comes)  +  ium,  the  assemblage 
of  followers  ;  cf.  servitium],  n.,  a 
part  of  the  Forum  at  Rome.  — 
Plur.,  the  assembly  (of  the  people 
for  voting),  an  election. 

comitor,  -arl,  -atus  [comij;-], 
I.  v.  dep.,  accotnpany. —  comitatus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  in  pres.  sense,  accom- 
panying;  pass,  sense,  accojnpanied. 
commeatus,  -us  [con-meatus ; 
cf.  commeo],  M.,  a  going  to  and 
fro,  an  expedition  (back  and  forth), 
a  trip.  —  Hence,  commnnicatiotis 
(of  an  army),  com7minication  (gen- 
erally).—  So  also,  supplies  (of  an 
army),  provisions. 

commemorabilis,  -e  [con-memo- 
rabilis  ;  cf.  commemoro],  adj.,  }iotc- 
worthy,  notable,  praiseworthy, 
remarkable. 

commemoratio,  -onis  [con-memo- 
ratio  ;  cf.  commemoro],  F.,  a  calling 
to  mind,  mention,  cotnm  em  oration 
(calling  to   mind  with  respect),  a 


commemoro 


44 


communico 


reminder^  rcnievihrance  (putting  in 
Eng.  the  result  for  the  process). 

commemoro,  -are,  -av!,  -atus 
[con-memoro],  i.  v.  a.,  remind  one 
of. — Hence,  speak  of,  mention,  state 
(in  a  narrative) :  iudicia  commemo- 
randa  {noteworthy'). 

commendatio,  -onis  [con-tman- 
datio  ;  cf.  commando],  f.,  a  reco7n- 
mendatiofi. 

commends,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [con- 
mando],  i.  v.  a.,  intrust,  reco7nmend, 
surrender,  commend  (for  help  or 
protection). 

commentarius,  -I  [commento-  + 
arius ;  orig.  adj.,  sc.  liber],  m.,  a 
notebook,  a  commentary. 

commentatio,  -onis  [commenta- 
+  tio],  F.,  a  diligent  i?ieditation 
(upon  something),  a  careful  prepa- 
ration. 

commentor,  -arl,  -atus  [com- 
ments- ;  cf.  comminiscor],  i.  v.  dep., 
consider  thoroughly ,  meditate,  study, 
7nake  careful  preparation. 

comme5,  -are,  -avI,  -aturus  [con- 
meo],  I.  V.  n.,^^  back  and  forth.- — 
With  ad,  "visit,  resort  to. 

commercium,  -I  [tcommerc-  + 
ium  ;  cf.  commercor],  y>.,co7nmercial 
intercourse,  trade,  comtnerce,  deal- 
ings (in  the  way  of  trade). 

commisce5,  -miscere,  -miscul, 
-mixtus  (-stus)  [con-misceo],  2.  v.  a., 
mijigle,  mix. 

committo,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[con-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  {let  go  (send) 
together  or  altogethej-).  —  Hence, 
Join,  tmite,  attach :  proelium  {eii- 
gage,  begin  the  engagement). — Also, 
entrust,  trust :   tabulas  committere 


{put  into  the  hands  of  etc.)  ;  nihil 
his  committere  {place  no  confidence 
in,  etc.).  —  Also,  admit,  allow  (to 
happen),  commit  (suffer  to  be 
done  ;  cf.  admitto),  peipetrate,  do  : 
committere  ut  posset,  leave  it  pos- 
sible ;  nihil  committere,  do  nothing 
wrong. 

commode  [old  abl.  of  commo- 
dus],  adv.,  conveniently,  fitly,  duly, 
completely. 

commodo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [con- 
modo-],  I.  V.  a.,  adapt.  —  Also  (cf. 
commodus),  loan,  letid. 

commodum,  see  commodus. 

commodus,  -a,  -um  [con-modus, 
see  A.  &  G.,  168^],  adj.,  {having 
the  saf?ie  measure  with),  fitting, 
suitable,  cofivenient,  advantageous : 
commodissimum  est,  it  is  the  best 
thing,  most  advantageous.  —  Neut. 
as  subst.,  conve7tie}ice,  comfort,  ad- 
va7itage,  i7iterest :  commodo  nostro, 
at  our  co7ive7iie7ice ;  commoda  qui- 
bus  utimur  {blessings). 

commoneo,  -monere,  -monuT, 
-monitus  [con-moneo],  2.  v.  a., 
remi7id. 

commoror,  -arl,  -atus  [con-mo- 
ror],  I.  V.  dep.,  delay,  stay,  wait. 

commoveo,  -movere,  -inovi,  -mo- 
tus  [con-moveo],  2.  v.  a.,  7nove,  stir, 
agitate.  —  With  reflex,  or  in  pass., 
be  7noved,  move  (intrans.),  stir.  — 
Fig.,  disturb,  agitate,  affect,  ala7'7n, 
i7iflue7ice  (with  idea  of  violent  feel- 
ing), move,  tro7cble. 

communico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[tcommunico-  (communi-  +  cus)],' 
I.  V.  a.,  {77iake  co7n7>i07t),  share,  com- 
municate,  consult   (with    a   person 


communio  • 


45 


comprehends 


about  a  thing,  and  so  make  it  com- 
mon), add  (a  thing  to  another),/?// 
in  along  with  (something  else) : 
causam  {confound  with  that  of  an- 
other) ;  ratio  cum  illo  communi- 
catur  {shared  by  hifn). 

communio,  -onis  [communi-  +  o ; 
cf.  legio],  F.,  /participation  (in 
common),  sharing:  sanguinis  {the 
ties  of  blood). 

commiinis,  -e  [con-munis  (cf. 
munia,  d('?//zk'j-)],  adj.,  {having shares 
together),  conimojt,  general,  in  com- 
mon :  ex  communi  consensu,  by 
general  agreement ;  consilium  {gen- 
eral flan,  concerted  action);  iura 
{ttniversal,  nattcral) ;  quid  tam 
commune  {imiversal).  —  Neut.  as 
subst.,  a  co7Ji7niinity,  an  association  : 
a  Cretensium  communi,  from  the 
Cretans  in  common. 

communiter  [communi-  +  ter], 
adv.,  ///  co»i7non,  in  general. 

commutabilis,  -e  [commuta-  -f 
bilis],  adj.,  changeable. 

commiitatio,  -onis  [con-muta  + 
tio ;  cf.  commuto],  f.,  change. 

commuto, -are,  -avi,  -atus  [con- 
muto],  I.  V.  a.,  change,  exchange. 

comparatio,  -onis  [con-paratio ; 
cf.  comparo],  F.,  a  co?nparison,  a 
preparatioji. 

comparo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [con- 
paro],  I.  V.  a.,  get  ready,  prepare, 
win,  secure,  procure,  gain,  .get  to- 
gether, prepare  for  (with  a  different 
view  of  the  object  in  Eng.),  ar- 
range, establish,  ordain  {oi  institu- 
tions): insidias  {lay);  uxor  se  {get 
ready). — Also  (cf.  confero),  com- 
pare (possibly  a  different  word). 


compello,  -pellere,  -pull,  -pulsus 
[con-pello],  3.  V.  a.,  drive  together 
(or  altogether),  dri7>e  iti,  force, 
drive. 

comperendino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[conperendino-],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  ad- 
journ (of  a  court).  —  Also,  of  one 
of  the  parties,  close  the  case  (so  as 
to  be  ready  for  adjournment). 

comperio,  -perlre,  -perl,  -pertus 
[con-pario],  4.  v.  a.,  {get  together), 
find  out  (by  inquiry),  discover. 

competitor,  -oris  [con-petitor], 
M.,  a  co7npetitor,  a  rival. 

complector,  -plecti,  -plexus  [con- 
plector],  3.  V.  dep.,  embrace,  in- 
chide,  enclose.- — Less  exactly,  love, 
cherish  :  sententia  {express  con- 
cisely) . 

comple5,  -plere,  -plevT,  -pletus 
[con-pleo],  2.  V.  a.,  fill  up,  fill.  — 
With  a  different  conception  of  the 
action  from  Eng.,  cover,  man  (of 
walls). 

complexus,  -us  [con-tplexus  ;  cf. 
complector],  m.,  an  ejnbrace. 

compliires,  -plura  (-ia)  [con-plus], 
adj.  plur.,  very  many,  a  great  many, 
a  great  number  of. 

compono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -posi- 
tus  [con-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  put  together. 

—  Also,   settle,  ?nake  a  settlement. 

—  compositus,    -a,    -um,    p.p.    as 
adj.,  settled,  composed,  arranged. 

comporto,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [con- 
porto],  I.  V.  a.,  bring  together. 

compos,  -Otis  [con-potis],  adj., 
i?t  possession  of,  participating  in  : 
huius  urbis  {a  citizen). 

comprehends,  -hendere,  -hendi, 
-hensus    [con-prehendo],    3.    v.    a., 


compnmo 


46 


Concordia 


seize,  catch,  take  into  custody,  arrest, 
capture,  grasp  (one  by  the  hand  or 
clothing).  —  Fig.,  take,  catch  (of 
fire),  Jirmly  grasp  (of  facts). 

comprimo,  -primere,  -press!, 
-pressus  [con-premo],  3.  v.  2i.,  press 
closely,  crjish,  repress,  foil,  put 
do7vn. 

comprobo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [con- 
probo],  I.  V.  a.,  approve,  sanction, 
prove. 

conatus,  -us  [cona-  (stem  of 
Conor)  -f  tus],  m.,  an  attempt,  an 
effort,  an  undertaki)ig. 

concedo,  -cedere,  -cessT,  -cessus 
[con-cedo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  retire, 
go  out  of  the  way.  —  Also,  give  up 
(a  thing  to  one),  allow,  grant,  as- 
sign (leave,  where  the  rest  is  taken 
away),  permit,  yield  the  palm  (to  a 
superior),  yield,  admit,  concede. 

concelebr5,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [con- 
celebro] ,  i .  v.  a.,  celebrate,  attend  in 
th  rongs. 

concertatio,  -onis  [con-certa-  + 
tio],  F.,  rivalry,  contention. 

concerto,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus  [con- 
certo], I.  V.  n  ,  contend. 

concessus,  -us  [con-tcessus  ;  cf. 
concedo],  M.,  a  concession,  a  per- 
m.ission. 

concido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -casurus 
[con-cado],  3.  v.  n.,  fall  down, 
fall. —  Fig.,  fail,  be  i77ipaired,  col- 
lapse. 

concido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus  [con- 
caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  to  pieces,  cut 
down  (kill),  cut  up,  t?i angle. 

conciliatricula,  -ae  [concilia- 
trie-  -f  ula],  F.,  a  little  conciliator 
(female  or  conceived  as  such),  an 


insinuatiiig  charmer,  a  faltering 
commendation. 

concilio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [con- 
cilio-  (stem  of  concilium)],  i.  v.  a., 
bring  together  (cf.  concilium).  — 
Hence,  win  over  (originally  by  per- 
suasion in  council  ?),  secure  (even 
by  force),  win,  gain :  feras  inter 
sese  {attach  to  each  other). 

concilium,  -i  [con-tcilium(cAL  + 
ium ;  cf.  Calendae)],  n.,  <z  meeting. 

—  Esp.,  an  assembly  (of  war  or 
state),  a  council,  a  conference,  a 
united  body  (of  merchants,  farmers, 
or  the  like),  the  people  (assembled 
in  the  comitia  tributa).  —  Cf.  con- 
silium, which  is  often  equivalent, 
but  refers  rather  to  the  action  or 
function  than  the  body. 

COncipio,  -cipejre,  -cepi,  -ceptus 
[con-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  take  up,  take 
on,  take  in,  get  (maculam),  incur 
(infamiam).  —  Of  the  mind,  con- 
ceive, plan,  devise. 

concitatio,  -onis  [con-citatio ;  cf. 
concito],  F.,  excitement. 

concito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [con-cito 
(freq.  of  cieo)],  i .  v.  a.,  arouse,  stir 
up,  call  out  (and  so  set  in  motion), 
excite,  agitate  :  mala  (set  in  motion). 

conclave,  -is  [con-clavis] ,  n.,  a 
chamber  (originally  locked). 

concliido,  -cludere,  -clusi,  -clusus 
[con-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  shut  up,  en- 
close.—  Also,  conclude,  fnish. 

Concordia,  -ae  [concord-  -f  ia], 
p.,   harmony,   coJtcord,   jatanimity. 

—  Esp.,  Concord  (worshipped  as 
a  goddess  by  the  Romans,  like 
many  other  qualities,  and  having 
a  famous  temple  on  the  slope  of 


47 


c5nfici6 


the  Capitoline  looking  towards  the 
Forum). 

concors,  -ordis  [con-cor],  adj., 
harmojtious  :  fratres  {mutnai/y  af- 
fectionate. 

concupisco,  -cuplscere,  -cupTvT 
(-il),  -cupitus  [con-tcupisco],  3.  v.  a., 
covet,  desire  earnestly,  long  for. 

concurro,  -currere,  -curri  (-cu- 
currl),  -cursus  [con-curro],  3.  v.  n., 
rii/i  together,  msh  tip,  rush  in,  rush 
(advance), yfi?^:/^  to,  hasten  in:  con- 
cursum  est,  there  was  a  rush. 

concurso,  -are,  -avi,  -atfirus  [con- 
curso],  I.  V.  n.,  rush  to  and  fro,  run 
about. 

concursus,  -us  [con-cursus ;  cf. 
concurro],  m.,  a  rtishing  to  and  fro, 
a  dashing  together  (collision).  — 
Esp.,  a  charge,  onset,  a  crowd  run- 
nifig,  a  crowd,  a  crowding  together, 
a  concourse,  an  assembling  (in  a 
tumultuous  manner),  an  assem- 
bly. 

condemno,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [con- 
damno],  i.  v.  a.,  condemn,  find 
guilty.  —  Less  exactly,  cofidemn 
(not  in  a  court). 

condicio,  -onis  [con-dicio ;  cf. 
condico],  F.,  terms,  conditioti,  terms 
of  agreement,  terms  (of  fighting), 
state  (of  slavery),  lot,  situation,  a 
bargain,  position. 

conditio,  see  condicio. 

condo,  -dere,  -did!,  -ditus  [con- 
^do],  3.  V.  a.,  put  together,  found, 
build.  —  Also,  lay  up,  preserve  (cf . 
condio). 

condonatio,  -onis  [con-donatio ; 
cf.  condono],  F.,  a  giving  up,  a 
donation. 


COnd5no,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [con- 
dono], I.  V.  a.,  give  up,  pardoji  for 
the  sake  of. 

condiico,  -ducere,  -duxl,  -ductus 
[con-duco],  3.  V.  a.,  bri7ig  together, 
bring  up  (soldiers).  —  Also,  hire. 

confectio,  -5nis  [con-factio ;  cf. 
conficio],  F.,  a  finishing. 

confercio,  -fercTre,  -fersi,  -fertus 
[con-farcio] ,  4.  v.  a.,  crowd  together. 
—  confertus,  -a,  -uni,  p.p.  as  adj., 
(both  of  the  thing  crowded  and 
the  place),  close,  crowded,  dense, 
closely  crowded,  in  close  order,  in  a 
solid  body :  confertus  cibo,  crannned 
7vith  food. 

confero,  -ferre,  -tull,  -latus  [con- 
fer©], irr.  v.  a.,  bring  together,  get 
together,  bring  in,  gather,  collect. — 
With  or  without  culpam,  lay  the 
blame  on,  charge,  ascribe.  —  With 
reflex.,  betake  one^s  self  remove, 
take  refuge,  devote.  — So  with  other 
words,  remove,  establish.  —  Also, 
postpone,  delay,  devote,  confer,  con- 
tribute, set,  appoint,  cotnpare.  — 
Esp. :  signa  {join  battle  in  a  regu- 
lar engagement) ;  pestem  [bring 
tipon,  visit  iipon);  spem  {set 
upoti  something) ;  orationem  {di- 
rect towards). 

confertus,  -a,  -um,  see  confercio. 

confessio,  -onis  [con-tfassio  ;  cf . 
confiteor],  Y.,a  confession. 

c5nfestim  [ace.  of  tcon-festis 
(cf.  festino)],  adv.,  in  haste,  imme- 
diately, at  once. 

c5nficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus 
[con-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  {do  up),  ac- 
complish, complete,  finish  up,  carry 
out,  finish,  perform.  —  Also,  make 


confictio 


48 


congruo 


«/,  get  together,  write  up  (of  a 
document),  work  up  (of  skins 
tanned).  —  Also  (cf,  Eng.  "  done 
up  "),y?A'/.5'//  up,  exhaust,  wear  out, 
kill. 

confictio,  -onis  [con-fictio ;  cf. 
confingo],  F.,  a  viakiiig  up,  an 
inveiitioji. 

confido,  -fidere,  -fisus  sum  [con- 
fide], 3.  V.  n.,  be  co7ifident,  trust, 
trust  to,  have  confidence  in,  rely  on, 
feel  assured.  —  confisus,  -a,  -urn, 
p.p.  in  active  sense,  trusting  in. 

confingo,  -fingere,  -finxl,  -fictus 
[con-fingo],  3.  V.  a.,  make  tcp,  manu- 
facture, invent,  imagine. 

confirmo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [con-- 
firmo],  I-  V.  2l.,  strengthen.  —  Fig., 
strengthen,  establish,  encourage,  con- 
firm, re-establish,  reassiire. — Hence 
(of  things  and  statements),  r(?;/;?;-;«, 
declare,  assert,  assure  (one  of  a 
thing),  prove,  support  (a  state- 
ment) :  Galliam  praesidiis  ;  causam 
auctoritatibus ;  audaciam ;  con- 
iunctionem ;  imbecillitatem  {give 
strength    to) . 

confisus,  -a,  -um,  see  confido. 

confiteor,  -fiterl,  -fessus  [con- 
fateor],  2.  v.  dep.,  confess,  acknowl- 
edge, adyftit,  make  confession. 

conflagro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [con- 
flagro],  I.  V.  n.,  be  oji  fire,  burn, 
be  burned.  —  Fig.  :  invidia  {be  con- 
sumed by  afire  of  ifidignation). 

confligo,  -fligere,  -flixT,  -flictus 
[con-fligo],  3.  V.  a.  and  n.,  dash 
against,   contend,  fight. 

conflo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [con-flo], 
I.  V.  a.,  blow  up  (of  a  fire).  —  Fig., 
excite,  kindle. —  K\2>o,fise,  7nelt. — 


Hence  (fig.),  get  together,  gather, 
fuse :  iniuria  novo  scelere  conflata 
(^^^61/  up,  devised). 

confluo,  -ere,  -fluxT,  no  p.p.  [con- 
fluo],  3.  V.  n.,fiozv  together.  —  Less 
exactly  (of  persons), y?^<r/'  together : 
portus  {iifiite  their  waters). 

conformati5,  -onis  [con-forma- 
tio;  cf.  conformo],  f.,  (concretely), 
form,  conformation,  strJicture, 
forming,    training. 

conformo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [con- 
formo], 1.  V.  dc.,  form,  mould,  train. 

confringo,  -fringere,  -fiegi,  -frac- 
tus  [con-frango],  3.  v.  a.,  break  up, 
shatter. 

confugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  no  p.p. 
[con-fugio],  3.  V.  Vi.,fiee,  take  refuge. 

congero,  -gerere,  -gessT,  -gestus 
[con-gero],  3.  v.  a.,  bri)ig  together, 
heap  together,  mass  together,  heap 
upo?i.  ' 

congredior,  -gredl,  -gressus  [con- 
gradior],  3.  v.  dep.,  come  together. 
—  In  peace,  unite  with.  —  Esp.,  in 
war,  come  in  contact  with,  engage, 
fight. 

congrego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [con-  ! 
tgrego;  cf.  aggrego],  i.  v.  a.,  brifig 
together,  gather  together,  collect.  — 
With  reflex,  or  in  pass.,  assemble, 
gather. 

congressio,  -onis  [con-gressio ; 
cf.  congredior],  f.,  a  meeting,  an 
interviezu,  a  conferejice. 

congruo,  -gruere,  -gruT,  no  p.p. 
[?,  congruo-  (con-grus ;  cf.  flock 
together,  herd  together,  dog  one's 
footsteps,  crane  the  neck)],  3.  v.  n., 
flock  together  (cf .  example  below). — 
Hence,  harmonize,  agree:  multae 


49 


conloco 


causae  convenisse  unum  in  locum 
atque  inter  se  congruere  {combine). 

conicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [con- 
iacio],  3.  V.  a.,  throw  together,  hurl, 
cast,  discharge,  aim  :  se  conicere, 
rush  ;  sortem  (cast,  draw).  —  Less 
exactly  (esp.  in  a  military  sense), 
throw  (into  prison),  put,  place, 
station  (cf.  military  throw  troops 
into,  etc.),  force.  —  Fig.,  ptit  to- 
gether (of  ideas),  conjecture,  guess  : 
in  noctem  se  conicere,  rush  out  into 
the  darkness,  rush  out  at  night. 

coniectura,  -ae  [con-iactura  ;  cf. 
conicio],  f.,  a  guess  ("putting  two 
and  two  together  " ),  a  conjecture, 
an  inferettce. 

coniuncte  [old  abl.  of  coniunc- 
tus],  adv.,  intimately,  o>i  familiar 
terms. 

coniunctio,  -onis  [con-iunctio ; 
cf.  coniungo],  f.,  a  tiniting,  a 
tmion,  a  connection. 

coniungo,  -iungere,  -iunxT,  -iunc- 
tus  [con-iungo],  3.  v.  a.,  unite,  con- 
nect, fasten  together.  —  In  pass,  or 
with  reflex.,  luiite  (neut.),  connect 
one's  self,  join.  —  coniunctus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  united,  closely 
connected,  in  conjunction  with  :  cum 
his  (ludis)  plebeios  esse  coniunctos 
{follow  immediately)',  quod  (hel- 
ium) reges  {unite  to  wage). 

coniiinx,  -iugis  [con-tiux  (jug, 
as  stem,  with  intrusive  n  from 
iungo)],  c,  a  spouse.  —  Esp.,  fem., 
a  wife. 

coniuratio,  -onis  [con-iuratio ; 
cf.  coniuro],  f.,  a  conspiracy,  a 
confederacy. 

coniiiratus,  see  coniuro. 


coniiiro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [con- 
iuro], I.  V.  n.,  swear  together,  take 
an  oath  (together),  swear  mutual 
oaths.  —  Hence,  conspire.  —  coniii- 
ratus, -T,  masc.  p.p.  as  subst.,  a 
conspirator. 

coniveo    (conn-),    -nlvere,   -nivi    / 
(-nlxT),  ho  p.p.  [con-niveo],  2.  v.  n., 
wink  (also  fig.  as   in  Eng.),   shut 
the  eyes,  connive. 

conlatus  (coll-),  -a,  -um,  see 
confero.  ^' 

conlaudo  (coll-),  -are,  -avT,  -atus 
[con-laudo],  i.  v.  a.,  praise  (in  set 
terms). 

conlectio  (coll-),  -onis  [con-lec- 
tio],  F.,  a  collecting,  a  gathering. 

conlega  (coll-),  -ae  [con-tlega 
(leg -f  a)],  M.,  a 'Colleague  (one 
of  two  or  more  persons  holding 
an  office  with  equal  powers). 

conlegium  (coll-),  -1  [con-legium 
(?)  or  conlega-  +  ium],  n.,  «  body 
of  colleagues,  a  body  (composed  of 
such  persons).  —  Also,  a  corpora- 
tion, an  organized  body,  a  chcb,  a 
guild. 

conligo  (coll-),  -ligere,  -leg!,  -Iec- 
tus [con-lego],  3.  v.  a.,  gather,  col- 
lect, acquire  (by  accumulation).  ■ — 
With  reflex.,  collect  one''s  self, 
recover,  gather:  naufragi  conlecti 
{picked  up). 

conloco  (coll-),  -are,  -avT,  -atus 
[con-loco],  I.  V.  a.,  place,  set,  station 
(of  troops,  etc.),  set  up,  lay :  insi- 
dias.  —  Esp.  (with  or  without  nup- 
tum),  give  in  marriage,  fnarry  (of 
a  father  or  guardian).  —  Fig.,  settle, 
place  (spem),  invest  (pecunias), 
locate    (sedem). 


conloquor 


50 


considero 


conloquor  (coll-),  -loquT,  -locutus 
[con-loquor],  3.  v.  dep.,  confer^  hold 
an  intervicio  (or  parley),  far  ley, 
converse. 

conluvio,  -onis  [con-tluvio  (akin 
to  luo)],  F.,  wash,  dregs. 

conniveo,  see  coniveo. 

Conor,  -ari,  -atus  [?,  con-  +  stem 
akin  to  onus],  i.  v.  dep.,  attempt, 
try,  endeavor.  —  conatum,  -I,  neut. 
p.p.  as  subst.,  a)i  attempt. 

conqueror,  -querl,  -questus  [con- 
queror], 3.  V.  dep.,  complain,  make 
complaint. 

C0nquiesc5,  -quiescere,  -quievT, 
-quieturus  [con-quiesco],  3.  v.  n., 
rest,  repose,  find  rest,  be  quiet,  be 
idle. 

conquisitor,  oris  [con-quaesitor], 
M.,  an  investigator,  a  searcher,  a 
detective. 

Consanus  (Comps-),  -a,  -um 
[Consa-  +  anus],  adj.,  of  Consa  (a 
city  of  the  Hirpini).  —  Masc.  plur. 
as  subst.,  the  people  of  Consa. 

consceleratus,  -a,  -um  [con-scele- 
ratus],  adj.,  accused,  criminal. 

conscientia,  -ae  [con-scientia ; 
cf.  consciens],  f.,  consciousness, 
p7'ivity,  conscience,  consciousness 
of  guilt. 

conscius,  -a,  -um  [con-tscius 
(sci,  in  scio,  +  us)],  adj.,  knowing 
(v\ath  one's  self  or  another),  con- 
scious, privy,  a  witness,  a  confi- 
dant. 

c5nscribo,  -scrlbere,  -scripsi, 
-scrlptus  [con-scribo],  3.  v.  a., 
write  down.  —  Esp.,  enroll,  cofi- 
scribe,  levy.  —  Esp. :  patres  con- 
scripti,  Senators,  the  Senate. 


consecro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [con- 
sacro],  I.  V.  a.,  hallow,  consecrate. 
—  consecratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  consecrated,  sacred,  hallozved : 
Aristaeus  in  tempio  (worshipped); 
viri  ad  immortalitatis  et  religionem 
et  memoriam  consecrantur  {are  held 
in  r  eve  roue). 

consensio,  -onis  [con-tsensio ; 
cf.  consentio],  P.,  agreement,  una- 
nimity, conspiracy. 

consensus,  -us  [con-sensus ;  cf. 
consentio],  M.,  agreetnoit,  consent, 
harjnonious  (or  concerted)  action, 
J I  na  Ji  im  ous  a  ctio  n . 

consentio,  -sentlre,  -sensi,  -sen- 
surus  [con-sentio],  4.  v.  n.,  agree, 
conspire,  tnake  connnon  cause,  act 
with   (some  one). 

consequor,  -sequl,  -secutus  [con- 
sequor],  3.  v.  dep.,  follow  up,  fol- 
low, overtake.  —  Hence,  obtain,  se- 
cure, attain,  succeed  in  (some  pur- 
pose), arrive  at.  —  A\so,  follow  close 
upon,  succeed,  ensue,  result :  quaes- 
tum  {get);  fructum  {reap). 

conservatio,  -onis  [con-serva-  -f 
tio  ;  cf.  conserve],  f.,  preservation. 

conservator,  -oris  [con-serva-  + 
tor;  cf.  conservo],  m.,  a  preserver, 
a  saviour. 

conserve,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [con- 
servo],  I.  V.  a.,  save, preserve,  spare, 
keep.  —  Also,  observe  (law,  right), 
regard. 

consessus,  -us  [con-sessus ;  cf. 
consedeo],  m.,  a  sitting  together,  a 
session,  a  body  (sitting  together), 
a  bench  (of  judges). 

considers, -are,  -avi,  -atus  \),  poss. 
tconsiderS-    (from    adj.    stem    of 


Considius 


conspiro 


which  sidus  is  neut. ;  cf.  deside- 
rium)],  I.  V.  a.,  dwell  u^ofi,  con- 
sider, contemplate. 

Considius,  -I  [con-tsidius  (akin 
to  sedeo)],  m.,  a  Roman  name. — 
Esp.,  C  Considius Longtis,\n  Africa 
as  propraetor  B.C.  50. 

consido,  -sTdere,  -sedl,  -sessurus 
[con-sido],  3.  v.  n.,  sit  down  (in  a 
place).  —  Less  exactly,  take  a  posi- 
tion, halt,  encamp,  settle. 

consilium,  -1  [con-tsilium;  cf. 
consul  (akin  to  salio,  in  some  earlier 
unc.  meaning)],  N.,  deliberation. 
—  Esp.,  wise  counsel,  advice,  wis- 
do7n,p7'udence,  discretion. —  Hence, 
a  plan,  a  cotinsel,  design,  purpose, 
eoinse  (as  design  carried  out), 
measure,  conduct,  a  policy,  a  strata- 
gem. —  Esp.,  a  deliberative  body 
(more  abstract  and  with  more  ref- 
erence to  the  act  or  function  of 
deliberating  than  concilium,  which 
see),  a  council,  a  body  of  counsel- 
lors, a  bench  (of  judges),  a  panel 
(of  a  jury),  a  court  (consisting  of 
a  body  of  indices) :  casus  ad  con- 
silium admittitur,  chance  is  not 
ad?nitted  to  council ;  privato  con- 
silio  non  publico,  as  a  private  not  a 
public  measure,  by  private  and  not 
by  official  action  ;  partim  consiliis 
partim  studiis,  partly  7vith  policy, 
partly  with  political  feeling  ;  pub- 
lico consilio  factum  {as  a  state 
fneasure);  uno  consilio,  with  one 
co72ti7tuous  purpose  or  policy  ;  con- 
silium publicum,  council  of  state  (of 
the  Senate)  ;  ad  consilium  publicum 
rem  deferre  {the  established  couucil 
of  state) ;    nou    dccst    rei    publicae 


consilium  {a  plan  of  action  settled 
by  the  council  of  state) ;  erat  ei  con- 
silium ad  f acinus  aptum  {power  of 
plannifig) ;  consilio  malitiae  occur- 
rere  {with  ivise  measures) ;  aliquod 
commune  consilium,  any  consjdting 
body. 

c5nsistO,  -sistere,  -stitT,  no  p.p. 
[con-sisto],  3.  V.  n.,  take  a  stand, 
take  a  position,  stand,  keep  one''s 
position,  form  (of  troops).  —  In 
perf.  tenses,  have  a  position,  stand. 

—  Hence,  stand  still,  stop,  halt, 
make  a  stand,  hold  one''s  groufid, 
run  aground  (of  ships),  remain, 
stay.  —  With  in,  occupy,  rest  on.  — 
Fig.,  depend  on,  rest  07i. 

consobrinus,  -i  [con-sobrinus], 
M.,  fi'st  cousin  (on  the  mother's 
side).  —  Less  exactly,  (any)  cousin 
german. 

consolatio,  -onis  [con-solatio ; 
cf.  consolor],  f.,  consolation,  solace. 

—  Also,  as  in  Eng.,  a  means  of 
co7isolation. 

consolor,  -ari,  -atus  [con-solor], 
I.  V.  dep.,  console.  —  c5nsolatus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  pres.,  coitsoling. 

consors,  -sortis  [con-sors],  adj., 
associating,  sharing,  a  sharer. 

conspectus,  -us  [con-spectus ; 
cf.  conspicio],   m.,  sight,  a  view. 

conspicio,  -spicere,  -spexT,  -spec- 
tus  [con-tspecio],  3.  v.  a.,  look 
tip 0)1,  see. 

conspiratio,  -onis  [con-spiratio ; 
cf.  conspiro],  v.,  a  co>ispiracy,  a 
combi>iation  (not  in  a  bad  sense). 

conspiro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [con- 
spiro], I.  V.  n.,  sound  together, — 
I'^ig.,  haniicnizc.  —  Also,  conspire, 


c5nstans 


52 


cdnsulo 


league  together :  consensus  conspi- 
rans,  a  l>le?ided  harmo7iy. 

constans,  -antis,  see  consto. 

constanter  [constant-  +  ter], 
adv.,  consistently,  ttniformly,  stead- 
ily, with  constancy,  Jirtnly. 

constantia,  -ae  [constant-  +  ia], 
F.,  firmness,  constancy,  iindannted 
courage,  strength  of  character. 

constituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -sti- 
tutus  [con-statuo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
erect,  set  tip,  raise,  put  together, 
?nakenp. —  Plence,  establish,  station, 
arrange,  form,  draw  up.  —  Fig., 
determine,  appoint,  agree  tipon, 
determine  upon,  ordain,  fix,  decide 
upon,  establish  a  principle  that, 
etc. :  lupiter  constitutus  [conse- 
crated) ;  colonias  [plant) ;  rationem 
salutis  {base, found) ;  spem  {repose) ; 
suspicionem  {make  otit);  supplicium 
{decide  upon,  infiict) ;  imperatorem 
{create,  appoint') ;  exercitum  {set  on 
foot ) ;  consulates  ad  caedem  {destine, 
7nark  out). 

consto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -staturus 
[con-sto],  I.  V.  n.,  stand  together. — 
Fig.,  agree,  be  cojtsistent  (esp.  of 
accounts).  —  Hence,  be  established, 
appear,  be  agreed  upon,  be  evident : 
modo  ut  tibi  constiterit  fructus,  pro- 
vided you  have  derived  some  real 
advantage.  —  Also  (from  accounts), 
cost.  —  Also,  depend  upon,  consist,  be 
composed.  —  constans,  -antis,  p.  as 
adj.,  consisteftt,  steady,  firm,  stead- 
fast. 

C0nstring5,  -stringere,  -strlnxi, 
-strictus  [con-stringo],  3.  v.  a.,  bind 
fast,  hold  fast  bound,  bind  hajtd 
and  foot,  hold  in  check,  restrain.  — 


In  many  fig.  uses,  the  figure  is 
retained  in  Latin  where  it  can 
hardly  be  kept  in  Eng. 

consuesco,  -suescere,-suevl,  -sue- 
tus  [con-suesco],  3.  v.  n.,  become 
accjisto7ned.  —  In  perf.  tenses,  be 
accustomed,  be  wont.  —  consuetus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  acctistomcd, 
tvont,   used. 

consuetudo,  -inis  [con-tsuetudo 
(prob.  tsuetu  +  do,  as  in  gravedo, 
libido);  cf.  consuesco],  f.,  habit, 
custom,  habits  (collectively),  man- 
ners, customs,  precedejtt,  ordinary 
method,  habittial  ijitercourse,  inter- 
course :  victus  {customary  mode  of 
living) ;  incommodorum  {the  habit 
of  enduring,  etc.). 

consul,  -ulis  [con-sul  (cf.  prae- 
sul,  exsul),  root  of  salio  in  some 
earlier  unc.  meaning],  m.,  a  consul 
(the  title  of  the  chief  magistrate 
of  Rome;  cf.  consilium).  —  \Yith 
proper  names  in  abl.,  the  usual 
way  of  indicating  dates  :  M.  Mes- 
sala  et  M.  Pisone  consulibus  (/;/  the 
consulship  of,  etc.) ;  se  consule,  ut 
his  constdship  (as  a  date  or  occa- 
sion) ;  pro  consule,  see  proconsul. 

consularis,  -e  [consul-  -f  aris], 
adj.,  of  a  consid,  of  the  consuls, 
constdar.  —  Esp.  with  homo,  etc., 
or  as  subst.,  ati  ex-consul. 

consulatus,  -iis  [tconsula-  (cf. 
exsulo)  +  tus],  M.,  cofisulship  (cf. 
consul),  the  office  of  cojtsul. 

consuls,  -sulere,  -sului,  -sultus 
[prob.  consul,  though  poss.  a  kin- 
dred or  independent  verb],  3.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  deliberate,  constdt,  take  coun- 
sel,  decide.  —  With    ace,    constdt. 


consults 


53 


contineo 


take  one's  advice,  ask  the  advice 
of.  —  With  dat.,  take  counsel  f 07-, 
consult  the  interests  of,  consult  for 
the  welfare  of  look  out  for,  do  a 
service  to.  —  See  also  consulto  and 
other  participial  forms. 

c5nsultO  [prob.  like  abl.  absolute 
p.p.  used  impersonally ;  cf.  auspi- 
cate], adv.,  with  deliberation,  pitr- 
posely,  designedly. 

consultum,  -I  [n.  p.p.  of  consulo], 
N.,  «  decision,  an  order,  a  decree.  — 
Esp.,  senatus  consultum,  a7t  order 
of  the  senate. 

consultus,  -a,  -um  [p.p.  of  con- 
sulo], adj.,  skilful,  well-practised, 
learned  (esp.  in  th  e  law) .  —  iure  con- 
sultus, masc.  as  adj.  or  subst.,  {one) 
learned  in  the  law,  a  lawyer,  a  jurist. 

consumo,  -siimere,  -siimpsi, 
-sumptus  [con-sumo],  3.  v.  a.,  {take 
out  of  the  general  store).  —  Hence, 
waste,  consume,  destroy,  s/end,  ex- 
haiist,  use  up. 

contamino,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [con- 
tamin-  (stem  of  con-ttamen,  i.e. 
TAG  +  men)],  i.  v.  a.,  bring  info 
contact,  unite.  —  Esp.  with  notion 
of  contagion  (cf.  contagio),  contami- 
nate. —  Hence,  defile,  disJionor,  dis- 
grace. 

contego,  -tegere,  -texl,  -tectus 
[con-tego],  3.  V.  a.,  cover  up,  cover, 
bury. 

contemno,  -temnere,  -tempsT, 
-temptus  [con-temno],  3.  v.  a.,  de- 
spise, disregard,  hold  in  contempt. 
—  contemptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  despicable,  contemptible. 

COntendo,  -tendere,  -tend!,  -ten- 
tus    [con-tendo],    3.    v.    n.,    strain, 


struggle,  strive,  try,  endeavor,  exert 
■•    one^s    self,    attempt,    be   zealous.  — 
1    Esp.,  -with  verbs  of  motion,/r^.fj-^«, 
/    hasten.  —  A\so,  fight,  contend,  wage 
7uar.  —  With  ad  and  in  like  con- 
structions, press   towards,   hasten, 
march,    start   to  go    (in   haste). — 
With  ab,  urge  upon  one,  persuade, 
induce.  —  Also,    compare,  contrast. 

—  Absolutely,  maintain  {that,  etc.), 
contend  (in  same  sense). 

contentio,  -onis  [con-ttentio-  ;  cf. 
contends],  F.,  a  strain,  struggle, 
efforts.  —  Esp.,  cofitest,  fighting.  — 
Also,  coinparison  (cf.  contendo). 

contentus,  -a,  -um,  see  contendo 
and  contineo. 

conticesc5,  -ticescere,  -ticul,  no 
p.p.  [con-ttacesco],  3.  v.  n.,  be- 
come silent,  cease  to  speak,  be 
hushed. 

continens,  -entis,  see  contineo. 

continenter  [continent-  +  ter], 
adv.,  co7itinually,  without  stopping, 
contifzuously. 

continentia,  -ae  [continent-  + 
la],  F.,  self-restraint. 

contineo,  -tinere,  -tinuT,  -tentus 
[con-teneo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  together, 
connect,  contain,  hold  in.  —  Hence, 
in  many  fig.  meanings,  restrain, 
hold  in  check,  keep  (within  bounds), 
hem  in,  retain  (in  something). — 
Pass,  or  with  reflex.,  keep  within, 
remain,  be  included  in,  be  bounded, 
consist  in  (be  contained  in),  depend 
upon.  —  continens, -entis,  p.  as  adj., 
{holding  together),  contifuial,  con- 
tiguous, continuous.  —  As  subst., 
the  continuotis  la?id,  the  conti7iefit. 

—  Also,     restraining     ofie's     self 


contingo 


54 


cojitinent.  —  contentus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  contented,  co>ite?it, 
satisfied. 

contingo,  -tingere,  -tigl,  -tactus 
[con-tango],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  touch, 
reach,  join. —  With  dat.  (expressed 
or  implied),  happen,  have  the  good 
fortufie  (of  the  person).  —  Rarely 
in  a  general  sense,  occur,  be  the 
case. 

continue  [abl.  of  continuus], 
adv.,  immediately,  straightzuay, 
forthwith. 

continuus,  -a,  -um  [con-ttenuus 
(ten,  in  teneo,  +  uus)],  adj.,  con- 
tinuous, successive,  in  succession. 

contio,  -onis  [prob.  for  conven- 
tio],  F.,  ati  assembly.  —  Esp.,  the  as- 
sembly of  the  people  convened  by  a 
magistrate  for  di-scussing  any  pub- 
lic matter,  but  not  for  voting  (cf. 
comitia),  or  a  like  assembly  of  sol- 
diers before  their  commander.  — 
Less  exactly,  a  harangue  (on  such 
an  occasion),  <?;/  address:  comes 
ad  contionem,  an  associate  to  address 
the  people) ;  in  contione,  ///  ha- 
rangties. 

contionator,  -oris  [contiona-  -f 
tor],  M.,  a  haranguer,  a  demagogtie. 

COntionor,  -arl,  -atus  [contion-], 
I.  V.  dep.,  ha)-angue,  address  (an 
assembly  or  an  army). 

contra  [unc.  case-form  (instr.?) 
of  tconterus  (con  -f  terus)  ;  cf.  su- 
perus,  supra],  adv.  and  prep., 
opposite,  contrary  to,  against,  i?i 
opposition,  on  the  other  hand,  on 
the  other  side,  to  the  contrary : 
contra  atque,  different  from  what, 
etc.,  contrary  to  what,  etc. 


contractio,  -onis  [con-tractio ; 
cf.  contraho],  f.,  a  drawing  to- 
gether, a  contraction :  frontis  {a 
frown). 

contraho,  -trahere,  -traxT,  -trac- 
tus  [con-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  draw  to- 
gether, draw  ill,  bring  together, 
gather  together,  contract,  narrow, 
make  smaller,  bring  into  sfnaller 
compass  :  aes  alienum  {contract) ; 
amplius  negoti  {get  one's  self  into). 

contrarius,  -a,  -um  [tcontero- 
(see  contra)  +  arius],  adj.,  opposite 
(lit.  and  fig.),  contrary,  contradic- 
tory. 

contremisco,  -tremlscere,  -tre- 
muT,  no  p.p.  [con-tremisco],  3.  v.  n., 
begin  to  tret?ible :  fides  virtusque 
(zoaver). 

controversia,  -ae  [contro-verso- 
-f  ia],  F.,  a  turning  against.  — 
Hence,  a  cotitroversy,  a  dispute: 
sine  controversia,  without  question. 

contrucido,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [con- 
trucido],  I.  V.  a.,  cut  to  pieces, 
slaughter,  massacre. —  Less  exactly, 
tear  in  pieces  (rem  publicam). 

contubernalis,  -is  [con-taberna- 
+  alis],  M.  and  F.,  (prop.  adj.).  a 
tent  compajiion,  a  messmate. 

contumelia,  -ae  [.\  cf.  tumeo], 
F.,  an  insult,  an  affrotit,  an  outrage. 

convalesco,  -ere,  -uT,  no  p.p. 
[con-valesco],  3.   v.   n.,  get  better. 

conveho,  -vehere,  -vexT,  -vectus 
[con-veho],  3.  v.  a.,  bring  together. 

convenio,  -venire,  -venl,  -ventus 
[con-venio],  4.  v.  a.  and  n.,  come 
together,  meet,  assemble,  come  in, 
arrive,  agree  upon,  agree.  —  With 
ace,     meet,     come     to.  —  Also,     of 


conventiculum 


55 


Cornelius 


things,  be  agreed  upon,  be  fif/iug, 
be  necessary  (in  a  loose  sense  in 
Eng.).  —  Esp.  impers.,  //  is  fitting, 
ougJit:  qui  convenit,  hoiv  is  it  likelv  / 
how  can  it  be  ?  tibi  cum  sceleratis 
convenire,  yon  be  on  good  terms 
with,  etc.;  in  aliquem  suspicio  {can 
fall). 

conventiculum,  -i  [convents-  + 
culum],  N.,  a  little  group. 

conventus,  -us  [con-tventus ;  cf. 
convenio  and  adventus],  m.,  aji 
assembly,  a  ifieeting.  —  Esp.,  an 
assize  (the  regular  assembly  of 
Roman  citizens  in  a  provincial 
town  on  stated  occasions,  at  which 
justice  was  dispensed),  an  associa- 
tion of  merchants  (in  a  province, 
who  were  united  into  a  sort  of 
guild). 

conversus,  -a,  -urn,  see  con- 
verto. 

converto,  -vertere,  -vertT,  -versus 
[con-verto],  3.  v.  a.,  tnrn  about, 
turn.  —  Fig.,  divert,  change,  con- 
vert, appropriate :  se  convertere, 
tnrn. 

convicium  (convit-),  -i  [tcon- 
vic-  (con-vox)  +  ium],  n.,  a  wran- 
gle, rvrangling. 

convince,  -vincere,  -vTcI,  -victus 
[con-vinco],  3.  v.  a.,  prove,  make 
good  (a  charge,  etc.)  :  avaritia 
convicta,  found  guilty  of  avarice 
(changing  the  point  of  view  for 
the  Eng.  idiom).  —  Also  (as  in 
Eng.),  of  the  person,  convict,  proi'e 
guilty. 

convivium,  -T  [conviva-  +  ium  ; 
cf.  conlegium],  n.,  a  living  together, 
a  banq74et,  a  carousal. 


convoco,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [con- 
voco],  I.  V.  a.,  call  together,  sum- 
fnon,  call  (a  council  or  the  like). 

copia,  -ae  [tcopi-  (con-ops)  -f 
ia ;  cf.  inopia,  inops],  f.,  abun- 
dance, plenty,  supply  (both  great 
and  small),  quantity,  number. — 
Esp.,  luxury  (abundance  of  every- 
thing).—  Plur.  (esp.  of  forces), 
forces,  reso7irces,  sjipplies,  armed 
forces,  capital :  dicendi  {^fluency) ; 
in  dicendo  {fthtess  of  matter). 

copiose  [old  abl.  of  copiosus], 
adv., /////v. 

copiosus,  -a,  -um  [copia  (re- 
duced) -f  osus],  adj.,  well  supplied, 
7uealthy,  full  of  resources,  well 
to  do. 

coram  [unc.  case,  formed  from 
con  and  os],  adv.  and  prep.,  face 
to  face  [with),  personally,  present, 
in  persoti,  iji  the  presence  of. 

Corduba,  -ae  [.?],  f.,  a  city  in 
Spain,  now  Cordova. 

Corfidius,  -i  [.'],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  L.  Coffidius, 
a  friend  of  Ligarius. 

Corfinium,  -i  [KopcplvLov],  n.,  a 
strongly  fortified  town  in  central 
Italy,  now  Pel i no. 

Corinthius,  -a,  -um  \KoplvdLos'], 
adj.,  of  Corinth,  Corinthian.  — 
Masc.  plur.,  the   Corinthians. 

Corinthus,  -T  [K6pLvdo%'],  F.,  Cor- 
inth, the  famous  city  on  the 
isthmus  between  Greece  and  the 
Peloponnesus,  destroyed  by  Mum- 
mius,  B.C.  146. 

Cornelius,  -I  [?],  m.,  a  famous 
Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp.  : 
I.   Cornelius    Cinna    (see    Cinna)  ; 


Cornelius 


56 


creber 


2.  Z.  Cornelius  Sulla  (see  Sulla)  ; 

3.  L.  Co7-nelius  Leiituhis  (see  Len- 
tulus). 

Cornelius,  -a,  -um  [same  word 
as  preceding],  adj.,  of  Cornelius. 
—  Esp.,  Cornelian  (of  the  laws 
passed  by  Sulla). 

Cornificius,  -1  [tcornifico-  +  ius], 
M.,  a  Roman  gentile  name.  — 
Esp.,  Q.  Cornificius,  one  of  the 
indices  in  the  case  against  Verres. 

Corniitus,  -I  [comu-  +  tus  ;  cf. 
barbatus],  isi.,  a  Roman  family 
name.  — Esp.,  M.  Cormitus,  praetor 
in  B.C.  43. 

corona,  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  garland. — 
Fig.,  a  circle  [line,  of  soldiers),  a 
circle  of  spectators. 

corpus,  -oris  [unc.  root  +  us], 
^.,the  body,  the  person,  the  frame : 
petitionis  corpora  effugere  (by  dodg- 
ing, a  gladiator's  term). 

corrigo  (conr-),  -rigere,  -rexl,  -rec- 
tus [con-rego],  3.  v.  a.,  {straighten), 
correct,  reform,  amend :  te  corrigas, 
amend  (as  if  intrans.). 

corripio,  -ripere,  -ripuT,  -reptus 
[con-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  seize,  seize 
upon,   plunder. 

corroboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [con- 
troboro  (robur)],  i.  v.  a.,  strengthen, 

CO  71  fir  771. 

corrumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupT,  -rup- 
tus  [con-rumpo],  3.  v.  a.,  spoil,  rui7i, 
tamper  with  (of  documents  or  of  a 
court),  bribe  (of  a  court,  etc.).  — 
corruptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
cor7'upt,  profligate. 

corruo,  -ruere,  -ruT,  no  p.p.  [con- 
ruo],  3.  V.  a.  and  n.,  fall  i/i  rui/is, 
fall.  —  Also,  overthrow. 


corruptela,  -ae  [prob.  corrupto- 
-f  ela  ;  cf.  querela],  F.,  ?/iea7is  of 
seductio7i,  a7i  e7itice77ie7it,  a7i  allure- 
7/ie7it. 

corruptor,  -oris  [con-ruptor  ;  cf. 
corrumpo],  m.,  a  cor7-uptor,  a 
seducer. 

cotidianus  (quot-),-a,  -um  [coti- 
die-  -f  anus],  adj.,  daily. 

cotidie  (quot-)  [quot-die  (loc.  of 
dies)],  adv.,  daily,  every  day. 

Cotta,  -ae  [?],  m.,  a  Roman  fam- 
ily name. — Esp.,  L.  Aurelius  Cotta, 
consul  B.C.  65,  and  later  "Princeps 
Senatus." 

Cottius,  -T  [.'],  M.,  the  name 
of  two  Romans  from  Taurome- 
nium,  who  were  witnesses  against 
Verres. 

Coils,  -a,  -um  [Kwos],  adj.,  of 
Cos  (an  island  in  the  /Egean).  — 
Masc.  plur.  as  subst.,  the  Coans. 

eras  [.^],  adv.,  to-7norrow. 

Crassus,  -1  [crassus,  fat'\,  m.,  a 
Roman  family  name.  —  Esp.  : 
I.  Marcus  [Lici/tius)  Crassus, 
consul  with  Pompey  B.C.  55;  one 
(with  Caesar  and  Pompey)  of  the 
combination  called  the  First  Tri- 
umvirate. 2.  L.  Lici7iius  Crassus, 
the  great  orator,  censor  B.C.  103. 
3.  P.  Lici7tius  C7'assus,  censor 
B.C.  89. 

cratera,  -ae  [prob.  from  ace.  of 
/v'paT77p],  F.,  a  vase  (for  mixing  wine, 
corresponding  to  "  punch-bowl  "  ), 
a  jar. 

creber,  -bra,  -brum  [ore  (in  creo) 
-f  ber ;  cf.  saluber],  adj.,  thick, 
close,  7iu77ierous,  frcq7te7it :  sermo 
[ge7ieral). 


crebro 


57 


cubiculum 


crebro  [prol).  abl.  of  creber],  adv., 
■frequently^  constatitly,  hi  7-apid  suc- 
cession, at  short  intervals. 

credibilis,  -e  [credi-  (as  stem  of 
credo)  +  bills],  adj.,  to  be  believed, 
credible :  non  credibilis,  i»ipossible 
to  believe. 

credo,  credere,  credidT,  creditus 
[tcred  {faith,  of  unc.  formation)  + 
-  do],  3.  V,  a.  and  n.,  trust,  entritst, 
believe,  suppose,  believe  i)i.  —  Esp., 
parenthetically,  credo,  /  suppose 
(ironical)  :  mihi  crede,  take  my 
word  for  it,  take  my  advice. 

crein5,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [.^],  i.  v.  a., 
burn,  consume  (esp.  of  the  dead, 
perh.  orig;  only  of  flesh;  cf.  cremor). 

creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [unc.  form 
akin  to  cresco],  i.  v.  a.,  {cause  to 
grow),  create,  generate.  —  Esp., 
elect,  choose. 

Crepereius,  -1  [.^],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  AT.  Crepe- 
reius, a  Roman  knight,  a  index  in 
the  case  of  Verres. 

crepitus,  -us  [crepi-  (as  stem  of 
crepe)  +  tus],  m.,  a  noise,  a  rattling, 
a  sound. 

Cres,  Cretis  [Kp^s],  m.,  a  Cretan. 

cresco,  crescere,  crevi,  cretus 
[stem  ere-  (also  in  creo)  with  -sco], 
3.  V.  n.,  grow,  increase,  swell  (of  a 
river),  be  swelled,  increase  in  influ- 
ence (of  a  man),  be  increased. 

Cretensis,  -e  [Creta-  +  ensis], 
adj.,  of  Crete,  Cretan.  —  Masc.  plur. 
as  subst.,  the  Cretans. 

creterra,  -ae  [/cpTjxTjp],  Y.,a  mix- 
ing vessel,  a  bowl. 

crimen,  -minis  [cri-  (stem  akin 
to  cerno)  +  men],   N.,   (a  decision). 


—  Less  exactly,  a  charge,  a  fault, 
a  crime. 

criminor,  -arl,  -atus  [crimin-], 
I.  V.  dep.,  accuse,  bring  an  accusa- 
tion, charge,  find  fault  with. 

criminose  [old  abh  of  crimino- 
sus],  adv.,  i7i  the  spirit  of  an 
accuser. 

criminosus,  -a,  -um  [crimin-  + 
osus],  adj.,  crijuinal,  ground  for 
an  accusation. 

cruciatus,  -us  [crucia-  (stem  of 
crucio)  +  tus],  M.,  crucifying.  — 
Hence,  torture.  —  With  a  change 
of  relation,  suffering  (of  the  person 
tortured). 

crucio,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [cruc-  (as 
if  crucio-)],  i.  v.  a.,  crucify,  torture. 

crudelis,  -e  [tcrude-  (in  crudesco, 
akin  to  crudus)  -f  lis  ;  cf.  Aprllis, 
edulis,  animalis],  adj.,  {bloody?), 
cruel  (also  of  the  things  suffered, 
as  in  Eng.). 

criidelitas,  -atis  [crudeli-  -f  tas], 
F.,  cruelty. 

crudeliter  [crudeli-  +  ter],  adv., 
cruelly,  with  cruelty,  harshly. 

cruento,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [cru- 
ento-],  I.  V.  a.,  stain  with  blood. 

cruentus,  -a,  -um  [cru-  (in  cruor, 
crudus)  -f  entus  ;  cf.  tantus],  adj., 
bloody,  blood-stained. 

cruor,  -oris  [cru-  (in  crudus)  + 
or],  M.,  blood  (out  of  the  body), 
gore. 

crux,  crucis  {}],  ¥.,  a  cross  (the 
usual  instrument  for  the  punish- 
ment of  slaves),  death  on  the  cross. 

cubiculum,  -I  [cubo-  +  culum], 
N.,  {a  place  for  reclining),  a  sleep- 
ins'-room. 


cubile 


58 


cublle,  -is  [tcubi-  (stem  akin  to 
cumbo)  +  lis  (cf.  crudelis),  neut.  of 
adj.],  N.,  a  couch,  a  rcsthig-/>lcice,  a 
bed,  a  lair. 

cub5,  -are,  -uT,  -itum  [cu]>], 
I.  V.  n.,  lie  down,  lie,  lie  asleep: 
cubitum  ire,  go  to  bed. 

culeus  (cull-),  -1  [\-6Xeos],  M.,  a 
sack. 

culpa,  -ae  [?],  v.,  a  fault,  blajfte, 
guilt. 

cultiira,  -ae  [cultu-  +  ra  (fern,  of 
-rus;  cf.  figura)],  f.,  cultivation, 
culture :  agri  cultura  or  agricultura, 
the  cultivation  of  the  soil. 

cum  [.'',  another  form  of  con-], 
prep.  w.  abl.,  with,  along  with,  in 
company  with,  armed  with. 

cum  (quom)  [case-form  (prob. 
ace.)  of  qui],  conj.,  when,  while, 
whenever.  —  Often  rendered  by  a 
different  construction  in  Eng. :  cum 
mulier  esset,  being  a  wojnan.  — 
Of  logical  relations  (usually  with 
subjv.),  when,  while,  since,  inas- 
much as,  though,  although.  —  cum 
.  .  .  turn,  while  . .  .  so  also,  not  only 
.  .  .  but  especially,  while  .  .  .  besides, 
not  only  .  .  .  but  also,  not  only  .  .  . 
but  as  well,  while  .  .  .  as  well,  while 
.  .  .  so  (in  particular),  both  .  .  .  and, 
as  well  .  .  .  as  ;  cum  primum,  as 
soon  as,  the  first  time. 

cumulate  [old  abl.  of  cumula- 
tus],  adv.,  in  full  measure,  fully. 

cumulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [cumu- 
16-],  I.  V.  a.,  heap  up,  fill  full,  add 
to :  alio  scelere  hoc  scelus  {add  to 
this,  etc.,  another,  etc.) ;  ea  quae 
promisimus  studiose  cumulata  red- 
demus  {in  the  fullest  measure). 


cumulus,  -T  [tcumo-  (akin  to 
Kviia)  4-  lus],  M.,  {the  swelling 
heap),  a  heap.  —  Hence,  the  last 
stroke,  the  last  touch  (added  to 
something  already  complete),  an 
extra  weight,  an  increase. 

cunctus,  -a,  -um  [for  coniunc- 
tus?],  adj.,  all  (together,  in  a 
mass) :  Italia  {the  whole  of,  etc.) ; 
urbs  {the  entire). 

cupide  [old  abl.  of  cupidus], 
adv.,  eagerly,  zealously,  earnestly. 

cupiditas,  -atis  [cupido-  -f  tas], 
F.,  desire,  eagerness,  greed,  cupidity, 
greed  of  gain,  selfish  desire. 

cupido,  -inis  [unc.  form  akin  to 
cupio],  F.,  desire. — Masc.  (personi- 
fied), Cupid  (the  god  of  desire). 

cupidus,  -a,  -um  [noun  stem 
akin  to  cupio  -f  dus],  adj.,  eager, 
desirous,  longing  {for),  fotid  of, 
ambitious  {for),  with  a  passion 
{for),  overzealous,  greedy. 

cupio,  -ere,  -Ivi  (-il),  -Itus  [partly 
root  verb,  partly  from  tcupi- ;  cf. 
cupidus],  3.  (and  4)  v.  a.  and  n., 
be  eager  {for),  be  anxious,  desire 
(stronger  than  volo).  —  With  dat., 
wish  ivell  to,  be  zealotis  for :  quid 
cupiebas,  quid  optabas  {desire,  as 
a  passive  longing,  wish  for,  as  an 
active  prayer  or  wish). 

ciir  (quor)  [perh.  for  qua  re]. 
adv.,  rel.  and  interr.,  why. 

cura,  -ae  [for  tcavira,  akin  to 
caveo],  F.,  care,  anxiety,  attention. 

curia,  -ae  [prob.  akin  to  Quiris], 
F.,  the  meeting-place  of  the  old 
aristocracy  of  Rome.  —  Hence,  a 
senate-house.  —  Esp.,  the  Cu7'ia 
Ifostilia  on  the  Forum. 


Curio 


59 


de 


Curio,  -onis  [curia-  +  o  {priest 
of  a  curid)\  M.,  a  Roman  family 
name.  —  Esp.,  C.  Scriboiiits  Curio, 
a  friend  of  Cicero. 

ciiriosus,  -a,  -um  [tcuria  (cf.  in- 
curia)  +osus],  adj.,  curious, pryini^. 

Curius,  -T  [cf.  curis,  spea?-],  .\i., 
a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp., 
A/\  Ctirius,  a  banker  of  Patrse. 

euro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [cura],  i. 
V.  a.  and  n.,  take  care  (of),  treat 
(medically).  —  With  gerundive, 
cause  (to  be  done),  have  (done). 

curriculum,  -i  [from  unc.  stem 
akin  to  curro  and  currus ;  cf.  ve- 
hiculum],  N.,  a  course,  a  ru7uiing. 

curro,  currere,  cucurrT,  cursurus 
[?  for  tcurso],  3.  v.  n.,  run. 

currus,  -us  [cur  (?)  +  us ;  cf. 
curro],  M.,  a  chariot.  —  Esp.,  a  tri- 
umphal chariot. 

curso,  -are,  -avi,  no  p.p.  [curso-], 
I.  V.  n.,  run,  rush,  hurry. 

cursus,  -us  [cuR  (?)  +  tus ;  cf. 
curro],  M.,  a  runnijig,  runnivg, 
speed,  a  run,  a  course,  a  voy- 
age, a   career:    celeritas  et  cursus 


{activity,  as  a  quality,  speedy  pas- 
sage, as  the  result  accomplished); 
cursus  sceleris  (fig.,  as  in  Eng.) ; 
quemcunque  fortuna  dederit  {what- 
ever wanderings);  orationis  {flow). 

curulis,  -e  [prob.  curru-  -f  lis], 
adj.,  {of  a  chariot  ?).  —  Esp.,  sella 
curulis,  the  curtile  chair  (the  ivory 
chair  of  magistrates  at  Rome). 

custodia,  -ae  [custod-  +  ia],  v., 
custody,  guard  (state  of  being 
guarded).  —  Plur.  (concretely), 
guards,  keepers. 

custodio,  -Ire,  -Tvi  (-il),  -itus  [cus- 
tod-, as  if  custodi-],  4.  v.  a.  and 
abs.  (as  if  x\.), guard,  do  guard  duty. 

custos,  -odis  [unc.  stem  -f  dis 
(cf.  merces,  palus)],  c,  a  guard, 
a  xvatchman,  a  keeper,  a  guardian. 

Cyrus,  -I  [KOpos],  m.,  a  common 
name  among  the  Greeks.  —  Esp., 
an  architect  or  builder  employed 
by  Clodius. 

Cyzicenus,  -a,  -um  \\s.v<;iKr\vo%\, 
adj.,  of  Cyzicum,  a  city  of  Mysia, 
on  the  Propontis.  —  Plur.,  the 
people  of  the  city,   Cyzicenes. 


D 


d.,  see  a.  d. 

D  [half  of  *,  CID  =  M],  500. 

D.,  abbrev.  for  Decimus. 

damnatio,  -onis  [damna-  +  tio], 
F.,  a  finding  guilty,  a  conviction. 

damno,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [damno-], 
I .  V.  a.,  {fine),  find  guilty,  conde?nn, 
convict. 

de  [unc.  case-form  of  pron.  stem 
DA  (in  idem,  dum)],  prep,  with  abl., 
{down,    only    in    comp.    as    adv.), 


down  from,  off  from,  f)om,  aiuay 
from.  —  Hence,  qua  de  causa,  for 
ivhich  reason  ;  de  aliquo  mereor 
{deserve  well  or  /'//  of,  properly  win 
from);  de  consilio  {/>y,  cf.  ex); 
multa  de  nocte,  late  at  night. — 
Esp.  in  partitive  sense,  out  of  of: 
pauci  de  nostris.  —  Also  (cf.  P^ng. 
of),  about,  ty"  (about),  /;/  regard  to, 
co>icer)ii)ig,  for:  de  regno  despe- 
rare  ;     nihil   de  bello  timere,   Jiave 


dea 


60 


declino 


710  fear  of  war  ;  contendere,  dimi- 
care  {about,  fo?-) ;  triumphare  {tri- 
umph over,  triumph  for  a  victory 
over) ;  quid  de  te  futurum  est, 
7c>hat  will  becof/ie  of  you  ;  de  maies- 
tate  {for) ;  de  improviso,  of  a  sud- 
den ;  de  industria,  on  purpose.  —  In 
comp.,  down,  off,  away,  through 
(and  be  done  with). 

dea,  -ae  [fern,  of  deus],  f.,  a  god- 
dess.—  Esp.,  Bona  Dea,  see  bona. 

debe5,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus  [de-habeo], 
2.  V.  a.,  {have  off  from  one''s  posses- 
sions), owe,  be  bound,  ought,  cannot 
help,  should,  be  under  obligation. 
—  Pass.,  be  due,  be  ozving :  non 
debeo,  have  no  right;  omnia  de- 
bere,  be  bound  to  do  everything.  — 
debitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  due, 
deserved. 

debilis,  -e  [de-habilis] ,  adj .,  T^tvz/', 
feeble,  helpless,  eifeebled. 

debilito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [debili- 
(through  intermediate  stem)],  i. 
V.  a.,  cripple,  weaken,  ejifeeble, 
break  down  (in  health,  etc.).  — 
Fig.,  overcome,  paralyze. 

deced5,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessurus 
[de-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  {make  way  off ; 
cf.  cede),  retire,  withdraw  (de 
scaena),  withdraw  from,  shun. — 
Esp.  (from  life),  die :  de  officio 
{sacrifice,  abandon) ;  de  iure  {yield, 
give  up). 

decern  [?],  indecl.  num.  adj.,  ten. 

December,  -bris,  -bre  [decern 
+  unc.  term.;  cf.  saluber],  adj., 
{tenth  ?).  —  Esp.,  of  December. 

decempeda,  -ae  [decem-tpeda 
(fern,  of  tpedus?)],  F.,  a  ten-foot 
pole,  a  measure  (of  ten  feet). 


decerno,  -cernere,  -crevT,  -cretus 
[de-cerno],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  {decide 
off,  so  as  to  clear  away),  decide, 
determijie,  decree,  order  (as  a 
result  of  determination),  vote  (of 
a  consulting  body,  or  of  a  single 
member  of  it). 

decerpo,  -cerpere,  -cerpsi,  -cerp- 
tus  [de-carpo],  3.  v.  -a..,  phick  off. — 
Fig.,  detract,  take  away. 

decerto,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [de- 
certo],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  contend  (so 
as  to  close  the  contest),  decide  the 
issue,  try  the  issue  (of  war),  car^y 
071  war,  fight  (a  general  engage- 
ment) :  de  fortunis  decertari,  07ie''s 
fortu7ies  are  at  stake. 

decessus,  -us  [de-tcessus ;  cf. 
decedo  and  incessus],  m.,  with- 
dratval,  departure. 

decet,  -ere,  -uit,  no  p.p.  [?,  cf. 
decus],  2.  V.  impers.,  //  is  fitti7ig,  it 
is  beco7ning,  it  becomes. 

decido,  -cidere,  -cidT,  no  p.p. 
[de-cado],  3.  v.  n.,  fall  down, 
fall. 

decimus  (decu-),  -a,  -um  [stem 
of  decern -fmus],  adj.,  the  tenth. — 
Esp.,  Decimus,  as  a  Roman  praeno- 
men.  —  decuraa,  -ae  (sc.  pars),  f.,  a 
tithe  (of  the  produce  of  land  let  by 
the  state  on  shares). 

declar5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de- 
claro],  I.  V.  a.,  {clear  off),  7nake 
plai7i,  declare,  shozu. 

declinatio,  -onis  [declina- +  tio] , 
F.,  a  Iea7ii7ig,  a  side  77iove77ie7it. 

declin5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de- 
clino], I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  move  aside, 
avoid  (as  if  by  a  deviation  of  the 
body),  elude,  fii7zch. 


decoctor 


defetigo 


decoctor,  -oris  [de-coctor ;  cf. 
decoquo],  m.,  {one  who  boils  down), 
a  speyidthrift. 

decoro,  -are,  -avT,  -at us  [decor-], 
I.  V.  a.,  adorn,  embellish.  —  Fig., 
honor,  praise. 

decretum,  -I  [prop.  neut.  of  de- 
cretus],  N.,  a  decree,  a  decision, 
resolution. 

decuma,  see  decimus. 

decuria,  -ae  [decern  +  unc.  term. ; 
cf.  centuria],  f.,  a  decnry  (a  divi- 
sion of  ten  men  of  the  original 
Roman  heads  of  families,  also 
more  generally  of  cavalry  and 
other  bodies). 

decurio,  -onis  [decuria- +  o],  m., 
a  president  of  a  decury,  a  decnrion. 
—  Also,  a  member  of  the  senate 
in  a  provincial  town,  a  provincial 
senator. 

decurio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [decu- 
ria-], I.  V.  a.,  divide  into  de cu- 
ries. 

decus,  -oris  [dec-  (as  root  of 
decet)  +  us],  n.,  an  ornament,  an 
embellishment.  —  Fig.,  a7i  honor. 

dedecus,  -oris  [de-decus],  x., 
a  disgrace,  dishonor,  a  stain. 

dedico,  -are, -avI,  -atus  [de-dico], 
I.  V.  a.,  dedicate,  devote. 

deditio,  -onis  [de-datio ;  cf. 
dedo],  F.,  surrender :  spes  dedi- 
tionis,  hope  that  one''s  surrender 
would  be  received. 

dedo,  -dere,  -did!,  -ditus  [de-do], 
3.  V.  a.,  give  over,  surrender,  give 
up.  —  In  pass,  or  with  reflex.,  sur- 
render one''s  self,  submit:  aures 
{listen  to). 

deduco,   -ducere,   -duxT,   -ductus 


[de-duco],  3.  V.  a.,  lead  down  or  off, 
lead  away,  withdraw,  draw  off 
(praesidia),  take  away  (of  men), 
bring  away,  lead  (from  one  place 
to  another),  bring  (into  a  situa- 
tion). —  Fig.,  induce,  bring,  lead. 
—  Esp.  of  ships,  launch  (draw 
down) ;  of  women,  marry  (used  of 
the  man) ;  of  things,  bring,  draw, 
turn.  So,  raise  (a  man  to  fortune) : 
rem  hue  {bring) ;  de  fide  {seduce)  ; 
de  sententia  {dissuade) ;  de  lenitate 
{drive) ;  coloniam  {plant) ;  servos 
ex  Apennino  {bring  do7vn). 

defatigatio,  see  defetigatio. 

defatigo,  see  defetigo. 

defendo,  -fendere,  -fendi,  -fensus 
[de-fendo],  3.  v.  a.,  ward  off,  de- 
fend one  'j-  self  against.  — Also,  with 
changed  relation,  defend,  protect, 
maintain  (a  C2i\xse),  fight  for. 

defensio,  -onis  [de-tfensio ;  cf. 
defendo],  f.,  a  defence. 

defensor,  -oris  [de-tfensor ;  cf. 
defendo],  m.,  a  defender:  necis  {a 
preventer). 

defero,  -ferre,  -tull,  -latus  [de- 
fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  carry  dow7i,  carry 
away,  bring,  land  (of  ships).  — 
Pass.,  be  borne  dozvn  or  on,  drift 
(of  ships),  t2irn  aside:  delati  in 
scrobes  {falling).  —  Fig.,  confer 
upon,  put  in  one\  hands,  report, 
lay  before,  devote :  nomen  alicuius 
{accuse  one)-,  studium  {tender). 

defessus,  -a,  -um,  see  defetiscor. 

defetigatio  (defat-),  -onis  [de- 
fatigatio], F.,  exhaustion. 

defetigo  (defat-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[de-fatigo],  i.  v.  a.,  wear  out,  ex- 
haust, worrv,  tire  out. 


defetiscor 


62 


delicatus 


defetiscor,  -fetlsci,  -f  ess  us  [de- 
fatiscor],  3.  v.  dep.,  crack  open. — 
Fig.,  become  exhausted.  —  defessus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  exhausted, 
7uorn  out,  wearied :  accusatio 
{grouni  stale). 

defici5,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus  [de- 
facio],  3.  V.  a.  and  n.,  fail,  fall 
azuay,  revolt,  fall  off,  almudon  (with 
ab). 

defigo,  -figere,  -flxl,  -fixus  [de- 
figo]'  3-  V-  ^M  y^-^  (^^'  or  down), 
plant,  set,  fasten,  drive  down :  in 
oculis  flagitia  {set  before)  ;  curas 
{devote). 

definio,  -Ire,  -Tvi, -itus  [de-finio], 
4.  V.  a.,  set  limits  to,  fix,  appoint, 
liviit,  bring  to  a  close,  mark  out. 

deflagro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de- 
flagro],  I.  V.  n.,  burn  up,  be  con- 
sumed :  imperium  deflagratum 
{burned  to  the  ground). 

defluo,  -fluere,  -fluxT,  -fluxurus 
[de-fluo],  3.  V.  n.,  flow  do-wn,  ffnv 
apart,  divide  (of  a  river),  fall  a7uay. 

defore,  see  desum. 

deformo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [de- 
formo],  I.  V.  a.,  deform,  disfigjire. 

defraudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de- 
fraud-], I.  V.  a.,  defraud,  overreach, 
cheat. 

defungor,  -fungi,  -fiinctus  [de- 
fungor],  3.  V.  de\).,  perform,  f7tish, 
be  done  7vith,  get  I'id  of. 

dego,  degere,  degl,  no  p.p.  [de- 
ago],  3.  V.  2i.,  pass,  spend. 

deicio  (deiicio),  -icere,  -iecl, 
-iectus  [de-iacio],  3.  v.  a.,  throxv 
down,  keep  off,  ivard  off,  deprive, 
keep  out  (one  from  a  thing),  repel, 
eject,  oust. 


dein  [de-in ;  cf.  deinde],  adv., 
theji,  next. 

deinde  [de-inde],  adv.,  from 
thence,  then,  after  that,  then  again. 

delabor,  -labl,  -lapsus  [de-labor], 
3.  V.  dep.,  slip  down,  slip  away  : 
de  caelo  {fall,  descend,  come  down). 

delectati5, -onis  [delecta-  -f  tio], 
I".,  delight,  pleasure,  enjoymefit. 

delecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de- 
tlecto;  cf.  deiicio  and  allecto], 
I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  {allure),  delight, 
please,  give  pleasure  to.  —  Pass., 
take  delight,  delight  (in  a  thing) : 
Graecos  delectat,  the  Greeks  take 
pleasure. 

delectus  (di-),  -lis  [de-lectus  ;  cf. 
deligo],  M.,  a  choosing,  an  enrol- 
ment,  a  levy,  a  conscription. 

delenio,  -Ire,  -IvI  (-il),  -Itus  [de- 
lenio],  4.  V.  a.,  soothe,  soften,  pacify. 

deleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus  [de-tleo 
(akin  to  lino)],  2.  v.  a.,  {smear  out), 
blot  out,  wipe  out  (of  a  disgrace).  — 
Fig.,  annihilate,  destroy. 

deliberatio,  -onis  [delibera-  + 
tio],  F.,  a  deliberation,  a  discussion, 
a  decision  (through  deliberation). 

deliberator,  -oris  [delibera-  + 
tor],  M.,  a  deliberator.  —  Used  sar- 
castically of  one  who  reserves  his 
decision  in  order  to  be  bribed. 

delibero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de- 
libero],  i .  v.  a.  and  n.,  {disetitangle  ?), 
decide.  —  Also,  discuss,  deliberate, 
xveigh . 

delicate  [old  abl.  of  delicatus]. 
adv.,  delicately,  luxuriously.  — 
Also,  at  ojie's  ease,  slowly. 

delicatus,  -a,  -um  [?,  perh.  p.p. 
of   tdelico,  7vean  (or  abandon)  ;   cf. 


deliciae 


63 


demum 


delicus,     deliculus],     adj.,     (' cos- 
seted'"  ?),  fat?i/^ereJy  luxurious. 

deliciae,  -arum  [delico-  (cf.  de- 
liculus) +  ia],  F.  plur.,  {cosset- 
ing .^),  delights,  allurements,  luxu- 
rious pleasures  ;  also,  in  sing,  sense, 
darling,  pet,  favorite. 

delictum,  -i  [n.  p.p.  of  delinquo], 
N.,  {something  left  undone),  a  fail- 
ure, a  fault,  a  wrottg-doing,  an 
offence. 

deligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de-ligo], 
I.   V.   a.,   bind  down,  fastoi,  bind, 
tie  up  (to  a  stake). 
'       deligo,  -ligere,  -leg!,  -lectus  [de- 
lego],  3.  V.  a.,  select,pick  ottt,  choose. 

delinquo,  -linquere,  -iTquT,  -lictus 
[de-linquo],  3.  v.  w.,  fail  (in  one's 
duty),  do  wrong :  quid  deliqui,  what 
ivrong  have  I  do7ie  (cognate  ace). 

Delos,  -1  [A^Xos],  F.,  an  island 
in  the  /Egean. 

Delphicus,  -a,  -um  [AeX0t/c6s], 
adj.,  of  Delphi  (the  seat  of  the 
most  famous  worship  of  Apollo), 
Delphic:  mensa  (a  table  made  in 
the  form  of  a  tripod). 

delubrum,  -i  [de-tlubrum  (lu  -f 
brum)],  N.,  an  expiatory  shrine,  a 
shri/ie  (cf.  aedes,  a  temple  gener- 
ally ;  templum,  a  place  consecrated 
by  augury;  fanum,  an  oracular  (.'') 
shrine). 

deliido,  -ludere,  -liisT,  -lusus 
[de-ludo],  3.  V.  a.  and  n.,  deceive, 
prevaricate. 

demens,  -entis  [de-mens ;  cf. 
amens],  adj.,  mad,  crazy,  insane: 
scelere  demens  {^naddened,  etc.). 

dementer  [dement-  -f  ter],  adv., 
madly,  crazily,  senselessly. 


dementia,  -ae  [dement-  +  ia],  f., 
7Hadness,  idiocy,  utter  folly. 

demerge,  -mergere,  -mersi,  -mer- 
sus  [de-mergo],  3.  v.  a.,  sink,  drown, 
submerge,  plunge. 

demigro,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus  [de- 
migro],  I.  V.  n.,  move  away  (change 
residence),  tnove  one^s  effects,  move 
over. 

deminuo,  -uere,  -uT,  -utus  [de- 
minuo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  dimi)iish, 
curtail,  lessen,  detract  front :  ne 
quid  de  summa  re  publica  deminue- 
retur,  that  the  supreme  power  in 
the  state  should  suffer  no  diminu- 
tion. 

deminutio,  -onis  [de-tminutio ; 
cf.  deminuo],  F.,  a  diminution,  a 
loss,  a  sacrifice  (of  lives,  etc.). 

demitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[de-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go  down  (cf. 
mitto),  let  down,  stick  down.  —  In 
pass,  or  with  reflex.,  let  one^s  self 
down,  descend,  set  one's  self  down. 
—  Fig.,  despo)id  (se  animo),  be  dis- 
couraged. —  demissus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  low-hanging  {bowed,  of  the 
head),  downcast  (of  a  person). 

dem5nstratio,  -onis  [demonstra- 
+  tio],  F.,  a  pointing  out,  a  show- 
ing, a  manner  of  showing. 

demonstro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de- 
monstro],  i.  v.  a.,  point  out,  show, 
state,  indicate,  mention. 

demove5,  -movere,  -movl,  -m5tus 
[de-moveo],  2.  v.  a.,  remove,  dis- 
lodge: de  sententia  {shake  one  in, 
etc.). 

demum  [ace.  of  tdemus  (superl. 
of  de),  nethermost,  last],  adv.,  at 
last,    at    length    (not    before).  — 


denegd 


64 


deprehendS 


Hence,    only    (not    till    a    certain 
point  is  reached),  not  tifitii. 

denego,  -are,  -avl,-atus  [de-nego], 
I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  deny,  refuse,  say  not. 

deni,  -ae,  -a  [for  decni,  decern 
reduced  +  nus],  num.  adj.  plur., 
ten  each,  ten  (on  each  side),  ten 
(in  sets  of  ten). 

denique  [tdeno-  (de  +  nus,  cf. 
demum)  que],  adv.,  at  last.  —  Of 
order,  finally.  —  Of  preference,  at 
any  rate  (if  no  better,  etc.):  turn 
denique,  not  till  then,  then  and 
then  only;  hora  decima  denique 
{not  until,  etc.). 

denoto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de-noto], 
I.  V.  a.,  mark  out,  mark,  appoint. 

deniintio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de- 
nuntio],  i.  v.  a.,  annoujice  (with 
notion  of  threat),  declare,  ivarn, 
order,  command,  give  to  u?ider- 
stand,  threaten  one  with. 

depeculator,  -oris  [depecula-  + 
tor;  cf.  depeculor],  m.,  an  embez- 
zler, a  plunderer. 

depeculor,  -arl,  -atus  [de-pecu- 
lor],  I.  V.  dep.,  embezzle,  plunder, 
pillage,  rifle. 

depello,  -pellere,  -pull,  -pulsus 
[de-pello],  3.  V.  a.,  d7'ive  off,  drive 
out,  drive  (away),  dislodge,  avert, 
repel,  remove,  ward  off,  save  07te''s 
self  from  :  molem  {throw  off) ;  ali- 
quem  de  spe  {force)  ;  simulacra 
{throw  down). 

dependo,  -pendere,  -pendl,  -pen- 
sus  [de-pendo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
weigh  out.  —  Hence,  pay. 

depingo,  -pingere,  -pinxi,  -pictus 
[de-pingo],  3.  v.  a.,  paint  (so  as  to 
make  something),  depict,  represent. 


deploro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de- 
ploro],  I.  V.  a.,  lament,  bewail  the 
loss  of,  7nour}i  for. 

deponOj  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus 
[de-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  lay  down,  lay 
aside,  deposit.  —  Fig.,  lose,  abandoji 
(hope),  blot  out  (memory),  resigti. 

depopulatio,  -onis  [de-populatio ; 
cf.  depopulor],  f.,  a  ravaging,  a 
plundei-itig. 

depopulor,  -ari,  -atus  [de-popu- 
lor],  I.  V.  dep.,  ravage,  lay  waste, 
plunder. 

deporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de- 
porto],  I.  V.  a.,  carry  off,  carry 
away.,  re?}iove,  bring  off,  bring 
home. 

deposco,  -poscere,  -poposci,   no  \j 
p.p.    [de-posco],    3.   V.  a.,  demand, 
call  for,  claim,  ask  for. 

depravo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de- 
pravo],  I.  V.  a.,  distort.  —  Fig.,  co7'- 
rupt,  lead  astray,  pervert,  ta77iper 
with. 

deprecator,  -oris  [de-precator ; 
cf.  deprecor],  m.,  a  7nediator  (to 
beg  off  something  for  somebody).    ' 

deprecor,  -ari,  -atus  [de-precor], 
I.  V.  dep.,  pray  to  avert  so77iethi7ig, 
pray  (with  accessory  notion  of  re- 
lief), beg,  beg  off,  pray  for  pardon, 
pray  to  be  spared,  resort  to  prayers, 
save  07ie^s  self  from  by  prayers,  re- 
7nove  by  prayers :  quo  deprecante,  by 
whose  77iediation ;  ad  deprecan- 
dum  valebat,  had  the  force  of  eft- 
treaties. 

deprehendo,  -hendere,  -hendl, 
-hensus  [de-prehendo],  3.  v.  a., 
capture,  catch,  seize,  take  possessiofi 
of  —  As  in  Eng.,  catch  {co7ne  upo7i)y 


deprimo 


65 


despero 


surprise,  find,  detect,  discover :  fac- 
tum {find,  in  the  sense  of  catch 
one  at  something).  —  Fig.,  grasp, 
comprehend,  tmderstand. 

deprimo,  -primere,  -press!,  -pres- 
sus  [de-premo],  3.  v.  a.,  press  down, 
sink. 

depromo,  -promere,  -prompsi, 
-promptus  [de-promo],  3.  v.  a., 
draw  out,  appropriate. 

depugno,   -are,  -avi,    -atus    [de- 
pugno],    I.   V.   n.,  fight  ont   (deci- 
sively), resist  with  arms  (so  as  to 
decide  the  issue). 
,  derelinquo,  -linquere,  -liquT,  -lic- 

tus  [de-relinquo],  3.  v.  a.,  leave 
behind,  abandon. 

derivo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [perh. 
immediately  fr.  de-rivus,  prob. 
through  adj. -stem],  i.  v.  a.,  draw 
ofi"  (water),  divert:  crimen  {shift 
upon    another). 

derogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de-rogo, 
in  its  political  sense],  i.  v.  a.,  take 
awav,  withdra7v. 

descends,  -scendere,  -scendl, 
-scensurus  [de-scando],  3.  v.  n., 
climb  dozvn,  descend. —  Fig.,  resort 
to,  have  recourse  to,  adopt:  ad 
accusandum  {resort  to  a  prosecu- 
tion). —  Fsp.,  cof?ie  doxun  to  the 
Foricm  (from  the  hills  on  which 
the  Romans  lived  ;  of.  "  go  down 
town  "). 
\  describo,  -scrlbere,  -scrips!,  -scrlp- 
tus  [de-scribo],  3.  v.  a.,  write  down, 
set  down  (in  writing),  mark  out, 
map  out,  describe,  drazu  up  (ius), 
reduce  to  a  system. 

desero,  -severe,  -semi,  -sertus 
[de-sero],  3.  v.  a.,  disunite. —  Ivsp., 


abandon,  forsake,  desert,  give  up, 
leave  in  the  lurch.  —  desertus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  ^dc].,  deserted,  solitary  : 
vadimonia  {forj'eit). 

deservio,  -servire,  no.  perf.,  no 
p.p.  [de-servio],  i.  v.  n.,  serve  zeal- 
ously, be  devoted  to. 

desiderium, !-  [?,  perh.  tdesidero- 
+  ium ;  cf.  desidero],  n.,  lo^iging 
for,  desire  (of  som.ething  lost), 
grief  for  loss  (of  anything). 

desidero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [?,  tde- 
sidero-,  out  of  place  ;  cf.  considero], 
I.  v.  a.,  feel  the  want  of,  desire, 
miss,  need,  regret  the  loss  of,  lose 
(of  soldiers).  —  Pass.,  be  fnissing 
{be  lost)  :  desiderat  neminem,  has 
71  ot  lost  a  7nan. 

desidia,  -ae  [desid-  (stem  of 
deses,  de-  sed)  -j-  ia],  f.,  idleness, 
sloth. 

designo,  -are,  -av!,  -atus  [de- 
signo],  I.  V.  a.,  mark  out,  indicate, 
?nean,  designate. — designatus,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  elected,  elect  (of  officers  not 
yet  in  office). 

desilid,  -silire,  -silu!,  -sultus  [de- 
salio],  4.  v.  n.,  leap  do7vn,  leap 
(down).  Jump  overboard:  de  rheda 
{Jump  out,  spring  out). 

desino,  -sinere,  -s!v!  (-si!),  -situs 
[de-sino],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  leave  off, 
desist,  cease. 

desisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  -stiturus 
[de-sisto],  3.  V.  n.,  stand  off,  cease, 
stop,  desist  from,  abandon. 

desperatio,  -onis  [de-tsperatio ; 
cf.  despero],  f.,  despair,  desperation. 

despero,  -ilre,  -av!,  -atus  [de- 
spero], r.  v.  a.  and  n.,  cease  to  hope, 
despair,  despair  of.  —  desperatus, 


desperandus 


66 


dexter 


-a,  -um,  as  pass.,  despaired  of.  — 
Also  as  adj.,  {hopeless  ?,  perh.  orig. 
despaired  of),  hence  desperate. 

—  desperandus,  -a,  -um,  gerundive, 
to  be  despaired  of. 

despicio,  -spicere,  -spexT,  -spec- 
tus  [de-specio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  look 
down,  look  down  upon,  look  away. 

—  Fig.  (cf.  Eng.  equivalent),  look 
down  upon,  despise,  express  one''s 
contempt  for. 

despicor,  -ari,  -atus  [despico-], 
I.  V.  A&^.,  despise.  —  despicatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  pass.,  despised,  despi- 
cable. 

destringo,  -stringere,  -strinxl, 
-strictus  [de-stringo],  3.  v.  a.,  strip 
off.  —  Also  (cf.  despolio),  strip, 
draw  (of  swords,  stripping  them 
of  their  scabbards). 

desum,  -esse,  -fuT,  -futurus  [de- 
sum],  irr.  V.  n.,  {be  away),  be  want- 
ing, be  lacking,  fail. — Esp.,  fail  to 
do  one''s  duty  by,  etc. — Often,  lack 
(changing  relation  of  subj.,  and  fol- 
lowing dat.),  be  without,  not  have. 

deterreo,  -terrere,  -terruT,  -terri- 
tus  [de-terreo],  2.  v.  a.,  frighten 
off,  deter,  prevent  (esp.  by  threats, 
but  also  generally). 
.  detestor,  -arl,  -atus  [de-testor], 
I.  V.  a.,  {call  the  gods  to  witness  to 
prevent  something),  entreat  (from  a 
thing),  remove  by  protest  (call  the 
gods  to  witness  to  avoid). 

detracts  (-trecto),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[de-tracto],  i.  v.  a.,  {hold  off  from 
one''s  self),  avoid,  shun. 

detraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -tractus 
[de-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  drag  off,  tear 
off,    snatch    (away).  —  With    less 


violence,  take  away,  take  off,  with- 
draw  (with  no  violence  at  all). 

detrecto,  see  detracto, 

detrimentum,  -I  [de-ttrimentum 
(tri-  in  tero  -f  mentum) ;  cf.  detero], 
N.,  {a  riibbing  off),  loss,  harm, 
injury. — Esp.,  defeat,  disaster. 

deus,  -I  [akin  to  divus,  lovis, 
dies],  M.,  a  god.  —  Also,  in  accord- 
ance with  ancient  ideas,  of  a  statue, 
in  adjurations:  di  boni,  good  heav- 
ens! per  deos  im.vcioita.\is,  for  heav- 
en 'j-  sake  !  heaven  help  us  ! 

deveho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectus 
[de-veho],  3.  v.  a.,  ca?'7y  away, 
bring  (away,  e.g.  on  horseback), 
bring  doxvn  (esp.  by  vessel). 

devert5,  -vertere,  -verti,  -versus 
[de-verto],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  turn 
away,  turn  aside,  turn  off  (the  road 
to  stop  by  the  way),  stop  (turning 
aside  from  the  way). 

devincio,  -vincire,  -vinxl,  -vinctus 
[de-vincio],  4.  v.  a.,  bind  down,  bind, 
attach ,  firm ly  attach . 

devinco,  -vincere,  -vIcT,  -victus 
[de-vinco],  3.  v.  a.,  conquer  (so  as 
to  prostrate),  subdue  (entirely). 

devito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [de-vito], 
I.  v.  a.,  avoid,  shun,  escape. 

devoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de-voco], 
I.  V.  a.,  call  down  (or  away). — 
Esp.,  fig.,  invite,  bring. 

devord,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de-voro], 
I.  V.  a.,  swallow  tip,  devour,  gulp 
down:  verbum  {eagerly  devour). 

devoveo,  -vovere,  -vovi,  -v5tus 
[de-voveo],  2.  v.  a.,  vow  (away). — 
Less  exactly,  devote,  consecrate. 

dexter,  -tera(-tra),  -terum  (-trum) 
[unc.stem  (perh.  akin  to  digitus?) 


Diana 


6y 


dignitas 


+  terus],  adj.,  right  (on  the  right 
hand).  —  dextra, -ae,  F.,  (sc.  ma- 
nus),  the  right  hand  (esp.  used  as  a 
pledge  of  faith,  as  with  us). 

Diana,  -ae  [prob.  fern,  of  lanus  ; 
cf.  Atwi'T;],  P\,  a  divinity  of  the 
Romans  entirely  identified  with 
the  Greek  Artemis,  the  goddess  of 
the  chase  and  patroness  of  celi- 
bacy. 

dico,  dicere,  dIxT,  dictus  [dic, 
in  dico  and  -dicus],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
{point  out  ?  ;  cf.  5€lkuv/xl),  say,  tell, 
speak,  name,  speak  of,  inention.  — 
Esp.,  with  authority,  name,  ap- 
poi)it,  fix:  ius  {administer;  cf. 
dico) ;  sententiam  {give,  express). 
—  Special  uses  :  dicunt,  they  say  ; 
causam  dicere,  plead  one^s  cause, 
hence  be  tried,  be  brought  to  trial ; 
facultas  dicendi,  po7ver  of  oratory  ; 
dixi,  /  have  done  ;  incredibile  dictu, 
incredible  ;  quid  dicam  ?  ivhat  shall 
I  call  it  ?  why  should  I  speak  ? 
TV  hat  shall  I  say  ?  ad  dicendum, 
for  addressing  the  people ;  diem 
dicere,  bring  a  charge  (liefore  the 
people)  ;  salutem  dic,  greet,  re- 
member ?ne  to,  give  my  regards  to. 

dictator,  -oris  [dicta-  -f  tor],  m., 
a  dictator  (a  Roman  magistrate 
appointed  in  times  of  danger  by 
the  highest  existing  officer,  and 
possessing  absolute  power). — 
Also,  a  similar  officer  in  a  munici- 
pal town. 

dictatura,  -ae  [dicta-  +  tura  (i.e. 
tdictatu  -f  ra ;  cf.  figura)],  F.,  the 
office  of  dictator,  a  dictatorship. 

dictio,  -onis  [dic  (as  root  of 
dico)  +  tio].  P.,  a  speaking,  a  plead- 


ing (cf.  dico)  :  causae  {pleading 
one''s  cause,  trial) ;  iuris  {adminis- 
tration). 

dictito,  -are,  -avT,  no  p.p.  [akin 
to  dicto,  form  unc,  perh.  tdictita- 
(dicto-  +  ta)],  I.  V.  a.,  repeat,  keep 
saying. 


dictum, 


[n.    p.p.   of  dico  as 


subst.],  N.,  a  sayi)ig,  an  expression, 
words. 

dies,  -el  [prob.  for  dives,  uyu 
+  as],  M.  (rarely  f.  in  some  uses), 
a  day  (in  all  Eng.  senses).  —  Also, 
time :  in  dies,  from  day  to  day 
(with  idea  of  increase  or  diminu- 
tion) ;  illis  ipsis  diebus,  at  that  very 
time ;  noctes  diesque,  night  and 
day  ;  diem  dicere  (see  dico). 

differo,  differre,  distulT,  dilatus 
[dis-fero],  irr.  v.  a.  and  n.,  bear 
apart,  spread.  — Also,  postpone,  de- 
fer, put  off,  differ. 

difficilis,  -e  [dis-facilis],  adj., 
}tot  easy,  difficult. 

difiicultas,  -atis  [difficili-  (weak- 
ened) +  tas],  F.,  difficulty,  trouble, 
diffictdt  circuffistances. 

diffido,  -fidere,  -fisus  sum  [dis- 
fido],  3.  V.  n.,  distrust,  not  have  con- 
fidencc  {in). 

difflu5,  -fluere,  -fluxl,  no  p.p. 
[dis-fluo],  3.  V.  n.,  flow  apart,  be- 
come loose,  become  lax,  run  wild. 

digitus,  -T  [.^],  M.,  a  finger. 

dignitas,  -atis  [digno-  +  tas], 
F.,  zvorthiness,  zaorth,  dignity,  pres- 
tige, position  (superior),  claims 
(founded  on  worth),  advaticement 
(as  the  consequence  of  worthi- 
ness), self-respect,  the  dignity  of 
one^s  position. 


dignus 


68 


discedo 


dignus,  -a,  -urn  [?,  perh.  root 
of  dico  +  nus],  adj.,  worthy,  de- 
ser7'i>ig. 

diiudico,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [dis- 
iudico],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  decide  (Ije- 
tweeii  two). 

diiunctio,  -onis  [dis-iunctio  ;  cf. 
diiungo],  F.,  a  sepiu-atioji. 

diiungo  (dis-),  -iungere,  -iunxT, 
-iunctus  [dis-iungo],  3.  v.  a.,  dis- 
join, separate,  divide. 

dilabor,  -labl,  -lapsus  [dis-labor], 
3.  V.  dep.,  glide  apart,  slip  a^vay, 
fall  away. 

dilacero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dis- 
lacero],  l.  v.  a.,  tear  asunder,  tear 
ift  pieces. 

dilanio,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [dis- 
lanio],  I.  V.  a.,  tear  in  pieces. 

dilatio,  -onis  [dis-latio],  f.,  a 
postponcjuent,  aji  adjournment. 

dilectus  (de-),  -us  [dis-tlectus ; 
cf.  diligo],  M.,  a  choosijig,  a  levy, 
a  co7tscription. 

diligens,  -entis,  p.  of  diligo,  as 
adj.,  diligent,  pai)i staking,  careful. 

diligenter  [diligent-  -f  ter],  adv., 
carefiilly,  with  care,  with  exactness, 
exactly,  with  pains,  scrnpnlonsly. 

diligentia,  -ae  [diligent-  -f  ia], 
F.,  care,  pains,  paitistaking,  dili- 
gence:  remittere  {cease  to  take 
pains,  take  less  care). 

dilig5,  -ligere,  -lexT,  -lectus  [dis- 
lego],  3.  V.  a.,  {choose  out),  love,  be 
fond  of.  —  See  also  diligens. 

diliicesco,  -lucescere,  -luxl,  no 
p.p.  [dis-lucesco],  3.  v.  n.,  gro7v 
light,  daivn.  —  Usuallyimpersonal. 

diluculum,  -T  [dis-tluculum  (lu- 
cu-  -f  lus)],  N.,  daybreak,  dawn. 


diluo,  -lucre,  -lul,  -lutus  [dis-luo], 
3.  V.  a.  and  n.,  dissolve  away,  dis- 
solve.—  Fig.,  refute  (tech.  term). 

dimicatio,  -5nis  [dimica-  -f  tio], 
v.,  fighting,  a  c 071  test,  a  struggle. 

dimico,  -are,  -avT,  -aturus  [dis- 
mico],  I.  V.  n.,  {brandish  swords  to 
decide  a  contest  '^),  figlit  (a  decisive 
battle),  risk  an  engagement,  co7i- 
tend. 

diminu5,  see  deminuo. 

dimitto,  -niittere,  -mlsl,  -missus 
[dis-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go  away, 
let  slip,  let  pass,  let  go,  give  up,  relin- 
quish, abafidon  :  oppugnationem 
{raise)  ;  victoriam  {let  go,  on  pur- 
pose).—  Also,  send  in  different  di- 
rectio7is,  seJid about,  despatch,  detail, 
disband,  disfniss,  adjourn,  dis- 
charge. 

direptio,  -onis  [dis-traptio ;  cf. 
diripio],  f.,  plundering,  plunder. 

direptor,  -oris  [dis-raptor;  cf. 
diripio],  m.,  a  robber,  a  plu7iderer. 

diripio,  -ripere,  -ripuT,  -reptus 
[dis-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  seize  (in  differ- 
ent directions),  plu7ider,  pillage. 

dirumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupT,  -rup- 
tus  [dis-rumpo],  3.  v.  a.,  break  to 
pieces,  break,  shatter,  burst :  dirupi 
me  paene,  /  ca77ie  near  bursting. 

dis-,  di-  (dir-)  [akin  to  duo?], 
insep.  prep,  (adv.),  in  comp.,  asu7i- 
der,  ill  differ ejit  directio7is.  Cf. 
discedo,  discemo,  dirimo,  diffundo. 

Dis,  Ditis  [akin  to  dives,  as  the 
earth  is  the  source  of  riches],  M., 
Pluto  (the  god  of  the  underworld, 
and  so  of  death). 

discedo,  -cedere,  -cessT,  -ces- 
siirus  [dis-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  withdraw, 


disceptatio 


69 


dissensid 


depart,  retire,  leave  (with  ab),  go 
away. 

disceptatio,  -onis  [discepta-  + 
tio],  F.,  a  contest,  a  coiitejitio)!,  a 
discussion. 

disceptator,  -oris  [discepta- 
(stem  of  discepto)  +  tor],  m.,  a 
Judge,  an  arbiter. 

disceptd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dis- 
capto],  I.  V.  a.,  discuss,  consider 
and  decide,  decide. 

discerno,  -cernere,  -crevi,  -cretus 
[dis-cerno],  3.  v.  a.,  separate,  dis- 
tingicish. 

discessio,  -onis  [dis-cessio ;  cf. 
discedo],  F.,  a  departure,  a  with- 
drawal, a  division  (as  in  Parlia- 
ment), a  vote:  contionis  {a  division 
of  opinion  in,  etc.) ;  discessionem 
facere,  take  a  vote. 

discessus,  -us  [dis-fcessus ;  cf. 
discedo],  M.,  a  departure,  a  with- 
drawal, absence. 

discidium,  -1  [dis-tscidium  (scin 
-f  ium)],  N.,  a  separation,  a  dis- 
sension. 

disciplina,  -ae  [discipulo-  (re- 
duced) -f  ina ;  cf.  rapina],  f.,  {pu- 
pilage?), discipline,  instruction, 
trainifig,  a  system  (of  doctrine, 
etc.),  a  course  of  instruction,  edu- 
cation, a  school  (fig.  as  in  Eng.)  : 
pueritiae  disciplinae,  the  studies  of 
childhood ;  navalis  {skill,  as  the 
result  of  discipline)  ;  maiorum 
(strict  conduct). 

discipulus,  T  [?,  akin  to  disco], 
M.,  a  pupil. 

discliido,  -cludere.  -clusT,  -clusus 
[dis-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  shut  apart, 
keep  apart,  separate,  divide. 


disco,  discere,  didicT,  disciturus 
[for  tdicsco  (dig  +  sco)],  3.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  learn. 

discolor,  -oris  [dis-color],  adj., 
parti-colored,  differ e7it-colored. 

discordia,  -ae  [discord-  +  ia ;  cf. 
concors],  f.,  dissension,  discord, 
disagreement. 

discribo,  -scrlbere,  -scrips!, -scrip- 
tus  [dis-scribo],  3.  v.  a.,  distribute, 
apportion,  assign. 

discrimen,  -inis  [dis-crimen  ;  cf. 
discerno],  n.,  a  separation,  a  de- 
cision. Hence,  a  moment  of  de- 
cision, a  crisis,  critical  cotidition, 
danger,  peril,  a  critical  moment,  a 
turjiing-point  of  one'' s  fortunes. 

disiungo,  -iungere,  -iunxT,  -iunc- 
tus  [dis-iungo],  3.  v.  a.,  disunite,  sep- 
arate :  disiunctissimus,  -a,  -um,  very 
far  distant,  very  widely  separated. 

dispergo,  -spergere,  -spersT,  -sper- 
sus  [dis-spargo],  3.  v.  a.,  scatter, 
disperse,  separate. 

disperse  [old  abl.  of  dispersus], 
adv.,  in  different  places,  separately. 

dispertid,  -ire,  -IvI  (-ii),  -Itus,  also 
dispertior,  as  dep.  [dis-partio], 
4.  V.  a.  and  dep.,  divide,  distribute. 

displiceo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus  [dis- 
placeo],  2.  V.  n.,  displease,  be  unsat- 
isfactory, be  disliked  by. 

disputo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [dis- 
puto],  I.  V.  n.  and  a.,  discuss  (cf. 
puto),  argue. 

dissemino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dis- 
semino],  i.  v.  a.,  scatter,  sotv 
ividely,  spread,  disseminate. 

dissensio,  -onis  [dis-tsensio  ;  cf. 
dissentio],  f.,  difference  of  opinion, 
disas^recfnent,  dissensio7i. 


dissentio 


70 


dives 


dissentio,  -sentlre,  -sensi,  -sen- 
surus  [dis-sentio],  4.  v.  n.,  diffe7-  in 
opinion.,  dissent,  differ,  be  at  vari- 
ance. 

disside5,  -sidere,  -sedT,  no  p.p. 
[dis-sedeo],  2.  v.  n.,  sit  apart.  — 
Hence,  disaj^ree,  have  a  dissension. 

dissimilis,  -e  [dis-similis],  adj., 
tinlike,  different,  various. 

dissimilitudo,  -inis  [dissimili-  + 
tudo],  F.,  unlikeness,  unlike  iiatiire, 
differcjit  jiitture. 

dissimulo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [dis- 
simulo],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  {pretend 
something  is  not),  conceal  (what  is), 
dissemble,  conceal  the  fact  that,  pre- 
tend not  to. 

dissipo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [dis- 
Isupo,  throiiP^,  I.  V.  a.,  scatter,  dis- 
perse, strew,  spread  abroad :  dissi- 
pates congregarunt  {the  scattered 
people). 

dissolutio,  -onis  [dis-solutio  ;  cf. 
dissolve],  1'.,  a  dissolving,  abolition. 

dissolve,  -solvere,  -solvI,-solritus 
[dis-solvo],  3.  V.  a.,  unloose,  relax, 
separate.  —  dissolutus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  lax,  iDirestrained,  arbitrary 
(as  unrestrained  by  considerations 
of  policy  or  mercy). 

distineo,  -tinere,  -tinuT,  -tentus 
[dis-teneo],  2.  v.  a.,  keep  apai-t, 
hold  asunder,  keep  from  uniting, 
cut  off  (in  military  sense),  isolate, 
distract. 

distraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,-tractus 
[dis-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  d7-ag  asunder, 
tear  asunder,  separate.  —  Hence, 
distract,  divide:  distractae  senten- 
tiae  {zvidely  divergent). 

distribuo,  -tribuere,  -tribui,  -tri- 


-butus  [dis-tribuo],  3.  v.  a.,  assign 
(to  several),  distribute,  divide. 

distringo,  -stringere,  -strlnxl, 
-strictus  [dis-stringo],  3.  v.  a.,  stretch 
apart,  distract,  engage,  occupy. 

disturbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dis- 
turbo],  I.  V.  a.,  drive  away  in  con- 
fttsion  :  contionem  {break  up). 

ditissimus,  -a,  -um,  superb  of 
dives. 

diti  [prob.  ace.  of  stem  akin  to 
dies],  2idv.,  for  a  time,  a  long  time, 
for  some  time,  long:  tarn  diu,  so 
long;  quam  diu,  how  long,  as 
long:  diutius,   atty  longer. 

diurnus,  -a,  -um  [tdius-  (akin  to 
diu  and  dies)  -f  nus],  adj.,  of  the 
day,  daily  (as  opposed  to  nightly): 
fur  {by  night). 

dius  [akin  to  divus],  M.,  onl^  in 
nom.,  in  phrase  me  dius  fidius, 
hea7'en  help  me,  as  sure  as  /  live, 
good  heavens  ! 

diuturnitas,  -atis  [diuturno-  -f 
tas],  F.,  length  of  time,  long  con- 
tinua7ice,  length  (in  time). 

diuturnus,  -a,  -um  [diu  +  tur- 
nus  ;  cf.  hestemus],  adj.,  lotig  con- 
tinued, long  (in  time)  ;  minus  diu- 
tuma  vita  {shorter). 

divello,  -vellere,  -velll,  -volsus 
[dis-vello],  3.  v.  a.,  tear  apart,  rend 
asunder,  tear  (from). 

diversus,  -a,  -um,  see  diverto. 

divertd,  -vertere,  -verti,  -ver- 
sus [dis-verto],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
ttirji  aside  (or  apart),  separate. — 
diversus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
separate,  distant,  diverse,  different, 
various. 

dives,  -itis  [?],  adj.,  rich. 


divido 


71 


domicilium 


divido,  -videre,  -visT,  -visas  [dis- 
tvido,  viDH  (?),  cf.  viduus],  3.  v.  a., 
divide,  separate,  distribute.  —  divi- 
SUS,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  divided. 

divinitus  [divino-  +  tus  ;  cf .  cae- 
litus],  didw.,  from  heaven,  divinely, 
providentialiy,  by  the  gods.  —  Less 
exactly,  admirably,  excelletitly. 

divino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [divino-], 
I.  V.  2.., propJiesy,  coijeetiire,  foresee, 
imagine  (as  likely  to  happen). 

divinus,  -a,  -um  [divo-  (as  if 
diyi)  +  nus],  adj.,  of  the  gods,  di- 
vine, providential,  superhuman, 
more  than  human,  t?'anseendent, 
godlike:  res  divinae,  religious  in- 
stitutions. 

divisor,  -oris  [dis-tvisor;  cf. 
divido],  M.,  a  distributer,  a  dis- 
tributing agent,  an  agent  (for  bri- 
bery). 

divitiae,  -arum  [divit-  -f  ia],  i". 
plur.,  wealth,  riches. 

^do,  dare,  dedi,  datus  [da  ;  cf. 
5t'5aj/it],  I.  V.  a.,  give,  bestow,  grant, 
furnish,  vouchsafe,  present,  offer  : 
excusationem  {afford) ;  cognitorem 
{furnish,  bring  fo7'7vard);  literas, 
epistulam  (write). —  See  also  opera. 

-do  [dha,  place;  cf.  riQt]ixi\, 
confounded  with  ^  do,  but  appear- 
ing in  comp.,  place,  put. 

doceo,  docere,  docul,  doctus 
[unc.  formation  akin  to  dico  and 
disco],  2.  V.  a.,  teach,  show,  inform, 
represent,  state.  —  dOCtus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  learned,  educated,  cul- 
tivated, skilful. 

docilitas,  -atis  [docili-  -f  tas],  f., 
teachableness,  aptness,  capability  (i>f 
learning). 


doctrina,  -ae  [doctor-  -f  ina  ;  cf . 
medicina],  f.,  teaching,  systematic 
instruction,  education,  training, 
study,  learning. 

documentum,  -I  [docu-  (?)  (as 
stem  of  doceo)  -f  mentum],  n.,  a 
means  of  teaching,  a  proof  a  warn- 
ing, an  exafnple. 

Dolabella,  -ae  [dolabra-  +  la, 
''little  hatchet''\  M.  (orig.  F.),  a 
Roman  family  name.  —  Esp. :  i.  Cn. 
Dolabella,  in  command  of  Cilicia 
in  B.C.  80,  under  whom  Verres  was 
legatus  :  2.  P.  Cornelius  Dolabella, 
Cicero's  son-in-law,  who  was  An- 
tony's colleague  in  the  consulship, 
B.C.  44. 

doleo,  dolere,  doluT,  doliturus 
[perh.  dolo-  (stem  of  dolus)],  2.  v.  n., 
feel  pain,  suffer.  —  Esp.  mentally, 
be  pained,  grieved. 

dolor,  -oris  [dol-  (as  root  of 
doleo)  -f  or],  m.,  pain  (physical  or 
mental),  suffering,  distress,  indig- 
nation, chagrin,  I'exation,  sense  of 
injury  :  magno  dolore  ferre,  be  very 
indignant,  feel  much  chagrin ; 
magno  esse  dolori,  to  be  a  great 
annoyance  or  sorrozv ;  dolor  et 
crepitus  plagarum  {cries  of  pain, 
etc.). 

domesticus,  -a,  -um  [domo-  (as 
if  domes-;  cf.  modestus)  +  ticus], 
adj.,  {of  the  house),  of  one^s  home, 
one^s  ozvn,  at  home.  —  Hence, 
domestic,  internal,  intestine,  within 
the  state  or  city,  private :  dolor 
{personal) ;   usus  {at  ofie''s  house). 

domicilium,  -I  [perh.  domo-  + 
tcilium  (fr.  root  of  colo)],  n.,  an 
abode,  a  house,  a  dwelling-place,  a 


domina 


72 


dudum 


house  (as  a  permanent  home),  rz  resi- 
dence (in  a  legal  sense) :  imperi 
{seat). 

domina,  -ae  [f.  of  dominus],  f., 
a  viistress. 

dominatio,  -5nis  [domina-  +  tio], 
F.,  ifiastery,  control,  tyranny,  poxver 
(illegal  or  abnormal). 

dominor,  -arl,  -atus  [domino-], 
1.  V.  dep.,  be  master,  rule,  lord  it 
02>er,  tyrannize,  dominate. 

dominus,  -T  [tdomo-  {ruling ;  cf. 
-5a/ios)  +  nus],  M.,  a  master,  a?t 
owner :  esse  {have  control). 

Domitius,  -1  [domito-  (reduced) 
-f  ius],  M.,  a  Roman  gentile  name. 
—  Esp.,  Lucius  Domitius  Aheno- 
barbus,  consul  in  B.C.  54. 

domitor,  -oris  [domi-  (as  stem 
of  domo)  +  tor],  m.,  a  ta7ner,  a 
queller. 

domo,  -are,  -uT,  -itus  [tdomo-, 
cf.  dominus],  i.  v.  a.,  tajne,  quell, 
subdue,  master. 

domus,  -us  (-T)  [noM  {build?) 
+  us  (-OS  and  -us)],  f.,  a  house,  a 
home,  a  house  {a  family) :  domi,  at 
home  ;  domum,  home,  to  one'' s  home ; 
domo,  from  home ;  domo  exire,  go 
away,  emigrate. 

donatio,  -onis  [dona-  -f  tio], 
F.,  a  gift,  a  donatio9i,  a  giving 
away. 

dono,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dono-], 
I.  V.  a.,  present,  give  (as  a  gift).  — 
Also,  honor  with  a  gift,  present 
(one  with  a  thing) ;  civitate  aliquem 
donare,  honor  one  with,  etc.,  give 
one  the  rights  of^citizenship. 

donum,  -I  [da  -f  nus],  n.,  a  gift. 

dormio,    -ire,     -ivi    (-ii),     -itum 


(supine)  [prob.  from  noun-stem], 
4.  V.  n.,  sleep. 

DrQsus,  -i  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.,  M.  Livius 
Drusus,  tribune  B.C.  91,  who 
attempted  some  reform  in  favor 
of  the  Italians.  He  was  assassi- 
nated by  his  opponents. 

dubitatio,  -onis  [dubita-  (stem 
of  dubito)  +  tio],  F.,  doubt,  hesita- 
tion, question. 

dubito,  -are,  -avi,  -atiirus  [t du- 
bito- (p.  of  lost  verb  dubo  ?  cf.  du- 
bius)],  I.  V.  n.,  doubt,  have  doubt,  be 
in  doubt,  feel  doubtful.— hX'&o  (abso- 
lutely, or  with  inf.,  rarely  (\yi\Vi),  hesi- 
tate, feel  hesitation,  vacillate. 

dubius,  -a,  -um  [tdubo-  (duo  + 
bus ;  cf.  superbus  and  dubito)  -\- 
ius],  adj.,  doubtful:  est  dubium, 
there  is  doubt,  it  is  doubtful. 

ducenti,  -ae,  -a  [duo-centi  (plur. 
of  centum)],  num.  adj.,  twohicndred. 

duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductus  [dug 
(in  dux)],  3.  V.  a.,  lead,  draw,  bring 
(of  living  things),  conduct,  drag. — 
Esp.  of  a  general,  lead,  march.  — 
With  (or  without)  in  matrimonium, 
marry  (of  the  man).  • —  Fig.,  pro- 
long,  drag  out,  attract.  —  As  mer- 
cantile word,  and  so  fig.,  reckon, 
consider,  regard:  rationem  {take 
account,  also  in  fig.  sense);  spiri- 
tum  {draw  breath);  causa  ducitur 
{springs) ;  pueros  {have  with  one)  ; 
parietem  {make,  carry,  run). 

ductus,  -us  [dug  -f  tus],  M., 
lead,  co7nmand :  suo  ductu,  in  ac- 
tual co?7i?naJid  (opposed  to  acting 
by  a  subordinate). 

dudum,  see  iamdudum. 


duint 


73 


edoceo 


duint,  see  do. 

dulced5, -dinis  [dulci-  +  edo],  F., 
sweetness,  charm. 

dulcis,  -e  [?],  adj.,  sweet  (also 
fig.):  aqua  {fres/i). 

dum  [pron.  da,  prob.  ace. ;  cf. 
turn] ,  conj .  (orig.  adv.) ,  at  that  twie. 
— Also,  while,  so  long  as. — Hence, 
//■//,  until :  dummodo  (or  separate), 
only  so  long,  provided.  —  With 
negatives,  yet,  as  yet:  tarn  diu 
dum,  so  hvig  as. 

dummodo,  see  dum, 

dumtaxat  [dum  taxat],  adv., 
ojily,  merely,  at  any  rate. 

duo,  -ae,  -o  [dual,  of  stem  tdvo-  ; 
cf.  bis],  num.  adj.,  tzvo. 

duodecim  [duo-decem],  indecl. 
num.  adj.,  twelve. 

duodecimus,  -a,  -um  [duo-de- 
cimus],    num.    adj  ,    tzvelfth. 


duplico,  -are,  -avT,-atus  [duplic-], 
I.  V.  a.,  double,  increase  twofold. 

dUre  [old  abl.  of  durus],  adv., 
hardly,  harshly. 

durus,  -a,  -um  [?],  adj.,  hard. — 
Fig.,  hard,  severe,  difficult,  harsh, 
rough. 

duumviratus,  -iis  [duumvir-  + 
atus  ;  cf.  senatus],  m.,  the  office  of 
duumvir  (a  magistrate  of  provin- 
cial towns,  corresponding  to  the 
consuls). 

dux,  ducis  [dug  as  stem], 
M.  and  F.,  a  leader,  a  guide,  a 
co?nfnander :  Pompeio  duce,  ihi- 
der  the  command  of  Pompey ; 
ducibus  dis,  under  the  guidafice 
of  the  gods. 

Dyrrachium  (Dyrrha-),  T  [Avp- 
pdx'-ov'],  N.,  a  town  in  Illyria  nearly 
opposite  Brundisium  in  Italy. 


e,  see  ex. 

ea  [instr.  or  abl.  of  is],  adv.,  this 
way,  that  way,  thus,  there. 

ebriosus,  -a, -um  [ebrio-  +  osus], 
adj.,  given  to  drinking,  a  toper. 

ebrius,  -a,  -um  [?],  adj.,  drunk. 

ebur,  -oris  [prob.  Phoenician?], 
N.,  ivory. 

ecce  [en-ce  ;  cf.  hie],  interj.,  lo! 
behold! 

ecf-,  see  eff-. 

ecquis  (-qui),  -qua,  -quid  (-quod) 
[en-quis],  interrog.  pron.,  is  {does, 
etc.)  any  one  ?  any  (in  an  interrog. 
sentence).  —  Esp.,  ecquid,  neut. 
ace.  as  adv.,  at  all. 

eculeus  (equu-),  -T  [equo-  -f  leus], 


M.,  a  little  horse.  —  Esp.,  as  an  in- 
strument of  torture,  the  horse. 

edico,  -dieere,  -dixT,  -dictus  [ex- 
dico],  3.  V.  a.,  issue  an  edict,  pro- 
claim, order. 

edictum,  -I  [neut.  p.p.  of  edico], 
N.,  edict,  an  order,  a  proclatjiation  : 
edictum  praetoris,  aft  order  of  court, 
an  execution. 

edo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [ex-do], 
3.  V.  a.,  put  forth,  give  forth,  pub- 
lish.— Also,  raise  up.  —  editus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  elevated,  raised, 
high,  lofty. 

edoceo,  -docere,  -docuT,  -doctus 
[ex-doceo],  2.  v.  a.,  show  forth,  ex- 
plain, inform. 


educatid 


74 


egredior 


educatio,  -onis  [educa-  +  tio], 
F.,  rearing,  trahiing,  education. 

educo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [teduc-  (cf. 
redux)],  i .  v.  a.,  rear,  train,  bring  np. 

educo,  -ducere,  -duxl,  -ductus 
[ex-duco],  3.  V.  a.,  lead  out,  lead 
forth,  draw  (a  sword),  bring  out, 
march  out  (an  army),  take  out. 

effemino  (ecf-),  -are,  -avT,  -atus 
[ex-tfemino,  or  perh.  teffemino- 
(or  -i),  in  either  case  from  femina], 
I.  V.  a.,  make  into  a  woman. — 
Less  exactly,  {make  like  awotnan), 
enervate,  zueaken.  —  effeminatus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  effeminate, 
untnanly- 

effero  (ecf-),  efferre,  extull,  ela- 
tus  [ex-fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  carry  out, 
bring  out,  carry  away.  —  Less  ex- 
actly and  fig.,  spread  abroad,  make 
known,  publish  abroad,  puff  up,  elate 
(cf.  Eng.  "carried  away").  —  Also 
(cf.  edo),  raise  up,  extol,  praise. 

efficio  (ecf-),  -ficere,  -fed,  -fectus 
[ex-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  make  out,  make, 
enable,  accomplish,  cause,  produce, 
cause  to  be,  make  into,  make  out, 
bring  about.  —  Esp.  with  ut  or  ne, 
bring  it  about  that,  cause  (to  be  or 
not  to  be^,  make  (a  thing  to  be,  etc.). 

effigies  (ecf-),  -el  [ex-tfigies 
(fig  ■\-  ies)],  F.,  an  image,  a  statue, 
a  portrait,  a  representation,  a  coun- 
terfeit presentrnent. 

effingo  (ecf-)r  -fingere,  -finxl, 
-fictus  [ex-fingo],  3.  v.  a.,  %vipe  up, 
mould,  form. 

efflagito  (ecf-),  -are,  -avl,  -atus 
[ex-flagito] ,  i.  v.  a.,  demand  ear- 
nestly, clamor  for,  importunately 
demand. 


efQo  (ecf-),  -flare,  -flavi,  -flatus 
[ex-flo],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  blow  out, 
breathe  forth :  animam  efflans, 
drawing  the  last  breath,  breathing 
one  V  last. 

effrenate  [old  ahl.  of  effrenatus], 
adv.,  "without  restraint. 

effrenatio  (ecf-),  -onis  [effrena- 
-f  tio],  F.,  unbridled  impulse. 

effreno  (ecf-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[effreno-],  i.  v.  a.,  unbridle,  let  loose. 
—  Esp.,  effrenatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  unbridled,  U7irestrained. 

effugio  (ecf-),  -fugere,  -fugi,  -fugi- 
turus  [ex-fugio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
escape,  flee  (absolutely),  fly  from, 
get  rid  of,  avoid. 

effugium  (ecf-),  -I  [ex-tfugium  ; 
cf.  effugio  and  refugium],  N.,(/  way 
of  escape,  an  escape. 

effundo  (ecf-),  -fundere,  -fudi, 
-fusus  [ex-fundo],  3.  v.  2^.,  pour  out, 
shed :  spiritum  {breathe  out). 

effuse  (ecf-)  [old  abl.  of  effusus], 
adv.,  profusely. 

egens,  -entis,  see  egeo. 

egeo,  egere,  eguT,  no  p.p.  [tego- 
(cf.  indigus)],  2.  v.  n.,  want, 
need,  lack,  be  in  7vant.  —  egens, 
-entis,  p.  as  adj.,  needy,  destitute, 
beggarly. 

egestas,  -atis  [unc.  stem  (perh. 
agent-)  +  tas],  v.,  pin'erty,  destitu- 
tion, want,  need. 

ego,  mei  [cf.  Eng.  /],  pers. 
pron.,  /  {me,  etc.).  —  Plur.,  nos, 
we,  zis,  etc.  —  Often  of  one  person, 
/.  —  egomet,  see  -met. 

egredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  [ex- 
gradior],  3.  v.  dep.,  march  out,  go 
out,  VI  ore  beyond. 


egregie 


75 


emitto 


egregie  [old  abl.  of  egregius], 
adv.,  remarkably,  finely,  extremely 
7vell. 

egregius,  -a,  -um  [egrege-  (cf. 
exlex)  +  ius],  adj.,  oitt  of  the  com- 
mon, remarkable,  superior,  excel- 
le)it,  uncommon,  special,  noble,  very 
fine. 

eicio,  -icere,  -iecT,  -iectus  [ex- 
iacio],  3.  V.  a.,  cast  out,  drive  out, 
expel,  cast  up  (cf.  edo).  —  With  re- 
flex., rush  out,  rush,  hasten  azvay. 

—  Fig.,  disperse,  oust,  turn  out.  — 
eiectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  cast 
up  071  shore,  cast  away,  shipwrecked. 

eiectus,  -a,  -um,  see  eicio. 

eiusmodi  (often  written  sepa- 
rately) [eius  modi],  as  adj.  phrase, 
of  this  kind,  of  such  a  kind,  such, 
of  a  kind,  of  such  a  nature,  in  stick 
a  state. 

elabor,  -labT,  -lapsus  [ex-labor], 
3.  V.  dep.,  slip  out,  escape,  slip. 

elaboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex- 
laboro],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  accomplish 
by  toil,  7vork  out,  effect,  strive  dili- 
gently, spend  one  'j-  efforts.  —  elabo- 
ratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  wrought 
out,  highly  wrought. 

elegans,  -antis  [p.  of  telego  (cf. 
relego)],  adj.,  fastidious,  choice, 
dainty,  nice.  —  Transf.,yf;/^,  choice, 
elegant. 

elephantus,  -T  [Gr.  ace.  eXecpavra, 
declined],  m.,  an  elephant. 

elicio,  -lice re,  -licuT,  -licit us  [ex- 
lacio],  3.  V.  a.,  entice  out,  drazv  out. 

eligo,  -ligere,  -leg!,  -Iectus  [ex- 
lego],  3.  V.  a.,  pick  out,  select,  choose. 

—  eiectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
picked  (troops). 


eloquentia,  -ae  [eloquent-  +  ia], 
v.,  eloquence. 

eliido,  -ludere,  -lusT,  -lusus  [ex- 
ludo],  3.  V.  a.  and  w.,  play  out,  end 
(one's  play).  —  Also,  ''play  off," 
party  (a  thrust),  avoid,  elude.  — 
Fig.,  mock,  befool,  fool,  deceive, 
make  sport  of,  baffle.  —  Absolutely, 
play  one's  game  freely  (dodging 
all  opposition). 

eluo,  -luere,  -lul,  -lutus  [ex-luo], 
3.  V.  a.,  wash  azvay,  wash  out,  ivash 

off-- 

emano,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus  [ex- 
mano],  i.  v.  n.,  flow  02it.  —  Fig., 
spread  abroad,  leak  out,  get  abroad. 

ementior,  -mentirl,  -mentltus 
[ex-mentior],  4.  v.  dep.,  get  up  a 
falsehood,  forge  a  lie. 

emerge,  -mergere,  -mersT,  -mer- 
sus  [ex-mergo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
rise  {from  tinder  watej-).  —  Fig. 
(of  analogous  situations),  rise,come 
otit  of,  emerge,  get  one's  head  aboi'e 
water.  —  emersus,  '-a,  -um,  p.p.  in 
active  sense,  emerging,  having 
emerged. 

emigre,  -are,  -avT,  -aturus  [ex- 
migro],  I.  V.  n.,  remove  (perma- 
nently), emigrate.  —  With  domo  (in 
same  sense). 

emineo,  -ere,  -ul,  no  p.p.  [ex- 
mineo],  2.  v.  n.,  statid  out,  project. 
—  Fig.,  radiate  (from),  appear  (in)  : 
ex  ore  crudelitas  (cf.  the  vulgar 
"  stick  out  "). 

emitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[ex-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go,  drop, 
send  out,  throw,  hurl,  discharge. — 
Pass.,  or  with  reflex.,  rjish  out :  ex 
urbe    vel    eiecimus    {expel,    as    by 


76 


equidem 


force)  vel  emisimus  {se7td  out,  as 
by  a  mere  order). 

emo,  emere,  emi,  emptus  [em  ?, 
orig.  take\  3.  v.  a.,  {take,  only  in 
compounds).  —  Esp.,  buy  (cf.  Eng. 
sell,  orig.  give),  pier  chase  :  interces- 
sio  empta  {bribed). 

emolumentum,  -1  [ex-moli- 
mentum ;  cf.  emolior?],  N.,  gain, 
advantage. 

emorior,  -mori  (-moriri),  -mor- 
tuus  [ex-morior],  3.  (cf.  inf.),  v. 
dep.,  die  off,  die. 

emptio,  -onis  [em  +  tio],  f.,  a 
buying,  a  purchase. 

emptor,  -oris  [em  +  tor],  m.,  a 
buyer. 

enarr5,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ex-nar- 
ro],  I.  V.  a.,  tell,  relate,  recount. 

enim  [prob.  e  (in  en,  ecce)  -f 
nam],  adv.,  really.  —  Esp.,  as  ex- 
planatory, for,  but,  now:  neque 
enim,  for  of  course  .  .  .  not ;  at 
enim,  but  you  say  (of  an  objection) ; 
et  enim,  y^T  .  .  .  you  see,  for  natu- 
rally, for  you  knozv. 

enitor,  -niti,  -nisus  (-nixus)  [ex- 
nitor],  3.  V.  dep.,  struggle  out  (or 
up),  struggle,  strive,  exert  one'' s  self. 

Ennius,  -1  [?],  m.,  a  Roman  gen- 
tile name.  —  Only  of  Q.  Ennius, 
the  father  of  Roman  poetry,  born 
B.C.  240. 

enumero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex- 
numero],  i.  v.  a.,  count  up. 

eo,  Ire,  ivi  (il),  itum  [i ;  cf.  eiixi, 
for  AYAMi],  irr.  v.  n.,  go,  pass, 
inarch  :  ad  saga  ire,  put  on  the 
garb  of  war  (cf.  "  go  into  mourn- 
ing ") :  ad  Bibulum  {go  to  his  house, 
with  hostile  intent). 


60  [old  dat.  of  is],  adv.,  thither, 
there  (in  sense  of  thither).  —  Often 
translated  by  more  definite  expres- 
sions in  Eng.,  to  the  place  (where, 
etc.),  on  theffi  {it,  hifn,  etc.). 

60  (abl.),  see  is. 

60dem  [old  dat.  of  idem;  cf.  eo, 
thither'],  adv.,  to  the  sa?ne place,  in 
the  same  place  (cf.  eo),  there  also: 
eodem  convenire  {to  the  same  place) ; 
eodem  penetrate  {there  also). 

Ephesius,  -a,  -um  ['E^eVios], 
adj.,  of  Ephesus,  a  famous  city  of 
Asia  Minor,  famous  for  its  temple 
of  Artemis  (Diana).  —  Masc.  plur. 
as  subst.,  the  Ephesians. 

epigramma,  -atis  [e7rt7pa/xyaa], 
N.,  a7i  epigram. 

epistula  (epistola),  -ae  {ktvLG- 
ro\y]\,  F.,  a  letter. 

epulor,  -an,  -atus  [epulo-],  i.  v. 
di^^.,  feast,  banquet,  revel. 

epulum,  -T  (-ae,  -arum)  [?],  n. 
and  F.,  a  feast,  a  banquet. 

eques,  -itis  [equo-  +  tis  (re- 
duced)], M.,  a  horseman,  a  rider. 
—  Plur.,  cavalry.  —  Esp.  (as  orig. 
serving  on  horseback),  a  knight 
(one  of  the  moneyed  class  at 
Rome,  next  in  rank  to  the  Senate). 

equester,  -tris,  -tre  [equit-  -f 
tris],  adj.,  of  knights,  of  cavalry, 
equestrian. 

equidem  [e  (in  en,  ecce),  qui- 
dem],  adv.,  (particle  of  assevera- 
tion), surely,  at  least,  to  be  sure.  — 
Often  untranslatable  in  Eng. 
except  by  emphasis,  change  of 
order  of  words,  or  some  similar 
device.  —  Usually  only  with  the 
first    person,    /  for    my  part,    I 


equitatus 


n 


Etruria 


certainly  :  dixi  equidem  modo,  7vJiy  ! 
Isaidjustno7v  ;  laudabam  equidem, 
I  praised,  to  be  sure. 

equitatus,  -us  [equita-  +  tus], 
M.,  cavalry,  horse  (troops  serving 
on  horseback). 

equito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [equit-], 
I.  V.  n.,  ride,  serve  in  the  cavalry. 

equus, -1  [ak  {s7vift)  -f  vus],m., 
a  horse :  Equus  Troianus,  The  Tro- 
jan Horse,  the  title  of  a  play  by 
Livius  Andronicus. 

erga  [prob.  instr.  of  same  stem 
as  ergo],  prep.,  towards  (of  feeling 
and  conduct),  in  behalf  of :  benevo- 
lentia  erga  aliquem. 

ergo  (-6  rarely)  [unc.  form,  perh. 
dat. ;  cf.  erga],  adv.  with  ^ow.,  for 
the  sake  of. —  Alone,  therefore,  then. 

erigo,  -rigeie,  -rexl,  -rectus  [ex- 
rego],  3.  V.  a.,  set  up  straight  (cf. 
rego),  raise  up.  —  Fig.,  rouse  tip, 
restore.  —  With  reflex.,  get  up.  — 
erectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  high, 
high  and  straight,  roused. 
^  eripi5,  -ripere,  -ripuT,  -reptus  [ex- 

(/  rapio],  3.  V.  a.,  snatch  away,  tear, 
wrest  (a  thing  from),  deprive  (one 
of  a  thing,  changing  the  relation 
in  Eng.),  relieve,  rescue,  save,  ex- 
tort, rob,  take  from  :  ereptam  vitam 
negligetis  (the  taking  of  life) ;  pudi- 
citiam  {violate) ;  se  eripere  ne,  etc., 
save  one^s  self  from,  etc. 

erratum,  -1  [n.  p.p.  of  erro],  n., 
an  error,  a  mistake. 

erro,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus  [?],  i.  v.  n., 
wander,  go  astray,  err,  be  mistakcji, 
make  a  mistake. 

error,  -oris  [terr-  (as  if  root  of 
erro)  +  or],  n.,  ati  error,  a  mistake. 


Erucius,  -1  [eruca  (?)  -f  ius],  m., 
a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  Only 
of  the  prosecutor  against  Sex. 
Roscius. 

eruct5,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [e-ructo], 
I.  V.  a.,  belch  forth  (lit.  and  fig.). 

erudio,  -Ire,  -IvT  (-ii),  -Itus  [ex- 
rudio  (rudi-,  from  training  in  fenc- 
ing ;  cf.  rudimentum)],  4.  v.  a., 
train,  instruct,  educate. — eruditUS, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  learned,  highly 
educated :  homo  {man  of  learftittg). 

erumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupT,  -ruptus 
[ex-rumpo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  btirst 
out,  sally  out,  fuake  a  sally,  break 
forth  (with  violence),  break  out  (of 
unexpected  events). 

escendo,  -scendere,  -scendi,  -scen- 
sus  [ex-scando],  3.  v.  n.  (and  a.), 
climb  up,  ascend,  go  tip. 

essedarius,  -I  [essedo-  (-a)  (re- 
duced) +  arius],  m.,  a  charioteer 
(a  warrior  fighting  from  an 
essedum) ;  also,  a  kind  of  gladiator. 

et  [akin  to  en],  conj.,  ajid,  even, 
also  .•    et  .    ,   .   et,  both  .    .    .   and. 

etenim,  see  enim. 

etesiae,  -arum  [iT-qaiai],  f.  plur., 
etesian  winds  (that  blow  annually 
during  the  dog  days  for  forty 
days),  trade  winds. 

etiam  [et  iam],  conj.,  even  now, 
still,  even  yet,  even,  also :  quin 
etiam,  nay  even  ;  etiam  atque 
etiam,  again  and  again  ;  etiam  si, 
even  if,  althotigh. 

etiam  si,  see  etiam. 

Etriiria,  -ae  [tEtrus-  +  ia ;  cf. 
Etruscus],  F.,  the  country  of  cen- 
tral Italy  north  of  the  Tiber  and 
west  of  the  Apennines. 


Etruscus 


78 


excello 


Etruscus,  -a,  -um  [tEtrus-  + 
cus  ;  cf.  Etruria],  adj.,  of  Etrnria, 
Etruscan,  Etrurian.  —  Masc.  plur. 
as  subst.,  the  Etruscans. 

etsi  [et  si],  conj.,  even  if,  al- 
though, though. 

evado,  -vadere,  -vasi,  -vasurus 
[ex-vado],  3.  v.  n.,  escape,  get  away. 

evell5,  -vellere,  -velll  (-volsi), 
-volsus  [ex-vello],  3.  v.  a.,  tear  out. 

evenio,  -venire,  -venl,  -ventum 
[ex-venio],  4.  v.  n.,  come  out. —  Fig., 
turn  out,  happen.  —  eventum,  p.p. 
as  subst.,  outcome,  result. 

eventus,  -us  [cf.  evenio],  m.,  an 
event,  an  accident. 

eversor,  -oris  [ex-versor ;  cf . 
everto],   m.,  a7i  overturner. 

everto,  -vertere,  -vertT,  -versus 
[ex-verto],  3.  v.  a.,  overturn,  over- 
throw, utterly  destroy,  cut  down. 

evocator,  -oris  [ex-vocator],  m., 
one  who  calls  forth,  a  rallier. 

evoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex-voco], 
I.  v.  a.,  call  out,  call  forth,  suvi7no}i, 
challenge,  carry  away,  ifivite.  — 
evocatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.  and 
subst.,  veteran  (of  soldiers  who 
have  served  their  time  and  are 
called  out  only  in  emergencies). 

evolo,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus  [ex- 
volo],  I.  V.  w.,  fly  out,  rush  out. 

evomo,  -vomere,  -vomuT,  -vo- 
mitus  [ex-vomo],  3.  v.  a.,  vomit  out, 
vent,  throw  off,  throzv  out. 

ex  (e)  [?],  adv.  (in  comp.)  and 
prep.,  out  of  (cf.  ab,  away  from), 
out.  —  Less  exactly,  from  (lit.  and 
fig.),  of  (made  of) :  ex  alacri  erat 
humilis  {from  being,  etc.). — Hence, 
after.  —  Also,    on    accoicnt   of    by 


means  of,  in  pursuance  of  in  ac- 
cordance with,  according  to. — Also, 
above  (raised  from). — Also  (cf.  ab), 
in,  on :  una  ex  parte,  07i  one  side  ; 
e  re  publica,  for  the  advantage  of 
the  state ;  ex  caede  vivunt  {on, 
upon);  ex  aliqua  parte,  in  some 
measure. 

exaggero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex- 
aggero],  i.  v.  a.,  heap  zip,  enlarge. 

examino,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ex- 
amin-  (stem  of  examen,  tongue  of 
the  balance)'],  i.  v.  a.,  weigh. 

exanimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex- 
animo-],  i.  v.  a.,  deprive  of  breath 
{life),  kill. — Less  exactly,  half  kill, 
prostrate  (with  grief,  etc.).  —  exa- 
nimatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  out 
of  breath,  exhausted,  half  dead  (with 
fright,  etc.),  overwhelmed. 

exardesco,  -ardescere,  -arsi,  no 
p.p.  [ex-ardesco],  3.  v.  n.,  blaze  up. 

—  Fig.,  become  iitflamed,  become  en- 
raged, become  excited,  burst  forth. 

exaudio,  -Ire,  -IvI,  -Itus  [ex- 
audio],  4.  V.  a.,  hear  (from  a  dis- 
tance), overhear. 

excedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessurus 
[ex-cedo],  3.  v.  n., go  out,  leave  (with 
abl.),  withdraw,  retire,  depart:  ex 
pueris  {outgrow  one^s  boyhood). 

excellens,  -entis,  see  excello. 

excello,  -cellere  (-cellul),  -celsus 
[ex-tcello],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  raise. 

—  Also,  rise,  be  superior,  excel.  — 
excellens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  supe- 
rior, prominent,  remarkable.  — 
excelsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
high,  elevated,  lofty,  commanding : 
in  excelso,  in  a  lofty  position, 
hizh    up. 


excido 


79 


exigo 


excido,  -cidere,  -cidT,  no  p.p.  [ex- 
cado],  3.  V.  n.,  fall  out,  fall. 

excido,  -cidere,  -cidT,  -cTsus  [ex- 
caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  out,  cut  off, 
break  dowfi,  razf. 

excipio,  -cipere,  -cepT,  -ceptus[ex- 
capio],  3.  V.  a.,  take  off,  take  up,  pick 
up,  receive,  catch,  take  in.  —  Hence, 
follow,  come  after,  come  next. — 
Also,  take  out,  reserve,  except. 

excito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex-cito  ; 
cf.  excieo],  i.  v.  a.,  call  out,  roiise, 
stimulate,  induce.  —  Also,  call  up 
(esp.  from  the  dead),  raise,  stir  tip, 
kindle,  set  ifi  motion. 

exclamo,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [ex- 
clamo],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  cry  out. 

exclude,  -cludere,  -clusT,  -clusus 
[ex-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  shut  out,  cut 
off  (from  doing  a  thing),  prevent. 

excogito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex- 
cogito],  I.  V.  a.,  think  out,  devise, 
invent. 

excolo,  -colere,  -colul,  -cultus 
[ex-colo],  3.  V.  a.,  cultivate  (to  some 
effect),  trai7i. 

excruci5,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ex- 
crucio],  I.  V.  a.,  torture,  torfnent. 

excubiae, -arum  [texcubo-  +ia], 
F.  plur.,  a  watch,  sentinels,  watch- 
men, pickets. 

excursio,  -onis  [ex-cursio;  cf. 
excurro],  f.,  a  sally,  a  raid,  an 
incursioti. 

excusati5,  -onis  [ex-tcausatio ; 
cf.  excuse],  F.,  an  excuse. 

exciiso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex- 
tcauso],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  give  as  an 
excuse,  make  an  excuse,  excuse  one  V 
self.  —  Also  (with  change  of  rela- 
tion), excuse,  exculpate. 


exemplum,  -T  [ex-templum,  E\f 
(in  emo)  -f  lus  (cf.  querulus),  with 
parasitic  p],  N.,  {something  taken 
out),  a  sample,  a  copy,  a  specimett, 
a  precedent,  an  example,  an  illus- 
tration :  crudelissimis  exemplis,  in 
the  most  cruel  manner. 

exeo,  -ire,  -il,  -itum  [ex-eo],  irr.  v. 
n.,  go  forth,  go  out,  emigrate,  march 
out,  remove,  depart,  come  out,  get 
abroad,  be  drawn  (of  lots), 

exerceo,  -ercere,  -ercuT,  -ercitus 
[ex-arceo],  2.  v.  a.,  traifi,  practise, 
exercise,  harass,  fatigue  :  vectigalia 
{collect);  iudicium  {preside  over). 

exercitatio,  -5nis  [exercita-  (stem 
of  exercito)  +  tio],  f.,  pi-act  ice,  exer- 
cise, training :  virtutis  {opportuiiity 
for  the  practice  of,  etc.). 

exercito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [exer- 
cito-;  cf.  exerceo],  i.  v.  3..,  train, 
practise.  —  exercitatus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  trained. —  Superl.,  very 
well  trained. 

exercitus,  -us  [as  if  ex-tarcitus  ; 
cf.  exerceo],  m.,  {a  training).  — 
Concretely,  {a  body  trained  or  /;/ 
training),  an  army  (large  or  small, 
acting  independently),  a  force. 

exhaurio,  -haurlre,  -hausT,  -haus- 
tus  [ex-haurio],  4.  v.  a.,  drain  off. 
—  Less  exactly,  carry  off,  get  rid 
of,  exhaust,  bring  to  an  end. 

exhibe5,  -hibere,  -hibuT,  -hibitus 
[ex-habeo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  out,  show, 
exhibit. 

exigo,  -igere,  -egT,  -actus  [ex- 
^go]»  3-  V.  a.,  {lead  otit),  pass,  spend, 
finish,  complete. — Also,  collect,  ex- 
act.—  Esp.,  exacta  vigilia,  etc.  {at 
the  end  of). 


exiguus 


80 


expeto 


exiguus,  -a,  -um  [ex-iaguus  (ag 
+  uus);  cf.  exigo],  adj.,  {exact?)., 
tiarrotv,  scanty,  sffiall,   jneagre. 

eximie  [old  abl.  of  eximius], 
adv.,  especially,  peculiarly,  pa?-- 
tiailarly. 

eximius,  -a,  -um  [ex-temius  (em 
+  ius);  cf.  eximo],  adj.,  {taken  otit), 
exceptional,  remarkable,  very  high, 
very  great,  most  admirable,  very 
valuable. 

eximo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptus  [ex- 
emo],  3.  V.  a.,  take  out  {off),  take  off. 

existimati5,  -5nis  [ex-aestima- 
tio ;  cf.  existimo],  f.,  estimate, 
opinion,  public  opinion.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, expectation. — From  the  other 
side,  repjitation,  rep7ite. 

existimator,  -oris  [ex-aestima- 
tor  ;  cf.  existimo],  m.,  an  appraiser, 
a  judge :  iniustus  existimator  re- 
rum,  unjust  in  his  opinion  of 
affairs. 

existimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex- 
aestimo],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  estimate, 
believe,  think,  suppose,  imagine,  re- 
gard, esteem,  deem,'  judge :  male 
{think  ill  of,  have  a  poor  opinion  of). 

exitiosus,  -a,  -um  [exitio-  + 
osus],  adj.,  destructive,  j-uinous, 
pernicious. 

exitium,  -T  [exitu-  +  ium,  perh. 
ex  +  titium  (cf.  officium)],  N.,  ex- 
tinction, destruction,  7'uitt,  77iischief. 

exitus,  -us  [ex-itus ;  cf.  exec], 
M.,  {a  going  out),  a  passage  (out, 
concretely).  —  Hence,  an  end,  the 
last  part:  quem  habere  exitum 
{what  is  the  result  of,  etc.).  —  Fig., 
a  result,  a  turn  (of  fortune),  an 
issue,  an  event. 


exoletus,  -a,  -um  [p.p.  of  exo- 
lesco,  as  adj.],  adult.  —  As  subst., 
a  creature  of  lust. 

exopto,  -are,  -avT, -atus  [ex-opto], 
I.  V.  a.,  desire  earnestly,  long  for. 

exorior,  -orlrl,  -ortus  [ex-orior], 

3.  (and  4.)  V.  dep.,  rise  up. 
exorno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex-omo], 

I.  V.  a.,  array,  adorn,  fit  out, 
etnbellish. 

exoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex-oro], 
I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  entreat  (and  prevail). 

exorsus,  -us  [ex-torsus ;  cf.  ex- 
ordior],  M.,  a  beginning. 

expecto  and  compounds  of  ex 
with  S-,  see  exs-. 

expedio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus  [prob. 
texpedi-  (stem  of  adj.  from  ex- 
pes)],  4.  V.  a.  and  n.,  disentangle, 
diseficumber,  set  free  (cf.  im- 
pedio).  —  Less  exactly  and  fig., 
set  in  order,  get  ready,  arraitge, 
station  (of  troops):  salutem  {se- 
cure).—  Also,  be  of  advantage. — 
expeditus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
etictanbered,  easy  (iter),  not  diffi- 
cult, quick,  active. 

expello,  -pellere,  -pull,  -pulsus 
[ex-pello],  3.  V.  a.,  drive  out,  bajiish, 
expel. 

experior,  -perlri,  -pertus  [ex- 
tperior,  pass,  of  pario ;  cf.  opperior], 

4.  V.  dep.,  {get  for  one  ''s  self  ?  ),  ex- 
perience, try,  find  {by  experiejice). 

expers,  -pertis  [ex-pars],  adj., 
without  a  share,  without,  destitute  : 
sensus  {out  of  sympathy  with). 

expet5,  -ere,  -IvI  (-il),  -itus  [ex- 
peto], 3.  V.  a.,  seek  for,  desire,  ear- 
tie  stly  ask  for,  try  to  secure :  poenas 
{inflict). 


expilo 


8i 


exspectatio 


expilo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex-pilo], 
I.  V.  a.,  rob. — i\lso,  plunder,  steal. 

expio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex-pio], 
I.  V.  a.,  purify,  expiate.  —  Tiansf. 
to  the  signs  of  divine  viX2^^\,  expiate. 

expleo,  -plere,  -plevi,  -pletus 
[ex-pleo],  2.  V.  a.,  fill  out,  fill  up, 
make  up,  satisfy,  satiate,  fill  the 
measure  of. 

explico,  -are,  -ui  (-avi),  -itus 
(-atus)  [ex-plico],  i.  v.  a.,  unfold, 
set  forth.- — Also  (unfold  something 
out  of  entanglement),  disentangle, 
set  free. — So  esp.  in  argument. 

explore,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex-ploro, 
prob.  search  by  calling  or  crying], 
I.  V.  a.,  investigate,  explore,  search, 
examine,  reconnoitre.  —  explora- 
tus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  assured, 
certain :  exploratum  habere,  be 
assured,    feel   certain. 

expon5,  -ponere,  -posul,  -positus 
[ex-pono],  3.  V.  a.,  place  out,  set 
out:  exercitum  {disembark ;  also, 
draw  up,  array).  —  Fig.,  set  forth 
(in  speech),  expose. 

exporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex- 
porto],  I.  V.  a.,  carry  out,  carry 
away,  export. 

exposco,  -poscere,  -poposci,  no 
p.p.  [ex-posco],  3.  V.  a.,  demand 
(with  eagerness). 

exprimo,  -primere,  -press!,  -pres- 
sus  [ex-premo],  3.  v.  a.,  press  out, 
force  out,  elicit,  get  out  (of  any- 
thing).—  Hence,  represent:  ves- 
tigia expressa   {well  ?fiarked). 

expr5mo,  -prSmere,  -pr5mpsT, 
-promptus  [ex-promo],  3.  v.  a.,  deal 
out,  bring  out,  display. 

expiignatio,  -onis  [ex-pugnatio ; 


cf.  expugno],   F.,  a  stortning  (of  a 
city),  taking  (of  a  city  by  storm). 

expiigno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex- 
pugno], I.  v.  a.,  take  (by  storm), 
capture  (by  storming  a  city,  also 

%)• 

exquiro,  -quirere,  -quislvi  (-il), 
-quisltus  [ex-quaero],  3.  v.  a., 
search    out. 

exsanguis,  -e  [ex-sanguis],  adj., 
(with  the  blood  out),  bloodless,  nerve- 
less, feeble,  lifeless. 

exscind5,  -scindere,  -scidi,  -scis- 
sus  [ex-scindo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  down, 
tear  down,  break  down,  destroy, 
overt  hrozv. 

exsecratio,  -onis  [ex-sacra tio], 
F.,  a  curse,  an  oath  (ratified  by  an 
imprecation),  an  imprecation. 

exsequiae,  -arum  [texsequo-  -f 
ia ;  cf.  pedisequus],  f.  plur.,  {a  fol- 
lowing out). —  Esp.  to  the  grave, 
a  funeral,  funeral  rites. 

exsiliS,  -silire,  -silui,  no  p.p.  [ex- 
salio],  4.  V.  n.,  spring  zip,  Jump  up. 

exsilium   (exil-),    -I    [exsul-  +    '' 
ium],  N.,  exile. 

exsist5,  -sistere,  -stitT,  -stitu-  |f 
rus  (?)  [ex-sisto],  3.  v.  n.,  stand  out, 
rise  up,  cofne  out,  ensue,  break  out, 
grow  out,  arise,  cotne  forward,  show 
itself,  be  shown,  appear,  be  performed 
{perpetrated,  committed),  turn  out, 
be  the  result,  be,  exist. 

exsolv5,  -solvere,  -solvi,  -solutus 
[ex-sol vo],  3.  V.  a.,  unloose,  acquit, 
explain,  tnake  clear. 

exspectatio  (exp-),  -onis  [ex- 
spectatio; cf.  exspecto],  f.,  a 
waiting  for,  expectatiofi,  afitici- 
pation. 


exspecto 


82 


exspecto  (exp-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[ex-specto],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  look 
out  for,  wait  for,  wait,  wait  to  see 
(si,  whether,  etc.),  expect,  antici- 
pate, be  in  expectation. 

exspolio,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [ex- 
spolio],  I.  V.  a.,  strip  off.  —  Also, 
strip  of  (cf.  despolio).  —  Fig.,  de- 
prive, rob  [of,  abl.). 

exstlnctor  (extinc-),  -oris  [ex- 
stinctor ;  cf.  exstinguo],  M.,  a  de- 
stroyer, a  siippresser. 

exstinguo  (ext-),  -stinguere 
-stlnxl,  -stinctus  [ex-stinguo] ,  3.  v. 
a.,  {punch  out,  as  a  fire  in  the 
woods }),  extinguish  (lit.  and  fig.), 
destroy,  put  an  end  to,  stamp  out, 
blot  out. 

exsto,  -stare,  no  perf.,  no  p.p.  [ex- 
sto],  I.  V.  n.,  stand  out,  be  preserved. 

exstructi5,  -onis  [ex-structio ; 
cf.  exstruo],  f.,  a  building  up,  a 
strticture. 

exstruo,  -struere,  -struxT,  -struc- 
tus  [ex-struo],  3.  v.  a.,  heap  up, 
build  up,  pile  tip,  construct,  erect. 

exsul  (exul),  -ulis  [cx-sal  (root 
of  salio ;  cf.  praesul)  as  stem,  with 
some  lost  connection  of  meaning ; 
cf.  consul],  c,  an  exile. 

exsulo  (exulo),  -are,  -avi,  no  p.p. 
[exsul],  I.  V.  n.,  be  an  exile,  be  in 
exile. 

exsulto  (exult-),  -are,  -avi,  no 
p.p.  [ex-salto;  cf.  exsilio],  i.v.  n., 
{dance  with  Joy,  as  in  a  war  dance 
trampling  on  a  prostrate  foe ;  cf. 
Mil.  21),  exult,  rejoice. 

extenuo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex- 
tenuo],  I.  V.  a.,  extenuate,  dispar- 
age, diminish,  belittle. 


exter,  -tera,  -terum  [ex  4-  terus 
(reduced)],  adj.,  outer,  outside,  for- 
eign.—  extremus,  -a,  -um,  superl., 
farthest,  extreme,  last :  in  extrema 
oratione  {at  the  end  of  etc.,  and 
often  in  this  sense) ;  ad  extremum, 
till  the  last,  at  last,  finally  ;  in  ex- 
trema India,  in  farthest  India  ;  in 
extremis  atque  ultimis  gentibus 
{farthest  in  distance,  and  last  in 
reckoning) ;  extremum  summumque 
supplicium,  the  utmost  and  most 
extreme  severity  of  ptmishment ; 
fuit  illud  extremum  {the  last  thing 
to  be  thoicght  of) ;  comites  {farthest 
behind). 

extermino,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ex- 
termino-],  i.  v.  a.,  drive  beyond  the 
bounds,  banish,  get  out  of  the  way, 
expel,  drive  into  exile. 

externus,  -a,  -um  [exter-  (as 
stem  of  exter)  -f  nus],  adj.,  outside, 
external,  foreign,  abroad. 

extimesco,  -timescere,  -timul, 
no  p.p.  [ex-timesco],  3.  v.  a.,  dread, 
fear :  voltu  {show  terror). 

extollo,  -tollere,  no  perf.,  no  p.p. 
[ex-tollo],  3.  V.  a.,  raise  Jip. 

extorqueo,  -torquere,  -torsi,  -tor- 
tus [ex-torqueo] ,  2.  v.  a.,  wrench 
from ,  wrest  from ,  force  from . 

extra  [abl.  or  instr.  (?)  of  exter; 
cf.  supra],  adv.  and  prep.,  outside, 
out  of,  outside  of. 

extraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -tractus 
[ex-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  drag  out,  draw 
out,  draw  (from). 

exturbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex- 
turbo],  I.  V.  a.,  dj-ive  out,  thrust  out. 

exuo,  -uere,  -ui,  -utus  [ex-tuo 
(of    unc.    meaning;     cf.    induo)]. 


83 


facio 


3.    V.   a.,   throw  off\   strip  off]  cast 
aside. 

exuro,  -lirere,  -ussi,  -ustus  [ex- 
uro],  3.  V.  a.,  btirn  ///,  burji  down, 
burn  to  the  ground. 


exuviae,  -arum  [exuo-  (cf.  exu5) 
+  ia],  F.  plur.,  spoils,  cast-off  clothes, 
trophies  (as  beaks  of  ships  stripped 
off). 


Fabianus,  -a,  -um  [Fabio-  + 
anus],  adj.,  of  Fabius.  —  Esp.,  for- 
nix Fabianus,  the  arch  of  Fabius 
(which  stood  at  the  easterly  end 
of  the  Forum). 

Fabricius,  -i  [tfabrico-  +  ius], 
M.,  a  Roman  gentile  name.  — 
Esp.,  Q.  Fabricius,  a  tribune  of 
the  people  the  year  of  Cicero's 
recall. 

fabula,  -ae  [fa  (as  stem  of  for) 
+  bula  (f.  of  bulum)],  f.,  a  myth, 
a  story,  a  play. 

facete  [old  abl.  of  facetus],  adv., 
wittily,  facetiously,  humorously, 
cunttingly,  neatly. 

facilis,  -e  [tfaco-  (cf.  benefi- 
cus)  -f  lis],  adj.,  easy  (to  do  ;  cf. 
habilis),  convenient,  without  diffi- 
culty, easy  (generally).  —  facile, 
neut.  as  adv.,  easily,  conveniently, 
without  diffictUty,  plainly,  readily  : 
facile  primus  {without  question, 
etc.). 

facilitas,  -atis  [facili-  +  tas],  f., 
facility,  ease,  easy  manners,  cour- 
tesy. 

facinorosus,  -a,  -um  [facinor-  + 
osus],  adj.,  criminal. 

facinus,  -oris  [ffacin-  (as  if  root 
of  tfacino,  longer  form  of  facio ;  cf. 
prodino)  -f  us],  n.,  a  deed  (of  any 
kind),  an  action. — Esp.  (as  in  Eng.), 


a  deed  (of  crime),  a  misdeed,  a 
crime,  guilt  (referring  to  some 
particular  act),  criminal  conduct ; 
aliud  {degree  of  guilt). 

facio,  facere,  feci,  factus  [fac 
(DHA  -f  k)  +  io  (ya)],  3.  V.  a. 
and  n.,  make,  do,  act,  commit; 
of  persons,  value,  esteem.  —  Used 
in  a  great  variety  of  senses,  as  in 
Eng.,  and  in  many  where  we  use  a 
more  special  word  :  insidias  {lay) ; 
consulem  {elect);  verbum  {speak, 
titter) ;  gratulationem  {offer) ;  vota 
{offer);  ludos  {celebrate,  hold); 
manu  factus  {wrought,  etc.) ;  ita 
factus  {formed,  fashioned,  of  such 
a  character) ;  sumptum  {incur) ; 
iudicia  {hold,  as  trials  of  courts, 
express,  give,  render,  as  decisions) ; 
auctoritatem  {give) ;  fidem  {pro- 
duce,gain)  ;  potestatem  {giz'e,  offer) ; 
reliquum  facere  {leave) ;  proelium 
{fight)  ;  missa  facere  {let  go) ;  co- 
mitia  {hold) ;  strepitum  {7-aise).  — 
Esp.  with  clause  of  result,  cause 
(to),  do  (omitting  in  Eng.  the  con- 
nective that,  and  expressing  the 
thing  done  in  the  indicative),  see 
to  it  that,  take  care  that.  —  So  :  facit 
ut  videamini,  makes  you  appear ; 
facio  ut  deferrem  {allow  myself  to, 
etc.);  fac  veniat  {let,  etc.);  fac  va- 
\QdiB,farexuell,  take  care  of  yoxirself. 


factum 


84 


familiaris 


—  So  in  pass.,  be  done,  be  caused, 
happen,  result,  ensue,  occur,  turn 
out,  be,  become :  aliquid  atrocitatis 
fieri,  some  atrocity  be  committed ;  fit 
obviam,  come  to  meet,  7neet,  happen 
to  jueet ;  si  quid  eo  factum  esset, 
if  anything  should  happen  to  him  ; 
ut  fit,  as  usually  happens;  fit 
dominus,  makes  himself  master.  — 
Often  with  two  aces,  (or  with  adj. 
corresponding  to  second  ace), 
make,  render.  —  factum,  -T,  N.  of 
p.p.,  half  noun  and  half  participle, 
and  to  be  translated  by  either,  act, 
thing  done,  action,  etc.  —  fio,  fieri, 
as  pass,  in  all  senses. 

factum,  see  facio. 
facultas,  -atis  [facul-  (for  facil-  ; 
cf.  simul)  +  tas],  f.,  ease,  facility. 

—  So,  chance,  power,  opportunity, 
privilege:  facultas  ingeni,  intel- 
lectual power,  form  of  genius ;  ora- 
tio  et  facultas,  poiver  of  oratory ; 
manendi  nulla  facultas  {no  possi- 
bility). 

faenerator  (fen-),  -oris  [faenera- 
+  tor],  M.,  a  usurer. 

Faesulae,  -arum  [prob.  Etruscan, 
though  the  foiTn  is  Roman],  F. 
plur.,  an  old  Etruscan  city  north 
of  the  Arno,  colonized  by  Sulla, 
now  Fie  sole. 

Faesulanus,  -a,  -um  [Faesula- 
+  nus],  adj.,  of  Fiesole. 

falcarius,  -a,  -um  [falc-  -f  arius], 
adj.,  belonging  to  a  scythe  or  sickle. 

—  Masc.  as  subst.,  a  scythemaker : 
inter  falcarios,  /;/  the  scythemakcrs' 
quarter  (cutlers'  street). 

Falridius,  -i  [?,  tfalcido-  (falc  -f 
dus)  +  ius],  M.,  a  Roman  gentile 


name.  —  Only,  C.  Falcidius,  a  trib 
una  of  the  people. 

fallax,  -acis  [fall-  (as  if  root  of 
fallo)  +  ax],  adj.,  deceitful,  treach- 
erous, fallacious. 

fallo,  fallere,  fefelll,  falsus 
[?  SPHAL,  trip  up\  3.  V.  a.  and  n., 
deceive,  escape  {one''s  notice),  dis- 
appoint: num  me  fefellit,  was  I 
mistaken  in,  etc.,  and  often  in  that 
sense. — falsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
deceived.— A\so  (transf.  to  things), 
false,  unfounded :  laus  {unde- 
served).— falso,  abl.  as  2l^\., falsely. 

falso,  see  fallo. 

falsus,  see  fallo. 

falx,  -Icis  [?],  F.,  a  scythe,  sickle, 
or  billhook  (including  many  instru- 
ments with  curved  blades),  a  knife 
(with  a  curved  blade,  used  by 
gladiators). 

fama,  -ae  [fa  (in  for)  +  ma], 
Y.,  speech,  common  talk,  reptitation, 
fame.  —  Concretely,  a  rumor,  a 
story. 

fames,  -is  [.^],  f.,  hunger,  starva- 
tion, famine:  famenecatus,  starved 
to  death. 

familia,  -ae  (-as)  [famulo-  (re- 
duced;  cf.  famul)  -f  ia],  f.,  a  col- 
lcctio7t  of  attoidants,  a  household 
(including  children),  slaves,  a  gang 
of  slaves.  —  Also,  a  family  (in 
our  sense).  —  mater  familias,  see 
mater. 

familiaris,  -e  [prob.  familia-  + 
ris,  but  treated  as  famili-  +  aris  ; 
cf.  alaris,  animalis],  adj.,  of  the 
household,  friendly,  intimate :  res 
{estate,  property  ;  also ,  domestic  life, 
household  affairs).  —  Esp.  as  subst. 


familiaritas 


H5 


felix 


(though  compared),  a  friend,  an 
intimate  friend. 

familiaritas,  -atis  [familiari-  + 
tas],  F.,  intimacy  [zvit/i,  genitive), 
a  relation  of  intimacy. 

familiariter  [familiari-  +  ter], 
adv.,  familiarly,  intimately. 

fanum,  -T  [?,  fa  +  nus,  perh. 
orig.  consecrated ;  cf.  effatus],  N., 
a  shrine  (cf.  aedes),  a  temple  (esp. 
a  foreign  one,  templum  being  a 
word  of  Roman  augury). 

fas  [fa  (in  for)  +  as],  n.,  indecl., 
right  (in  conscience,  or  by  divine 
law),  permitted,  allowed.  —  Esp. 
with  negatives  expressed  or  implied. 

fascis,  -is  [} ;  cf.  fascia],  m.,  a 
bundle.  —  Esp.,  in  plur.,  the  fasces, 
the  bundle  of  rods  with  an  axe, 
carried  by  the  lictor  before  the 
higher  magistrates. 

fastidio,  -Ire,  -ivi  (-il),  -Itus  [tfas- 
tidi-;  cf.  fastiditas],  4.  v.  a.  and  n., 
disdain,  be  disgusted,  take  offence. 

fastus,  -a,  -urn  [fas-  +  tus], 
adj.,  secular  (of  days  when  the 
courts,  etc.,  could  rightly  be  held). 
—  Masc.  plur.  as  subst.,  the  fasti  (the 
list  of  such  days),  the  calendar.  — 
Also,  the  list  of  consuls  (orig.  kept 
in  the  calendar). 

fatalis,  -e  [fato-  +  alls],  adj., 
fated,  fatal,  designed  hy  fate. 

fateor,  faterl,  fassus  [prob. 
fat5-],  2.  V.  dep.,  confess,  acknowl- 
edge, admit. 

fatum,  -I  [neut.  of  fatus,  p.p.  of 
for],  N.,  {what  is  spoken  ;  cf.  fas), 
destiny,  fate,  lot,  a  fatality. — Hence, 
ruin,  death,  destruction  :  fata  Sibyl- 
lina,  the  Sihvllinc  books. 


fauces,  -ium  [?],  f.  plur.  (also 
fauce,  sing.),  the  gullet,  the  throat. 

—  Hence,  of  animals,  the  jaws 
(with  a  slightly  different  fig.  from 
the  Eng.).  —  So  of  any  narrow 
entrance,  a  pass :  fauces  Etruriae 
{the  gates). 

fautor,  -oris  [fav-  (as  if  root  of 
faveo)  +  tor],  "M.,  a  favorer,  a  par- 
tisan, a  supporter. 

faux,  see  fauces. 

faveo,  favere,  favl,  fauturus  [?], 
2.  V.  u.,  favor,  be  well  disposed 
towards. 

Favonius,  -i  [tfavono-  (cf.  colo- 
nus)  -f  ius],  M.,  the  west  zuind. — 
Also,  a  Roman  gentile  name.  — 
Esp.,  M.  Favonius,  a  friend  of 
Cato  of  Utica,  and  a  violent 
opponent  of  Clodius.  He  was 
afterwards  one  of  the  assassins  of 
Caesar. 

fax,  facis  [?],  F.,  a  torch,  a  fire- 
brand, fire,  a  blazing  fire  (in  the 
sky):  omnes  faces  invidiae  subi- 
cere,  use  every  means  to  kindle  the 
flame  of  hatred. 

febris,  -is  [for  tfervris  (poss. 
tfervis),  ferv-  -f  ris  (or  -is)],  f., 
fever. 

Februarius,  -a,  -um  [februo-  + 
arius],  adj.,  of  February. 

felicitas,  -atis  [felic-  (as  if  felici-) 
-f  tas],  F.,  good  fortune,  good  luck, 
lucky  star.  —  Plur.  in  same  sense. 

—  Esp.,  Good  Fortune,  worshipped 
as  a  divinity  by  the  Romans. 

feliciter  [felic-  (as  if  felici-)  + 
ter],  adv.,  happily,  success  filly. 

felix,  -Tcis  [akin  to  fee],  adj., 
fruitful,  fortunate. 


femina 


86 


fiducia 


femina,  -ae  [fe  (stem  of  feo)  + 
mina],  v.,  a  wotnaii,  a  female. 

fenerator,  see  faen-. 

fera,  see  ferus. 

fere  [? ;  abl.  of  stem  tfre5-  (akin 
to  fero  ;  cf.  Lucifer)],  adv.,  almost, 
about. — Also,  almost  always,  gene?- 
ally,  tisually,  for  the  most  part.  — 
With  negatives,  hardly :  nemo  fere, 
hardly  anybody. 

feritas,  -atis  [fero-  +  tas],  f., 
wildness,  barbarous  condition. 

fero,  ferre,  tulT,  latus  (for  tlatus) 
[bhar,  bear,  and  tol  (tla)  in  tollo] , 
irr.  V.  a.  and  n.,  bear,  carry,  bring, 
endtire,  tolerate,  stand,  withstatid, 
carry  off,  take,  receive,  win. — Often 
in  a  loose  sense,  translated  by  vari- 
ous special  words  in  Eng.,  co7ntnit, 
offer,  etc. — With  reflex,  or  in  pass., 
rush, pass, proceed,  roll  {pi  2.  river). 
— With  advs.  indicating  manner  of 
receiving  anything,  suffer,  bear,  take 
it,  feel:  indigne  {feel  indignant); 
moleste  (take  it  hard,  be  annoyed  by, 
etc.) ;  graviter  {be  annoyed,  be  vexed, 
take  it  ill).  — Esp.,  of  report,  say, 
report. — Also,  of  laws,  propose  (to 
the  people),  carry,  decide, propose  a 
law,  pass  a  law,  bring  an  accusation 
(before  the  people):  vestra  voluntas 
{decide,  turn  that  way);  quaestionem 
{vote);  ita  natura  rerum  {decree).  — 
Also,  prae  se  ferre,  avow,  declare, 
boast  of,  vaunt  (facinus,  etc.). 

ferScitas,  -atis  [feroc-  (as  if 
feroci-)  +  tas],  f.,  fierceness,  sav- 
age cruelty. 

ferramentum,  -i  [as  if  ferra- 
(stem  of  verb  from  ferrum)  +  men- 
turn],  N.,  «  tool  (of  iron),  a  weapon. 


ferrous,    -a,   -um    [ferro-  +  eus 

(-YAs)],  adj.,  of  iron,  iron  (made 
of  iron).  —  Fig.,  iron-hearted. 

ferrum,  -I  [?],  n.,  iron,  steel,  the 
sword  (as  a  symbol  of  war):  acer 
in  ferro,  see  acer. 

fertilis,  -e  [prob.  tfert5-  (fer  + 
tus,  cf.  fero)  +  lis],  adj.,  fertile, 
fruitful,  productive. 

ferus,  -a,  -um  [fer  (dhvar, 
rush)  +  us;  cf.  deer^  adj.,  wild, 
cruel,  ferocious.  —  fera,  -ae,  fem. 
as  subst.,  a  wild  beast,  gafne. 
•  festinatio,  -onis  [festina-  -ftio], 
p.,  haste. 

festino,  -are,-avT,  -atus  [tfestino-, 
perh.  akin  to  festus],  i.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  make  haste,  hasten. 

festus,  -a,   -um    [unc.   root   (cf. 
feriae)  -f  tus],  did].,  festive,  festival. 
fidelis,  -e  [fide-  (stem  of  fides) 
+  lis],  adj.,  faithful. 

fides,  -ei  [fid  (bhid,  bind)  -f 
es],  F.,  a  promise,  a  pledge.  — 
Also,  good  faith,  fidelity,  hottesty. 
—  Transf.,  confidence,  faith  (in), 
credit ;  fidem  facere,  gain  credence, 
produce  confidence. — Esp.,  of  prom- 
ised protection,  protection,  depend- 
ence, alliance.  —  Also,  credit  (in 
a  mercantile  sense). 

fidius  (but  only  in  nom.)  [i",  fido 
+  ius],  M.,  {of  good  faith  ?). — Only 
in  me  dius  fidius  (sc.  adiuvet),  on 
my  faith,  as  sttre  as  I  live,  by 
heaven. 

fido,  fidere,  fisus  sum  [fid, 
increased],  3.  v.  n.,  trtist,  have 
confidence. 

fiducia,  -ae  [tfiduc-  (tfidu--f  cus) 
-f  ia  ;    cf.  audacia],  f.,  cofifidence, 


fidus 


87 


Flamininus 


confident  reliance.  —  Also,  ground 
of  confidence. 

fidus,  -a,  -um  [fid  (in  fido)  + 
us],  2,^].,  faithful. 

figo,  figere,  flxT,  fixus  [fig?], 
3.  V.  a.,  fasten  (by  insertion  in 
something),  fix,  nail:  crucem 
{plant)  \  mucronem  {plunge). — 
Also  fig.,  memoria  mentibus  fixa. 

figura,  -ae  [tfigu-  (fig,  in  fingo, 
+  us)  +  ra  (fern,  of  -rus)],  f., 
shape,  form. 

filia,  -ae  [fern,  of  filius],  f., 
a  daughter. 

filius,  -1  [?],  M.,  a  son. 

fingo,  fingere,  finxl,  fictus  [fig  ; 
cf.  figura],  3.  V.  a.,  mould.  —  Fig., 
invent,  contrive,  pretend,  imagine, 
devise:  fingite  animis,  imagine. — 
fictus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  did].,  false, 
trumped  up,  fictitious,  imaginary. 

finis,  -is  [.-'],  m.,  a  limit,  an  end : 
quem  ad  finem,  how  far ;  usque 
ad  eum  finem  dum,  even  up  to  the 
very  moment  when.  —  Plur.,  lim- 
its, boundaries,  borders,  territories, 
country. 

■  finitimus  (-tumus),  -a,  -um  [fini- 
-f  timus ;  cf.  maritimus],  adj.,  on 
the  borders,  rieighboring,  adjacejit, 
neighbors  {of).  —  Plur.  as  subst., 
neighbors. 

fio,  see  facio. 

firmamentum,  -I  [firma-  +  men- 
tum],  x.,  support.  —  Fig.,  a  bul- 
7C'arh,  a  corjier-stone :  ceterorum 
ordinum. 

firmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [firmo-], 
I.  V.  a.,  make  strong,  strengthen, 
fortify,  put  in  a  state  of  defence. 

firmus,  -a,  -um  [dhar  -f  mus]. 


adj.,  strong  (for  resistance),  firm, 
steady. 

fiscus,  -I  [.''],  M.,  a  wicker  basket 
(used  for  carrying  money),  a  money- 
bag (\.o  imitate  the  figure  in  Eng.). 

Flaccus,  -T  [flaccus,  flabby^  m., 
a  Roman  family  name.  —  Esp., 
L.  Valerius  Flaccus,  consul  with 
Marius  B.C.  100,  and  afterwards 
killed  by  Fimbria  in  the  East. 

flagitiose  [old  abl.  of  flagitio- 
sus],  adv.,  shamefully,  disgrace- 
fully (with  the  added  idea  of 
criminality). 

flagitiosus,  -a,  -um  [flagitio-  + 
osus],  adj.,  shamefully  criminal, 
iftfamous,  disgraceful,  scandalous. 

flagitium,  -I  [tflagito-  +  ium  ; 
cf.  flagito],  N.,  {a  crime  of  pas- 
sion ?),  a  disgraceful  crime,  a  burbl- 
ing shame,  an  enormity. 

flagito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [as  if 
tflagito-,  p.p.  of  tflago,  burn  ?  (cf. 
0Xe'7aj),  akin  to  flagrum],  i.  v.  a., 
ask  (in  heat  ?),  demand  earnestly, 
importune,  insist  upon,  call  for : 
severitatem  {cry  for)  ;  flagitans 
senatus  {importutiate) ;  pacem  fla- 
gitans {being  importunate  for). 

flagro,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus  [flagro-, 
in  an  earlier  sense  of  a  burn  ?'], 
I.  V.  n.,  burn,  blaze,  consume,  be  on 
fire.  —  Also  fig.  as  in  Eng.,  be  in  a 
blaze  of,  be  consumed  in  a  fire  of : 
invidia  ;  infamia. 

flamen,  -inis  [prob.  flag  (cf. 
flagro)  +  men],  m.,  {the  kindler  of 
sacrificial  fires  .-*),  a  priest  (of  a  par- 
ticular divinity). 

Flamininus,  -I  [Flamini5-  -f 
inusl,  M.,  a  Roman  fam.ilv  name 


Flaminius 


forensis 


—  Esp.,  T.  Qiiincthts  Flamiftmtts, 
who  defeated  Philip  of  Macedonia 
at  Cynoscephala;,  B.C.  197. 

Flaminius,  -I  [flamin-  +  ius],  al, 
a  Roman  gentile  name. —  Esp.,  Q. 
FhifniniiiSy  consul  B.C.  223.  —  Also, 
as  adj.,  Flamijiian  (of  this  Fla- 
minius) :  circus  (the  circus  built 
by  him  as  censor,  B.C.  220). 

flamma,  -ae  [flag  +  ma],  f., 
JlaJtie,  Jire,  conflagration. 

flecto,  flectere,  flexl,  flexus  [.^], 
3.  V.  a.,  bend,  turn.  —  Fig.,  change, 
afl'ect,  draw  (from  a  course),  chajige 
the  minds  of,  etc. 

fleo,  flere,  flevi,  fietus  [?],  2.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  weep  :  flens,  /;/  tears. 

fietus,  -us  [fie-  (stem  of  fleo  as 
root)  -f  tus],  M.,  iveeping,  lafnen- 
tation,  tears. 

flexibilis,  -e  [flexo-  (as  stem 
of  flexus)  +  bills],  adj.,  flexible, 
changeable. 

florens,  -entis,  see  floreo. 

floreo,  -ere,  -ul,  no  p.p.  [flor-], 
2.  V.  n.,  blosso7n,  bloom.  —  Fig.,  be 
prosperous,  flourish,  be  in  power, 
be  distinguished :  accessus  {be  bril- 
liant).—  florens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj., 
flourishing,  prosperotis,  brilliajit, 
highly  favored,  eminent  (for  wealth 
and  the  like),  successful. 

floresco,  fl5rescere,  floruT,  no 
p.p.  [flore-  (as  stem  of  floreo) 
-f  sco],  3.  V.  n.,  flourish,  grow 
bright. 

flos,  floris  [?],  M.,  a  flower.  — 
Fig.,  the  flo7ver  (of  troops). 

fluctuo,  -are,  -avi,  no  p.p.  [fluc- 
tu-],  I.  V.  n.,  floaty  d7-ift,  be  tossed 
on  the  waves. 


fluctus,  -lis  [flu(g)  (in  flue,  cf. 
fluxi)  +  tus],  M.,  a  wave  (also 
fig.),  7vaves  (collectively). 

fluito,  -are,  -avI,  no  p.p.  [tfluito- 
(as  if  stem  of  p.p.  of  fluo ;  cf. 
agito)],  I.  V.  \\.,  float,  drift. 

flumen,  -inis  [fli(g)  (in  fluo; 
cf.  frumentum)  +  men],  N.,  a  river. 
—  Y\g.,flow. 

fluo,  fluere,  fiuxl,  fluxus  (fluxu- 
rus,  flucturus,  fluiturus)  [flu(g), 
cf.  fruor],  3.  V.  x\..,  flow. 

focus,  -I  [fov  (as  root  of  foveo) 
-f  cus],  M.,  a  brazier  (a  fixed -or 
movable  hearth,  with  coals  foi 
heating  or  cooking),  a  hearth. — 
Fig.  (as  a  symbol  of  home),  hearth, 
fireside. 

foederatus,  -a,  -um  [p.p.  of  foe- 
dero],  adj.,  federate,  allied  (by 
treaty  on  equal  terms).  —  Masc. 
plur.  as  subst.,  allies. 

foedus,  -eris  [fid  (in  fides;  cf. 
fidus)  -|-  us],  ^., a  treaty,  an  alliance, 
a  bond  (of  any  similar  kind),  cojidi- 
tions  (of  a  treaty),  a  compact,  an 
agreefnent  (of  a  serious  or  solemn 
sort). 

foedus,  -a,  -um  [?],  adj.,  foul, 
unseemly,  ho7'rible,  vile,  dreadful. 

fons,  fontis  [?],  m.,  a  fountain, 
a  spring.  —  Fig.,  a  source,  a  foun- 
tain. 

foras  [ace.  plur.  of  tfora],  adv., 
{to  the  doors),  outdoors,  abroad  (as 
end  of  motion).  —  Fig.,  forth,  out, 
away. 

fore,  see  sum. 

forensis,  -e  [foro-  -f  ensis],  adj., 
of  the  Foriim,  in  the  Forutn  (cf. 
various     meanings     of     forum).  — 


foris 


frater 


Also,  eveiy  day,  ordiitary,  of  daily 
life. 

foris  [abl.  plur.  of  ffora;  cf. 
foras],  adv.,  out  of  doors  (as  place 
where),  abroad,  outside. 

forma,  -ae  [dhar  (in  firmus) 
+  ma],  F.,  shape,  form,  features, 
the  person,  an  effigy,  a  likeness,  an 
image. 

Formianus,  -a,  -um  [Formia-  + 
nus],  adj.,  of  or  belonging  to 
Formiae,  Fonnian.  —  Neut.  as 
subst.,  a  villa  in  For?niae. 

formido,  -inis  [prob.  formido- 
(cf.  formid5)  +  o  (cf.  cupido),  akin 
to  formus  ?  (from  the  hot  flash  of 
fear)],  Y.,fear,  dread,  terror, alarm. 

formidolosus,  -a,  -um  [fformi- 
dolo-  (formido-  +  lus  ? )  +  osus] ,  ad  j . , 
formidable,  alarmiiig. 

formosus,  -a,  -um  [forma-  (re- 
duced) -f  osus],  adj.,  beatitifnl, 
lovely. 

fornix,  -icis  [fomo-  (cf.  fornax)  + 
cus  (?  reduced)],  M.,  {the  arch  of 
an  oven  ?),  an  arch. 

fors,  fortis  [FER-f  tis  (reduced)], 
F.,  chance.  —  forte,  abl.  as  adv.,  by 
chance,  perchance,  accidentally,  as 
it  happened,  perhaps. 

forsitan  [fors  sit  an,  it  may  be  a 
chance  whethe7'~\,  adv.,  perhaps,  it 
may  be,  possibly. 

fortasse  [.'',  forte  -f  unc.  form, 
perh.  sis  (si  vis)],  adv.,  perhaps, 
possibly,  it  may  be. 

forte,  see  fors. 

fortis,  e  .  [for  tforctis,  akin  to 
firmus],  adj.,  strong,  sturdy,  gal- 
lant, staunch,  brave,  dauntless, 
undaunted,   able :    vir    (a   7?ian   of 


courage,  a  man  of  constancy,  and 
the  like);  sententia  {firm). 

fortiter  [forti-  +  ter],  adv., 
bravely,  stoutly,  undauntedly,  with 
courage,  xvith  constancy,  with  fi mi- 
nes s. 

fortitudo,  -inis  [f orti- +  tudo] ,  f., 
strength,  courage,  bravery,  fortitude, 
steadiness,  firmness. 

fortiina,  -ae  [tfortu-  (for  -f  tu ; 
cf.  fors)  +  na  (fern,  of  -nus)],  f., 
fortune,  chance,  fate.  —  Esp.,  good 
fortune.  —  l^lur.,  fortunes,  prop- 
erty, fortjine,  wealth.  —  Esp.,  For- 
tune (worshipped  as  a  goddess  by 
the  Romans). 

fortunatus,  -a,  -um  [p.p.  of  for- 
tuno],  2id].,  fortunate,  blessed. 

forum,  -I  [akin  to  foras  and 
foro],  N.,  {an  open  place),  a  for  inn, 
a  market-place.  —  Esp.,  the  Forinn 
(the  great  market-place  of  Rome, 
used  also  for  all  public  purposes). 
—  Esp.,  as  a  symbol  of  law  and 
justice,  the  forum.  —  See  also 
Aurelius. 

fragilis,  -e  [tfrago-  (cf.  foederi- 
fragus)  -f  lis],  adj.,  brittle.  —  Fig., 
delicate,  sensitive,  tender. 

fragilitas,  -atis  [fragili-  -f  tas], 
F.,  brittleness,  frailty. 

fragmentum,  -i  [frag  (infrango) 
+  mentum],  N.,  a  broken  piece,  a 
fragment. 

frango,  frangere,  fregi,  fractus 
[frag],  3.  V.  a.,  break  (as  a  solid 
body). — Esp.  of  ships,  wreck. — 
Fig.,  break  down,  crush,  break  the 
force  of,  exhaust. 

frater,  -tris  [prob.  fer  -f  ter ; 
cf.  pater],  y\.,  a  brother. 


fraterne 


90 


Fufius 


fraterne  [old  abl.  of  fraternus], 
adv.,  like  a  brother,  fraternally . 

fraternus,  -a,  -um  [f rater- +  nus] , 
adj.,  of  a  brother,  frateriial. 

fraudatio,  -onis  [frauda-  +  tio], 
F.,  cheat ifig. 

fraudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [fraud-], 
I.  V.  a.,  cheat,  defraud. 

fraus,  fraudis  [?,  akin  to  frus- 
tra],  F.,  loss.  —  Hence,  treachery, 
deceit,  wickedness. 

fremitus,  -us  [fremi-  (stem  of 
fremo)  +  tus],  M.,  a  murmur,  a 
confused  noise,  a  din. 

freno  (frae-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[freno-],  i.  v.  a.,  bridle,  curb. — 
Also  fig. 

frenum  (frae-),  -I  [root  or  verb- 
stem  akin  to  firmus  -f  nam],  N.,  a 
bridle. 

frequens,  -entis  [orig.  p.  akin  to 
farcio],  adj.,  crowded,  numerous,  in 
great  numbers:  conspectus  vester 
{your  crowded  assejnblage);  sena- 
tus  {full).  —  Also  of  time,  as  if 
adv.,  frequently. 

frequenter  [frequent-  +  ter], 
adv.,  in  great  numbers,  populously. 
—  Also,  of  time,  frequently. 

f requentia,  -ae  [frequent-  -f  ia] , 
F.,  a  throng,  a  crozvd,  a  multitude, 
fiumbers  (as  great  numbers);  sena- 
tus  {a  full  meeting  of,  etc.). 

frequento,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [fre- 
quent-], I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  assemble  i>i 
great  Jiumbers,  celebrate,  resort  to, 
visit. 

fretus,  -a,  -um  [root  akin  to 
firmus  +  tus],  adj.,  relying  on, 
confident  in   (on  account  of). 

fretus,  -us  [.'],  M.,  and  fretum, 


-I  [.''],  N.,  rt  strait.  —  Esp.,  the  Strait 
(of  Messina,  between  Sicily  and 
the  mainland). 

frigeo,  frigere,  frixl,  no  p.p. 
[tfrigo- ;  cf.  frigidus],  2.  v.  n.,  be 
cold. 

frigus,  -oris  [frig  (in  frigeo, 
etc.)  +  us],  N.,  cold.  —  Plur.,  cold 
(cold  "snaps,"  frosts). 

frons,  frontis  [?,  akin  to  brow^ 
F.,  brow,  face,  forehead. 

fructu5sus,  -a,  -um  [fructu-  -f- 
osus],  adj.,  fruitful,  fei-tile. 

friictus,  -us  [fru(g)  -f  tus],  m., 
enjoymejit,  fruition. — Hence,  (w/za/ 
one  enjoys),  fruit  (of  the  earth,  or  of 
any  kind  of  labor),  produce,  crops, 
ificome,  advantages,  emolument,  re- 
ward:  fructui  esse,  to  be  an  advan- 
tage, to  be  beneficial,  to  be  profitable. 

friigalitas,  -at  is  [frugali-  +  tas], 
F.,  ecoJto7ny ,  frugality . 

frumentarius,  -a,  -um  [frumento- 
(reduced)  +  arius],  adj.,  of  grain  : 
res  [grain  supply,  provisions, 
grain);  inopia  {scarcity  of  grain). 
—  See  also  subsidia. 

frumentum,  -I  [fru(g)  -f  men- 
tum],  N.,  grain  (cf.  fructus). 

fruor,  fruT,  friictus  (fruitiirus) 
[fru(g);  cf.  fruges],  3.  v.  dep., 
enjoy,  reap  the  benefit  {fruit)  of. 

frustra  [abl.  or  instr.  of  stem 
akin  to  fraus],  adv.,  to  no  purpose, 
without  effect,  vainly. 

frux,  friigis  [fru(g)  in  fruor,  as 
stem],  F.,  fruit  (not  only  in  the 
modern  sense,  but  also  all  "  fruits 
of  the  earth  "  ),  grain,  crops. 

Fufius,  -a,  -um  [.^],  adj.— Masc, 
as  a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  Also, 


fuga 


91 


furiosus 


as  adj.,  Fujian  (belonging  to  one  of 
that  gens).  —  Esp.,  lex  Fufia  (a  law 
in  regard  to  the  auspices  at  elec- 
tions, giving  power  to  certain  magis- 
trates to  stop  the  proceedings). 

fuga,  -ae  [fug  -f  a],  f.,  flight. 

fugio,  fugere,  fugl,  fugiturus 
[fug  (in  fuga)],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
fly,  fly  from.  —  Fig.,  s/iun,  avoid. 

—  Also,  escape  t/ie  notict'  of,  escape 
(in  saip.e  sense). 

fugitivus,  -a,  -um  [fugi-  (stem 
of  fugio  ?)  +  tivus],  adj.,  runaway. 

—  As  subst.,  a  ritiiaivay  slave. 
fugito,  -are,  -avT,-aturus  [fugi-  (as 

stem  of  fugio)  +  to,  but  cf.  agito], 
I.  V.  a.  and  w.,  fly,  flee  from,  avoid. 

fulgeo,  fulgere,  falsi,  no  p.p. 
[.?],  2.  V.  n.,  shine  (also  fig.). 

fulmen,  -inis  [fulg-  (in  fulgeo) 
-|-  men],  n.,  <z  thunderbolt,  a  light- 
ning flash,  lightning. 

Fulvius,  -i  [fulvo-  +  ius],  m.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name. — Esp.:  \.  M. 
Fnlvius  FlaccHs,  a  partisan  of  the 
Gracchi,  slain  by  Opimius  ;  2.  AT. 
Fulvius  Nobilior,  consul  B.C.  1S9, 
who  subdued  vEtolia. 

fiimo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [fumo-], 
I.  V.  n.,  smoke  (also  fig.). 

fumus,  -T  [fu  (dhu)+  mus,  akin 
to  dust'],  M.,  smoke. 

fundamentum,  -i  [funda-  -f 
mentum],   n.,  a  foundation. 

funditus  [fun(io-+  tus  ;  cf.  divi- 
nitus],  adv.,  from  the  foundation, 
utterly,  completely. 

fundo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [fundo-],  i. 
V.  3..,  found,  lay  the  foundations  of. 

fundo,  fundere,  fudi,  fusus 
[fud],   3.  V.  a.,  pour.  —  Less   ex- 


actly, scatter.  —  Esp.  of  battle,  put 
to  rout,  rout. 

fundus,  -I  [akin  to  bottom^,  m., 
the  bottom  (of  anything). — Also  (cf. 
real  estate),  an  estate,  a  farm  (in- 
cluding house  and  land). 

fiinesto,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [fu- 
nesto-],  I.  V.  a.,  pollute  (orig.  by  a 
death  or  the  like?),  desecrate: 
urbem  (as  orig.  consecrated  to  the 
gods). 

funestus,  -a,  -um  [funes  (old  stem 
of  funus)  -f  tus],  adj.,  {^fraught 
with  death  ?),  deadly,  fatal. — Also 
(cf.  funesto),  polluted  (orig.  by  a 
death  .'),  ill-o?nened. 

fungor,  fungi,  functus  [?],  3.  v. 
dep.,  perform  (with  abl.). 

funis,  -is  [.?],  M.,  a  rope. 

fiinus,  -eris  [unc.  root  (akin  to 
(popos)  -f  us],  N.,  {murder  ?),  death, 
a  fujieral. 

fur,  furis  \¥¥.k}  cf.  0w/)],  M. 
and  F.,  a  thief. 

Furfanius,  -I  [.''],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name. — Esp.,  T.  Fmfanius, 
a  man  robbed  by  Clodius. 

furia,  -ae  [tfuro-  (cf.  furo)+  ia], 
F.,  madness,  insanity.  —  Often  in 
the  plur.  in  same  sense.  —  Esp. 
personified  (representing  the  mad- 
ness of  a  guilty  conscience),  a  Fury 
(also  used  of  persons),^//  avenging 
F^ury.  —  Hence,  a  madman. 

furibundus,  -a,  -um  [perh.  furi- 
(as  stem  of  f uro)  +  bundus,  but  after 
the  analogy  of  tfuro  +  bo  -f  on  + 
dus],  adj.,  raving,  going  mad,  crazy. 

furiosus,  -a,  -um  [tfuro-  (perh. 
furia)  -f  osus],  adj.,  viad,  crazy, 
insane. 


Furius 


92 


Gavius 


Furius,  -I  [perh.  ffuro-  (cf.  furia) 
+  ius],  M.,  a  Roman  gentile  name. 
—  Esp.,  P.  Furius,  one  of  the  con- 
spirators with  Catiline. 

furo,    -ere,    -uT,    no    p.p.     [.^   cf. 


furor], 


V.    n.,  rave,  be  fnad,  be 


furor,  -oris  [fur  {cf.  furo)  +  or], 
M.,  madness,  frenzy,  fury. 


furtim  [fur  +  tim ;  cf.  statim], 
adv.,  by  stealth,  stealthily,  secretly. 

furtum,   -1    [as   if   p.p.  of   verb   \ 
akin  to  fur,  thief  (cf.  furtim)],  N., 
theft,  a  theft. 

fuscus,  -a,  -um  [perh.  for  tfurs- 
cus ;  cf.  furvus  2.\\f\  broi^>ii\,  adj., 
dark,  tawny. 

fustis,  -is  [?],  M.,  a  club. 


Gabinius,  -1  [Gabino-  (cf.  Gabii) 
-f  ius],  M.,  a  Roman  gentile  name. 
—  Esp.  :  I.  Aulus  Gabinius,  consul 
with  Lucius  Piso  in  B.C.  58,  the 
proposer  of  the  two  laws  giving 
Pompey  command  in  the  East ; 
2.  Cimber  Gabinius,  one  of  the 
conspirators  with  Catiline. 

Gabinius,  -a,  -um  [preceding 
word  as  adj.],  adj.,  of  Gabijiius 
(esp.  the  one  first  mentioned), 
Gabinian. 

Gaius  (Caius,  C),  -I  [?],  m.,  a 
Roman  prcenomen. 

Galba, -ae  [Celtic,  meaningy^?/], 
M.,  a  Gallic  and  Roman  family 
name. 

Gallia,  -ae  [fern,  of  adj.  in 
-ius,  Gallo-  -f  ius],  F.,  Gaul,  in- 
cluding all  the  country  bounded 
by  the  Po,  the  Alps,  the  Rhine, 
the  ocean,  the  Pyrenees,  and  the 
Mediterranean,  thus  occupying 
all  northern  Italy,  France,  and 
Belgium. 

Gallicanus,  -a,  -um  [Gallico-  + 
anus],  adj.,  Gallic. 

Gallicus,  -a,  -um  [Gallo-  +  cus], 
adj.,   of  the    Gauls,    Gallic:    agar 


Gallicus,  the  Gallic  territory  (in 
Cisalpine  Gaul,  taken  from  the 
Gauls  by  the   Romans). 

Gallus,  -a,  -um  [Celtic],  adj.,  of 
Gaul,  Gallic.  —  As  subst.,  a  Gaul, 
the  Gauls. — Also,  as  a  Roman 
family  name.  See  Sergius  and 
Caninius. 

ganea,  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  low  tavern, 
a  brothel. 

ganeo,  -onis  [prob.  ganea-  -f  0], 
M.,  a  profligate,  a  spendthrift. 

gaudeo,  gaudere,  gavTsus  sum 
[tgavido-  (.',  cf.  audeo)],  2.  v.  n., 
be  delighted,  rejoice. 

gaudium,  -I  [tgavido-  -f  ium  ; 
cf.  gaudeo],  n.,  joy  (expressed), 
rejoicing,  an  expression  of  joy. 
(Cf.  laetitia,  inward  joy,  but  see 
]\Iilo  xxviii.   77.) 

Gavianus,  -a,  -um  [Gavio-  + 
anus],  adj.,  of  Gavius.  —  Esp.,  Ga- 
vianus as  a  Roman  family  name, 
see  Atilius. 

gavisus,  see  gaudeo. 

Gavius,  -1  [?,  cf.  gaudium],  m., 
a  Roman  family  name.  —  Esp., 
P.  Gavius,  a  Roman  citizen  cruci- 
fied bv  Verres. 


gaza 


93 


Glaucia 


gaza,  -ae  [Pers.  through  yd^a], 
F.,  treasiu'e. 

gelidus,  -a,  -um  [gelu-  +  dus], 
adj.,  icy,  cold. 

gemitus,  -us  [gemi-  (as  stem  of 
gemo)  +  tus],  M.,  a  groan,  groan- 
ing, an  outcry. 

gemo,  -ere,  -uT,  no  p.p.  [.^  cf. 
76/110;],  3.  V.  a.  and  n.,  groan,  cry 
ont  (in  pain). 

gener, -eri  \}\  m.,  «  son-iji-hno. 

gens,  gentis  [gen  +  tis  (re- 
duced)], F.,  a  tribe,  a  clan,  a 
people,  a  nation  :  ius  gentium,  the 
law  of  nations,  iiJiiversal  law  (as 
opposed  to  the  ius  civile  of  any 
one  nation);  ubinam  gentium? 
where  in  the  world? 

genus,  -eris  [gen  -f  us],  n.,  a 
generation,  a  race,  a  family  {stock), 
a  nation,  a  tribe.  —  Less  exactly,  a 
kind,  a  sort,  a  class.  —  Also,  ab- 
stractly, kijid,  character,  fiatnre, 
fnethod,  way,  manner,  sort  of  things, 
class  of  things. 

Germania,  -ae  [fern,  of  adj.  in 
-ius;  cf.  Gallia],  F.,  Germany,  the 
whole  country  between  the  Rhine, 
the  Danube,  the  Vistula,  and  the 
sea. 

germanitas,  -atis  [germano-  + 
tas],  F.,  brotherhood. 

Germanus,  -a,  -um  [?],  adj.,  Ger- 
?nan  (of  the  country  of  Germany 
or  its  people).  —  Masc.  plur.  as 
subst.,  the   Germans. 

germanus,  -a,  -um  [?],  adj.,  of 
fill  blood,  ozun  (brother  or  sister, 
etc.). 

gero,  gerere,  gessT,  gestus  [gks,  of 
unc.  kin],  3.  v.   a.,  carry  (indicat- 


ing a  more  lively  action  than  fero), 
caj-ry  on,  manage,  wage  (war),  hold 
(a  magistracy),  do  (any  business). 
—  Pass.,  be  done,  go  on  (of  opera- 
tions) :  rem  {operate  siiccessfnlly  or 
otherwise,  carry  on  operations,  suc- 
ceed well  or  ill);  res  gestae,  ex- 
ploits, operations,  a  campaign  ;  se 
gerere,  conduct  one 's  self,  act ;  rem 
publicam  {manage  affairs  of  state) ; 
magistratum  {perform  the  duties 
of,  act  as  a  magistrate  or  the  like) ; 
in  rebus  gerendis,  in  action,  in  the 
management  of  affairs  ;  in  ipsa  re 
gerenda  {while  engaged  in,  etc.) ;  in 
gestis  rebus,  /'//  exploits  actiuilly 
performed ;    gesta,  acts.        % 

gestio,  -ire,  -TvT  (-il),  no  p.p. 
[tgesti-  (ges  -f-  tis);  cf.  gestus], 
4.  V.  a.  and  n.  (express  joy  or  long- 
ing h^z.z'iiow),  exult,  rejoice. — Also, 
yearn,  long. 

gigno,  gignere,  genui,  genitus 
[gen,  redupl.],  3.  v.  a.,  beget,  pro- 
duce. 

Glabrio,  -onis  [tglabrio-  -f  0], 
M.,  a  Roman  family  name.  —  Esp., 
M.  Glabrio,  the  prsetor  who  pre- 
sided at  the  trial  of  Verres. 

gladiator,  -5ris  [gladia-  -f  tor], 
M.,  {a  szuordsman),  a  gladiator.  — 
Less  exactly,  a  ruffian,  a  cut-throat. 

gladiatorius,  -a,  -um  [gladiator- 
-f  ius],  adj.,  gladiatorial. 

gladius,  -T  [.'],  m.,  a  sword. 

glaeba  (gle-),  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  clod 
(of  earth),  a  lu?np. 

Glaucia,  -ae  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.,  C.  Servilius 
Glaucia,  a  demagogue  killed  by 
Marius,   B.C.   100. 


gloria 


94 


gratus 


gloria,  -ae  [?,  for  tclovosia ;  cf. 
inclutus],  F.,  fatne,  glory. 

glorior,  -arl,  -atus  [gloria-],  i.  v. 

dep.,  glory  in,  boast  of. 

gloriose  [old  abl.  of  gloriosus], 
adv.,  boastfully,  exultingly. 

gloriosus,  -a,  -um  [gloria-  +  osus] , 
adj.,  glorious.  —  Also,  boastful. 

Gnaeus  (Cneius,  Cn.),  -i  [akin  to 
gnavus],  M.,  a  Roman  prcenomen. 

gnavus,  -a,  -um  [gna,  in  nosco], 
adj.,  (wise),  active,  ettcrgetic,  dili- 
gent. 

Gorgon,  -onis  [r6/)7aj],  f.,  a 
Gorgon  (a  fabulous  monster, 
whose  sight  turned  everything 
to  stone). 

Gracchus,  -i  [.^],  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.  :  i.  Tiberius 
Sempronius  Gracchus,  the  great 
popular  reformer,  tribixne  B.C.  133; 
2.  C.  Sempronius  Gracchtis,'hxo\h.QX 
of  the  preceding,  tribune  B.C.  121. 

gradatim  [as  if  ace.  of  tgradatis ; 
cf.  gradus  and  partim],  adv.,  step 
by  step,  by  degrees,  gradually. 

gradus,  -iis  [grad-  +  us],  m.,  a 
step,  a  grade  (in  a  series),  rank, 
position. 

Graecia,  -ae  [Graeco-  -f  ia  (fem. 
of  -ius)],  F.,  Greece. 

Graeculus,  -T  [Graeco-  -f  Ius], 
M.,  an  affected  Greek,  a  petty  Greek, 
a  Greekling. 

Graecus,  -a,  -um  [rpai/c6s],  adj., 
of  the  Greeks,  Greek,  Greciafi,  of 
Greece.  —  As  subst.,  a  Greek,  the 
Greeks.  Cf.  Germanus  for  relation 
to  Graecia. 

gramineus,  -a,  -um  [gramin-  + 
eus],  adj.,  of  grass:  hasta  {a  spear 


of  grass,  probably  bamboo  or  cane 
of  great  size,  kept  in  a  temple  in 
the  hands  of  a  divinity). 

grandis,  -e  [?],  adj.,  tall,  large 
(by  growth ;  cf .  magnus,  generally) : 
pecunia  {a  large  sum  of  etc.). 

gratia,  -ae  [grato-  -f-  ia],  f., 
{gratefulness,  in  all   Eng.  senses). 

—  On  one  side  (feeling  grateful), 
gratitude,  thanks    (esp.    in    plur.). 

—  On  the  other  side  (the  being 
agreeable),  influence  (cf.  auctoritas, 
official  prestige),  favor,  popularity. 

—  Phrases  :  agere  gratias,  return 
thanks,  render  thanks  ;  habere  gra- 
tiam  (or  gxait\3is),  feel  thankful,  feel 
gratitude,  be  grateful ;  ref erre  gra- 
tiam,  make  a  grateful  return,  repay 
a  favor,  reqtdte  reward  ;  auctoritate 
et  gxatidi,  political  and  personal  in- 
fluence. —  gratia,  abl.  following  a 
genitive,  yi^r  the  sake  of,  to. 

gratiosus,  -a,  -um  [gratia-  -f 
osus],  adj.,  influential, poptilar. 

Gratius,  -T  [grato-  -f  ius],  m.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  the 
accuser  against  Archias. 

gratuito  [abl.  of  gratuitus], 
adv.,  gratjiitously,  voluntarily. 

gratulatio,  -onis  [gratula-4-  tio], 
F.,  a  congratulation  (of  others  or 
one's  self),  rejoicing,  a  vote  of 
thanks. 

gratulor,  -ari,  -atus  [tgratulo- 
(grat6--f  Ius)],  i.  v.  dep.,  cojigratu- 
late:  felicitati  {congratulate  one's 
self  for,  etc.). 

gratus,  -a,  -um  [p.p.  of  lost 
verb],  adj.,  pleasing,  grateful, 
agreeable:  gratum  (gratissimum) 
facere,  do  a  {great)  favor.  —  Also, 


gravis 


95 


habitus 


pleased,  grateful  (cf.  gratia),  ap- 
preciative. 

gravis,  -e  [for  tgarvis,  for  tga- 
rus;  cf.  jSapiJs],  adj.,  heavy.  —  Fig., 
serious.,  severe,  hard,  weighty,  of 
weight,  dignified,  strong,  deep, 
potent,  grave  :  legatio  ;  infamia  ; 
vir  ;  bellum  ;  opinio  ;  offensio ;  auc- 
tor ;  senatus  ;  consultum  ;  consi- 
lium ;  iudicium  ;  morbus. 

gravitas,  -atis  [gravi-  +  tas], 
F.,  weight.  - —  Fig.,  itnp ortance, 
power,  tveight,  force,  force  of  char- 
acter, seriousness. 

graviter  [gravi-  +  ter],  adv., 
heavily,  rvith  great  weight,  forcibly, 
with  force.  —  Fig.,  severely,  seri- 
ously :  graviter  ferre  {tahe  to  heart, 
be  indignant  at,  suffer  front) ;  de- 
siderata {ea rttestly) ;  suspectus 
{grievously). 

gravo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [gravi-], 
I.   V.    a.,   weigh   down,   burden.  — 


Pass,  as  dep.,  be  vexed,  be  indig- 
nant, be  reluctant. 

grex,  gregis  [?],  m.  (and  f.), 
a  herd,  a  flock.  —  Less  exactly,  a 
horde,  a  crowd,  a  band,  a  throng,  a 
train,  a  troop. 

gubernaculum  (-clum),  -T  [gu- 
berna-  +  culum],  N.,  the  helm,  the 
rudder.  —  Often  in  plur.,  because 
anciently  there  were  two. 

gubernatio,  -onis  [gubema-  + 
tio],  F.,  steering,  nai'igation. 

gubernator,  -oris  [guberna-  + 
tor],  M.,  a  pilot,  a  helmsman. 

guberno,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  \kv- 
jSepvQ],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  steer,  pilot, 
manage,  direct.  - —  Esp.,  of  the 
"  ship  of  state." 

gust5,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [tgust6- 
(stem  akin  to  gustus,  Gr.  yevo), 
Eng.  choose)],  I.  v.  a.,  taste,  eat. 

gymnasium,  -T  \yv\xv6.(SLov\,  n., 
a  gymnasiitm. 


H 


H.,  see  H.  S. 

habeo,  habere,  habui,  habitus 
[>,  thabo-  (cf.  habilis)],  2.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  have,  hold,  keep,  occupy, 
possess.  —  In  various  uses  where 
we  have  a  somewhat  different  con- 
ception :  senatum  {hold) ;  comitia 
{hold);  contionem  {hold  an  assem- 
bly, make  an  address) ;  honores 
(render);  coniurationem  {form); 
hominem  clausum  {keep);  dilectum 
{hold,  make) ;  sic  habetote,  think 
thus  ;  quid  aliud  habet  in  se  (rvhat 
else  is  there  in,  etc.) ;  alienum  ani- 
mura    {have);    ita    se    res    habet, 


this  is  the  case ;  Italiam  tutam 
{possess  in  safety,  keep  safe).  — 
Esp.  with  p.p.  as  a  sort  of  con- 
tinued perfect  (whence  the  perf.  of 
modern  languages),  have,  hold, 
keep.  —  Esp.,  rationem  habere,  keep 
ati  account,  take  an  account  of, 
have  regard  for,  cofisider,  regard, 
act  in  view  of ;  satis  habere,  be 
satisfied,  be  content. 

habito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [habito-], 
I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  live,  dwell,  inhabit, 
have  one  V  abode. 

habitus,  -us  [habi-  (as  stem 
of   habeo)  -f  tus],   m.,   {the  act  of 


Haeduus 


96 


hie 


Jiolding),  condition,  chayacter  ^way 
of  holding  one's  self),  nature. 

Haeduus  (Aed-),  -a,  -um  [Celtic], 
adj.,  of  the  Hcediii,  a  powerful 
Gallic  tribe  between  the  Loire  and 
the  Saone.  — Masc.  plur.  as  subst., 
the  Hcrdui. 

haereo,  haerere,  haesi,  haesurus 
[?,  for  haeseo],  2.  v.  n.,  get  caught, 
stick,  cling  fast,  cling,  hang  about 
or  upon,  be  fastened. 

haesito,  -are,  -avl,  -aturus  [thae- 
sito- ;  cf.  agito],  i.  v.  \\.,be  caught, 
hesitate. 

Hannibal,  -alis  [Phoenician],  m., 
the  great  general  of  the  Cartha- 
ginians in  the  Second  Punic  war. 

haruspex,  -icis  [unc.  stem  -f 
tspex;  cf.  auspex],  m.  and  f.,  a 
soothsayer,  a  diviner. 

hasta,  -ae  [.',  perh.  akin  to  pre- 
hendo],  F.,  a  spear,  a  shaft.  —  See 
also  gramineus. 

haud  [?],  adv.,  not  (modifying  a 
single  word  ;  cf .  non) ;  haud  dubi- 
tans,  7vithout  hesitation. 

haurio,  haurire,  hausi,  haustus 
[?  for  hausio],  4.  v.  a.,  drain,  draw, 
drink,  imbibe. 

hebesco,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  p.p. 
[hebe-  +  sco],  3.  v.  n.,  groiu  dull, 
be  blunted. 

Heraclia  (-clea),-ae  ['HpdKXeta], 
p.,  the  name  of  several  ancient 
cities  {city  of  Hercules).  —  Esp., 
Heraclea,  a  Greek  city  of  Lu- 
cania. 

Heracliensis,  -e  [Heraclia-  + 
ensis],  adj.,  of  Heraclea.  —  Masc. 
plur.  as  subst.,  the  people  of  Hera- 
clea. 


Hercules,  -is  ['Hpa/cXT^s],  m.,  the 
great  divinity,  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Alcmena,  originally  of  Phoenician 
origin,  who  presided  especially 
over  journeys  and  adventures. — 
Voc,  heavens  ! 

hereditas,  -atis  [hered-  (as  if 
heridi-)  -f  tas],  f.,  inheritance,  an 
inheritance. 

Herennius,  -I  [.?],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name. — Esp.,  C.  Herennius, 
a  senator  convicted  of  embezzle- 
ment. 

heres,  -edis  [.'],  m.  and  f.,  aji 
heir,  an  heiress. 

hesternus,  -a,  -um  [hesi-  (heri-) 
-f  ternus;  cf.  diuturnus],  adj.,  of 
yesterday,  yesterday's,  yesterday  (as 
if  adv.) ;  hesterno  die,  yesterday. 

heus  [.''],  interj.,  look  you  I  here! 
ho! 

hiberno,  -are,  -avl,  -aturus  [hi- 
berno-],  i.  v.  n.,  pass  the  ivinter, 
zvinter :  quern  ad  modum  milites 
(conduct  themselves  in  winter 
quarters). 

hibernus,  -a,  -um  [hiem-  -f  emus ; 
cf.  nocturnus],  adj.,  of  winter,  wi7i- 
ter  (as  adj.).  —  Neut.  plur.  (sc. 
castra),  winter  quarters,  a  winter 
enca77ipment. 

hie  [thi-  (loc.  of  hi-c)  ce],  adv., 
here  (cf.  hie),  in  this  place,  there 
(of  a  place  just  mentioned),  on 
this  occasion,  now,  on  this  point. 

hie,  haec,  hoc  [hi-  (pron.  stem) 
+  ce ;  cf.  ecce,  cetera],  dem.  pron. 
(pointing  to  something  near  the 
speaker  in  place,  time,  ox  interest) ^ 
this,  these,  he,  they,  this  man{T.voman 
or  thing),  the  present,  like  this.  — - 


hicine 


97 


honestus 


Referring  to  things  before  men- 
tioned (but  with  more  emphasis 
than  is),  this,  these,  etc.  —  Less 
commonly,  of  what  follows,  the  fol- 
lowing, as  follows,  these.  —  Often 
with  a  gesture,  tliis,  this  here  pres- 
ent, the  one  before  me,  ?ny  client: 
horum  omnium,  of  all  these  here 
present;  pater  huiusce  {of  the  one 
here,  of  771  y  client). — Esp.,  hoc  est, 
that  is  to  say ;  huic  imperio  {this  of 
ours);  per  hosce  annos,  these  last 
years ;  his  paucis  diebus,  within  a 
few  (lays.  —  hoc,  neut.  abl.,  used 
adverbially,  in  this  respect,  on  this 
account,  by  so  mnch :  hoc  magis, 
all  the  more.  —  Often  hie  .  .  .  ille, 
the  one  .  .  .  the  other,  this  (near  by) 
.  .  .  the  other  (farther  off),  this  last 
(nearer  on  the  page)  .  .  .  the  other, 
the  latter  .  .  .  the  former.  —  huius 
modi,  see  modus. 

hicine  [hie-  (hice)  ne],  adv.,  here 
(in  emphatic  question). 

hiemps  (-ems),  -emis  [akin  to 
Xet/x'«'^]?  F-)  winter. 

Hiero,  -onis  ['lepw;/],  M.,the  name 
of  several  kings  of  Syracuse.  — 
Esp.,  Hiero  II.,  the  son  of  Hiero- 
cles,  in  the  third  century  B.C.,  just 
before  the  Second  Punic  war. 

hilaritas,  -atis  [hilari-  +  tas], 
cheerfulness,  joyousness,  merri- 
meitt,  hilarity. 

hinc  [thim  (loc.  of  hie,  cf.  in- 
terim)+ce],  adv.,  from  here,  hence. 
— Also  (cf.  ab  and  ex),  071  this  side, 
here :  hinc  ,  .  .  bine,  on  this  side  .  .  . 
071  that. 

Hirtius,  -I  [hirto-  +  ius],  m.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name. — Esp.,  Atihis 


Hirtius,  consul  \\.<Z.  43,  in  the 
struggle  against   Mark   Antony. 

Hispania,  -ae  [Hispano-  +  ia  (fern, 
of  -ius)],  F.  (of  adj.;  cf.  Gallia), 
Spai7i.  —  riur.,  the  two  provinces. 

Hispaniensis,  -e  [Hispania-  + 
ensis],  adj.,  of  Spai7i,  Spa7iish. 

Hispanus,  -a,  -um  [.?],  adj., 
Spa7iish. 

Hispo,  -onis  [.''],  an  unknown 
person,  perhaps  a  spy  upon  Cicero 
in  his  exile  (possibly  an  abusive 
nickname  devised  by  Cicero  to 
conceal  the  identity  of  the  person 
meant). 

hodie  [ho  (abl.  of  hi-c),  die], 
adv.,  to-day,  7iow. 

hodiernus,  -a,  -um  [hodie-  +  er- 
nus],  adj.,  of  to-day,  to-day's  :  hodi- 
ernus dies,  to-day,  this  day. 

Homerus,  -i  ["O/xTjpos],  M.,Ho/ner. 

hom5,  -inis  [prob.  hum6-+  0], 
c,  a  hu77ia7i  being  (cf.  vir,  a  77ia7t,  as 
a  male),  a  7nan  (including  women). 
— Sometimes,  since  vir  is  the  com- 
plimentary word,  implying  con- 
tempt, eic,  fellow,  creature, perso7i. 

honestas,  -atis  [fhonos  (stem  of 
honor  as  adj.)4-  tas],  F.,  ho7ior,  re- 
spectability, ho7torable  positio7i. 

honeste  [old  abl.  of  honestus], 
adv.,  ho7iorably,  decently,  with 
h  071  or,  with  dece7icy. 

honesto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ho- 
nesto-],  I.  v.  a.,  77iake  ho/io7-able, 
ho7ior :  se  {gai7i  ho7io7-);  eurrum 
{ado7'7i  as  a  captive). 

honestus,  -a,  -um  [honos  (orig. 
stem  of  honor)  +tus],  adj.,  estee7ned, 
ho7iored,  respected,  worthy,  ho7io7-- 
able,  respectable,  creditable.  —  Very 


honor 


98 


hospes 


often  as  an  epithet  of  the  mid- 
dle class ;  cf.  splendidus  (used  in 
reference  to  success  and  fortune), 
ornatus,  amplus  (used  of  digni- 
taries). 

honor  (-Os),  -oris  [unc.  root  -f  or 
(orig.  -OS,  cf.  -77s)],  M.,  hono?;  a  7nark 
of  honor,  a  source  of  honor,  an  honor. 
—  Esp.  of  honors  conferred  by  the 
people,  a  post  of  hojtor,  an  office, 
a  dignity,  a  high  positioji.  — 
Phrases :  in  honore,  quanto  honore 
esse,  be  honored;  gradus  honoris, 
honorum  {advancetnent) ;  honoris 
causa,  with  due  respect  (an  apology 
for  mentioning  a  person's  name). 

honorifice  [old  abl.  of  honori- 
ficus],  adv.,  honorably,  with  honor, 
7vith  respect. 

honorificentissimus,  -a,  -um, 
superl.  of  the  following. 

honorificus,  -a,  -um  [honor-  (as  if 
honori)  +  ficus],  adj.,  honorable,  in 
honorable  terms. 

hora,  -ae  [i-jpa,  orig.  season?], 
F.,  an  hour.  The  Roman  hours, 
being  reckoned  from  sunrise  to 
sunset,  were  not  of  equal  length 
at  all  times  of  the  year,  but  were 
always  so  many  twelfths  of  the 
solar  day. 

Horatius,  -I  [.'],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name. — Esp.,  M.  Horatius, 
the  victor  in  the  triple  combat  with 
the  Curiatii,  who  was  tried  for 
killing  his  sister. 

horreo,  horrere,  horruT,  no  p.p. 
[thorr5-  (horr,  orig.  hors)  +  us; 
prob.  used  orig.  of  the  sensation 
called  "goose  pimples,"  where  the 
hair  seems  to  stand  on  end.     In 


Sanskrit  the  root  is  used  of  intense 
delight,  which  is  sometimes  accom- 
panied by  the  same  sensation], 
2.  V.  n.  and  a.,  bristle  (see  above). 
— ■  Hence,  shudder  at,  dread. 

horribilis,  -e  [horro-  (as  if  stem 
of  horreo,  but  prob.  stem  of  thor- 
rus,  see  above)  -f-  bilis],  adj.,  to  be 
shuddered  at,  frightful,  dreadful. 

horridus,-a,-um  [thorro- (whence 
horreo)  -f  dus],  adj.,  horrid,  hor- 
rible, dreadful. 

hortatio,  -onis  [horta-  +  tio],  f., 
admonition,  encouragement,  exhor- 
tation. 

horta tus,  -us  [horta-  +  tus],  m., 
admonition,  encouragement,  exhor- 
tation. 

Hortensius,  -I  [prob.  hortensi- 
+  ius],  M.,a  Roman  gentile  name. 
—  Esp.,  Q.  Hortensius  Hortalus, 
the  great  orator,  contemporary 
and  rival  of  Cicero. 

hortor,  -arl,  -atus  [for  horitor, 
freq.  of  old  thorior],  i.  v.  dep.,  en- 
courage, urge  on,  tirge,  address.  — 
Less  exactly,  of  things,  urge,  move, 
prompt. 

hortus,  -1  [.'],  M.,  a  garden. 

hospes,  -itis  [prob.  ghas-patis, 
orig.  host  {lord  of  eating)'],  M.,  a 
host.  —  Also,  a  guest,  a  stranger,  a 
visitor.  —  Hence,  a  guest  friend 
(in  the  peculiar  relation  of  hos- 
pitium,  which  was  a  kind  of 
hereditary  friendship  between  per- 
sons of  different  countries,  not 
personal,  but  of  a  family  or  state), 
a  friend  (of  the  kind  above  men- 
tioned) :  familiaris  et  hospes,  a  per- 
sonal and  family  friend. 


hospitium 


99 


hospitium,  -I  [hospit-  +  ium], 
N.,  the  relation  of  host  (or  guest). 
—  Hence  (cf.  hospes),  friendship, 
a  friendly  relation,  a  relation  of 
friendship. 

hostilis,  -e  [hosti-  +  lis],  adj., 
hostile,  of  the  enemy. 

hostis,  -is  [prob.  giias  +  tis],  m. 
and  F.,  {a  stranger ;  cf.  hospes),  a>t 
enemy  (of  the  state  ;  cf.  inimicus), 
a  public  enemy.  —  Collectively,  the 
enemy.  —  Rarely,  an  enemy  (in  a 
general  sense),  a  bitter  enemy. 

H  S.  [prob.  for  lis  (duo  semis, 
2\  asses)],  a  sign  for  sestertii,  ses- 
tertium,  or  sestertia. 

hiic  [ho-  (dat.  of  hi-c)  +  ce],adv., 
hither,  here  (in  sense  of  hither),  to 
this  {place,  and  the  like;  cf.  eo),  to 
this  poi  fit. 

hucine  [thoce  (cf.  hue)  -ne], 
adv.,  hither,  etc.,  as  interrogative. 

huius  modi,  see  modus. 


hiimanitas,  -atis  [humano-  + 
tas],  F.,  humanity  (as  opposed  to 
brutishness),  civilization,  cultiva- 
tion, refinement,  courtesy,  human 
feeling,  culture. 

hiimaniter  [humano-  +  ter],  adv., 
humanly,  like  a  man,  as  becomes  a 
fnan  ;  also,  in  a  civilized  or  refined 
7i'ay,  elegantly. 

hiimanus,  -a,  -um  [stem  akin  to 
homo  and  humus  (?)  +  nus],  adj., 
human,  of  man,  civilized,  culti- 
vated,  refined. 

humerus,  see  umerus. 

humilis,  -e  [humo-  +  lis],  adj., 
low,  shallow  (cf.  altus,  deep). — 
Fig.,  low,  hujnble,  poor,  humbled, 
abased,  of  low  origiti,  obscure,  mean. 

humilitas,  -atis  [humili-  -f  tas], 
F.,  lowness,  shallowness.  —  Fig., 
humble  position. 

humus,  -i  [?,  cf.  x«/"a''].  I'm  ^■^'^ 
ground:  humi,  on  the  ground. 


iacchuSj-T  ["la/cxos],  yi., Bacchus. 

iaceo,  -ere,-ui, -itiirus  [tiaco-;  cf. 
iaculum],  2.  v.  n.,  lie,  lie  dead,  lie 
low,  lie  prostrate,  be  overthrown, 
fall  to  the  ground. 

iaci5,  iacere,  iecT,  iactus  [.\  cf. 
iaceo],  3.  v.  a.,  throw,  hurl,  cast, 
throw  about,  bandy  about.  —  Esp. 
of  foundations,  lay. 

iacto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [iacto-], 
I.  V.  a.,  (freq.  of  iacio),  toss,  toss 
about,  baftdy  about  (of  talk)  ;  se 
lactate,  insolently  display  itself, 
swagger,  show  one^s  arrogaiice  or 
insolence,  show  one''s  self  of . 


iactura,  -ae  [iactu-  +  ra  (fern,  of 
-rus)],  F.,  a  throwing  away,  a  loss,  a 
sacrifice  (of  men  in  vv^ar),  expense, 
largess,  lavish  expenditure. 

iactus,  -us  [lAc  -f-  tus],  m.,  a 
throw:  fulminum  (hurling,  flash, 
stroke) . 

lalysus,  -1  ['IdXfo-os],  m.,  the 
eponymous  divinity  of  the  city  of 
lalysus  in  Rhodes.  —  Also,  a  fa- 
mous picture  of  him  by  Protogenes. 

iam  [ace.  of  pron.  ya],  adv., 
now  (of  progressive  time;  cf. 
nunc,  emphatic  and  instantaneous), 
by  this   time,    at   last,    already,   at 


laniculum 


lOO 


ignoratio 


length,  still:  non  iam,  no  longer, 
not  any  more,  etc. ;  numquam  iam, 
never  viore,  never  agai7i  ;  iam 
nemo,  at  last  no  one ;  iam  ante, 
iam  antea,  already  before,  already, 
before,  also  before,  even  before.  — 
Of  future  time,  presently,  by  and 
by.  —  Phrases  :  iam  vero,  now  fur- 
thermore, then  again,  but,  or  com- 
mon particle  of  transition ;  iam 
dudum,  iam  pridem,  now  for  sofne 
ti?ne,  long  ago  :  nunc  iam,  now  at 
last,  now. 

laniculum,  -T  [lano-  +  culum], 
N.,  the  Janictdine  Hill. 

ianua,  -ae  [?,  akin  to  lanus],  f., 
a  door.  —  Fig.,  gate. 

lanuarius,  -a,  -um  [?,  ianua-  + 
arius],  adj.,  ofjamiary. 

ibi  [old  case-form  of  is ;  cf. 
tibi],  adv.,  there  (in  place  before 
mentioned  or  indicated  by  a  rela- 
tive), thereupon,  then. 

ibidem  [ibi-dem  ;  cf.  idem],  adv., 
in  the  same  place,  there  also. 

ic5,  Icere,  TcT,  ictus  [.'],  3.  v.  a., 
strike.  —  Esp.  of  treaties  (prob. 
from  the  killing  of  a  sacrificial 
victim),  strike,  viake,  solemnize. 

ictus,  -lis  [ic  -f  tus],  M.,  a  blow, 
a  stroke,  a  thrust. 

idcirc5  [id  (neut.  ace.  of  is)  -f  circo 
(case-form  of  same  stem  as  circa, 
circum)],  adv.,  for  that  reasoti, 
therefore,  on  this  account. 
"  idem,  eadem,  idem  (is-dem  ;  cf. 
dum],  dem.  pron.,  the  same.  —  Often 
as  subst.,  the  same  thing  {things), 
the  same  man,  the  same.  —  Often 
represented  by  an  adverb,  at  the 
same  tifne,  also,  as  xvell. 


identidem  [prob.  idem-ttadem 
(case-form  of  ta,  in  tam  -f  dem)], 
adv.,  repeatedly,  again  and  again. 

ideo  [id  eo,  this  for  this  reason\ 
adv.,  therefore,  for  this  reason. 

idoneus,  -a,  -um  [.^  akin  to 
idem?],  adj.,  fit,  suitable,  adapted, 
deser7'i?ig. 

idus,  -uum  [?,  perh.  akin  to 
aestus],  F.  plur.,  the  Ides  (a  day  of 
the  lunar  month  falling  at  the  full 
moon,  conventionally  on  the  15th 
of  March,  May,  July,  October, 
and  the  13th  of  the  other  months, 
and  used  by  the  Romans  to  reckon 
dates). 

ieiunus,  -a,  -um  [}'],  adj.,  fast- 
ing.  —  Fig.,  ni eagre,  poor,  humble. 

igitur  [prob.  for  agitur,  the 
point  aimed  at  />],  conj.,  therefore, 
then,  now,  you  see. 

ignarus,  -a,  -um  [Mn-gnarus], 
adj.,  ignorant,  not  knowing,  without 
knowledge :  ignarus  rerum,  without 
knowledge  of  affairs,  inexperienced. 

ignavia,  -ae  [ignavo-  +  ia],  f., 
shiftlcssness,  cowardice. 

ignavus,  -a,  -um  [iin-(g)navus], 
adj.,  shiftless,  cowardly. 

ignis,  -is  [?,  same  word  as  Sk. 
agnis,  the  god  of  fire'],  M.,  fire, 
flame. 

ignobilis,  -e  [iin-(g)nobilis],  adj., 
jiot  famous,  obscure. 

ignominia,  -ae  [tignomin-  (in- 
(g)nomen)  +  ia],  f.,  want  of  fame, 
disgrace.  —  Almost  concretely,  a 
disgraceful  defeat,  a  disgraceful 
ble}?iish. 

ignoratio,  -onis  [ignora-  -f  tio], 
F.,  ignorance. 


Ignore 


OI 


immanitas 


ignoro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [igna- 
ro],  I.  V.  2..,  fail  to  notice,  Jiot  Joioiv, 
be  ignorant  of.  —  Pass.,  be  unob- 
served, be  tinknown. :  non  ignorans, 
not  unaware  of. 

ignosco,  -noscere,  -novl,  -notus 
[in-  (unc.  which  meaning)-(g)uos- 
co],  3.  V.  n.  and  2i.,  fardoji. 

ignotus,  -a,  -urn  [iin-(g)notus], 
adj.,  nji known,  strange. 

Ilias,  -ados  ["IXtas],  v.,  the  Iliad. 

Hiatus,  see  inlatus. 

ille,  -a,  -ud  [old  oUus,  fr.  an 
-f  lus(?)],dem.pron.,  ///^z/ (of  some- 
thing remote;  cf.  hie).  —  Often  as 
subst.  (opposed  to  some  other  em- 
phatic, Avord),  he,  she,  it,  they: 
hie  .  .  .  ille,  this  .  .  .  that,  the  other, 
the  latter  .  .  .  the  former,  he  ...  the 
other.  —  Often  of  what  follows  (cf . 
hie),  this,  these,  etc.  —  Of  what  is 
famous  or  well  known,  the,  the 
great,  the  famous,  etc.  —  Phrases  : 
hie  ille  est,  he  is  the  one ;  ille 
ferreus  {such  a,  etc.);  ille  eonsul, 
that  kind  of  a  consul.  —  Sometimes 
untranslatable,  appended  merely 
for  emphasis,  and  accompanied  by 
quidem. 

illecebra,  see  inlecebra. 

illinc  [illim-ce],  adv.,  thence, 
from  there.  — Also  (cf.  ex  and  ab), 
on  that  side,  there,  on  07ie  side. 

illiic  [illo-ce],  adv.,  thither,  there 
(in  the  sense  of  thither). 

illticesco,  see  inlucesco. 

illustris,  see  inlustris. 

illiistro,  see  inlustro. 

Illyricus,  -a,  -um  [Illyrio-  +  cus], 
adj.,  of  Illyria,  Illyrian  :  mare  (a 
part  of  the  Adriatic). 


imago,  -inis  [akin  to  imitor],  F., 
an  image,  ati  effigy,  a  statue,  a  por- 
trait, a  representation,  a  picture  (in 
the  imagination),  an  ideal  picture. 
—  Esp.  of  the  wax  masks  kept  by 
the  Romans  of  their  dead  ancestors, 
and  used  in  funeral  processions. 

imbecillitas  (inb-),  -atis  [im- 
becillo-  -f  tas],  f.,  weakness,  feeble- 
7iess  :  animi  {feebleness  of  purpose, 
p  iisilla  n  iin  ity) . 

imbecillus  (inb-),  -a,  -um  [?,  in- 
bacillum,  leaning  on  a  staff  ?'\,  adj., 
weak,  feeble. 

imber,  imbris  [.\  cf.  6/x/3pos],  m., 
a  rain-storju,  a  rain. 

imberbis  (inb-),  -e  [Un-barba], 
adj.,  beardless. 

imbibo,  -bibere,  -bil^i,  no  p.p. 
[in-bibo],  3.  v.  a.,  drink  in.  —  Less 
exactly,  take  in,  imbibe. 

imbuo  (inb-),  -buere,  -bui,  -butus 
[.^  in-tbuo ;  cf.  bibo],  3.  v.  a., 
moisten,  stain  (also  fig.)  ;  non  in- 
stituti  sed  imbuti,  not  having 
learned,  but  drtinkoi  in. 

imitatio,  -onis  [imita-  -f  tio],  f., 
an  imitation. 

imitator,  -oris  [imita-  -f  tor],  m., 
a7i  imitator,  a  copier. 

imitor,  -ari,  -atus  [timito-,  p.p. 
of  timo  (cf.  imago)],  i.  v.  dep., 
iinitate,  copy. 

immanis  (inm-),  -e  [lin-tmanus 
{good')}'\,  adj.,  ("  uncanny  "  ?),  ?7ion- 
stroiis,  huge,  enormous,  wild,  sav- 
age.—  Also,  barbarous,  inhuman, 
brutal. 

immanitas,  -atis  [immani-  + 
tas],  F.,  barbarity,  ferocity,  brutal- 
ity, 7?i  onstrosity. 


immaturus 


02 


impero 


immaturus,  -a,  -um  [Mn-matu- 
rus],  adj.,  unripe,  immature,  pre- 
mature. 

immineo  (inm-),  -minere,  no 
perf.,  no  p.p.  [in-mineo],  2.  v.  n., 
overhang,  project.  —  Fig.,  threaten, 
impend. 

imminuo  (inm-),  -uere,  -uT,  -utus 
[in-minuo],  3.  v.  a.,  diminish,  im- 
pair, i)ifringe,  reduce,  weaken. 

immitto  (inm-),  -mittere,  -ml^i, 
-missus  [in-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  in, 
let  down  (into),  insert,  throw  (up- 
on), let  loose,  set  on  (gladiatores). 

immo  (imo)  [?,  abl.  of  timmus 
(in  -1-  mus  ;  cf.  summus,  demum)], 
adv.,  {in  the  lowest  degree?),  nay, 
nay  rather,  nay  more.  —  Phrase  : 
immo  vero,  nay  on  the  contrary, 
nay  rather,  nay  even. 

immoderatus  (inm-),  -a,  -um 
[lin-moderatus],  adj.,  unrestrained, 
excessive,  beyond  bounds,  violent. 

immortalis  (inm-),  -e  [4n-mor- 
talis],  adj.,  ifn?ftortal,  eternal.  — 
As  equivalent  to  an  adv.,  eternally. 

immortalitas  (inm-),  -atis  [im- 
mortali-  -f  tas],  f.,  i?nfnortality. 

imparatus  (inp-),  -a,  -um  [Mn- 
paratus],  adj.,  unprepared,  not 
ready. 

impedimentum  (inp-),  -i  [im- 
pedi-  +  mentum],  x.,  a  hindrance : 
esse  impedimento,  be  a  hindrattce, 
hinder.  —  Esp.  in  plur.,  baggage,  a 
baggage  traifi,  a  heavy  train. 

impedio  (inp-),  -Ire,  -IvI,  -itus 
[limped-  (in-pes,  as  if  impedi-)], 
4.  V.  a.,  entangle,  hamper,  inter- 
fere with.  —  Fig.,  hinder,  embar- 
rass, impede,  hi?ider  in  the  exercise 


of:  nuUo  impediente,  with  no  one 
to  hinder.  —  impeditus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  hampered,  etitangled, 
occupied,  difficult,  itnpassable. 

impello  (inp-),  -pellere,  -puli, 
-pulsus  [in-pello],  3.  v.  a.,  drive 
on.  —  Fig.,  instigate,  urge  on,  force, 
drive. 

impendeo  (inp-),  -ere,  no  perf., 
no  p.p.  [in-pendeo],  2.  v.  n.,  over- 
hang,  hang  over,  threaten,  impend. 

imperator,  -oris  [impera-  -f  tor], 
M.,  a  coniinander  (in  chief),  a  gen- 
eral:  lupiter  Imperator,  Jupiter, 
the  Supreme  Ruler  ;  dux  et  impe- 
rator, leader  (in  actual  command) 
and  commander  (in  chief). 

imperatorius,  -a,  -um  [impera- 
tor- 4-  ius],  adj.,  of  a  commattder, 
of  a  general. 

imperitus  (inp-),  -a,  -um  [^in- 
peritus],  adj.,  igfiorant,  unacqicaint- 
ed  with,  unversed  in,  inexperienced. 

imperium,  -i  [timpero-  (whence 
impero;  cf.  opiparus)  -|-  ium],  n., 
command,  supreme  authority,  con- 
trol, supremacy,  supreme  power, 
power  (military),  rule,  sway  (both 
sing,  and  plur.),  domiJiion,  empire, 
rule,  sway.  —  Concretely,  an 
order,  orders,  a  command,  a  posi- 
tion of  cof?imand :  imperium  et 
potestas,  military  and  civil  power, 
power  and  authority . 

impero,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [tim- 
per5-  (in-tparus ;  cf.  opiparus)], 
I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  demand  {make  requi- 
sition for,  prob.  orig.  meaning),  re- 
quire (in  same  sense).  —  Hence, 
order  (in  military  sense),  rule,  com- 
mand, give  orders :  me  imperante, 


impertio 


103 


imprudens 


at  my  command ;  Lucullo  impe- 
rante,  it.nder  L.^s  command. 

impertio  (inp-),  -ire,  -IvT  (-il), 
-itus  [in-partio  ;  cf.  partior],  4.  v.  a., 
impart,  share  (with  qx\.€),  give,  con- 
fer, attribute,  assign,  bestow. 

impetro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [in- 
patro],  I.  V.  a.,  accomplish  (any- 
thing by  a  request),  succeed  in 
(obtaining),  obtain  {a  request),  se- 
cure (a  thing)  ;  impetro  a,  prevail 
upon,  persuade  ;  impetro  ut,  etc., 
obtain  a  request,  be  allowed  to,  etc., 
succeed  in  having. 

impetus,  -us  [in-tpetus  (pet  -f 
us);  cf.  impeto],  m.,  a  rush,  an 
attack,  an  onset,  a  charge,  an  assault, 
violence,  vehemence,  fury :  facere 
{make  an  inroad,  charge,  or  inva- 
sion, invade)  ;  is  impetus,  such 
fury,  etc. ;  gladiorum  {armed 
onset). 

impietas,  -atis  [Un-pietas],  f., 
it?ipiety. 

impius,  -a,  -um  [^in-pius],  adj., 
impious  (offending  divine  law). 

impleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus  [in- 
tpleo],  2.  V.  2,.,  fill. 

implico,  -are,  -avi  (-uT),  -atus 
(-itus)  [in-plico],  i.  v.  a.,  entangle, 
interweave,  entwine,  bind  up, 
closely  connect. 

imploratio,  -onis  [implora-  + 
tio],  F.,  an  entreaty. 

imploro,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [in- 
ploro],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  iT?iplore,  be- 
seech. 

impon5,  -ponere,  -posuT,  -posi- 
tus  [in-pono],  3.  v,  a.,  place  upon, 
7nount  (men  on  horses),  place,  i?n- 
pose  (fig.),  saddle  upon,  fasten  tipon. 


importo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [in- 
porto],  I.  V.  a.,  bring  upon,  itnport. 

importiinus,  -a,  -um  [Mn-tpor- 
tunus  {without  a  harbor?  cf.  Por- 
tunus)],  adj.,  unsuitable,  untir7iely. 
—  Also  (cf.  incommodus),  cruel, 
unrelenting,  unfeeling,  reckless,  in- 
human. 

imprimis  [in  primis,  and  often 
separate],  adv.,  among  the  first, 
especially,  particularly  {more  than 
anything  else). 

imprimo,  -primere,  -pressT, 
-pressus  [in-premo],  3.  v.  a.,  press 
into,  press  upon,  impress. 

improbe  [old  abl.  of  improbus], 
adv.,  wickedly. 

improbitas,  -atis  [improbo-  -f 
tas  ;  cf.  probitas],  f.,  wickedness, 
want  of  integrity ,  improbity,  want  of 
honesty,  rascality,  watit  of  principle. 

improb5,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [im- 
probo-], I.  V.  a.,  {hold  as  bad?  ;  cf. 
probo),  disapprove,  blame,  censiire. 

improbus,  -a,  -um  [^in-probus], 
adj.,  inferior.  —  Hence,  bad,  un- 
principled, wicked,  rascally,  dis- 
honest. —  As  subst.,  a  rascal,  etc. 

improvidus,  -a  -um  [Un-provi- 
dus],  adj.,  improvidoit,  imprudoit, 
though  tless ,  ufi  th  in  king. 

improvisus,  -a,  -um  [Un-pro- 
visus],  adj.,  unforeseen  :  improviso 
(de  improviso),  071  a  sudden,  unex- 
pectedly, unawares. 

imprudens,  -entis  [^in-prudens], 
adj.,  not  expectiitg,  incautious,  un- 
suspecting, off  one^s  guard,  un- 
guarded, 7iot  beitig  aware:  aliquo 
imprudente,  without  one^s  knowl 
edse. 


imprudenter 


104 


incendium 


imprudenter  [imprudent-  +  ter], 
adv.,  i)icaiitioiisly,  rashly,  iniprii- 
dcutly. 

imprudentia,  -ae  [imprudent-  + 
ia],  ¥.,  ig}iorance,  want  of  consider- 
ation, want  of  fo7-ethought,  thought- 
lessness, ifiattoition. 

impubes,  -eris  (-is)  [Un-pubes], 
adj.,  beardless,  immature,  a  mere 
boy. 

impudens,  -entis  [lin-tpudens], 
adj.,  shameless,  impudent. 

impudenter  [impudent-  +  ter], 
adv.,  shamelessly,  with  imp2ide)ice. 

impudentia,  -ae  [impudent-  -f 
ia],  F.,  shamelessness,  impudence, 
leant  of  shame. 

impudicus,  -a,  -um  [^in-pudi- 
cus],  adj.,  shameless,  indecent,  un- 
chaste, immodest. 

impune  [neut.  of  impunis  (^in- 
poena,  weakened  and  decl.  as 
adj.)],  adv.,  with  impunity. 

impiinitas,  -atis  [impuni-  +  tas], 
F.,  freedom  from  punishment,  im- 
piinity. 

impunitus,  -a,  -um  [Un-puni- 
tus],  adj.,  unpunished,  unchecked 
(by  punishment). 

impurus,  -a,  -um  [^in-purus], 
adj.,  impure,  rascally,  vile,  dis- 
h  onest,  u  np  rincipled. 

imus,  -a,  -um,  superl.  of  inferus. 

lin-  [cf.  Gr.  a-,  av-,  Eng.  z/;/-], 
neg.  particle,  only  in  comp.  with 
nouns  and  adjs.,  not  verbs. 

2 in  [?,  cf.  Gr.  ava,  Eng.  on;  cf. 
also  inde],  adv.  (only  in  comp.) 
and  prep.  a.  With  ace,  of  motion, 
having  its  terminus  within  or  on 
(cf.  ad,  with  terminus  at  or  near). 


into,  upon,  within,  to,  against, 
among.  —  Of  time,  fo)-,  to,  till. — 
Fig.,  without  actual  motion,  but 
only  direction,  to,  towards,  against, 
upon,  over. —  Often  where  Eng.  has 
a  different  conception,  /;/,  on  :  in 
locum  alicuius,  /«  one  'j-  place.  — 
In  adverbial  expressions  where  no 
motion  appears,  in,  according  to, 
tvith,  to  :  mirum  in  modum  (cf.  quern 
ad  modum);  in  earn  sententiam,  to 
this  purport;  in  speciem,  with 
the  appearance  ;  in  altitudinem,  in 
heigh  t{cL  to  the  height  of). — Esp.,  in 
potestatem  esse  (/;/  the  power,  etc., 
a  confusion  of  two  constructions). 

—  b.  With  abl.,  of  rest  (lit.  and 
fig.),  in,  on,  amotig,  within,  at:  in 
tanta  propinquitate  {under  circum- 
stances of,  in  a  case  of).  —  Often, 
i)i  the  case  of,  in  the  matter  of,  i)i 
respect  to:  in  eo,  in  his  case,  in  re- 
gard to  him,  on  that  point,  at  that. 

—  Esp.,  in  odio  esse,  be  hated,  and 
the  like.  —  In  comp.  as  ad-v.,  in, 
icpon,  towards,  and  the  like. 

inanis,  -e  [?],  adj.,  empty,  tmoc- 
c  up  led.  —  Fig.,  empty,  vain,  idle. 

inauditus,  -a,  -um  [^in-auditus], 
adj.,  unheard  of.     » 

inauratus,  -a,  -um   [p.p.  of  in-   I 
auro],  adj.,  gilded. 

incautus,  -a,  -um  [Mn-cautus], 
adj.,  incautious,  off  one^s  guard, 
i?nprudent,  thoughtless. 

incedo,  -cedere,  -cessT,  -cessiirus 
[in-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  proceed,  walk: 
quam  taeter  incedebat,  what  a  vil- 
lainous spectacle  as  he  walked! 

incendium,  -1  [in-tcandium  ;  cf.     j 
incendo],    n.,  a  burning,  a  fire,  a 


incendo 


105 


incorrupte 


conflagration.  —  In  plur.,  the  burn- 
ing, etc.,  of  buildings,  each  one 
being  conceived  as  a  separate  burn- 
ing, as  is  usual  in  Latin. 

incendo,  -cendere,  -cendl,  -census 
[in-tcando ;  cf.  candeo],  3.  v.  a.,  set 
fire  to,  hum.  —  Fig.,  rouse,  excite, 
fire,  inflame. 

incensio,  -5nis  [in-tcensio ;  cf. 
incendo],   F.,  a  burning. 

inceptum,  -I  [p.p.  of  incipio], 
N.,  an  undertaking. 

incertus,  -a,  -urn  [Mn-certus], 
adj.,  ujicertain,  dubious,  u?itrust- 
w  or  thy  :  itinera  {obscure,  blind). 

incessus,  -us  [in-tcessus  ;  cf.  in- 
cedo],  U.,a  walk,  a  gait,  the  bearing 
(of  one  in  walking). 

incestus,  -a,  -um  [Un-castus], 
adj.,  unchaste,  impure,  incestuous. 

incestus,  -us  [in-tcastus,  noun 
akin  to  castus],  m.,  incest. 

inchoo,  see  incoho. 

incido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -casurus 
[in-cado],  3.  v.  n.,  fall  upon,  fall 
(in  any  direction).  —  Less  exactly 
and  fig.,  fall  in  with,  fall  into, 
happen  upon,  meet,  occur,  happe7i. 

incido,  -cidere,  -cTdl,  -cTsus  [in- 
caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cjit  into,  cut,  en- 
grave:  leges  (i.e.  engrave  for 
publication). 

incipio,  -cipere,  -cepT,  -ceptus 
[in-capio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  begin, 
undertake. 

incitamentum,  -T  [incita-  -f  men- 
turn],  N.,  an  incentive. 

incito,  -are,  -avT,  -at us  [in-cito], 
I.  V.  a.,  set  lit  motion  (in  some  par- 
ticular direction)  (lit.  ar.d  fig.),  urge 
on,  drive,  impel,  excite,  incite,  rouse. 


inclinatio,  -onis  [inclina-  -f  tio], 
F.,  a  leaning,  an  inclination,  a 
tendency. 

incline,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in- 
clino],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  lea>i,  turn, 
bend. 

incliido,  -cludere,  -clusi,  -cliisus 
[in-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  shut  up,  enclose, 
include. — incliisus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  secret,  hidden. 

incognitus,  -a,  -um  [lin-cogni- 
tus],  adj.,  unexamined,  unheard, 
tinknown. 

incoho  (inchoo),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[?],  I.  V.  a.,  begin,  commence. 

incola,  -ae  [in-tcola ;  cf.  agri- 
cola],  M.  and  F.,  an  inhabitant,  a 
resident  (not  a  citizen). 

incolo,  -colere,  -coluT,  no  p.p. 
[in-colo],  3.  V.  a.  and  n.,  inhabit, 
live,  dzuell. 

incolumis,  -e  [?,  akin  to  columna] , 
adj.,  safe,  unhurt,  uninjured,  un- 
harmed, preserved  (in  the  posses- 
sion of  one's  power)  :  quibus  inco- 
lumibus,  zvith  whose  preservation  ; 
quamdiu  incolumis  fuit,  as  long  as 
he  7uas  in  good  fortune. 

incommodus,  -a,  -um  [Mn-com- 
modus],  adj.,  inconvenient,  iDifortu- 
nate.  —  Esp.,  incommodum,  -T,  neut. 
as  subst.,  disadva/itage,  misfortune, 
euphemism  for  defeat,  loss,  disaster, 
harm. 

inconsideratus,  -a,  -um  [Hn- 
consideratus],  adj.,  ill-considered, 
inconsiderate. 

inconstans,  -antis  [i  in-constans], 
adj.,  changeable,  fickle,  capricious. 

incorrupte  [old  abl.  of  incorrup- 
tusl,  adv.,  without  bias. 


incorruptus 


1 06 


indignus 


incorruptus,  -a,  -um  [Un-cor- 
ruptus],  adj.,  unspoiled^  unbribed, 
free  frotn   bias. 

increbresco  (-besco),  -brescere 
(-bescere),  -brui  (-bin)  [in-cre- 
bresco],  3.  v.  n.,  thicken,  groiu 
frequejit :  consuetude  {spread,  be- 
come commo/i). 

incredibilis,  -e  [lin-credibilis], 
adj.,  incredible,  marvellous,  extra- 
ordinary. 

incredibiliter  [incredibili-  +  ter], 
adv.,  beyond  belief,  jnarvellously, 
extraordina  rily. 

increpo,  -crepare,  -crepui  (-avT), 
-crepitus  [in-crepo],  i.v.  n.  (and  a.), 
make  a  noise,  sound,  rattle :  quicquid 
increpuerit,  tuhatever  tioise  is  heard. 
incultus,  -a,  -um  [Un-cultus], 
adj.,  uncidttvated,  uncouth. 

incumbo,  -cumbere,  -cubul,  no 
p.p.  [in-cumbo],  3.  v.  n.  (and  a.),  lie 
upon.  — Hence,  beJid  one 's  energies. 
incunabula,  -orum  [in-cunabula], 
N.  plur.,  swaddling  clothes  (in  which 
anciently  the  infant  was  wound  up 
into  a  tight  little  bundle. — Hence, 
the  cradle  (as  a  symbol  of  infancy). 
incurro,  -currere,  -cucurrl  (-currl), 
-cursus  [in-curro],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
run  upon,  rush  at,  make  an  assault: 
in  navem  [assail). 

indago,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tin- 
dagS- ;  cf.  indago  (-inis)],  i.  v.  a., 
track,  chase,  pursue,  trace  out, 
investigate. 

inde  [tim  (loc.  of  is  ;  cf.  interim, 
hinc)  -de  (form  akin  to  -dem,  dum ; 
cf.  indu,  old  form  of  in)],  adv., 
from  there,  thence,  from  the  place 
(which,  etc.),  from  that  point. 


indemnatus,  -a,  -um  [Hn-dam- 
natus],  adj.,  uncondemned. 

index,  -icis  [in-tdex  (dig  as 
stem;  cf.  iudex)],  M.  or  F.,  an 
informer,  an  accuser  (appearing  as 
witness). 

India,  -ae  ['Ij/Sm],  f.,  all  the 
country,  vaguely  conceived,  be- 
yond Sogdiana,  Bactriana,  and 
Asia,  including  modern  India. 

indicium,  -I  [indie- -fium],  n.,  in-  1 
formation,  ^zvV/^;/^^  (making  known 
a  crime),  an  indication,  a  proof: 
per  indicium,  through  an  informer. 
indico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [indie-], 
I.  v.  a.,  point  out,  inform,  make 
known,  show,  discover  (as  an  in- 
former), betray,  disclose,  give  infor- 
7nation,  inform  against. 

indic5,  -dicere,  -dixT,  -dictus  [in-    / 
dico],     3.    v.    a.,    order,    proclaim, 
appoint:   bellum  {declare). 

1  indictus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  indico. 
-indictus,  -a,  -um   [Hn-dictus], 
adj.,  impleaded,  untried,  unheard: 
indieta  eausa,  without  a  trial. 

indidem  [inde-dem ;  cf.  idem], 
z.^\.,from  the  same  place :  indidem 
Ameria,  there  from  Ameria. 

indigeo,  -ere,  -uT,  no  p.p.  [in- 
digo-], 2.  V.  n.,  need,  want,  require, 
stand  in  need  of. 

indigne  [old  abl.  of  indignus], 
adv.,  unworthily,  shamefilly  (un- 
worthy of  one's  self  or  of  the  cir- 
cumstances) :  indigne  fero,  take  it 
as  a  shame. 

indignus,  -a,  -um  [^in-dignus], 
adj.,  uftworthy,  shameful,  unde- 
served.—  Neut.  as  subst.,  a  shame, 
an  outrage. 


indomitus 


107 


infitiator 


indomitus,  -a,  -um  [i  in-domitus] , 
adj.,  uncotiqiiered,  indomitable. 

induce,  -ducere,  -duxl,  -ductus 
[in-duco],  3.  V.  a.,  draw  on,  bring 
in,  introduce.  —  Also,  lead  on.  — 
Hence,  induce,  instigate,  itnpel. 

induo,-uere,  -uT,  -utus  [?,  cf.  exuo], 
3.  V.  2i.,pnt  on. — Esp.  in  pass.,  clothe 
one^s  self  with,  tie  one''s  self  up  in. 

industria,  -ae  [?],  f.,  diligence, 
painstaking,  industry :  de  indus- 
tria, on  purpose. 

industrius,  -a,  -um  [?],  adj., 
industrious,   diligent,    painstaking. 

ineo,  -ire,  -il,  -itus  [in-eo],  irr. 
V.  a.,  enter  upon,  go  into.  —  Fig., 
adopt,  make,  begin,  gain,  secure.  — 
Esp. :  iniens  aetas  or  adulescentia, 
early  youth  ;  ineunte  vere,  at  the 
beginning  of  spring. 

inepte  [old  abl.  of  ineptus], 
adv.,  foolishly,  absurdly. 

inermis,  -e  (-us,  etc.)  [lin-arma], 
adj.,  unarmed,  defenceless. 

iners,  -ertis  [^in-ars],  2.A\.,  shift- 
less, cowardly,  sluggish,  unmanly. 

inertia,  -ae  [inert-  -f  ia],  f.,  shift- 
lessness,  cowardice,  slothfulness. 

inexpiabilis,  -e  [^in-expiabilis], 
adj.,  inexpiable,  irreconcilable. 

infamia,  -ae  [infami-  +  ia],  f., 
dishonor,  disgrace. 

infamis,  -e  [Mn-fama,  inflected 
as  adj.],  adj.,  infafnous. 

infans,  -antis  [^in-fans],  m.  and 
p.,  a7t  infant,  a  child. 

infelix,  -Tcis  [^in-felix],  adj., 
unfortunate,  unlucky,  utihappy, 
wretched,  boding  ill,  ill-otnened,  ill- 
fated,  ill-starred. 

infero,    -ferre,    -tulT,    -latus    [in- 


fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  bring  in,  import, 
carry  in,  introduce,  put  upon  :  bel- 
lum  {make,  declare,  of  offensive 
war) ;  signa  {advance). — Fig.,  cause, 
inflict,  commit,  create :  spem  {in- 
spire) ;  causam  {adduce,  allege, 
assign,  fasten  upon);  vim  et  manus 
{lay  iipon);  ignes  {set);  vim  {use); 
signis  inferendis,  by  a  hostile  attack. 

inferus,  -a,  -um  [unc.  stem  (akin 
to  Sk.  adhas,  down)  +  rus  ;  cf. 
superus],  adj.,  lo7v.  —  infimus 
(-umus),  imus,  superl.,  lowest,  the 
bottom  of  at  the  bottom  :  infimi, 
drum,  masc.  plur.  as  subst.,  the 
lozvest,  the  meanest.  —  Esp.  :  ab  in- 
feris,  from  the  world  below;  ad 
(apud)  inferos,  in  the  world  below. 

infestus,  -a,  -um  [^in-festus  (fr. 
fendo)],  adj.,  hostile,  in  hostile  array, 
pernicious.  —  Also,  in  danger. 

infidelis,  -e  [Mn-fidelis],  adj., 
unfaithful,  wavering  in  faith, 
faithless. 

infidelitas,  -atis  [infideli-  -f 
tas],  f.,  unfaithfulness,  infidelity, 
treachery. 

infimus,  see  inferus. 

infinitus,  -a,  -um  [Mn-finitus], 
adj.,  unbotinded,  coufitless,  endless, 
numberless,  i)ifinite,  unli77iited. 

infirmitas,  -atis  [infirmo-  -f  tas]. 
F.,  feebleness,  itttsteadiness,  incon- 
stancy. 

infirmo, -are, -a vl,-atus  [infirmS-], 
I.  V.  a.,  zveaken,  invalidate. 

infirmus,  -a,  -um  [^in-firmus], 
adj.,  weak,  feeble,  helpless. 

infitiator,  -oris  [infitia-  -f  tor], 
M.,  a  denier.  —  Esp.  of  debts,  a  slow 
debtor. 


infitior 


1 08 


iniquus 


infitior  (infic-),  -ari,  -atus  [in- 
fitia-,  stem  of  infitiae  (in  +  stem 
akin  to  fateor)],  i.  v.  dep.,  deiiy. 

inflammo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [in- 
flammo],  i.  v.  a.,  set  on  fire. — 
Fig.,  fire.,  i)ifia//ie,  t?u-ense,  kindle, 
infuriate. 

inflo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in-flo], 
I.  V.  a.,  l)lo7v  .ufou,  blow  71  p. — 
Fig.,  inspire,  piifi'  zip. 

informo,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [in- 
formo],    I.  V.   a.,  forjn,  train. 

infringe,  -fringere,  -fregi,  -frac- 
tus  [in-frango],  3.  v.  a.,  break  down, 
destroy. 

infumus,  see  inferus. 

ingemisc5,  -gemiscere,  -gemuT, 
no  p.p.  [in-gemisco] ,  3.  v.  n.,  groan. 

ingenero,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [in- 
genero],  i.  v.  a.,  implant. —  ingene- 
ratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  ifiborn. 

ingenium,  -i  [in-tgenium ;  cf. 
genius],  N.,  inborn  nature,  charac- 
ter, nature. — Hence,  jnental power, 
genius,  intellect. 

ingens,  -entis  [lin-gens,  not  be- 
longing to  the  kind  (?)],  adj.,  huge, 
enormous,  very  large. 

ingenuus,  -a,  -um  [in-tgenuus; 
cf.  genuinus],  adj.,  {born  in  the  state 
or  fani ily,  native  ?  ) ,  freeborn.  — As 
subst.,  a  firee  person. 

ingratus,  -a,  -um  [lin-gratus], 
adj.,  Jtugrateful  (in  both  Eng. 
senses),    unpleasing. 

ingravesco,  -escere,  no  perf., 
no  p.p.  [in-gravesco],  3.  v.  n.,  be- 
come heavier,  grow  serious,  grow 
worse. 

ingredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  [in- 
gradior],    3.    v.    dep.,    march   i/ito, 


enter,  ?narch  in,  go  icpon,  go,  enter 
up 0)1 :  navem  (go  on  board). 

ingressus,  -us  [in-gressus ;  cf. 
ingredior],   M.,  an  entrance. 

inhaereo,  -haerere,  -haesi,  -hae- 
surus  [in-haereo],  2.  v.  n.,  fasten  it- 
self to,  cling  to,  be  fastened  upon. 

inhibeo,  -hibere,  -hibul,  -hibitus 
[in-habeo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  in,  restrain. 

inhi5,  -are,  -avI,  no  p.p.  [in-hio], 
I.  V.  n.  and  a.,  gape  at:  uberibus 
{hold  the  open  mouth  to). 

inhiimanus,  -a,  -um  [lin-huma- 
nus],  adj.,  inhufnan,  cruel. 

inhumatus,  -a,  -um  [lin-huma- 
tus],  adj.,  unburied. 

inibi  [in-ibi],  adv.,  therein.  — 
Less  exactly,  7>/ J-/  there,  just  on  the 
poi)it  of  being  done. 

inicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [in- 
iacio],  3.  V.  a.,  throw  into,  throw 
iipoti. —  Less  exactly,  place  ijz,  pict 
on,  bring  2ipo7i. — Y\g.,inspire,  cause. 

inimicitia,  -ae  [inimico-  -f  tia], 
F.,  enmity,  hatred,  a  grudge,  a  feud, 
a  q  It  arret,  a  cause  of  en77iity. 

inimicus,  -a,  -um  [lin-amicus], 
2i<l]., unfriendly, hostile. — As  subst., 
an  enemy  (personal,  or  not  in  war; 
cf.  hostis,  aJt  enemy  of  the  state, 
or  071  e7iet7iy  at  wa7-),  a  rival,  an 

0pp07ie7lt. 

iniquitas,  -atis  [iniquo-  +  tas], 
F.,  i7tequality,  irregularity,  7ineve7i- 
7iess.  —  Fig.,  U7ifair9iess,  ii7 justice, 
iniquity :  temporum  {tmfavorable 
7iature). 

iniquus,  -a,  -um  [^in-aequus], 
adj.,  uneven. — Fig.,  latjust  (of  per- 
sons and  things),  U77fair,  U7i favor- 
able, disadvantai^eous. 


initio 


109 


inretio 


initio,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [initio-], 
I.  V.  a.,  initiate^  consecrate. 

initium,  -i  [in-titium  (ito-  + 
ium);  cf.  ineo],  N.,  a  btglnning,  the 
first  of ,  a  coinmencenieiit,  a  preface, 
a  first  attempt  or  event. 

iniuratus,  -a,  -um  [^in-iuratus], 
adj.,  nns7uorn,  not  on  oath. 

iniuria,  -ae  pin-ius  +  ia  ;  cf.  in- 
iurius],  F.,  injustice,  outrage,  zvrong, 
violence  (as  opposed  to  x\^\^,  abuse. 

—  inmria,  abl.  as  adv.,  toijustly, 
wrojigfully. 

iniuriose  [old  abl.  of  iniuriosus], 
adv.,  with  outrage,  abnsively. 

iniiistus,  -a,  -um  [^in-iustus], 
adj.,  71  nj list. 

inlatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  infero. 

/      inlecebra  (ill-),  -ae  [inlice-  (as  if 

stem  of  inlicio)  +  bra  ;  cf.  latebra], 

F.,  an  enticement,  a  blandishjncnt, 

ati  allurement. 

inlucesco  (ill-),  -lucescere,  -luxT, 
no  p.p.  [in-lucesco],  3.  v.  n.,  shine 
itpon,  shine,  arise  (of  the  sun, 
etc.).. 

inlustris  (ill-),  -e  [in-lustro-  (or 
kindred  stem,  cf.  lustro,  light,  con- 
nection unc.  with  lustrum)],  adj., 
bright,  splendid,  brilliatit,  illustri- 
ous, conspicuous. 

inliistro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [in-lus- 
tro-, bright,  see  preceding  word], 
I.  V.  a.,  ilhiminate,  light  up,  bring 
to  light. 

innascor,  -nasci,  -natus  [in-nas- 
cor],  3.  V.  dep.,  grow  in,  spring  up 
in.  —  Fig.,  be  inspired,  be  excited. 

—  innatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
natural,  innate,  inborn :  innata 
libertas,  inborn  spirit  of  liberty. 


innocens,  -en  lis  [^in-nocens 
(p.  of  noceo)],  adj.,  har^nless,  guilt- 
less, blameless,  innocent,  free  from 
guilt  (or  corrtiptioti),  doing  no 
zvrong.  —  Masc.  as  subst.,  an  inno- 
cent man,  etc.,  the  innocent. 

innocentia,  -ae  [innocent-  +  ia], 
F.,  blamelessness,  ifinocence,  blame- 
less cofuluct  (esp.  in  office). 

innumerabilis,  -e  [^in-numera- 
bilis],  adj.,  countless,  innumerable, 
nutnberless :  innumerabiles  pecu- 
niae, countless  sinns  of  money. 

inopia,  -ae  [inop-  +  ia],  f.,  scar- 
city, dearth,  destitution,  zuant,  pri- 
vation, want  of  supplies :  inopia 
omnium  rerum,  every  privation, 
utter  destitution. 

inops, -opis  [^in-ops],  adj.,/c'(3;-, 
destitute,  in  poverty. 

inoratus,  -a,  -um  [^in-oratus], 
adj.,  impleaded:  re  inorata,  with- 
out a  hearing  (changing  the  point 
of  view). 

inquam  (inquio)  [.^],  v.  def., 
say,  said  I:  'vnoyxam.,  said  I ;  inquit, 
he  says,  said  he. 

inquire,  -quirere,  -quTsIvT  (-11), 
-qulsitus  [in-quaero],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
enquire,  investigate,  make  investi- 
gations. 

inquisitor,  -oris  [in-quaesitor ; 
cf.  inquiro],  M.,  an  i>ivestigator,  a 
detective. 

inrepo  (irr-),  -repere,  -repsT, 
-repturus  [in-repo],  3.  v.  n.,  creep 
in,findone''s  7vay  in,  get  in  (surrep- 
titiously). 

inretio  (irr-),  -ire,  -IvI  (-il),  -itus 
[tinreti-  (in-rete)],  4.  v.  a.,  ensnare., 
entans'le. 


inrito 


no 


insidiosus 


inrito  (irr-),  -are,  -avT,  -atus 
[tin-rito-  (of  unc.  kin)],  i.  v.  a., 
irritate,  excite,  provoke,  arouse  :  vi 
(wantonly  assail). 

inrogo  (irr-),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[in-rogo],  i.  v.  a.,  (^propose  a  law 
against),  propose  (a  law  or  fine 
against  any  one)  :  multam  {move, 
propose,  of  an  accusation  before 
the  people  for  a  fine). 

inrumpo  (irr-),  -rumpere,  -rupT, 
-ruptus  [in-rumpo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
break  in,  break  down,  break  in  upon, 
burst  in  :  in  nostrum  fletum  {break 
in  upon  and  interrupt). 

inruo  (irr-),  -ruere,  -ruT,  no  p.p. 
[in-ruo],  3.  v.  n.,  rush  in,  rush 
upon :  in  aliquem  {assail) ;  in 
odium  {force  one^s  self  needlessly). 

inrupti5  (irr-),  -onis  [in-trup- 
tio ;  of.  inrumpo],  f.,  an  inroad,  an 
attack,  an  invasion,  an  incursion,  a 
raid. 

insania,  -ae  [insano-  -f  ia],  f., 
insanity,  madness,  a  craze:  popu- 
lares  insaniae,  mad  outbreaks  of  the 
people. 

insanio,  -Ire,  -IvI  (-il),  no  p.p. 
[insano-,  as  if  insani-],  4.  v.  n.,  rave, 
be  ins  a  tie,  be  mad. 

insanus,  -a,  -um  [^in-sanus],  adj., 
{unsound).  —  Esp.  in  mind,  in- 
sane, crazy,  mad.  —  Also  of  things, 
crazy :  substructiones  (as  indicat- 
ing a  craze). 

insciens,  -entis  [^in-sciens],  adj., 
not  knowing,  ignorant.  —  Often 
rendered  by  adv.7  etc.,  unawares, 
without  otie's  ktiowledge. 

inscientia,  -ae  [inscient-  -f  ia], 
F.,  ignorance,  want  of  knozvledge. 


inscitia,  -ae  [inscito-  -f  ia],  p., 
ignorance,  stupidity. 

inscribo,  -scrlbere,  -scrlpsi,  -scrlp- 
tus  [in-scribo],  3.  v.  a.,  write  upon, 
inscribe. 

insector,  -arl,  -atus  [in-sector], 
I.  V.  dep.,  pursue,  follow  up,  in- 
veigh against. 

insepultus,  -a,  -um  [^in-sepul- 
tus],  adj.,  unburied :  cuius  furiae 
insepulti  {of  whose  utiburied corpse). 

insequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  [in- 
sequor],  3.  v.  de^.,folloT.v  up,  pur- 
sjie,  attack,  assail,  harass,  hunt 
down.  —  Also,  follow,  ensue. 

inservio,  -ire,  -ivi  (-il),  no  p.p. 
[in-servio],  4.  v.  n.,  be  a  slave  to, 
yield  to,  follow  the  dictates  of,  devote 
one''s  self  to. 

insideo,  -sidere,  -sedl,  -sessus 
[in-sedeo],  2.  v.  n.  (and  a.),  sit  upon, 
clifig  to,  lie,  reside,  lurk  in. 

insidiae,  -arum  [tinsid-  (cf. 
praeses)  -f-  ia],  f.  plur.,  an  ambush, 
an  ambuscade,  a  stratagem,  a  trick, 
a  plot,  a  trap,  treachery:  per  in- 
sidias,  with  deception,  treacher- 
ously ;  see  per. 

insidiator,  -oris  [insidia-  -f  tor], 
^i.,  a  plotter,  a  secret  assassin,  one 
in  ambush,  a  Her  in  wait,  a  treach- 
erous assailant :  nuUus  insidiator 
viae,  no  one  in  ambush  on  the  way. 

insidior,    -ari,    -atus    [insidia-],  I  \ 
I .  V.  dep.,  lie  in  wait,  make  treach- 
erous attacks,  plot  against,  treacher- 
ously assail. 

insidiose  [old  abl.  of  insidio- 
sus], adv.,  treacherously. 

insidiosus,  -a,  -um  [insidia-  -f 
osus],  adj.,  treacherous. 


insido 


III 


integer 


insido,  -sldere,  -sedi,  no  p.p. 
[in-sido],  3.  v.  n.  (and  a.),  sit  upon, 
seat  one^s  self,  sink  ijt,  settle  upon, 
fasten  itself  upon,  become  settled 
in  :  macula  {sink  in,  become  fixed 
in). 

insignis,  -e  [insigno-,  decl.  as 
adj.],  adj.,  marked,  fnernorable, con- 
spicuous, signal. —  insigne,  neut.  as 
subst.,  signal,  sign,  decoration  (of 
soldiers) ,  a  mark,  a  symbol,  insignia. 

insimul5,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [in- 
simulo],  I.  V.  a.,  charge,  accuse. 

insolens,  -entis  [^in-solens],  adj., 
uftwonted,  arrogant,  insolent.  — 
Also,   ujiacciistomed  to. 

insolenter  [insolent-  +  ter],  adv., 
in  an  unusual  manjier,  insultingly. 

insolentia,  -ae  [insolent-  +  ia], 
F.,  insolence,  arrogance. 

insolitus,  -a,  -um  [lin-solitus], 
adj.,  unwonted,  ttnaccustomed. 

inspecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in- 
specto],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  look  upon, 
look  on :  inspectantibus  nobis,  be- 
fore our  eyes. 

insperans,  -antis  [-in-sperans], 
adj.,  unexpecting,  not  hoping,  con- 
trary to  07ie''s  expectations. 

insperatus,  -a,  -um  [^in-spera- 
tus],  adj.,  unhoped  for,  unexpected, 
unlooked  for. 

instauro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in- 
tstauro;  cf.  restauro],  i.  v.  a.,  re- 
new, restore,  repeat. 

institu5,  -uere,  -uT,  -utus  [in- 
statuo],  3.  V,  a.  and  n.,  set  up,  set 
in  order,  array.  —  Also,  provide, 
procure,  get  ready,  plan.  —  Also, 
set  about,  undertake,  instruct,  begin 
to  practise,   start,    set  out,    begin. 


adopt  (a  plan,  etc.),  resolve,  dete7'- 
mine,  set  on  foot.  —  Also,  teach, 
train,  habituate,  instruct.  — Esp., 
ab  institute  cursu,  from  one's  in- 
tended course. 

institutum,  -T  [n.  p.p.  of  in- 
stituo],  N.,  a  habit,  a  practice,  an 
institution,  a  custom.. 

insto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -staturus  [in- 
sto],  I.  V.  n.,  be  at  hand,  be  close  at 
hand,  press  on,  be  pressing. —  Fig., 
threaten,  impend,  menace. 

instriimentum,  -T  [instru-  + 
mentum],  "S..,  furniture,  equipment, 
tools  and  stores  (of  soldiers),  a 
means,  stock  (of  a  shopkeeper), 
stock  in  trade,  means  of  subsistence  : 
tribunatus  {means  of  carrying  on). 

instruo,  -struere,  -struxl,  -struc- 
tus  [in-struo],  3.  v.  a.,  build,  fit  up, 
array,  draza  up  (of  X-XOO'^s),  furnish, 
equip. 

insuetus,  -a,  -um  [^in-suetus], 
adj.,  ztfiaccustomed  to. 

insula,  -ae  [akin  to  in-salio  ?], 
F.,  an  island.  —  Esp.,  the  Island  (a 
part  of  Syracuse). 

insulto,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus  [in- 
salto],  I.  V.  n.,  leap  upon,  dance 
upon,  trample  on,  trample  under 
foot,  insult,  com f nit  outrages,  run 
riot,  outrage,  insult. 

insum,  -esse,  -fuT,  -futurus  [in- 
sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  in,  exist  in,  be 
present,  be  found. 

insuo,  -suere,  -sui,  -siitus  [in- 
suo],  3.  V.  a.,  sew  up  in,  sew  up. 

integer,  -gra,  -grum  [^in-tteger 
(tag,  in  tango,  -f  rus)],  adj.,  U7i- 
totuhed,  unimpaired,  unwearied, 
undiminished,  uninjured,  unbroken, 


integre 


112 


interficio 


entire,  pure.,  fresh  (as  subst.,y)vj-// 
troops), inviolate. — Esp.,  undecided, 
not  entered  upon  (of  business)  :  re 
Integra,  aneiu,  afresh,  before  any- 
thingis  done,  before  being  committed 
to  any  course  of  action ;  id  inte- 
grum, an  open  question.  —  Also, 
{untainted),  upright,  ho?iest,  ho7ior- 
able,  unimpeachable. 

integre  [old  abl.  of  integer], 
adv.,  honestly,  honorably. 

integritas,  -atis  [integro-  +  tas], 
F.,  honesty,  integrity,  blameless  con- 
duct, uprightness. 

intellego  (-ligo),  -legere,  -lexT, 
-lectus  [inter-lego],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
{pick  out  \_distinguish']  between), 
learn,  know,  tiotice,  observe,  find 
out,  discover,  see  plainly,  be  aware, 
observe,  understatid,  be  able  to  see, 
have  intelligence,  be  a  co)utoisseur. 

intemperantia,  -ae  [intemper- 
ant-  +  ia],  F.,  want  of  moderation, 
extravagance,  excess. 

intendo,  -tendere,  -tendl,  -tentus 
[in-tendo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  stretch, 
strain,  direct,  aim  (both  active  and 
neuter)  :  arcum  {aim) ;  actionem 
{bring)  ;  animum  {have  in  fuitid, 
direct  one''s  thoughts). 

intento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in- 
tento],  I.  V.  a.,  strain,  brandish. 

inter  [in  +  ter  ;  cf.  alter],  adv.  in 
comp.,  and  prep,  with  ace,  between, 
among:  inter  falcarios  {in  the  street 
of);  constat  inter  omnis(/n'(^?//);  inter 
latera  {about).  —  Of  time,  within, 
for:  inter  decern  annos,  withi>i 
ten  years,  for  the  last  ten  years.  — 
Often  in  a  reciprocal  sense  :  inter 
se,    among    themselves,     with,    to, 


from,  at,  etc.,  each  other ;  diversi 
inter  se  {different )  ;  coniligunt  inter 
se  {against  each  other). 

Interamna,  -ae  [inter-amnis  (or 
stem  akin)],  F.,  a  town  in  Umbria 
ninety  miles  from  Rome  {Terni). 

Interamnas,  -atis  [Interamna-  + 
tis],  adj.,  of  Interamna. 

intercede,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessu- 
rus  [inter-cedo] ,  3.  v.  n.,  conie  be- 
tween, go  between,  lie  betzvee?i,  in- 
tervene, exist  between,  occur  between, 
be,  pass  (of  time). — Esp.  of  the 
tribunes,  veto,  stay  proceedings. 

intercessio,  -onis  [inter-cessio ; 
cf.  intercede],  f.,  a  veto  (cf.  inter- 
cedo). 

intercessor,  -oris  [inter-cessor] , 
M.,  {ofiewho  comes  between),  a  surety. 
—  Esp.,  a  vetoing  tribune  (cf .  inter- 
cedo). 

intercliido,  -cludere,  -clusi,  -clu- 
sus  [inter-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  off, 
shut  off,  block  (roads),  put  a  stop  to. 

interdum  [inter  dum  (orig. 
ace.)],  adv.,_/6'r  a  time,  sometimes. 

interea  [inter  ea  (prob.  abl.)], 
adv.,  meanwhile,  in  the -mean  ti?ne, 
7neantime.    ■ 

intereo,  -Ire,  -ii,  -iturus  [inter-eo 
{go  into  pieces?  cf.  interficio)], 
irr.  v.  n.,  perish,  die,  be  killed,  be 
destroyed. 

interfatio,  -onis  [inter-tfatio 
(fa-  -j-  tio)],  F.,  an  interruption. 

interfector,-6ris  [inter-factor;  cf. 
interficio],  M.,  a  slayer,  a  inurderer. 

interficiS,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus 
[inter-f acio] ,  3.  v.  a.,  {cut  to  pieces  ; 
cf.  intereo),  slay,  kill,  put  to  death, 
destroy. 


intericio 


113 


interventus 


intericio,  -icere,  -iecl,  -iectus 
[inter-iacio] ,  3.  v.  a.,  throw  in 
(between).  —  Pass.,  lie  betweeti, 
intei'vene  :  tempore  interiecto,  a/ter 
an  interval. 

interim  [perh.  loc.  of  tinterus 
(cf.  inter,  interior),  but  cf.  interea, 
interibi],  adv.,  7neanivhile,  in  the 
mean  time. 

interims,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptus 
[inter-emo],  3.  v.  a.,  kill  (cf.  inter- 
ficio),  slay,  destroy,  put  to  death.  — 
Less  exactly,  overwhelm. 

interior,  -us  [compar.  of  tinterus 
(in-terus ;  cf.  alter)],  adj.,  i7i?ier, 
interior,  farther  in,  more  inland.  — 
intimus  (-tumus),  -a,  -um  [in  +  ti- 
mus],superl.,  inmost,  most  secret. — 
Masc.  as  subst.,  an  intimate  friend. 

interitus,  -lis  [inter-itus ;  cf. 
intereo],  m.,  death,  murder  (chang- 
ing the  point  of  view),  destruction, 
overthrow. 

intermitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sus [inter-mitto],  3.  v.  n.,  {let  go 
between^,  leave  off,  discontinue,  stop, 
cease. 

intermortuus,  -a,  -um  [inter- 
mortuus],  adj.,  faint,  half  dead, 
lifeless,  still-born. 

internecinus,  see  internecivus. 

internecio,  -onis  [inter-tnecio, 
same  root  as  neco],  f.,  extermina- 
tion, annihilation. 

internecivus  (-cinus),  -a,  -um 
[inter-tnecivus],  adj.,  jitter ly  de- 
structive :  bellum  {of  extermina- 
tion). —  Also,  internicivus. 

interpello,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [inter- 
tpello;  cf.  appello,  -are],  i.  v.  a., 
inter riipt,  interfere  with. 


interpono,  -ponere,  -posuT,  -posi- 
tus  [inter-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  place  in 
between  (lit.  and  fig.),  interpose,  in- 
troduce, allege  (an  excuse  to  break 
off  something),  thrust  in,  force  in, 
put  in :  diebus  interpositis,  after 
an  interval,  etc.  ;  se  {act  as  go- 
between)  . 

interpres,  -pretis  [inter-tpres 
(akin  to  pretium?)],  c,  a  middle- 
man, a  mediator,  an  interpreter,  an 
agent  (for  bribery). 

interrogo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [inter- 
rogo] ,  I .  V.  a.,  {ask  at  intervals),  ques- 
tion, interrogate,  ask,  put  questions. 

intersum,  -esse,  -fuT,  -futurus 
[inter-sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  between, 
be  ajnong,  be  in,  be  engaged  in,  be 
present:  nox  interest,  there  is  an 
interval  of  a  night  ;  rei  {be  ejigaged 
in,  take  part  in).  —  Esp.  in  third 
person,  it  is  of  importance,  it  iti- 
terests,  it  concerns :  nihil  interest, 
there  is  no  difference;  also,  /'/  makes 
no  differe7ice,  it  is  of  no  importance  ; 
hoc  interest,  there  is  this  difference  ; 
quid  mea  interest  ?  what  is  for  my 
ijiterest  ?  quid  interest  ?  tohat  is  the 
difference  ?  non  magni  interest,  it 
does  7iot  make  much  difference ; 
magni  mea  interest,  it  is  of  great 
importance  to  me. 

intervallum,  -I  [inter-vallus, 
distance  between  stakes  in  a  ram- 
part], N.,  distance  (between  two 
things),  distance  apart,  ijiterval  (of 
space  or  time),  space,  time:  longo 
intervallo,  after  a  long  ititerval, 
after  a  considerable  ti?ne. 

interventus,  -us  [inter-tventus ; 
cf.  eventus  and  intervenio],  m.,  a 


interviso 


114 


invidia 


coming  (to   interrupt   something), 
a  coming  in,  an  intervention. 

interviso,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  p.p. 
[inter- viso],  3.  v.  a.,  visit  at  inter- 
vals. 

intestinus,  -a,  -um  [.',  perh.  in- 
tus  +  tinus],  adj.,  internal,  intes- 
tine:  pemicies  (i.e.  within  the 
vitals  of  the  state). 

intimus,  see  interior. 

intolerabilis,  -e  [lin-tolerabilis], 
adj.,  ifitolerahle,  unendurable,  not 
to  be  borne. 

intolerandus,  -a,  -um  [lin-tol- 
erandus],  adj.,  not  to  be  borne,  un- 
etidurable. 

intra  [instr.  (?)  of  tinterus;  cf. 
inter  and  extra],  adv.,  and  prep, 
with  ace,  into,  within,  inside. 

introdiico,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -duc- 
tus [intro-duco] ,  3.  v.  a.,  lead  in, 
bring  in,  march  in  (troops),  ititro- 
duce. 

introitus,  -us  [intro-itus] ,  m., 
ati  entrance,  att  approach  (means 
of  entrance),  a  way  of  entrance: 
Ponti  {mouth,  i.e.  the  straits). — 
Fig.,  a  door  (as  a  way  of  entrance), 
an  openijig. 

intueor,  -tuerT,  -tuitus  (-tutus) 
[in-tueor],  2.  v.  dep.,  gaze  upon, 
gaze  at,  cast  one''s  eyes  upon,  look 
upon,  behold,  look  at,  contemplate, 
study. 

intus  [in  +  tus  (an  abl.  ending ; 
cf.  divinitus)],  adv.,  within. 

inultus,  -a,  -um  [^in-ultus],  adj., 
unavenged,  unpunished. 

iniiro,  -iirere,  -ussi,  -iistus  [in- 
uro],  3.  V.  a.,  burn  in,  brand.  — 
Fig.,  fix  indelibly. 


iniisitatus,-a,-um  [Mn-usitatus], 
adj.,  unwo7ited,  Jinaccustomed,  un- 
usual. 

inutilis,  -e  [Mn-utilis],  adj.,  of 
no  use,  unserviceable.  —  In  a  preg- 
nant sense,  unfavorable  (positively 
disadvantageous), //'(f/wfl'/Wa/. 

invado,  -vadere,  -vasi,  -vasurus 
[in-vado],  3.  v.  n.,  rush  in,  attack, 
assail,  make  an  attack,  make  a  rush, 
make  a  charge. 

inveho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectus 
[in-veho],  3.  v.  a.,  carry  in,  carry 
against.  —  Pass,  as  dep.,  be  borne, 
ride,  sail  in,  assail  (ride  against), 
inveigh. 

inveni5,  -venire,  -venT,  -ventus 
[in-venio],  4.  v.  a.,y?;z</(come  upon  ; 
cf.  reperio,  find  by  search),  learn, 
discover,  meet  with,  invent,  chance 
to  have,  originate. 

inventor,  -oris  [in-tventor ;  cf. 
invenio],  .m.,  a  discoverer,  an  in- 
ventor, an  originator. 

investigo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [in- 
vestigo],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  trace  out, 
i7ivestigate. 

inveterasco,  -ascere,  -avi,  -atu- 
rus  [in-veterasco],  3.  v.  n.,  grow 
old,  become  established,  become  fas- 
tened in  or  on,  become  rooted,  be- 
come deeply  seated  or  ingrained. 

invictus,  -a,  -um  [^  in-victus], 
adj.,  unconguered.  —  Also,  ujicon- 
querable,  invincible. 

invideo,  -videre,  -vidT,  -visus  [in- 
video  ;  cf.  invidus],  2.  v.  n.  and  a., 
envy,  be  jealous  of,  grudge,  be  envious. 

invidia,  -ae  [invido-  +  ia],  f., 
etivy,  odium,  jealousy,  hatred,  un- 
popularity. 


invidiose 


115 


iste 


invidiose  [old  abl.  of  invidio- 
sus],  adv.,  in  a  manner  to  excite 
odium. 

invidiosus,  -a,  -um  [invidia-  + 
osus],  adj.,  causing  odium  :  mihi  est 
invidiosum  (/'/  is  a  ground  of  odium) . 

invidus,  -a,  -um  [in-tvidus  (vid 
+  us,  whence  video)],  adj.,  d'«z//(7z^j-, 
jealous,  ill-disposed,  hostile,  grudg- 
ing. 

invigilo,  -are,  -avi,  no  p.p.  [in- 
vigilo],  I.  V.  n.,  {lie  awake  for), 
watch  over,  care  for. 

inviolatus,  -a,  -um  ]}  in-viola- 
tus],  adj.,  inviolate,  unhartned, 
ujiinjured.  —  Also  (cf.  invictus), 
inviolable :  inviolata  amicitia,  with- 
out violating  friendsh  ip. 

invisus,  -a,  -um  [p.p.  of  invi- 
deo],  as  adj.,  hateful,  odious,  dis- 
pleasing. 

invito,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [?],  i.  v.  a., 
invite. 

in  Vitus,  -a,  -um  [.^],  adj.,  un- 
Tvilling.  —  Often  rendered  as  adv., 
against  one''s  will,  tinwillijigly. 

iocor,  -ari,  -atus  [loco-],  i.  v.  dep., 
joke,  jest,  say  in  jest. 

ioc5sus,  -a,  -um  [loco-  +  osus], 
adj.,  jocose,  humorous,  facetious, 
sportive. 

ipse,  -a,  -um  [is-potis(?)],  intens. 
pron.,  self,  very,  himself,  etc.  (as 
opp.  to  some  one  else ;  cf.  sui, 
reflex,  referring  to  the  subject),  he, 
etc.  (emph.),  he  himself,  etc. :  tu 
ipse,  you  yourself ;  ipsius  virtus 
{his  own,  etc.) ;  id  ipsum,  that  very 
thing ;  ad  ipsum  fornicem  {just  at, 
etc.) ;  illis  ipsis  ^iohns,  just  at  that 
very  time ;   in    his    ipsis,   even   in 


these  ;  Kalendis  ipsis  {just at,  etc.); 
ante  ipsum  sacrarium  {just  exactly 
before,  etc.). 

ira,  -ae  [?],  F.,  anger,  wrath, 
resentment,  rage. 

iracundia,  -ae  [iracundo-  -f  ia], 
F.,  wrath  (as  a  permanent  quality  ; 
cf.  ira,  a  temporary  feeling),  irasci- 
bility, anger. 

iracundus,  -a,  -um  [ira-  -f  cun- 
dus],  adj.,  of  a  violent  temper, 
passionate,  irascible,  wrathful,  re- 
sentful, embittered. 

irascor,  IrascT,  Iratus  [tira  + 
sco],  3.  V.  dep.,  get  angry,  be 
angry.  —  iratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  angry,  in  anger. 

in-,  see  inr. 

is,  ea,  id  [pron.  i],  dem'.  pron., 
this  (less  emph.  than  hie),  i/iat  (un- 
emph.),  these,  those,  etc.,  the,  a,  he, 
she,  it,  such,  one,  the  man  :  id  quod, 
which  (omitting  the  demonstra- 
tive) ;  atque  is,  and  that  too ;  in 
eo,  in  that  matter ;  ex  eo  genere 
qui  {of  the  kind,  etc.)  ;  vacuus  ab 
eis  qui  defenderent  {of  men  to,  etc.) ; 
vos  qui  .  .  .  ei,  yotc  who  .  .  .  you  ; 
neque  enim  is  es,  etc.  {such  a  man, 
etc.) ;  pro  eo  ac  mereor  {in  propor- 
tion to  what,  etc.) ;  is  constitutus  ex 
marmore  {his  statue),  etc. ;  id  aetatis 
filii  {of  that  age,  etc.).  —  eo,  neut. 
abl.,  the  (old  Eng.  instrumental), 
so  much,  on  that  account,  there- 
fore :  eo  magis,  all  the  more ; 
eo  atrocior,  so  viuch  the  more  cruel. 
—  See  also  eiusmodi. 

iste,-a,-ud  [is-te  (cf.  turn,  tantus, 
etc.)],  dem.  pron.,  that,  these,  those, 
etc.  —  Esp.     associated    with    the 


istic 


ii6 


lulius 


second  person,  with  adversaries 
and  opponents,  that  {you  speak  of), 
he  [your  client),  those  tnen  [my 
opponents'),  that  {of  yours),  that  {by 
yon). 

istic  [isti-ce  ;  cf.  hie],  adv.,  there 
(where  you  are,  or  the  like  ;  cf. 
iste). 

ita  [pron.  I  4-  ta  (instr.  (?)  of 
TA)],  adv.,  so,  in  such  a  zvay,  under 
such  circumstances,  in  this  way, 
thus,  as  follows  ;  often  with  limit- 
ing force,  so  (only)  :  ut  .  .  .  ita, 
ita  .  .  .  ut,  in  proportion  as,  as ; 
ita  dictitat  {this). 

Italia,  -ae  [titalo-  (reduced)  + 
ia  (fern,  of  -ius)],  F.,  Italy. 

Italicus,  -a,  -um  [Italo-  +  cus], 
adj.,  Italiatt :  bellum  {the  Italic  or 
Social  war,  B.C.  90). 

itaque  [ita  que],  adv.,  and  so, 
accordingly,  therefore. 

item  [i-tem  (ace.  ?  ;  cf.  idem)], 
adv.,  ifi  like  manner,  so  also,  in 
the  same  way,  also,  likewise. 

iter,  itineris  [stem  fr.  i  {go)  + 
unc.  term.],  N.,  a  road,  a  march,  a 
7vav,  a  route,  a  course,  a  jotirtiey  ; 
ex  itinera,  on  the  road,  on  the 
march,  en  route;  iter  facere, 
ma7'ch,  advance,  proceed,  travel. 

iterum  [pron.  i  +  terus ;  cf. 
alter],  adv.,  a  second  time,  again  : 
semel  atque  iterum,  iterum  et 
saepius,   again  and  again. 

iubeo,  iubere,  iussT,  iussus  [prob. 
ius-habeo;  cf.  praebeo],  2.  v.  a., 
order,  command,  bid. 

iiicunditas,  -atis  [iucundo-  + 
tas],  F.,  pleasantness,  pleasure, 
charm. 


iijcundus,  -a,  -um  [.',  perh.  for 
iuvicundus,  akin  to  iuvo],  adj., 
pleasant,  agreeable. 

iudex,  -icis  [ius-tdex  (dig  as 
stem)],  M.  and  f.,  a  judge,  an  ar- 
biter.—  Esp.  in  Roman  jurispru- 
dence, a  juryman  (half  judge  and 
half  juryman,  who  decided  Roman 
law  cases),  a  judge  :  iudices,  gen- 
tlemen  (i.e.  of  the  jury). 

iiidicialis,  -e  [iudicio-  +  alis], 
did].,  judicial,  of  courts. 

iiidicium,  -T  [iudic-  -f  ium],  n., 
a  judgment  (judicial),  a  trial,  a 
verdict,  a  prosecution.  —  As  each 
trial  made  a  court,  a  court,  a  panel 
of  jurors,  a  bench  of  judges,  the 
administration  of  justice,  the  judi- 
ciary, the  judicial  power.  —  Also, 
an  expression  of  opinion  (gen- 
erally official),  an  opitiion,  a  judg- 
ment, a  decision. 

iudico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [iudic-], 
I.  V.  a.,  formally  decide,  decide, 
judge,  be  a  juror,  adjudge,  thifik, 
consider,  hold  an  opinioti :  subtiliter 
{be  a  connoisseur);  de  ingeniis  {criti- 
cise, estimate) ;  magna  in  hoc  vis 
iudicatur  {is  held  to  be,  etc.). 

iugulo, -are,  -avT, -atus  [iugulo-], 
I .  v.  a.,  cut  the  throat  of,  murder,  as- 
sassinate, strangle  {fig.),  put  to  death. 

iugulum,  -I  [iugo-  -f  Ium],  n.,  {a 
little  yoke,  the  collar-bones),  the 
throat,  the  neck. 

lugurtha,  -ae  [.'*],  m.,  a  king  of 
Numidia,  who  was  defeated  and 
captured  by.Marius. 

liilius,  -T  [?],  M.,  a  Roman  gen- 
tile name.  —  Esp.,  I.fjilius  Ccesar, 
censor  B.C.  89.     See  desar. 


lungo 


ir; 


Karthago 


iungO,  iungere,  iunxT,  iuactus 
[iug],  3.  V.  a.,  join,  ttfiiie,  attach, 
attach  together.  —  In  pass,  or  with 
reflex.,  tinite  with,  attach  Ofte''s  self. 

lunianus,  -a,  -um  [iunio-  + 
anus],  adj.,  of  Junius :  consilium 
(a  j  ury  of  which  one  Junius  was 
presiding  praetor,  and  which  had 
notoriously  been  bribed). 

lunius,  -a,  -um  [.^  perh.  akin  to 
iuvenis],  adj.,  of  June. 

luppiter  (lup-),  lovis  [lovis- 
Pater],  m.,  the  god  of  the  visible 
heavens  and  the  atmosphere,  who 
was  regarded  as  the  supreme  divin- 
ity of  the  Romans,  Jupiter,  Jove.  — 
Identified  with  the  Greek  Zei^s, 
hence  with  the  adjective  Olympius. 

iuro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [iur-  (stem 
of  ius)],  I.  V.  n.,  swear,  take  an 
oath.  —  iuratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  in 
active  sense,  sworn,  on  oath. 

ius,  iuris  [for  tiavus,  YU  (akin 
)  to  iug)  +  us],  N.,  justice,  right, 
rights  (collectively),  rights  over 
(anything),  claims,  law :  communia 
iura,  common  rights  of  7nan  ;  hoc 
iuris  constituere,  establish   this   as 


law ;  lure,  with  right,  justly ; 
praecipuo  iure,  with  special  justice  ; 
suo  iure,  with  peifect  right  ,\OT^timo 
iure,  with  perfect  justice ;  iure 
consultus,  see  consultus. 

msiiirandum,  iurisiiirandl  [see 
ius  and  iuro],  N.,  an  oath. 

iiissii  [abl.  of  tiussus],  used  as 
adv.,  by  order :  meo  iussu,  by  my 
orders. 

iuste  [old  abl.  of  iustus],  adv., 
justly. 

iustitia,  -ae  [iusto-  -f  tia],  f., 
justice  (just  behavior),  sense  of 
justice. 

iustus,  -a,  -um  [ius  -f  tus],  adj., 
just,  lawful,  reasonable.  —  Also, 
coitiplete,  perfect,  regular :  omnia 
iusta  solvere  (all  due  rites). 

iuvenis,  -e  [?],  zol]., yoz(7ig. — 
Masc.  as  subst.,  a  young  mail  (not 
over  45),  a  youth. 

iuventus,  -utis  [iuven-  (orig. 
stem  of  iuvenis)  +  tus],  f.,  youth. 
—  Concretely,  the  youth,  young 
mefi,  the  young. 

iuvo,  iuvare,  iuvl,  iutus  [?], 
I.  v.  a.,  help,  aid,  assist. 


Kal.,  abbreviation  for  Kalendae 
and  its  cases  (which  see), 

Kalendae  (Cal-),  -arum  [f.  plur. 
of  tcalendus,  p.  of  verb  akin  to 
calo],  F.  plur.,  the  Calends  (the 
first  day  of  the  Roman  month, 
when,  as  it  would  seem,  the  times  of 
the  moon  were  announced  to  the 


assembled  people)  :  pridie  Kalen- 
das  lanuarias  (i.e.  December  31). 

Karthaginiensis  (Car-),  -e  [Kar- 
thagin-  +  ensis],  adj.,  Cartha- 
ginian. —  Masc.  plur.  as  subst., 
the   Carthaginians. 

Karthag5  (Car-),  -inis  [Punic, 
new  city],  F.,  Carthage. 


L. 


ii8 


Laenius 


L.,  abbreviation  for  Lucius. 

L  (X)  [^  corrupt  form  of  the 
Greek  letter  \p  (prop.  x)>  originally 
used  for  50,  and  retained  in  the 
later  notation],  a  sign  iox  fifty. 

labefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -factus 
[unc.  stem  (akin  to  labor)  -facio], 
3.  V.  a.,  shake.,  cause  to  totter. 

labefacto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [labe- 
(cf.  labefacio)  -facto],  i.  v.  a.,  shake, 
cause  to  totter,  iveakeii,  icndeiniine, 
overthrow,  shatter,  atnutt,  invali- 
date, disturb. 

labes,  -is  [lab  (in  labor)  -f  es], 
F.,  a  fall,  ruin,  a  plague  (fig.)»  ^^ 
fest.  —  Also,  a  disgrace,  a  shame. 

Labienus,  -I  [?,  perh.  labia  {lips) 
+  enus],  M.,  a  Roman  family 
name.  —  Esp.,  T.  Alius  Labienus, 
a  violent  partisan  of  Csesar,  a 
legatus,  under  him  in  Gaul,  but 
afterwards  in  the  civil  war  on  the 
side  of  Pompey. 

labo,  -are,  -avI,  no  p.p.  [?,  akin 
to  labor],  i.  v.  n.,  totter,  xuaver, 
give  way. 

labor,  labi,  lapsus  [?,  akin  to 
labo],  3.  V.  dep.,  slide,  fall,  slip,  err, 
be  imprudent. 

labor,  -oris  [rabh  -f  or  (for  os)], 
M.,  toil,  exertion  (in  its  disagree- 
able aspect),  labor  (as  painful), 
trouble. 

laboriosus,  -a,  -um  [labor-  + 
osus],  adj.,  toilsome,  laborious. 

Iab5r5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [labor-], 
I.  V.  n.,  toil,  exert  ofie's  self. — 
Also,  suffer,  labor,  be  hard  pressed, 
be  in  trouble,  trouble  o?te's  self  care. 


—  With  neut.  pron.,  labor  about, 
attend  to,  busy  one^s  self  with. 

lacero,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [lacero-], 
I.  V.  a.,  mangle,  lacerate,  tear. 

lacesso,  -cessere,  -cessTvT  (il), 
-cessTtus  [stem  akin  to  lacio  -f  unc. 
term.],  3.  v.  a.,  irritate,  provoke.  — 
Esp.,  attack,  harass,  assail,  skir- 
viish  with. 

lacrima,  -ae  [tdakru-  (cf.  8dKpv) 
-f  ma],  F.,  a  tear. 

lacrimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [lacri- 
ma], I.  v.  n.  and  a.,  weep,  weep 
for. 

Iacte5,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  p.p. 
[lact-],  2.  V.  n.,  suck.  —  Esp.,  lac- 
tens,  -entis,  p.,  sucking,  ttursing,  a 
suckling,  a  mirsling. 

lacus,  -us  [},  cf.  lacer,  lacuna], 
M.,  a  reservoir,  a  lake. 

Laeca,  -ae  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.,  M.  Laeca, 
a  partisan  of  Catiline. 

laedo,  laedere,  laesl,  laesus  [perh. 
for  lavido,  lu  (increased)  +  do  (cf. 
tendo)],  3.  v.  a.,  wound,  injure. — 
Fig.,  esp.,  break  (one's  word,  etc.), 
violate,  hurt,  disparage,  thwart, 
injure. 

Laelius,  -T  [?],  m.,  a  Roman  gen- 
tile name.  —  Esp.:  i.  C.  Ltrlius, 
the  friend  of  the  younger  Africa- 
nus  ;  2.  D.  La;lius,  an  adherent  of 
Pompey. 

Laenius,  -I  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  M.  Lcznius 
Flaccus,  a  knight  of  Brundisium, 
a  friend  of  Cicero,  and  one  of  his 
supporters  in  his  exile. 


laetitia 


119 


Latium 


laetitia,    -ae    [laetS-  +  tia],    f., 
joy,  gladness  (cf.  laetus). 
'  laetor,  -arl,  -atus  [laeto-],  i.  v. 

dep.,  rejoice  (cf.  laetus),  be  glad, 
take  delight:  illud  laetandum  est, 
this  is  a  cause  of  rejoicing. 

laetus,  -a,  -um  [unc.  root  (perh. 
akin  to  glad)  +  tus],  adj.,  joyful 
(of  the  inner  feeling),  rejoicing: 
me  domus  laetissima  accepit  {with 
the  greatest  joy). 

lamentatio,  -onis  [lamenta-  + 
tio],   F.,  lamentation. 

lamentor,  -arl,  -atus  [lamento-], 
I.  V.  dep.,  lament,  bewail. 

lamentum,  -T  [?,  perh.  LU+meu- 
tum  ;  cf.  laedo],  n.,  a  lametitation. 

lamina,  -ae  [?,  perh.  lu  -f  mina], 
F.,  a  scale  (of  metal),  a  plate  (esp. 
heated,  used  for  torture). 

languidus,  -a,  -um  [tlanguo- 
(whence  langueo)  -f  dus] , ad j .,  spirit- 
less, listless,  languid,  stupid,  sleepy, 
dozy :  languidior,  less  active. 

lanista,  -ae  \j\  m.,  a  trainer  (of 
gladiators). 

Lanuvinus,  -a,  -um  [Lanuvio-  -f 
inus],  adj.,  of  Laimvium.  —  Masc. 
plur.  as  subst.,  the  people  of  Lanu- 
vium. 

Lanuvium,  -T  [?],  n.,  a  town  of 
Latium,  twenty  miles  from  Rome 
on  the  Appian  Way,  famous  for 
its  worship  of  Juno   Sospita. 

lapidatio,  -onis  [lapida-  +  tio], 
F.,  a  stoning,  throwing  stones. 

lapis,  -idis  [.''],  m.,  a  stone. 

laqueus,  -I  [l.\c  (in  lacio)  -f  eus 
(.''  -AYAS)],  M.,  a  slip-noose,  a  snare. 
— Fig.,  the  meshes  (of  the  law, 
etc.). 


Lar,  Laris  [.'],  m.,  a  household 
divinity  :  Lar  familiaris,  household 
gods  (as  a  symbol  of  home),  home, 
hearth  and  home. 

large  [old  abl.  of  largus],  adv., 
copiously,  generously,  lavishly. 

largior,  -Irl,  -Itus  [largo-],  4.  v. 
dep.,  give  lavishly,  bestotu  upon, 
supply  with,  lavish  upon,  grant. — 
Also,  give  bribes,  give  presents. 

largitio,  -onis  [largi-  (stem  of 
largior)  -f  tio],  f.,  lavish  giving, 
bribery. 

largitor,  -oris  [largi-  +  tor],  m., 
a  lavish  giver,  a  briber,  a  spend- 
thrift. 

late  [old  abl.  of  latus],  adv., 
ividely,  broadly :  longe  lateque,  far 
and  wide. 

latebra,  -ae  [late-  -f  bra],  F.,  a 
hiding-place. 

lateo,  latere,  latuT,  no  p.p.  [.'], 
2.  V.  n.,  lie  concealed,  lurk,  be  con- 
cealed, pass  unnoticed,  lie  hid,  work 
secretly. 

Latiaris  (-alis),  -e  [Lati6-  +  aris], 
adj.,  of  Latium  :  lupiter  Latiaris 
(the  Jupiter  worshipped  on  the 
Alban  Mount  as  the  tutelar  divin- 
ity of  the  old  Latin  union). 

Latiniensis,  -e  [LatinS- (?)-f  en- 
sis],  adj.,  of  Latium,  Latin. — Esp. 
as  Roman  proper  name,  Q.  Ccelius 
Latiniensis,  a  tribune  of  the  people. 

Latinus,  -a,  -um  [Latio-  -f  inus], 
adj.,  Latin. 

Latium,  -I  [prob.  lato-  -f  ium 
(neut.  of  -ius),  the  fiat  land  f],  the 
country  between  the  Apennines, 
the  Tiber,  and  the  Tuscan  Sea, 
now  the  Campagna. 


lator 


I  20 


lego 


lator,  -oris  [(t)la-  +  tor],  m.,  a 
bearer,  a  proposer  (of  a  law ;  cf .  f  ero) . 

latro,  -onis  [prob.  stem  borrowed 
fr.  Greek  +  0],  m.,  a  mercenary  (?), 
a  robber,  a  marauder. 

latrocinium,  -I  [tlatrocino-  + 
ium ;  cf .  ratiocinor] ,  n  .,  freebooting, 
robbery,  brigandage,  marauding,  a 
band  of  marauders,  a  ?naranding  ex- 
pedition (opposed  to  bellum,  q.  v.). 

latrocinor,  -arl,  -atus  [tlatro- 
cino-; cf.  latrocinium],  i.  v.  dep., 
be  a  freebooter,  act  as  a  marauder : 
latrocinans,  as  a  marauder. 

latus,  -a,  -um  [prob.  for  tpla- 
tus  ;  cf.  TrXarus],  adj.,  broad,  wide, 
extensive. 

latus,  lateris  [prob.  lato-  +  rus 
(reduced)],  n.,  the  side  (of  the 
body).  —  Also,  generally,  a  side,  a 
flank,  an  end  (of  a  hill). 

latus,  -a,  -um  [for  tlatus,  tla  (cf . 
tollo,  tuli)  -f  tus],  p.p.  of  fero. 

laudatio,  -onis  [lauda-  +  tio],  f., 
a  eulogy,  a  funeral  oration. 

laudator, -oris  [lauda-  -f  tor],  m., 
a  eulogizer,  an  extoller. 

Iaud5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [laud-], 
I.  V.  a.,  praise,  com 7n end,  approve, 
eulogize,  applaud. 

laureatus,  -a,  -um  [laurea-  -f 
tus;  cf.  robustus],  adj.,  laurelled, 
crowned  with  laurel. 

laus,  laudis  [.-*],  Y.,  praise,  credit, 
renown,  reputation,  glory,  merit 
(thing  deserving  praise),  excellence : 
in  hac  laude  industriae  {in  gaining 
this  credit  by,  etc.) ;  fructum  istum 
laudis,  the  gaining  of  that  credit. 

lautumiae  (lato-,  latu-),  -arum 
[Xaro/Uta],   F.  plur.,  a  stone-quarry. 


lecticula,  -ae  [lectica-  +  ula  (fern, 
of  -ulus),  F.,  a  small  litter,  a  sedan 
chair. 

lectiiincula,  -ae  [lection-  -f  cula 
(fern,  of  -cuius)],  F.,  a  short  read- 
ing, desultory  reading. 

lectulus,  -I  [lecto-  -f  lus],  m.,  a 
couch,  a  sofa,  a  bed. 

lectus,  -I  [.^],  M.,  a  bed,  a  couch. 

lectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  lego. 

legatio,  -onis  [lega-  -f  tio],  f., 
[a  sending  or  commissioti),  an  em- 
bassy (message  of  ambassadors), 
the  office  of  legatus :  qua  in  lega- 
tione,  in  zvhich  office ;  ius  legationis, 
the  rights  of  ambassadors. 

legatus,  -I  [prop.  p.p.  of  lego], 
M.,  an  ambassador.  —  Also,  a  lieu- 
te7iant,  a  legatus.  To  a  Roman 
commander  were  assigned  (legare) 
one  or  more  subordinate  officers 
capable  of  taking  command  in  his 
absence  or  engaging  in  independent 
operations  under  his  general  direc- 
tion. These  were  the  legati,  and 
with  the  quaestor  composed  a  kind 
of  staff. 

legio,  -onis  [leg  -f  io],  f.,  {a 
levy);  hence,  a  legion  (originally 
the  whole  levy,  later  the  unit  of 
army  organization,  numberingfrom 
3000  to  6000  men,  divided  into  ten 
cohorts). 

legitimus,  -a,  -um  [leg-  (as 
if  legi)  -\-  timus],  adj.,  lawful, 
legal,  of  laxv,  according  to  law,  at 
law. 

lego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tlega- ;  cf. 
collega],  I.  V.  a.,  despatch,  commis- 
sion, cojumission  as  legatus,  choose 
as  legatus,  assign  (as  legatus). 


lego 


121 


liber 


lego,  legere,  legl,  lectus  [cf. 
Xe7w],  3.  V.  a.  and  n.,  choose,  col- 
lect, pick  ojtt.  —  Hence,  j-ead,  I'ead 
of.  —  lectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
choice,  esteetned,  sniper  to?: 

lenio,  -ire,  -ivl  (-ii),  -itus  [leni-], 
4.  V.  a.,  soothe,  niitigate. 

lenis,  -e  [?],  2.^].,  gentle,  lenient, 
viild. 

lenitas,  -atis  [leni-  +  tas],  f., 
gentleness,  leniency. 

leniter  [leni-  +  ter],  z.(S.\., gently. 

leno,  -onis  [?,  leni-  +  0],  m.,  a 
pander,  a  pimp,  a  go-betiveoi. 

lenocinium,  -I  [tlenocino-  (cf. 
lenocinor)  +  ium],  N.,  pandering. 

lente  [old  abl.  of  lentus],  adv., 
sloiuly. 

Lentulus,  -1  [lento-  +  lus],  m., 
a  Roman  family  name.  —  Esp.  : 
I.  Cn.  Cor?ielius  Lentulus  Clodia- 
iiiis,  consul  B.C.  72  ;  2.  P.  Cornelins 
Lotttiliis  Sura,  consul  B.C.  71,  one 
of  the  Catilinarian  conspirators ; 
3.  L.  Lenticlns,  an  unknown  pr£e- 
tor ;  4.  P.  Cornelius  Lentulus 
Spinther,  consul  B.C.  57,  a  sup- 
porter of  Cicero ;  5.  The  son  of 
No.  4,  of  the  same  name. 

lentus,  -a,  -um  [len  (cf.  lenis) 
+  tus],  adj.,  flexible.  —  Also, 
slow.  * 

lepidus,  -a,  -um  [flepo-  (cf. 
lepor)  +  dus],  m.,  graceful.  —  As 
a  Roman  family  name.  —  Esp. : 
I.  M\  Ai.7nilius  Lepidus,  consul 
B.C.  66;  2.  M.  yEviilius  Lepidus, 
consul  B.C.  78,  killed  in  a  quarrel 
with  his  colleague,  Q.  Catulus ; 
3.  Son  of  the  preceding,  of  the 
same  name,  the  famous    triumvir 


whose  house  was   robbed    by  the 
partisans   of  Clodius. 

lepor  (-Os),  -oris  [unc.  root 
-f  or;  cf.  honor],  m.,  attractive- 
ness, charm  ;  pleasantry,  wit, 
humor. 

levis,  -e  [for  tleghvis,  lagh  + 
us  (with  inserted  i  ;  cf.  brevis),  cf. 
fXaxi^s,  Eng.  light'],  adj.,  light, 
slight,  trivial,  unimportant,  of  no 
zveight.  —  Also  (cf.  giacvis),  incon- 
stant, fickle,  wajiting  in  character, 
worthless,  unprincipled. 

levitas,  -atis  [levi- +  tas],  f., 
lightness.  —  Also  (cf.  levis),  incon- 
stancy, fickleness,  zvant  of  principle, 
unsteadiness. 

leviter  [levi- -f  ter] ,  adv.,  lightly, 
slightly  :  ut  levissime  dicam,  to  say 
the  least. 

levo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [levi-  (as  if 
levo-)],  I.  V.  3..,  lighten.  —  Hence, 
free  from  a  burden,  relieve,  allevi- 
ate, lesseji :  annonam  [relieve  the 
market,  lessen  the  price  of  graiii). 

lex,  legis  [leg  (in  lego)],  f.,  a 
statute,  a  law,  a  condition. 

libellus,  -1  [libro-  +  lus],  m.,  a 
little  book,  a  list,  a  paper. 

libens  (lub-),  see  libet. 

libenter  [libent-  -f  ter],  adv., ■ze////- 
ingly,  gladly,  with  pleasure. — With 
verb,  be  glad  to,  etc. :  libentissime 
audire,  most  like  to  hear. 

liber,  libiT  [.^],  m.,  bark  (of  a 
tree).  —  Hence,  a  book. 

^  liber, -era, -erum  [tlib6-(  whence 
libet) -f  rus    (reduced)],   adj.,  free  ■ 
(of     persons     and     things),    unre- 
stricted,     undisturbed,      Ufiincufn- 
bered,  independetit. 


Liber 


122 


lignum 


-  Liber, -eri  [same  word  as  ^  liber, 
connection  uncertain],  M.,  an 
Italian  deity  of  agriculture.  — 
Hence  identified  with  Bacchus. 

Libera,  -ae  [fern,  of  preceding 
word],  F.,  an  Italian  goddess  iden- 
tified with  Prose7-pine  (cf.  Kopr?). 

liberalis,  -e  [i liber-  +  alls],  adj., 
of  a  freeman,  generous,  liberal,  noble 
(studia). 

liberalitas,  -atis  [liberali-  +  tas], 
F.,  generosity. 

liberaliter  [liberali-  +  ter],  adv., 
generously,  kindly  (respondit). 

Iiberati5,  -onis  [libera-  +  tio],  f., 
a  setting  free,  a  freeing,  acquittal. 

liberator,  -oris  [libera-  +  tor],  m., 
a  deliverer,  a  liberator. 

libere  [old  abl.  of  liber],  adv., 
freely,  without  restraint,  with 
freedom . 

liberi,  -orum  [prob.  masc.  plur. 
of  liber,  the  free  members  of  the 
household^  M.  plur.,  children.  — 
Sometimes  even  of  one. 

libero,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [libero-], 
I.  V.  a.,  free,  set  free,  relieve  (from 
some  bond),  absolve,  acqtiit :  libe- 
ratur  Milo  non  profectus  esse  {is 
acquitted  of  having,  etc.). 

libertas,  -atis  [libero-  (reduced) 
+  tas],  F.,  liberty,  freedom,  inde- 
pendence. —  Hence,  Liberty  (per- 
sonified and  worshipped  as  a 
divinity). 

libertinus,  -T  [liberto-  -f  inus],  m., 
a  freedman  (as  a  member  of  a 
class;  cf.  libertus).     Also  as  adj. 

libertus,  -I  [libero-  (reduced) + 
tus],  M.,  afreedfnafi  (in  reference  to 
his  former  master ;  cf.  libertinus). 


libet  (lub-),  -ere,  -uit  (libitum 
est)  [?,  cf.  liber],  2.  v.  impers.,  it 
pleases,  one  desires,  one  is  pleased 
to.  —  libens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  glad, 
pleased,  gladly,  with  pleasure,  with 
good  will. 

libidinose  (lub-)  [old  abl.  of 
libidinosus],  adv.,  arbitrarily,  law- 
lessly, licentiously. 

libidinosus  (lub-),  -a,  -um  [libi- 
din-  -f  osus],  adj.,  arbitrary,  law- 
less, licentious. 

libido  (lub-),  -inis  [akin  to  li- 
bet; cf.  cupido],  F.,  lawlessness, 
lice7itiousness,  caprice,  lust,  desire, 
laxvless  fancy,  arbitrary  conduct, 
watitonness. 

librarium,  -I  [libro-  +  arium] 
(neut.  of  librarius),  n.,  a  bookcase. 

licentia,  -ae  [licent-  -f  ia],  f., 
liccfise,  lawlessness. 

licet,  licere,  licuit  (licitum  est) 
[tlico- ;  cf.  delicus,  reliquus],  2.  v. 
impers.,  //  is  lawful,  it  is  allowed, 
one  may,  one  is  allowed,  one  is  per- 
mitted. —  licet,  although,  though. 

Licinius,  -i  [licino-  -f-  ius],  m., 
a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp. : 
I.  A.  Licinius  Archias,  the  poet 
defended  by  Cicero;  2.  Licinius, 
an  obscure  restaurant-keeper.  See 
LucuUus. 

lictor,  -oris  [?,  perh.  lac  4-  tor], 
M.,  a  lictor  (the  attendant  of  the 
higher  Roman  magistrates). 

Ligarius,  -I  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name. —  Esp.,  Q.  Ligarius, 
an  officer  in  Pompey's  army  in 
Africa,  defended  by  Cicero  before 
Cjesar. 

lignum,  -i  [?],  N.,  wood,  a  log. 


limen 


123 


luceo 


limen,  -inis  [akin  to  limus,  obli- 
quus],  N.,  (a  c}-osspiece),  a  threshold, 
a  luitel :  omnis  aditus  et  limen,  all 
approach  and  entrance. 

lingua,  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  tongue. — 
Hence,  a  language. 

linter  (lunt-),  -tris  [?],  f.  (and 
M.),  a  skiff. 

linum,  -1  [prob.  borr.  fr.  Gr. 
\l.vov\,  n.,  Jlax. —  Hence,  a  thread. 

liquefacio,  -facere,  -fed,  -factus 
[lique-  (stem  akin  to  liqueo)  -facio], 
3.  V.  a.,  liquefy,  melt. 

liquido  [abl.  of  liquidus],  as  adv., 
clearly,  plainly,  with  truth,  with  a 
clear  conscience. 

lis,  litis  [for  tstlis,  stla  +  tis 
(reduced)?;  cf.  locus  and  Eng. 
strife^  F.,  a  suit  at  hnv,  a  latv- 
suit.  —  Also,  the  aniount  iti  dis- 
pute, damages. 

littera  (litera),  -ae  [?,  akin  to 
lino],  F.,  a  letter  {pi  the  alphabet). — 
Plur.,  letters,  writing,  afi  alphabet, 
a  letter  (an  epistle),  literature,  a 
document. 

litteratus  (lit-),  -a,  -um  [litera- 
+  tus],  adj.,  educated,  cultij'ated. 

litiira,  -ae  [tlitu-  (li  in  lino  -f  tu) 
+  ra],  F,,  an  erasure. 

litus,  -oris  [?],  N.,  a  shore,  a  beach. 

loco,  -are,  -avT,  -at  us  [loco-], 
I.  V.  a.,  place,  station.- — Hence,  let, 
77iake  a  contract,  c'otitract  for. 

Locrensis,  -e  [Locri-  +  ensis], 
adj.,  of  Locri  (a  Greek  city  of  Italy 
near  Rhegium).  —  Masc.  plur.  as 
subst.,  the  people  of  Locri,  Locrians. 

locuples,  -pletis  [?,  loco-pies  (pie 
-f  tus,  reduced)],  adj.,  {with  full 
coffers  ?),  rich,  wealthy,  responsible. 


locupleto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [locu- 
plet-],  I.  V.  a.,  enrich. 

locus,  -T  [for  tstlocus,  stla  -f 
cus],  M.  (sing.),  N.  (generally  plur.), 
a  place,  a  spot,  a  position,  a  region 
(esp.  in  plur.),  a  point,  the  ground 
(in  military  language),  space,  extent 
(of  space),  room,  a  passage.  —  Fig., 
position,  a  station,  rank,  a  point, 
place  {light,  position,  charade}-),  an 
opportunity,  a  chance,  coiidition, 
state  of  things,  an  occasion,  point 
(in  argument). 

longe  [old  abl.  of  longus],  adv., 
far,  too  far,  absent,  far  away,  distant. 

longinquitas,  -atis  [longinquo- 
+  tas],  F.,  distance. 

longinquus,  -a,  -um  [case-form 
of  longus  (perh.  loc.)-f  cus],  adj., 
long  (of  time  and  space),  distant, 
long-continued. 

longiusculus,  -a,  -um  [longior- 
+  cuius],  adj.,  rather  long,  a  little 
longer. 

longus,  -a,  -um  [.'],  adj.,  long 
(of  space  and  time),  far,  distant: 
longum  est  commemorare  (//  is  too 
long  to,  etc.,  it  would  take  too  long 
to,  etc.);  ne  longum  sit,  Jtot  to  be 
too  long. 

loquor,  loqul,  locutus  [?],  3.  v. 
dep.,  speak,  talk,  converse,  express 
one''s  self,  say  (with  neuter  pron.): 
auctoritas  loquentium  {in  words). 

lubet,  see  libet. 

lubido,  see  libido. 

Lucceius,  -i  [?],  m.,  an  Italian 
gentile  name.  — PIsp.,  Q.  Lucceius, 
a  banker  at  Rhegium. 

liiceo,  liicere,  liixT,  no.  p.p.  [luc- 
(stem  of  lux)],  2.  v.  n.,  shine,  beam. 


Lucius 


124 


Macedonicus 


—  Fig.,  be  clear,  be  obvious,  be  cott- 
spicuous. 

Lucius,  -i  [luc-  (in  lux)+ius], 
M.,  a  Roman  praenomen. 

luctuosus,  -a,  -um  [luctu-  + 
osus],  adj.,  full  of  grief  sorrow- 
ful, distressing. 

luctus,  -us  [lug-  4-tus],  M.,  grief 
sorrozv,  mourning. 

luculentus,  -a,  -um  [lucu-  (old 
form  of  lux)  -f  lentus],  adj.,  fill 
of  light,  bright:  caminus  {brightly 
burning). 

Lucullus,  -i  [?],  M.,  a  Roman 
family  name. — Esp. :  i .  Z.  Licinins 
Lncullus,  the  able  general  of  the 
third  Mithridatic  war;  2.  M.  Li- 
cinius  Lucullus,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding. The  whole  family  was  rich 
and  cultivated. 

liicus,  -I  [prob.  luc  (in  lux)  -f 
us],  M.,  {ati  open  groz'e,  as  opposed 
to  the  forest),  a  grove  (commonly 
sacred). 

ludificatio, -onis  [ludifica-  +tio], 
F.,  derision,  mockery. 

ludus,  -T  [.'],  M.,  play,  sport.  — 
Also,  a  school,  a  training-school.  — 
Plur.,  games  (Roman  festivals). 

Iiige5,  lugere,  luxT,  luxurus 
[tlugo-;  cf.  \v'^pb{\,  2.  V.  a.  and 
n.,  mourn,  bewail,  lajnent. 


liimen,  -inis  [luc  +  men],  n., 
a  light  (also  fig.):  ipsa  lamina,  the 
brightest  lights. 

lunter,  see  linter. 

luo,  luere,  lul,  luiturus  [lu  ;  cf. 
\vu)~\,  3.  V.  a.,  loose.  —  Esp.,  pay, 
suffer  (a  penalty),  atone  for  (a 
fault). 

lupa,  -ae  [.^  cf.  Xukos],  f.,  a  she- 
wolf  —  Also,  a  prostitute. 

lupinus,  -a,  -um  [lupo-  +  inus], 
adj.,  of  a  wolf,  of  the  wolf  (the 
nurse  of  Romulus  and  Remus). 

lustro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [lustro-], 
I.  V.  a.,  purify.  —  Hence,  go  over 
(for  purification),  pass  over. 

lustrum,  -T  [unc.  form  from  lu 
+  trum;  cf.  monstrum],  n.,  a 
slough.  —  Hence,  a  brothel.  — 
Hence  in  plur.,  debauchery. 

lutum,  -i  [lu  +  turn  (neut.  of 
-tus)],  N.  i^"  the  wash"),  mud, 
mire. 

lux,  lucis  [luc  (in  luceo)  as 
stem],  F.,  light,  light  of  the  smi, 
sunlight,  open  light,  daylight :  ante 
lucem,  before  daybreak. 

luxuria,  -ae  (also  -ies,  -iel)  [tlux- 
uro-  (luxu  -f  rus)  -f  ia],  f.,  luxuty, 
7'iototis  living,  fast  livers  (cf.  inven- 
tus, the  youth). 

liixuries,  -el,  see  luxuria. 


M 


M.,  abbreviation  of  Marcus. 

M  [corruption  of  CI3  (orig.  $) 
through  influence  of  mille],  1000. 

M'.,  abbreviation  for  Manius. 

Macedonia,  -ae  [Ma/ceSoi^m],  f., 
the    country     originally    bounded 


by  Thessaly  and  Epirus,  Thrace, 
Paeonia,  and  Illyria  ;  finally  con- 
quered by  T.  Quinctius  Flamininus, 

B.C.   197. 

Macedonicus,    -a,    -um     [Ma^ce- 
So^tKOs],  adj.,  Macedoniati. 


machinator 


125 


magnus 


machinator,  -oris  [machina-  -f 
tor],  M.,  a  contriver,  a  inanager. 

machinor,  -arl,  -atus  [machina-], 
I.  V.  dep.,  contrive,  invent,  engineer, 
plot. 

macto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [macto-], 

1.  V.  a.,  sacrifice,  slaughter,  punish, 
pursue  (with  punishment). 

macula,  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  spot,  a 
stain. 

maculo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [macu- 
la-], I.  V.  a.,  stain,  pollute. 

madefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -factus 
[made-  (stem  akin  to  madeo)  + 
facio],  3.  V.  a.,  moisten,  wet. 

Maecius,  -i  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  Sp.  Ma;cius 
{Tarpa),  who  had  charge  of  the 
games  in  Pompey's  theatre. 

Maelius  (Melius),  -I  [?],  m.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  Sp. 
Mcelius,  a  Roman,  killed,  B.C.  439, 
by  Servilius  Ahala,  on  the  charge 
of  aiming  at  regal  power. 

maereo  (moer-),  -ere,  no  perf., 
no    p.p.    [tmaero-;     cf.    maestus], 

2.  V.  a.  and  n.,  mourn,  grieve, 
be  in  sorrow,  grieve  for,  mourn 
for. 

\  maeror  (moe-),  -oris  [maes-  (cf. 

maestus)  -f  or],  m.,  grief,  sorrow, 
sadness. 

maestitia  (moes-),  -ae  [maesto- 
-f  tia],  F.,  sadness,  sorrow. 

maestus  (moe-),  -a,  -um  [mis  ? 
(in  miser)  -+-  tus],  p.p.  of  maereo 
as  adj.,  sad,  sorrowful. 

magis  [mag  (in  magnus)  +  ius 
(n.  compar.  sufifix)],  adv.,  more, 
rather,  more  than  usual,  better.  — 
See  also  maxima. 


magister,  -tri  [magis  -f  ter ;  cf. 
alter],  M.,  a  master,  a  ft  instructor, 
a  teacher. 

magistra,  -ae  [f  em.  of  preceding], 
F.,  a  mistress,  a  teacher  (female,  or 
conceived  as  such). 

magistratus,  -us  [magistra-  (as 
if  stem  of  tmagistro)  -f  tus],  M., 
a  ynagistracy  (office  of  a  magis- 
trate).—  Concretely,  a  magistrate 
(cf.  "  the  powers  that  be  "). 

magnifice  [old  abl.  of  magni- 
ficus],  adv.,  magnificently,  hand- 
somely, finely. 

magnificentior,  see  magnificus. 

magnificus,-a,-um  [magno-tficus 
(fac  -f  us)],  adj.,  splendid,  grand, 
magnificent.  —  Compar.,  magnifi- 
centior, -ius. 

magnitude,  -inis  [magno-  + 
tudo],  v.,  greatness,  great  size,  size, 
extent,  stature,  great  extent,  enor- 
mity, great  amount,  iftiportatice : 
animi  magnitude,  lofty  spirit,  no- 
bleness of  soul. 

magnopere,  see  opus. 

magnus,  -a,  -um  [mag  (in- 
crease) +  nus  ;  cf.  magis],  adj., 
great  (in  any  sense,  of  size,  quan- 
tity, or  degree),  large,  extensive, 
important,  serious,  deep  (ignominia), 
violent  (minas),  loud  (clamor),  7'ich 
(fructus),  powerfil  (subsidium)  : 
magni  habere,  to  value  highly,  make 
much  account  of ;  magni  interest, 
it  is  of  great  importatice  ;  magnum 
et  sanctum,  a  great  and  sacred 
thing;  magnum  et  amplum  co- 
gitare,  have  great  and  lofty  ideas. 
—  See  also  Magnus.  —  maior,  -ius, 
compar.,   in    usual   sense.  —  Also, 


Magnus 


126 


manifestus 


maior  (with  or  without  natu),  elder ^ 
older.  —  In  plur.  as  subst.,  elders, 
ancestors  :  pecunia  maior,  a  ^^rcater 
amount  0/  money.  —  maximus,  -a, 
-um,  superl.,  largest,  very  large, 
greatest,  very  great,  very  loud,  most 
important,  etc. —  See  also  Maximus. 

Magnus,  -T  [magnus],  m.,  a 
Roman  name. 

maiestas,  -atis  [maios-  (orig. 
.stem  of  maior)  +  tas],  F.,  (superi- 
ority), majesty,  dignity.  —  Esp.  (for 
maiestas  deminuta),  treason. 

maior,  compar.  of  magnus. 

Maius,  -a,  -um  [Mata],  adj.,  of 
May. 

male  [old  abl.  of  malus],  adv., 
badly,  ill,  not  well,  hardly :  loqui 
{abusively)  ;  existimare  {ill,  evil). 

maledictum,  -T  [male  dictum], 
N.,  an  insult  (in  words),  abuse. 

maleficium,  -T  [malefico-  +  ium], 
N.,  harm,  mischief,  a  crime,  a 
misdeed. 

malitia,  -ae  [malo-  +  tia],  f., 
wickedness,  trickery. 

malitiose  [old  abl.  of  malitio- 
sus],  adv.,  by  trickery. 

malleolus,  -I  [malleo-  +  lus],  m., 
{a  hammer),  a  grenade,  afire-dart. 

Mallius,  -i  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  Mallius 
Glaucia,  a  friend  of  T.  Roscius.  — 
See  also  Manlius. 

malo,  malle,  maluT,  no  p.p. 
[mage-  (for  magis)  volo],  irr.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  wish  more,  wish  rather, 
prefer,  will  (etc.)  rather,  choose 
rather. 

malus,  -a,  -um  [?],  adj.,  bad  (in 
all  senses),  ///,  wretched.  —  peior, 


-us,  compar.  —  pessimus,  -a,  -um, 
superl.  —  malum,  -i,  neut.  as  subst., 
mischief,  evil,  har7n,  misfortune, 
trouble :  malus  civis  (dangerous, 
pernicious). 

Mamertinus,  -a,  -um  [Mamert- 
+  inus,  of  Mar s^  adj.,  Mamertine 
(belonging  to  a  body  of  mercenary 
troops  who  seized  the  city  of  Mes- 
sina).—  Masc.  plur.  as  subst.,  the 
Mamertities  (the  inhabitants  of  the 
city  captured  by  these  adventurers). 

manceps,  -ipis  [manu-tceps ;  cf. 
princeps],  m.,  a  purchaser. 

mancus,  -a,-um  [?],  adj.,  maimed, 
crippled. 

mandatum,  -i  [neut.  p.p.  of  man- 
do],  N.,  a  trust  (given  to  one),  in- 
structions (given),  <7  message  (given). 

mando,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [?,  tman-  ' 
do-  (manu-do)],  i.  v.  a.,  put  into 
ofie^s  hands,  entrust,  instruct  (give 
instructions  to),  commit,  consign, 
confer  (honores,  imperia),  order, 
command :  eaanimis  (let sink,  etc.). 

mane  [abl.  of  tmanis  (.'',  ma  + 
nis ;  cf.  matuta,  maturus)],  adv-, 
/«  the  morning,  early  in  the 
morning. 

maneo,  manere,  mansi,  mansu- 
rus  [unc.  stem  akin  to  fihuj], 
2.  v.  n.,  stay,  remain,  stay  at  home, 
continue,  last,  persist  in,  abide  by. 

manicatus,  -a,  -um  [manica-  -f     / 
tus],  adj.,  long-sleeved,  with  sleeves. 

manifesto  [abl.  of  manifestus], 
adv.,  iji  the  act,  red-handed,  clearly, 
obviously. 

manifestus,  -a,  -um  [manu- 
festus  (cf.  iniQstns),  caught  by  lay- 
ing    on    the   hand?"],  adj.,    caught 


Manilius 


127 


Marius 


itt  the  act,  pj-oved  by  direct  evi- 
dence (as  opposed  to  circumstantial 
evidence),  overt,  clear,  ma7iifest, 
audacious,  rampant:  audacia  {iin- 
hlushing,  as  not  attempting  con- 
cealment). 

Manilius,  -I  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name. —  Esp. :  i.  C.  Ma- 
nilius, a  tribune  of  the  people,  B.C. 
66,  who  proposed  the  law  giving 
Pompey  command  in  the  East ;  2. 
M\  Alanilius,  an  eminent  legal 
authority. 

Manius,  -1  [mane  (?)  -f  ius],  m., 
a  Roman  praenomen. 

Manlianus,  -a,  -um  [Manlio-  + 
anus],  adj.,  of  Manlius. 

Manlius,  -i  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp.  :  i.  Q.  Man- 
lius, a  juror  in  the  case  of  Verres  ; 

2.  C.  Manlius  {Mallius),  one  of 
Catiline's  accomplices. 

man5,  -are,  -avi,  no  p.p.  [}'], 
I.  v.  n.,  Jlow,  spread. 

mansuete  [old  abl.  of  mansue- 
tus],  adv.,  mildly,  kindly. 

mansuetudo,  -inis  [manu-tsue- 
tudo],  F.,  7nildness,  gentleness. 

mansuetus,  -a,  -um  [manu-sue- 
tus],  adj.,  (wotited  to  the  hand), 
tarne,  gentle,  kind. 

manubiae,  -arum  [?,  akin  to 
manus],  F.  plur.,  money  derived 
from  booty,  booty. 

manumitto  (also  separate),  -mit- 
tere,  -misT,   -missus   [manu-mitto], 

3.  V.  a.,  {let  go  from  Okie's  hand), 
manumit,  free. 

manus,  -us  [?],  F.,  the  hand, 
violence.  —  Also  (cf.  manipulus),  a 
company,  a  band,  a  troop.  —  Also, 


handwriting :  in  manibus  habere, 
have  on  hand,  have ;  manu  factum, 
7vrought  by  art.  —  Cf .  also  manu- 
mittere. 

Marcellus,  -I  [Marculo-  (Marco- 
-f  lus)-f  Ius],  M.,  (the  little  ham- 
mer?), a  Roman  family  name. — 
Esp. :  I .  M.  Claudius  Marcellus, 
the  conqueror  of  Syracuse,  B.C. 
212;  2.  M.  Claudius  Marcellus, 
an  unworthy  member  of  the  same 
great  family;  3.  M.  Claudius  Mar- 
cellus, consul  B.C.  51,  defended  by 
Cicero  before  Ca;sar;  4.  C.  Clau- 
dius Marcellus,  consul  B.C.  50, 
cousin  of  the  preceding. 

Marcius  (Martius  ?),  -1  [.^  Mart- 
+  ius  ?],  M.,  a  Roman  gentile  name. 
—  Esp.,  C.  Marcius,  a  Roman 
knight. 

Marcus,  -i  [.^  mar  (in  morior, 
etc.)  -f  cus,  the  hammer?,  the  war- 
rior?'], M.,  a  Roman  praenomen. 

mare,  -is  [?],  n.,  the  sea,  a  sea: 
terra  marique,  071  land  and  sea. 

maritimus  (-tumus),  -a,  -um 
[marl-  -f  timus  ;  cf.  finitimus],  adj., 
of  the  sea,  sea-,  maritime,  naval,  on 
the  sea. 

maritus,  -1  [stem  akin  to  mas 
[male)  -f  tus],  M.,  a  husband. 

Marius,  -1  [.'],  m.,  a  Roman  gen- 
tile name.  Esp.  :  i.  C.  Marius, 
the  opponent  of  Sulla  and  the 
champion  of  the  popular  against 
the  aristocratic  party.  He  con- 
quered the  Cimbri  and  Teutones, 
B.C.  loi,  and  freed  Rome  from 
the  fear  of  a  Northern  invasion. 
In  his  sixth  consulship,  B.C.  100,  he 
killed  the  demagogues  Saturninus 


128 


meditor 


and  Glaucia  :  Mario  consule  et 
Catulo  (B.C.  102);  2.  J/.  Marius,  a 
friend  of  Cicero. 

marmor,  -oris  \_\  perh.  mar 
reduplicated],  N.,  marble. 

marmoreus,  -a,  -um  [marmor-  + 
eus],  adj.,  of  marble,  viarble. 

Mars,  Martis  [.^  perh.  mar  (in 
morior)  +  tis,  the  slayer,  but  more 
probably  of  wolves  than  of  men  in 
battle],  M.,  Mars,  originally  prob- 
ably a  god  of  husbandry  defending 
the  sheep,  but  afterwards  identified 
with  the  Greek  "ApT^s  and  wor- 
shipped as  the  god  of  war:  Mars 
communis  {the  favor  of  the  god  of 
war) ;  Martis  vis,  the  violence  of  war. 

Martius,  -a,  -um  [Mart-  -\-  ius], 
adj.,  of  Mars,  of  March.  —  Martia, 
the  title  of  a  legion  active  in  the 
struggle  against  Antony. 

Massilia,  -ae  [?],  f.,  Marseilles. 

Massiliensis,  -e  [Massilia-  -f 
ensis],  adj.,  of  Marseilles.  —  Masc. 
plur.  as  subst.,  the  people  of  Mar- 
seilles. 

mater,  -tris  [?,  prob.  ma  {create) 
-f  ter],  F.,  a  mother,  a  matron. 

mater  familias  [see  the  words], 
F.,  a  matron. 

materia,  -ae  (-es,  -el)  [?,  prob. 
mater-  -f  la  (fern,  of  -ius)],  f., 
wood  (cut,  for  material),  timber 
(cf.  lignum,  wood  for  fuel). — Fig., 
source,  instrument. 

maternus, -a, -um  [mater- -fnus], 
adj.,  7naternal,  of  one'' s  mother. 

matiire  [old  abl.  of  maturus], 
adv.,  early,  speedily. 

matiiritas,  -atis  [mature- +  tas], 
F.,  maturity,  full  development. 


matur5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ma- 
ture-], I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  hasten, 
make  haste,  anticipate,  forestall. 

matiirus,  -a,  -um  [fmatu-  (ma 
(in  mane)-f  tus)-(- rus],  adj.,  early. 
—  Also  (by  unc.  connection  of 
ideas),  ripe,  mature. 

matutinus,  -a,  -um  [matuta  (cf. 
mane,  maturus)  -f  inus],  of  the 
morjiing,  mor7iing-,  early :  tempora 
{tnorning  hotirs). 

maxime  [old  abl.  of  maximus], 
adv.,  in  the  greatest  degree,  most, 
very,  especially,  very  much. 

maximus,  superl.  of  magnus. 

Maximus,  -I  [superl.  of  magnus, 
as  subst.],  M.,  a  Roman  family 
name. 

Medea,  -ae  [MT75eta],  f.,  the 
daughter  of  ^etes,  king  of  Colchis, 
who  eloped  with  Jason.  Sheis  often 
represented  in  works  of  art. 

medeor,  -eri,  no  p.p.  [medo- 
( whence  medicus,  remedium),  root 
unc;  cf.  /j.ap9du(jo,  but  also  meditor], 
2.  V.  dep.,  attend  (as  a  physician), 
heal.  —  Fig.,  remedy,  relieve,  cure, 
treat,  apply  a  remedy. 

medicinus,  -a,  -um   [medico-  + 
inus],  2i.dc].,  medical.  —  Esp.,  medi- 
cina  (sc.  ars),  juedicine,  the  art  of 
healing,  a  remedy. 

mediocris,  -ere  [medio-  -f  cris ; 
cf.  ludicer],  adj.,  middling,  mod- 
erate, ordinary,  tolerable,  within 
hounds,  small,  trifling,  slight. 

mediocriter  [mediocri-  -f  ter], 
adv.,  moderately,  slightly, somewhat. 

meditor,  -arl,  -atus  [tmedito- 
(as  if  p.p.  of  medeor)],  i.  v.  dep., 
{practise ?), dwell upo)i  (in  thought), 


medius 


129 


think  of,  meditate.  —  meditatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  in  pass,  sense,  practised. 

medius,  -a,  -um  [ivied  (cf.  Eng. 
mid^  +  ius],  adj.,  the  middle  of  (as 
noun  in  Eng.),  mid-:  in  medio  and 
in  medium,  abroad,  in  piildic,  to 
puidic  notice,  to  light,  before  the 
world,  before  you,  etc.  ;  ex  media 
morte,  from  the  Jazus  of  death, 
from  instant  death  ;  de  medio,  oitt 
of  the  luay. 

mehercule  (mehercle,  meher- 
cules,  also  separate)  [me  hercules 
(iuvet)],  adverbial  exclamation, 
bless y oil!  bless  me!  upon  my  word, 
good  heavens!  as  snre  as  I  live, 
as  I  live,  and  the  like. 

melior,  -ius,  compar.  of  bonus. 

membrum,  -i  [.^  prob.  formed 
with  suffix  -rum  (neut.  of  -rus)], 
N.,  a  limb,  a  part  of  tlie  body. 

memini,  -isse  [perf.  of  man,  in 
mens,  etc.],  def.  v.  a.,  rei7iember, 
bear  in  mind,  keep  in  mind. 

Memmius,  -I  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name. — Esp.,  C.  Mem7?iins, 
a  worthy  Roman  murdered  at 
the  instigation  of  Saturninus  and 
Glaucia. 

memor,  -oris  [prob.  smar  redu- 
plicated], adj.,  remembering,  mind- 
ful. 

memoria,  -ae  [memor-  +  ia],  f., 
{7?zindfHlness),  memory,  recollection, 
remembrance,  power  of  memory: 
memoria  retinere,  remember ;  me- 
moriam  prodere,  hand  dowii  the 
7nemory,  of  something;  memoriam 
deponere,  cease  to  reijiember ;  me- 
moriae proditum,  handed  down  by 
tradition  ;  dignum  memoria,  worthy 


of  remeinbrance ;  post  hominum 
memoriam,  since  the  memory  of 
man,  zvithin  the,  etc.;  litterarum 
{testimoJiy);  publica  {record). 

mendacium,  -I  [mendac-  +  ium], 
N.,  falsehood,  a  falsehood. 

mendicitas,  -atis  [mendico-  -f 
tas],  F.,  beggary. 

mens,  mentis  [man  -f-  tis  (re- 
duced)], ¥.,  a  thought,  t/ie  intellect 
(as  opposed  to  the  moral  powers, 
cf.  animus),  the  mind,  a  state  of 
mind,  a  chaJige  of  mind,  a  pur- 
pose :  mentes  animique,  minds  and 
hearts :  oculismentibusque,  eyesajid 
thoughts  ;  venit  in  mentem,  it  occurs 
to  one. 

mensa,  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  table. 

mensis,  -is  [unc.  form  fr.  ma 
(cf.  Gr.  jxrjv,  Eng.  moo7i,  tfionth)'], 
M.,  a  m 071th. 

mentio,  -onis  [as  if  man  (in 
memini)  +  tio  (prob.  menti-  (stem 
of  mens) -h  0)],  f.,  mei:tio7i. 

mentior,  -Irl,  -Itus  [menti-  (stem 
of  mens)],  4.  v.  dep.,  lie,  speak 
falsely. 

mercator,  -oris  [tmerca- -f  tor], 
M.,  a  t7'ader  (who  carries  his  own 
wares  abroad). 

mercenarius  (mercennarius),  -a, 
-um  [stem  akin  to  merces  -f  arius], 
adj.,  hired,  merce7ia7y,  hireli7ig, 
paid. 

merces,  -edis  [tmerce-  (akin  to 
merx)  +  dus  (reduced)],  F.,  hire, 
pay,  wages,  reward. 

mereor,  -erl,  -itus  (also  mereo, 
active)  [tmero-  (akin  to  /xelpofjiai)], 
2.  V.  dep.,  wi7i,  dese7've,  gai7i.  — 
—  Also  (from  earning  pay),  serve: 


meretricius 


130 


militia 


quid  merere  ut,  etc.  {take  to,  etc.) ; 
bene  meriti  cives  {deserving);  bene 
mereri  de,  etc.,  deserve  well  of,  etc., 
serve  well. —  meritus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p. 
in  pass,  sense,  deserved. 

meretricius,  -a,  -um  [meretric-  + 
ius],  adj.,  of  a  harlot,  rneretriciotis. 

merito,  see  meritum. 

meritum,  -I  [neut.  of  p.p.  of 
mereo],  n.,  desert,  service. — merito, 
abl.  as  adv.,  deservedly. 

merx,  mercis  [merc  +  is ;  cf. 
merces],  f.,  merchandise,  zvares. 

Messala,  -ae  [.^],  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.:  i.  M.  Vale- 
rius Messala,  consul  B.C.  61,  with 
Marcus  Piso  ;  2.  Another  of  the 
same  name,  consul  B.C.  53. 

Messana,  -ae  [Mecr 0-77 1/77],  f.,  a 
city  on  the  east  coast  of  Sicily, 
opposite  the  extremity  of  Italy 
{Messina). 

Messienus,  -i  [.-"J,  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name. — Esp.,  M.  Messienus, 
a  friend  of  Cicero. 

Messius,  -T  [?],  M.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name. —  Esp.,  C.  Messins,  a 
friend  of  Pompey. 

-met  [unc.  form  of  pron.  ma], 
intens.  pron.,  self  (appended  to 
pronoun  for  emphasis),  often  un- 
translatable. 

metator,  -oris  [meta-  +  tor],  m., 
a  measurer,  a  surveyor. 

Metellus,  -T  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.:  i.  Q.  Ccecilius 
Metellus  Nepos,  brother  of  Cascilia 
(which  see)  and  father  of  Celer  No.  5 
and  Nepos ;  2.  M.  Metellus,  prae- 
tor B.C.  69,  the  brother  of  Q.  Metel- 
lus Creticus  No.  3  ;    3.   (?.  Metellus 


Cretic7is,  consul  B.C.  69 ;  4.  L.  Metel- 
lus, propraetor  in  Sicily,  B.C.  70; 
5.  Q.  Metellus  Celer,  praetor  B.C.  63, 
consul  B.C.  60,  son  of  No.  i  ;  6.  (). 
Metellus Baliaricus,  consul  B.C.  123; 
7.  Q.  Metellus  Ahimidicics,  consul 
B.C.  109,  cousin  of  No.  6 ;  8.  ^.  Me- 
tellus Pius,  praetor  B.C.  89,  son  of 
No.  7  ;  9.  ^.  Metellus  Nepos,  consul 
B.C.  98,  son  of  No.  6. 

meto,  metere,  messul,  messus 
[.'],  3.  V.  a.,  cut,  reap,  gather. 

metuo,  -uere,  -ul,  -utus  [metu-], 
3.  V.  a.  and  w.,  fear :  aliquid  {have 
any  fear). 

metus,  -us  [unc.  root  (perh.  ma, 
think)  -f  tus],  M.,  fear,  anxiety 
(about).  —  Often  superfluous  with 
other  words  of  fearing :  metu  ter- 
ritare,  terrify.  —  Esp. :  hoc  metu, 
fear  of  this. 

meus,  -a,  -um  [ma  (in  me)  +  ius], 
adj.  pron.,  my,  mine,  my  own  :  meo 
iure,  7vith  perfect  right. 

miles,  -itis  [unc.  stem  akin  to 
mille  as  root  +  tis  (reduced)],  m. 
and  F.,  a  soldier,  a  common  soldier 
(as  opposed  to  officers),  a  legion- 
ary soldier  {heavy  infa^itry,  as 
opposed  to  other  arms  of  the  serv- 
ice). —  Collectively,  the  soldiers, 
the  soldiery. 

militaris,  -e  [milit--f  aris],  adj., 
of  the  soldiers,  T7iilitary :  signa  {bat- 
tle-standards); res  militaris,  mili- 
tary affairs,  war,  the  art  of  war ; 
usus  militaris,  experience  in  war ; 
virtus  {of  a  soldier,  soldierly). 

militia,  -ae  [milit-  +  ia],  p., 
military  service,  service  (in  the 
army). 


mille 


I  ^I 


mille  (indecl.),  milia,  -ium  [akin 
to  miles],  adj.  (rarely  sul^st.  in 
sing.,  subst.  in  plur.),  a  thousand : 
mille  passuum,  a  thousa)id paces,  a 
mile. 

millies  (miliens)  [mille- +  iens], 
adv.,  a  thousand  times. 

Milo,  -onis  [MiXwj/],  m.,  a  famous 
athlete  of  Crotona.  —  Also  used  as 
a  family  name  by  T.  Annius ;  see 
Annius. 

mimus,  -T  [/xr/>ios],  m.,  a  mimic 
play,  a  farce. 

minae,  -arum  [min  +  a],  f.  plur., 
{p7'ojections  .^),  threats,  threatening 
words. 

minax,  -acis  [mina-  +  cus  (re- 
duced)], adj.,  threatening,  metiac- 
ing. 

Minerva,  -ae  [prob.  man  (in 
mens)  +  unc.  term.],  F.,  the  goddess 
of  intelligence  and  skill  among  the 
Romans.  —  Also  identified  with 
Pallas  Athene,  and  so  more  or  less 
associated  with  war. 

minime  [old  abl.  of  minimus], 
adv.,  in  the  smallest  degree,  least, 
very  little,  not  at  all,  by  no 
means :  minime  vero,  not  in  the 
least. 

minimus,  -a,  -um  [lost  stem 
(whence  minuo)  -fimus;  cf.  infimus], 
adj.,  superb  of  parvus,  smallest, 
least.  —  Neut.  as  subst.  and  adv., 
the  least,  least,  very  little. 

minister,  -tri  [minos  (minor)  -f 
ter],  M.,  a  servant,  an  assistant,  a 
minister,  a  tool,  an  instrument. 

minitor,  -ari,  -at us  [tminitS-,  as 
if  p.p.  of  minor;  cf.  agito],  i.  v. 
dep.,  threaten,  threaten  vengeance. 


threaten  danger :  quam  illi  mini- 
tantur,  with  which  they  threaten 
him. 

minor,  -arl,  -atus  [mina  (stem 
of  minae)],  i.  v.  dep.,  threaten, 
threaten  with  danger. 

minor,  -us  [lost  stem  (cf.  mini- 
mus) -f  ior  (compar.  ending)],  adj., 
smaller,  less,  younger.  —  Neut.  as 
subst.  and  adv.,  less,  not  much,  not 
very,  not  so  ?nuch,  not  so:  quo 
minus,  the  less,  that  .  .  .  not ;  si 
minus,  if  not  so  much,  if  not.  — 
See  also  minimus  and  minime. 

Minturnae,  -arum  [?,  cf.  lutur- 
na],  F.  plur.,  a  city  on  the  borders 
of  Latium  and  Campania. 

Minucius  (Minut-),  -T  [perh. 
akin  to  minus],  M.,  a  Roman  gen- 
tile name.  —  One  of  the  gens^  of 
unknown  praenomen,  is  character- 
ized by  Cicero  as  a  profligate. 

minuo,  -uere,  -uT,  -iitus  [tminu- 
(cf.  minus)],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  lessen, 
weaken,  diminish. 

minus,  see  minor. 

mirifice  [old  abl.  of  mirificus], 
adv.,  marvellously,  prodigiously. 

miror,  -ari,  -atus  [miro-],  i.  v. 
dep.,  wonder,  wonder  at,  be  sur- 
prised, admire.  —  miratus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  in  pres.  sense,  surprised.  — 
mirandus,  -a,  -um,  gerundive  as 
adj.,  marvellous. 

minis,  -a,  -um  [?,  smi  (cf.  smile) 
-f  rus],  adj.,  surprising,  marvel- 
lous, wo7iderful.  —  See  also  nimi- 
rum. 

misceS,  miscere,  miscuT,  mixtus 
(mistus)  [tmiscS-  (cf.  promiscus, 
miscellus)],   2.  v.  a.,  mix,  mingle. 


Misenum 


32 


modus 


compose  of  (a  mixture),  get  up  (a 
disturbance),  plan  or  make  a  dis- 
turbance, make  confusion.  —  mix- 
tus  (mistus),  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  made 
up  of,  a  mixture  of,  heterogeneous. 

Misenum,  -I  \)<\i<yr]vbv\,  n.,  a 
town  in  Campania^  on  a  promon- 
tory of  the  same  name  (cf.  Virg. 
^n.  vi.  234). 

miser,  -era,  -erum  [mis  (cf.  mae- 
reo)  -f  rus],  adj.,  wretched, pitiable, 
miserable, poor,  tinfortunate,  in  mis- 
ery:  ille  miser,  the  wretched  ?nan  ; 
isti  miseri,  these  poor  creatures. 

miserabilis,  -e  [misera-  +  bilis], 
z.^].,  pitiable,  wretched,  mise7'able. 

miserandus,  see  miseror. 

misereo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus,  usually 
misereor,  dep.  [miser],  2.  v.  a.  and 
dep.,  pity,  show  pity.  —  Esp.,  mise- 
ret,  etc.,  impers.,  {it pities  one,  etc.), 
one  pities. 

miseria,  -ae  [misero-  +  ia],  f., 
wretchedness,  tnisery. 

misericordia,  -ae  [misericord-  + 
ia],  F.,  mercy,  pity,  clemency,  com- 
passion. 

misericors,  -cordis  [misero-cor, 
decl.  as  adj. ;  cf.  concors],  adj., 
merciful,  pitying,  compassionate. 

miseror,  -arl,  -atus  [tmisero-], 
I.  V.  dep.,  bewail,  co?nplain  of  — 
miserandus,  -a,  -um,  gerundive  in 
pass,  sense,  to  be  pitied,  pitiable. 

Mithradates  (-idates),  -is  (also 
-1)  [Mt^pi5dT77s],  M.,  a  name  of  sev- 
eral Eastern  kings.  —  Esp.,  Mithri- 
dates  VI.,  called  the  Great,  king 
of  Pontus,  the  adversary  of  the 
Romans  in  the  Mithridatic  wars, 
from  B.C.  88  to  B.C.  61. 


Mithradaticus    (-idaticus),    -a, 

-um  [Greek],  adj.,  of  Mithridates, 
Mithridatic. 

mitis,  -e  [?],  adj.,  {soft?),  mild, 
gentle,  conipassionate. 

mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missus  [?], 
3.  V.  a.,  let  go  (cf.  omitto),  send, 
despatch,  discharge,  shoot.  —  Also, 
pass  over,  omit,  say  nothing  of :  haec 
missa  facio,  I  pass  these  by. —  Esp., 
manu  mittere,  emancipate,  set  free. 

moderate  [old  abl.  of  moderatus], 
adv.,  with  self-control,  with  modera- 
tion. 

moderatio,  -onis  [modera- -f  tio] , 
F.,  control,  regulation.  —  Esp.,  self- 
control,  moderation,  consideration 
(in  refraining  from  something). 

moderor,  -ari,  -atus  [tmodes-  (see 
modestus,  and  cf.  genus,  genero)], 
I.  V.  dep.,  control,  regulate,  restrain. 
—  moderatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  in  pass, 
sense,  moderated,  self  controlled, 
well  balanced,  well  governed. 

modeste  [old  abl.  of  modestus], 
with  moderation,  temperately,  dis- 
creetly, with  discretion. 

modestia,  -ae  [modesto-  -f  ia],  f., 
moderatio7i,  self-control,  subordina- 
tion (of  soldiers). 

modestus,  -a,  -um  [tmodes-  (cf. 
moderor)  +tus],  adj.,  self-controlled, 
well  balaficed,  well  regulated. 

modo  [abl.  of  modus],  adv.,  {with 
measuj'e),  only,  merely,  Just,  even, 
just  now,  lately :  non  .  .  .  modo,  not 
only,  not  merely,  to  say  itothing  of, 
I  do  not  say,  etc. ;  qui  modo,  pro- 
vided he,  etc.,  if  only  he,  etc. 

modus,  -I  [mod  (as  root;  cf.  mo- 
deror) -f  us],  M.,  measure,  quantity. 


133 


a  limit,  moderation,  bounds.  — 
Hence,  manner,  fashion,  style, 
kind:  huius  modi,  of  this  kind,  like 
this ;  eius  modi,  of  such  a  kind, 
sjich ;  maiorem  in  modum,  par- 
ticularly-  —  So  other  similar  ex- 
pressions :    quo  modo,  hoiv,  as. 

moenia,  -ium  [mi  (distribute  ?) 
+  nis  (of.  communis)  (orig.  shares 
of  work  done  by  citizens  ?)],  N. 
\)\wx.,  fortifications,  walls  (of  a  city  ; 
cf.  paries)  :  eisdem  moenibus,  the 
■walls  of  the  same  city. 

moereo,  see  maereo. 

moeror,  see  maeror. 

moestitia,  see  maestitia. 

moestus,  see  maestus. 

moles,  -is  [?,  cf.  molestus],  f., 
a  mass,  zveight,  a  burden,  a  pile, 
a  structure.  —  Esp.,  a  dike,  a 
dam . 

moleste  [old  abl.  of  molestus], 
adv.,  heavily,  severely:  moleste 
ferre,  take  hard,  be  vexed  at,  be 
offended,  be  displeased,  be  a?inoyed. 

molestia  -ae  [molesto-  +  ia],  f., 
annoyance,  trouble. 

molestus,  -a.  -um  [moles-  +  tus], 
adj .,  burdensome,  annoying,  trouble- 
sojne,  disagreeable,  unpleasing. 

molior,  -irl,  -itus  [moli-  (as  stem 
of  moles)],  4.  V.  dep.,  {lift,  struggle 
with  a  mass)  struggle,  pile  up,  exert 
one''s  self,  plan,  contrive,  attejnpt, 
strive  to  accomplish. 

mollis,  -e  [.'],  adj.,  soft,  tender. 
—  Fig.,  weak,  feeble,  not  hard,  not 
firm,  sensitive,  delicate,  gentle. 

mollities,  -el  (also  -a,  -ae)  [molli- 
-f  ties  (cf.  -tia)],  F.,  softness.  — 
Fig  ,  weakness,  feebleness. 


momentum,  -1  [movi-  (as  stem 
of  moveo) -f  mentum] ,  \.,  means 
of  7notion,  cause  of  motion.  —  Fig., 
weight,  importance,  infiuence :  ha- 
bere {be  of  importafice,  be  effectual, 
be  efficacious). 

moneo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus  [causative 
of  MAN  (in  memini)  or  denomi- 
native fr.  a  kindred  stem],  2.  v.  a., 
remitid,  warn,  advise,  tirge. 

monimentum,  see  monumentum. 

monitum,  -1  [p.p.  of  moneo],  -\., 
a  warning,  an  admonition. 

mons,  montis  [man  (in  mineo) 
+  tis  (reduced)],  M.,  a  mou?itain. 

m5nstrum,  -i  [mon-  (as  if  root 
of  monec)  +  trum,  with  s  of  un- 
certain origin;  cf.  lustrum],  N.,  {a 
means  of  warning),  a  prodigy,  a 
niofister. 

monumentum  (monimen-),  -I 
[moni-  (as  if  stem  of  moneo)  -f 
mentum],  N.,  a  reminder,  a  mo?iu- 
ment,  a  memorial,  a  record. 

mora,  -ae  [prob.  root  of  memor 
(SMAR.?)  +  a],  F.,  {thought?),  hesi- 
tation, a  delay,  grounds  of  delay, 
reason  for  delay,  a  reprieve,  a  post- 
ponement. 

moratus,  -a,  -um  [mos-  +  atus  ; 
cf.  senatus],  adj.,  7i>ith  institutions 
(good  or  bad) :  bene  {well  regu- 
lated). 

morbus,  -T  [mar  (in  morior)  + 
bus  (cf.  turba)],  m.,  sickness,  ill- 
ness. 

morior,  morl  (morlrl),  mortuus 
(moriturus)  [mar  (cf.  mors),  but 
prob.  in  part  denominative],  3.  v. 
dep.,  die.  —  mortuus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  dead,  in  one's  grave. 


134 


multus 


moror,  -arl,  -atus  [mora-],  i.  v. 
dep.,  retard,  hinder,  delay. 

mors,  mortis  [mar  +  tis],  f., 
death.  —  Also,  a  dead  body. 

mortalis,  -e  [morti-  (reduced)  + 
alls],  adj.,  ffiortal,  of  viortals. 

mortuus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  morior. 

mos,  m5ris  [.''],  m.,  a  custom, 
customs,  a  practice,  a  usage,  a  way 
(of  acting),  an  institutioft,  a  prece- 
dent. —  Plur.,  customs,  habits,  char- 
acter (as  consisting  of  habits  ;  cf. 
ingenium  and  indoles,  of  native 
qualities)  ;  imperitus  morum  {of 
the  ways  of  meti);  mos  maiorum, 
the  custom,  institutio?is,  or  prece- 
dents  of  oitr  ancestors ;  0  mores  ! 
what  a  state  of  things  ! 

motus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  moveo. 

mStus,  -us  [movi-  (as  stem  of 
moveo)  -f  tus],  m.,  a  mo7'ement,  a 
disturbaiice,  a?i  uprising,  coni?no- 
tion,  acti7)ity,  change  :  terrae  motus, 
ati  earthquake. 

moveo,  movere,  movT,  m5tus  [}, 
prob.  denominative],  2.  v.  a.,  set  in 
motion,  ?noz'e,  stir,  influence,  affect, 
have  an  effect  upon,  dislodge  (in 
military  language),  cause  eniotioji 
in,  shake. 

Miicius,  -1  [?],  M.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  Q.  Mucins 
Sccevola,  an  eminent  jurist. 

mucro,  -5nis  [.^],  M.,  a  point 
of  a  sword,  a  point,  a  blade,  a 
dagger. 

mulco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [?,  cf. 
mulceo  ?],  I .  V.  a.,  {soften  ?),  roughly 
handle,  maltreat. 

mulcta,  see  multa. 

mulcto,  see  multo. 


muliebris,  -e  [mulier-  +  bris  ; 
cf.  salubris],  adj.,  womanly,  a 
%voman''s,  effefninate. 

mulier,  -eris  [?],?.,«  woman. — Of 
an  effeminate  man,  a  mere  zvoman. 

muliercula,  -ae  [mulier-  +  cula], 
F.,  a  little  woman.  —  Hence  with 
notion  of  affection,  compassion,  or 
contempt,  a  favorite  wofuan,  a  mis- 
tress, a  helpless  2iJo??ian,  a  poor 
woman. 

multa  (mulcta),  -ae  [prob.  mule 
(in  mulceo)  +  ta  (fem.  of  -tus)],  F., 
a  fine. 

multitudo,  -inis  [multo-  +  tudo], 
F.,  a  great  mwiber,  great  numbers, 
nutnber  (generally).  —  Esp.,  the 
multitude,  the  common  people,  a 
mob,  a  crowd:  tanta  multitudo,  so 
great  numbers,  this  great  juultitude. 

mult5,  see  multus. 

multo  (mulcto),  -are,  -avI,  -atus 
[multa-,  for  mulcto,  freq.  of  mul- 
ceo], I.  V.  di.,  punish  (by  fine),  de- 
prive (one  of  a  thing  as  a  punish- 
ment),/««/j-/z  (generally). 

multum,  see  multus. 

multus,  -a,  -um  [?,  perh.  root  of 
mille,  miles,  -f  tus],  adj.,  much, 
many,  numerous :  multo  die,  late 
in  the  day  ;  ad  multam  noctem,  //// 
late  at  night ;  multa  de  nocte,  early 
in  the  morning,  lo7ig  before  day ; 
satis  multa  verba  facere  {a  sufficient 
7iumber  of,  etc.,  enough);  multa 
committere,  com?}iit  ?nany  crimes. 
—  multum,  neut.  as  subst.  and 
adv.,  much.  —  Also,  plur.,  multa, 
much.  —  multo,  abl.  as  adv.,  much, 
far,  by  far :  multo  facilius.  —  pliis, 
pluris,  compar.,  N.  subst.  and  adv., 


mulus 


135 


muto 


more;  plur.  as  adj.,  more,  much, 
very.  — As  subst.,  more,  many,  sev- 
eral, ?nany  things,  7nuch  :  pluris, 
0/  greater  va/ue,  zvorth  more.  — 
plurimus,  -a,  -uni,  superl.,  most, 
very  many,  very  much  :  quam 
plurimi,  as  many  as  possible; 
plurimum  posse,  have  most  power, 
be  very  strong  or  injluential,  have 
great  ability ;  plurimum  valere, 
have  very  great  ivcight. 

mulus,  -1  [?],  M.,  a  mule. 

Mulvius  (Mil-),  -I  [?],  M.  of  adj., 
Mulvian :  pons  (a  bridge  across 
the  Tiber  near  Rome). 

municeps,  -cipis  [muni-  (cf. 
moenia),  -ceps  (cap  as  stem)],  M. 
and  F.,  {one  who  takes  his  share 
of  picblic  duties^,  a  citizen  of  a 
municipal  town,  a  fellozv-citizen 
(of  such  a  town). 

miinicipium,  -I  [municip-  + 
ium],  N.,  {a  collection  of  citizens  ; 
cf.  municeps).  —  Esp.,  a  free  town 
(of  citizens  enjoying  civil  rights, 
though  not  always  full  Roman 
citizens),  a  jnunicipality  (perhaps 
including  several  towns,  but  under 
one  government). 

munio,  -ire,  -Ivi  (-il),  -it us  [muni- 
(stem  of  moenia)],  4.  v.  a.  and  n., 
fortify.  —  Less  exactly,  protect, 
defend,  furnish  (by  way  of  pro- 
tection). —  Esp.  (prob.  original 
meaning),  make  (by  embankment), 
build,  pave  :  castra  ;  iter. 

muniti5,  -onis  [muni-  +  tio],  f., 
fortification  (abstractly).  —  Con- 
cretely, a  fortification,  works,  forti- 
fications, defences,  engineering  (of 
a  dam). 


mtinlto,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [muni- 
to-],  I.  v.  2i.,  fortify,  make  (a  way), 
pave  (fig.):  quam  viam  munitet, 
IV hither  he  is  paving  the  way. 

munitus,  -a,  -um  [p.p.  of  munio], 
as  adj.,  well  fortified,  strongly 
fortified,  strong,  well  defended, 
well  protected. 

miinus,  -eris  [mun  (as  if  root 
of  moenia)  +  us,  orig.  share  (cf. 
moenia)],  N.,  a  duty,  a  service,  a 
functioji,  a  task,  an  office.  —  Also, 
{a  contribution),  a  tribute,  a  gift,  a 
presejit.  —  Esp.,  a  show  (of  gladia- 
tors, in  a  manner  a  gift  of  the  pre- 
siding officer). 

Murena,  -ae  [murena,  lamprey^, 
M.,  a  Roman  family  name.  —  Esp., 
L.  Liciniiis  Murena,  who  acted 
as  propraetor  against  Mithridates 
without  success,  and  was  recalled 
by  Sulla. 

murus,  -I  [.^],  M.,  a  wall  (of  de- 
fence in  itself  considered;  cf.  moenia, 
defences,  and  paries,  a  house  wall). 

Miisa,  -ae  [MoOo-a],  f.,  a  muse. 
—  Plur.,  the  Muses  (as  patrons  of 
literature). 

mutatio,  -onis  [muta-  +  tio],  F., 
a  change  :  vestis  {ptcttingonmourn- 
ing). 

Mutina,  -ae  [.^],  f.,  a  town  in 
Cisalpine  Gaul,  famous  in  the  war 
between  Antony  and  the  senatorial 
party  in  B.C.  43,  now  Modena. 

miit5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [prob. 
same  as  moto,  for  tmovito-],  i.  v. 
a.,  change,  change  for  the  better 
(remedy),  alter:  vestem  (//<■/  on 
mourning):  veste  mutata  esse, 
appear  in  moicrnijig. 


mutus 


136 


nauta 


mutus,  -a,  -um  [?,  cf.  musso], 
adj.,  dumb,  mute,  voiceless,  silent. 

myoparo,  -onis  \_ixvoirdpwv],  m., 
a  cutter  (?,  a  light  piratical  vessel). 

Myron  (Myro),  -onis  [Greek], 
M.,  a  celebrated  Attic  sculptor  of 
the  fifth  century  B.C. 


mystagOgUS,  -I  [/xvcrraYWYos],  M., 
a  hierophant,  a  aistodiati  (one  who 
shows  sacred  objects  in  a  temple). 

Mytilenaeus,  -a,  -um  [MitiXt?- 
voLos],  adj.,  of  Alytilene. 

Mytilene,  -es  (-ae,  -arum)  [Gr.], 
F.,  a  famous  city  of  Lesbos. 


N 


nae,  see  ^ne. 

nam  [case-form  of  na  ;  cf.  tam, 
quam],  conj.,  now  (introducing  ex- 
planatory matter), /fr. 

nanciscor,  -cisci,  nactus  (nanc- 
tus)  [nac  ;  cf.  nactus],  3.  v.  dep., 
find,  get,  procure,  light  upon,  get 
hold  of,  obtain. 

narro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [for  gna- 
rigo,  fr.  tgnarigo-  (gnaro-tagus  ;  cf. 
navigo)],  i.  v.  a.,  make  known,  tell, 
relate,  recount.  —  Absolutely,  tell 
the  story. 

nascor,  nascT,  natus  [gna  ;  cf. 
gigno],  3  V.  dep.,  be  born,  arise,  be 
produced,  spring  up,  be  raised :  non 
scripta  sed  nata  lex  {imtural,  born 
with  us)  ;  ei  qui  nascentur,  those 
who  shall  come  hereafter  :  Africa 
nata  ad,  etc.,  {made  by  nature);  con- 
iuratio  nascens  (at  its  birth).  —  Par- 
ticiple sometimes  spelled  gnatus. 

Nasica,  -ae  [naso-  -f  ica  (fern,  of 
-icus)],  M.,  a  Roman  family  name. 
—  Esp.,  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  A'asica 
Serapio,  consul  B.C.  138,  who  led 
the  attack  by  which  Tiberius 
Gracchus  was  killed. 

natalis,  -e  [natu-  (or  nato-)  -f 
alis],  adj.,  of  one''s  birth :  dies 
(birthday). 


natio,  -onis  [gna  +  tio,  perh. 
through  noun-stem  ;  cf.  ratio],  F., 
(a  birth),  a  race,  a  nation,  a  tribe, 
a  clan. 

nato,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tnato- 
(p.p.  of  no)],  I.  V.  n.,  swim.. 

natura,  -ae  [natu-  -f  ra  (fem. 
of  -rus)],  F.,  {birth),  nature,  natu- 
ral character,  character  :  naturam 
explere  {the  dejnands  of  nature)  ; 
habitus  naturae,  natural  endow- 
ments  ;  natura  rerum,  jVature,  as 
ruler  of  the  world,  the  universe ; 
natura,  by  nature,  naturally. 

natiiralis, -e  [natura- -f  lis  (perh. 
-alis)],  adj.,  tmtural,  of  natiire : 
ius  naturale,  luxttiral  law,  the 
law  of  nature  (as  opposed  to  civil 
law). 

natus,  -us  [gna  +  tus],  m., 
birth  :  maiores  natu,  elders. 

naufragium,  -I  [naufrago-  + 
ium],  N  ,  a  shipzvreck. 

naufragus,  -a,  -um  [navi-tfra- 
gus  (frag  +  us)],  adj.,  shipwrecked, 
of  brokcfi  fortunes,  ruined  ;  wrecked 
and  ruined  man,  castaway. 

nausea  (-ia),  -ae  {yavaia],  f., 
seasicktiess. 

nauta,  -ae  [perh.  vai)Tr]%\,  m,, 
a  sailor,  a  boat??ian. 


nauticus 


137 


nauticus,  -a,  -um  [nauta-  +  cus], 
adj.,  of  a  sailor  (or  sailors),  naval. 

navalis,  -e  [navi-  (reduced)  + 
alls],  adj.,  of  ships,  naval,  fuari- 
tinie. 

navicularius,  -i  [navicula-  + 
arius],  m.,  a  shipmaster. 

navigatio,  -onis  [naviga-  +  tio], 
F.,  a  sailing,  a  voyage,  travelling 
by  sea,  a  trip  (by  sea)  :  mercatorum 
{(voyages) . 

navigium,  -1  [inavigo-  (.^  navi 
+  tagus)  +  ium],  n.,  a  vessel  {gen- 
erally), "a  cra/t,"  a  boat. 

navigo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [tnavi- 
go-  (see  navigium)],  i.  v.  n.,  sail, 
make  voyages,  take  a  voyage,  sail 
the  sea. 

navis,  -is  [(s)nu  (increased), 
with  added  i;  cf.  vav'f\,  F.,  a  ship, 
a  vessel,  a  boat,  a  galley. 

ine  (nae)  [na,  of  unc.  relation 
to  the  others],  adv.,  surely,  I  am 
sure,  most  assuredly. 

^ne  [na,  unc.  case-form],  conj., 
lest,  that  .  .  .  7iot,  not  to  (do  zwy- 
\\\\x\^,  from  (doing  anything),  so 
that  .  .  .  not,  for  fear  that,  from 
(doing  anything). — .After  expres- 
sions of  fear  and  danger,  that,  lest. 
With  indep.  subj.  as  a  prohibition, 
do  not,  let  not,  etc.  —  With  quidem, 
not  evefi,  Jiot  .  .  .  either,  nor  .  .  . 
either.  —  Esp.,  videre  ne,  see  to  it 
that  7iot,  take  care  lest,  see  zvhcther 
.  .  .  not.     See  also  nequis. 

-ne  (enclitic)  [prob.  same  as  ne, 
orig.  =  nonne],  conj.,  7iot?  (as  a 
question  ;  cf.  nonne),  whether,  did 
(as  question  in  Eng.),  do,  etc.  — 
See  also  necne. 


Neapolis,  -is  [XedTroXts],  f.,  a 
part  of  the  city  of  Syracuse.  — 
Also,  other  cities  of  Italy  and 
Greece. 

Neapolitanus,  -a,  -um  [Neapoli- 
-f  tanus],  adj.,  of  N'eapolis,  in 
Campania,  iVeapolitan.  —  Masc. 
plur.  as  subst.,  the  Neapolitans. 

nebulo,  -onis  [nebula- +  0],  m., 
{a  ?na?i  of  no  substance),  a  worth- 
less fellow,  a  scamp,  a  trickster,  a 
kfiave. 

nec,  see  neque. 

necessarius,  -a,  -um  [tnecesso- 
(reduced)  +  arius],  adj.,  {closely 
bound?),  necessary,  pressitig,  una- 
voidable, absolutely  necessary,  need- 
fd,indispensable. — Also,  as  subst., 
a  connection  (a  person  bound  by 
any  tie),  a  close  friend,  a  friend.— ■ 
necessario,  abl.  as  aAv., of  necessity, 
n  ecessa  rily,  u  7ia  void  a  bly . 

necesse  [?,  ne-cess6-],  indecl. 
^.^i].,  necessary,  unavoidable. — With 
est,  it  is  jiecessary,  it  is  unavoidable, 
one  must,  07te  cannot  but,  07te  must 
inevitably. 

necessitas,  -atis  [tnecesso-  -f 
tas],  F.,  7iecessity,  C07istrai7it,  com- 
pulsio7i,  exige7icy. 

necessitiido,  -inis  [tnecesso-  + 
tudo],  F.,  close  co7i7tectio7i  (cf.  neces- 
sarius), i7itimacy  (close  relatio7is), 
a  bond,  a  relatio7i  (which  creates  a 
bond  of  union). 

necne  [nec  ne],  conj.,  or  7iot  (in 
double  questions). 

neco,  -are,  -avi  (-uT),  -atus  (-tus)   / 
[nec-  (stem  of  nex)],  i.  v.  a.,  ////  to 
death,  kill,  7nurdcr  (in  cold  blood): 
fame  {starve  to  death). 


nefandus 


138 


nequitia 


nefandus,  -a,  -um  [ne-f andus] , 
adj.,  tifispcakable,  infamous,  detest- 
able, abominable. 

nefarie  [old  abl.  of  nefarius],  adv., 
infajnously,  wickedly,  abominably . 

nefarius,  -a,  -um  [nefas-  -f  ius], 
z.dJ].,  wicked,  infamous,  abominable. 

nefas  [ne-fas],  n.  indecl.,  a  crifne 
(against  divine  law),  an  irnpiety,  a 
sacrilege. 

neglegenter  (necle-,  negli-) 
[neglegent-  -f  ter],  adv.,  carelessly, 
negligently. 

neglego  (necleg5,  negligo), 
-legere,  -lexT,  -lectus  [nee  (=  ne) 
-lego],  3.  V.  a.,  not  regard,  disregard, 
neglect,  leave  unavenged,  leave  iin- 
punished,  care  nothingfor,  abandon, 
sacrifice. 

nego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [?,  poss. 
ne-aio],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  say  710,  say 
.  .  .  not,  refuse. 

negotiator,  -oris  [negotia-  -f  tor], 
M.,  a  merchant.  —  Esp.,  a  money- 
lender, a  capitalist.  Cf.  mercator, 
a  trader  who  goes  with  his  wares. 

negotior,  -arl,  -atus  [negotio-], 
I.  V.  dep.,  do  business.  —  Esp.,  be  a 
merchant,  be  a  banker  (cf.  nego- 
tium). 

negotium,  -I  [nec-otium] ,  n., 
busitiess,  occupation,  undertaking. — 
Less  definitely,  a  matter,  a  thing, 
an  affair,  a  business  (as  in  Eng.), 
an  enterprise,  one^s  affairs ;  meum 
negotium  agere,  attend  to  my  own 
interests.  —  Also,  difficulty,  trouble. 

nemo,  tneminis  [ne-homo],  c, 
no  otie,  nobody.  —  Almost  as  adj., 
no.  —  Esp.,  non  nemo,  one  and 
another,  one  or  two,  one  or  more. 


nempe  [nam-tpe;  cf.  quippe], 
con j .,  to  wit,  namely,  precisely,  why  ! 
now,  you  see,  you  knozv,  of  course. 

nemus,  -oris  [nem  -f  us ;  cf. 
vefio}^,  N.,  [pasture  .^),  agrove  (prob. 
open,  affording  pasture).  —  Esp.,  a 
sacred  grove. 

nepos,  -Otis  [.^],  M.,  a  grandson. 
—  Also,  a  spendthrift  (orig.  a 
spoiled  pet  of  his  grandfather). 

Nepos,  -Otis  [same  word  as  pre- 
ceding], M.,  a  Roman  family  name, 
see  Metellus. 

nequam  [prob.  ne-quam  {Jiow)\ 
cf.  nequaquam],  indecl.  adj.,  worth- 
less (opposed  to  frugi),  good  for 
f  tot  king,  shiftless. 

nequando,  see  ne  and  quando. 

nequaquam  [ne-quaquam  (cf. 
ea,  qua)],  adv.,  in  no  way,  by  no 
?neans,   not  at  all. 

neque  (nee)  [ne-que],  adv.,  and 
not,  nor :  neque  .  .  .  neque,  neither 
.  .  .  nor.  —  See  also  enim. 

nequeo,  -quire,  -quivl,  -quitus 
[ne-queo],  4.  v.  n.  def.,  cannot,  be 
unable. 

ne  .  .  .  quidem,  see  ne. 

nequi(d)quam  (nequic-)  [ne  .  .  . 
qui(d)quam],  adv.,  to  no  purpose, 
in  vain,  not  without  reason. 

nequior,  nequissimus,  compar. 
and  superl.  of  nequam. 

nequis  (-qui),  -qua,  -quid  (-quod) 
[ne-quis],  indef.  pron.,  that  no  one, 
etc.,  and  in  all  the  dependent  uses 
of  ne  :   ut  nequis,  that  7to  one. 

nequitia,  -ae  [nequi-  (as  if  stem 
of  nequam  or  nequis)  -f  tia],  f., 
zvorthlessfiess,  shiftlessness,  feeble- 
ness (in  action). 


39 


noctu 


nervus,  -i  [prob.  for  tnevrus  ;  cf. 
peupov],  M.,  a  Sinew. — Fig.,  in  plur., 
strength,  vigor,  sinews  (as  in  Eng.). 

nescio,  -scire,  -scivi  (-il),  -scTtus 
[ne-scio],  4.  v.  a.,  not  knozu,  be  una- 
ware.—VhxdiSQS  :  nescio  an,  I  knozv 
not  but,  I  am  inclined  to  think,  very 
likely;  nescio  quis,  etc.,  some  one, 
I  know  not  who  (almost  as  indef. 
pron.),  some,  some  iificertain,  some 
obsctire ;  illud  nescio  quid  praecla- 
rum,  that  inexplicable  something 
preeminent,  etc. ;  nescio  quo  modo, 
sotnehow  or  other,  I  know  not  hoiv 
(parenthetical),  ?nysterionsly,  curi- 
ously enough. 

Nestor,  -oris  \j^^(Tr{op\,  m.,  a 
king  of  Pylos.  In  his  old  age 
he  was  prominent  in  the  Trojan 
war  as  a  wise  counsellor. 

neuter,  -tra,  -trum,  gen.  -trius 
[ne-uter],  adj.  pron.,  neither.  — 
Plur.,  neither  party,  neither  side. 

neve  (neu)  [ne-ve],  con].,  or  7iot, 
and  not,  nor. 

nex,  necis  [?],  y.,  death,  murder, 
assassination. 

nihil,  see  nihilum. 

nihilum,  -T  [ne-hilum?],  n.  and 
nihil,  indecl.,  nothing,  no>ie  :  ni- 
hil respondere,  jnake  tio  answer. 
—  nihil5,  abl.  as  adv.,  none,  no.  — 
nihil,  ace.  as  adv.,  not  at  all,  no, 
not :  nihil  valet,  has  no  weight,  etc. ; 
nihil  interest,  it  makes  no  differ- 
ence;  nonnihil,  somewhat,  a  little. 

Nilus,  -I  [NetXos],  M.,  the  iVile, 
the  great  river  of  Egypt. 

nimirum  [ni  (=  ne)  -mirum], 
adv.,  {no  wonder),  dotibtless,  of 
course,  that  is  to  say,  unquestio>iablv. 


no  doubt  (half  ironical),  /  suppose, 
forsootJi . 

nimis  [prob.  compar.],  adv.,  too, 
too  much,  over  much  :  nimis  urgeo 
{too  closely). 

nimius,  -a,  -um  [nimi-  (?,  stem 
of  positive  of  nimis)  +  ius],  adj., 
too  much,  too  great,  excessive.  — 
nimium,  n.  as  adv.,  too,  too  much. 

Ninnius,  -I  [.'],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  a  tribune  of 
the  people,  who  proposed  the  law 
for  Cicero's  return. 

nisi  [ne-si],  conj.,  {not  .  .  .  if), 
unless,  except:  nisi  si,  except  in 
case,  unless. 

niteo,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  p.p. 
[prob.  tnito;  cf.  nitidus],  2.  v.  n., 
shine,  glistoi. 

nitidus,  -a,  -um  [tnito-  +  dus], 
adj.,  shining,  glistening,  sleek. 

nitor,  nltl,  nisus  (nixus)  [prob. 
genu],  3.  V.  dep.,  {strain  with  the 
knee  against  something),  struggle, 
strive,  exert  one''s  self,  rely  Jipon, 
depend,  rest. 

nix,  nivis  [?],  f.,  sjiozv. 

nobilis,  -e  [as  if  (g)no  (root  of 
nosco)-|-  bills],  adj.,  famous,  noble, 
well-born  (cf.  "notable"). 

nobilitas,  -atis  [nobili-  +  tas], 
F.,  nobility,  fame. — Concretely,///^ 
nobility,  the  ?wbles. 

nocens,  p.  of  noceo. 

noceo,nocere,-uT,  nociturus  [akin 
to  nex],  2.  v.  n.,  do  hartn  to,  injjire, 
harm,  harass. — nocens,  -entis,  p.  as 
adj.,  hurtful, guilty  (of  some  harm). 

noctii  [abl.  of  tnoctus  (noc  (cf. 
noceo?)  -f  tus)],  as  adv.,  by  night, 
ifi  the  niirht. 


nocturnus 


140 


nocturnus,  -a,  -urn  [perh.  noctu- 
+  urnus;  cf.  diuturnus],  adj.,  of 
the  night,  nightly,  nocturnal,  in  the 
night,  by  night:  nocturno  tempore, 
/'«  the  night. 

nol5,  nolle,  ndluT  [ne-volo],  irr. 
V.  a.  and  n.,  not  wish,  be  taiwilling, 
wish  not,  not  like  to  have,  will  not 
{would  not,  etc.).  —  Esp.  with  inf. 
as  (polite)  imperative,  do  not,  do 
not  think  of  (doing,  etc.). — Also, 
nollem,  /  should  hope  not,  I  should 
be  so7'ry. 

nomen,  -inis  [(g)no  (root  of 
nosco)  +  men],  n.,  a  name  (what 
one  is  known  by),  name  (fame, 
prestige). —  As  a  name  represents 
an  account,  ait  account  {a  co7npte), 
an  item  (of  an  account) :  meo  no- 
mine, on  niy  account ;  eo  nomine, 
on  that  account;  classium  nomine 
{under  pretence,  etc.). 

nominatim  [ace.  of  real  or 
supposed  tnominatis  (nomina-  + 
tis)],  adv.,  by  name  (individually), 
especially. 

n5mino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nomin-], 
I.  V.  a.,  navie,  mention,  call  by 
name,  call:  nominari  volunt  {to 
have  their  names  metitioned). 

non  [ne-oenum  (unum)],  adv., 
710,  not:  non  est  dubium,  there  is 
no  doubt ;  non  mediocriter,  iti  no 
small  degree;  non  poteram  non, 
/  could  not  but,  etc. 

N5nae,  see  nonus. 

nondum,  see  dum. 

n5nne  [non  ne],  adv.,  is  not? 
does  not?  etc. 

nonnemo,  see  nemo. 

nonnihil,  see  nihil. 


nonnuUus,  see  nuUus. 

nonnumquam,  see  numquam. 

nonus,  -a,  -um  [novem-  +  nus], 
num.  adj. ,///(?  ninth. — Esp.,  Nonae, 
-arum,  F.  plur.  as  subst.,  the  Agones 
(the  ninth  day,  according  to  Ro- 
man reckoning,  before  the  Ides, 
falling  either  on  the  fifth  or 
seventh,  see  Idus). 

nos,  see  ego. 

nosco,  noscere,  novT,  notus  / 
[(g)no],  3.  V.  a.,  learn,  become  ac- 
quainted with. —  In  perfect  tenses, 
know,  be  acquainted  with  :  sciunt 
ei  qui  me  norunt,  they  know  who 
are  acquaijited  with  me ;  nee  novi 
nee  scio,  /  don''t  know  (the  law 
before  mentioned),  nor  do  I  know 
(the  fact).  —  notus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  known,  familiar,  well- 
kno7U)i. 

nosmet,  see  -met. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum  [prob.  nos 
(nom.  plur.)+  ter],  adj.  pron.,  oztr, 
ours,  of  ours,  of  us.  —  Often  of  one 
person,  my,  mine,  of  mine. 

nota,  -ae  [gxo  -f  ta  (fem.  of 
-tus  ?],  F.,  a  mark,  a  brand,  a  stain. 

noto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nota-], 
I.  V.  a.,  mark,  designate,  bra7td, 
stigmatize. 

novem  [?],  indecl.  num.  adj., 
ni)ie. 

Novembris,  -e  [novem-  +  bris  ; 
cf.  salubris],  adj.,  of  A^ovember. 

novicius,  -a,  -um  [novo-  +  icius], 
did].,  fresh,  raw,  untrained. 

novus,  -a,  -um  [?,  cf.  Eng.  7teu<\, 
adj.,  new,  Jiovel,  fresh,  unprece- 
dented, strange  :  res  novae,  a  cha7ige 
of  government,  revolution. 


141 


nuper 


nox,  noctis  [akin  to  noceo],  f., 
night. 

noxia,  -ae  [noc  (in  noceo)  + 
unc.  term.],  f.,  crime,  guilt. 

nudius  [num  (?)  -dius  (dies)], 
only  in  nom.  with  tertius,  now  the 
third  day,  three  days  ago. 

nudo,  -are,  -avi,  -at us  [nudo-], 
I .  V.  a.,  lay  bare,  strip,  expose.  — 
Less  exactly,  clear,  rob,  despoil,  strip 
(as  in  Eng.):  nudavit  se,  stripped 
off  his  clothing. 

nudus,  -a,  -um  [?,  root  (akin  to 
Eng.  naked)  +  ^\xs\,  adj.,  naked, 
bare,  unprotected,  exposed. — Hence, 
stripped,  robbed,  destitute. 

nugae,  -arum  \T\,  f.  plur.,  trifles, 
follies.  —  Esp.  of  persons,  a  man 
of  follies,  a  frivolous  person. 

nullus,  -a,  -um  [ne-uUus],  adj., 
not  .  .  .  any,  not  any,  no,  none  of : 
quae  nulla,  none  of  which. — Often 
equivalent  to  an  adverb,  not,  not  at 
<z//.— nonnullus,  some. — As  subst., 
some,  some  per so}is. 

num  [pron.  na;  cf.  turn],  adv., 
interr.  part.,  suggesting  a  nega- 
tive answer,  does,  is,  etc.,  it  is  not, 
is  it  ?  and  the  like  :  num  dubitasti, 
did  you  hesitate  ?  —  In  indirect 
questions,  whether,  if. 

Numantia,  -ae  [.^],  f.,  a  city  of 
Spain,  captured  by  Scipio  in  B.C. 

numen,  -inis  [nu  (in  nuo)  -f 
men],  N.,  {a  nod),  will.  —  Hence, 
divinity,  power  (of  a  divinity). 

numero,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [nume- 
ro-],  I.  v.  a.,  count,  account,  regard. 

numerus,  -i  [tnumo-  (cf.  num- 
mus,    Numa,    vofxas)  +  rus],    M.,    a 


number,  number:  in  hostium  nu- 
mero {as,  etc.);  ullo  in  numero  (at 
all  as,  etc.). 

Numidicus,  -a,  -um  [Numida-  + 
cus],  adj.,  A^ujuidian  (of  Numidia, 
long  an  independent  state  west  of 
the  territory  of  Carthage).  — Esp. 
as  a  name  of  Q.  Ccecilius  Metellus, 
see  Metellus,  No.  7. 

Numitorius,  -I  [Numitor-  -f  ius], 
M.,  a  Roman  gentile  name. — Esp., 
C.  N'umitorius,  a  Roman  knight, 
one  of  the  witnesses  against  Verres. 
nummus  (numus),  -1  [akin  to 
numerus,  vbixos'],  M.,  a  coin. — Esp., 
for  nummus  sestertius,  a  sesterce 
(see  sestertius). 

numquam  [ne-umquam],  adv., 
never. 

numquis  (-qui),  -qua,  -quid 
(-quod)  [num-quis],  indef.  interr. 
pron.,  is  (etc.)  ^7;/i'  one?  with  all 
senses  of  num  ;   see  quis. 

nunc  [num-ce ;  cf.  hie],  adv., 
no2v  (emphatic,  as  an  instantaneous 
now  ;  cf.  iam,  unemphatic  and  con- 
tinuous) :  etiam  nunc,  even  now, 
even  then,  still.  —  Esp.  opposed  to 
a  false  condition,  now,  as  it  is. 
nunquam,  see  numquam. 
nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nuntio-], 
I.  V.  a.,  send  news,  report,  7nake 
kno7vn. 

nuntius,  -i  [tnovent-  (p.  of 
tnoveo,  be  7iew)  +  ius],  M.,  {a  new- 
comer), a  messenger.  —  Hence,  fiews, 
a  message :  nuntium  mittere,  send 
zuord. 

nuper  [for  novi-per ;  cf .  parum- 
per],  adv.,  lately,  recently,  7iot  long 
ago,  Just  now. 


nuptiae 


142 


oborior 


nuptiae,  -arum  [nupta-  +  ius], 
V.  plur.,  a  wedding,  a  marriage. 

nutus,  -us  [prob.  nui  (as  stem 
of  nuo)  -f  tus],  M.,  «  nod,  a  sign : 
ad  nutum,  at  one''s  beck,  at  one''s 
command ;  nutu,  at  the  command, 
by  the  will. 


nympha,  -ae  \y\nx<pri\,  v.,  {a 
bride).  —  Also,  a  nymph  (a  goddess 
of  nature  occupying  some  special 
locality,  as  a  tree,  or  stream,  or 
the  like).  —  These  goddesses 
were  worshipped  collectively  at 
Rome. 


0,  interj.,  Oh  !  0  tempora  !  what 
times  ! 

Ob  [unc.  case-form  akin  to  eTrt], 
adv.  in  comp.,  and  prep,  with  ace, 
{near),  against :  ob  oculos,  before 
my  eyes.  —  Hence,  on  account  of, 
for :  ob  eam  rem,/^;-  this  reason,  on 
this  accojint.  —  In  comp.,  towards, 
to,  against. 

Obduco,  -ducere,  -duxl,  -ductus 
[ob-duco],  3.  V.  a.,  lead  towards, 
lead  against,   draw  over. 

obduresco,  -durescere,  -durui,  no 
p.p.  [ob-duresco],  3.  v.  n.,  harden 
over,  becotne  hardened. 

obedio,  see  oboedio. 

obeo,  -ire,  -il,  -itus  [ob-eo], 
irr.  V.  a.,  go  to,  go  about,  attend 
to,  go  over,  visit:  f acinus  {cofn- 
mit);  locum  tempusque  {be  present 
at). 

obfero,  see  offero. 

obfundo,  see  offundo. 

Obicio,  -icere,  -iecT,  -iectus  [ob- 
iacio],  3.  V.  a.,  throw  against,  throw 
in  the  way,  throw  up,  set  up,  expose. 
—  Hence,  cast  in  one^s  teeth,  re- 
proach one  ruith. 

oblectamentum,  -I  [oblecta-  + 
mentum],  n.,  diversion,  enjoyment, 
a  source  of  ainusement. 


Oblecto,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ob- 
tlecto;  cf.  lacio],  i.  v.  a.,  give  pleas- 
ure to,  delight,  amuse. 

oblige,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ob-ligo], 
r.  V.  a.,  bijtd  up,  hamper,  bind, 
mortgage.  —  obligatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  bound,  under  obligation. 

Oblino,  -linere,  -levi,  -litus  [ob- 
lino] ,  3.  V.  a.,  smear. —  Fig.,  besmear, 
bedaub,  stain. 

oblivio,  -onis  [ob-tlivio ;  cf.  ob- 
liviscor],  v.,  forgetfulness,  oblivion. 

Obliviscor,  -lIvTscT,  -litus  [ob- 
tlivio;  cf.  liveo],  3.  V.  dep.,  {grow 
dark  against  ?),  forget,  cease  to  think 
of.  —  oblitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  forget- 
ting, forgetful,  luimiiidful. 

0bmiitesc5,  -mutescere,  -mvitui, 
no  p.p.  [ob-tmutesco ;  cf.  mutus], 

3.  V.  n.,  become  silent,  be  dumb. 
obniintio,   -are,   -avi,  -atus   [ob- 

nuntio],  i.  v.  n.,  announce  (in  oppo- 
sition).—  Esp.,  amiounce  unfavor- 
able omens,  stay  proceedings  by 
otnens,  hinder  by  omens. 

oboedio  (obedio),  -ire,  -ivi  (-ii), 
-itum  (X.)  [ob-audio],  4.  v.  n.,  give 
ear  to.  —  Hence,  give  heed  to,  obey, 
be  obedient,  be  submissive. 

oborior,  -oriii,  -ortus  [ob-orior], 

4.  (3.)  V.  dep.,  7'ise  before,  rise  over. 


obruo 


H3 


obtempero 


obruo,  -mere,  -ruT,  -rutus  [ob- 
ruo], 3.  V.  a.,  bury^  overivhelm 
(with  something  thrown  on),  cover. 
—  Also,  overthrow,  rtdn. 

obsciire  [old  abl.  of  obscurus], 
adv.,  obscurely,  darkly,  covertly. 

obsciiritas,  -atis  [obscuro-  +  tas], 
F.,  darkness,  obscurity,  uncertainty. 
obscuro,    -are,    -avi,    -atus     [ob- 
scure-], I .  V.  a.,  dim,  darken,  obscure, 
hide,  conceal. 

obscurus,  -a,  -um  [ob-tscurus 
(scu-frus);  cf. scutum], adj., ^ar/6, 
dim,  secret,  covert,  disguised,  hidden, 
obscure,  unknowti :  non  est  obscu- 
rum,  it  is  no  secret. 

Obsecro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [manu- 
factured from  ob  sacrum  {near  or 
by  some  sacred  object)'],  i.  v.  a., 
adjure,  entreat. 

obsecundo,  -are,  -avi,  no  p.p. 
[ob-secundo],  i.  v.  n.,  show  obedi- 
ence, yield  to  one''s  "uishes. 

obsequor,  -i,  -secutus  [ob-sequor], 
3.  V.  dep.,  comply,  yield,  submit. 

observo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ob- 
servo],  I.  V.  a.,  {be  on  the  watch 
towards  ?),  guard,  maintain,  keep. 
—  Also,  be  on  the  watch  for.  watch 
for,  watch,  lie  in  wait  for. 

obses,  -idis  [ob-tses  ;  cf.  praeses 
and  obsidio],  c,  {a  person  under 
guard),  a  hostage.  —  Less  exactly, 
a  pledge,  a  security. 
\  obsideo,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessus  [ob- 
sedeo],  2.  v.  a.,  {sit  down  against), 
blockade,  beset,  besiege. — Also,  block, 
hinder,  lie  in  wait  for,  watch  for. 

obsidio,  -onis  [obsidio-?  (re- 
duced) -f  0],  F.,  a  siege  (cf.  obsessio), 
a  blockade,  —  Also,  the  art  of  siege. 


obsigno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ob- 
signo],  I.  V.  a.,  seal  up,  seal. 
—  Hence,  sign  as  a  witness,  wit- 
ness. 

obsisto,  -sistere,  -stitT,  no  p.p. 
[ob-sisto],  3.  V.  n.,  luithstand,  re- 
sist, cotitend  against. 

obsolesco,  -escere,  -evi,  -etus 
[obs-olesco],  3.  V.  n.,  grow  old,  be- 
come obsolete,  get  out  of  date,  get 
stale. 

obstipesco  (obstu-),  -escere,  -ui, 
no  p.p.  [ob-stipesco],  3.  v.  n.,  be- 
come stupefied,  be  thunderstruck,  be 
amazed :  sic  obstipuerant,  they  were 
so  thunderstruck. 

Obsto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -staturus  [ob-  , 
sto],  I.  V.  n.,  withstand,  stand  in  'I 
one^s  way,  resist,  injure,  hurt. 

obstrepd,  -ere,  -ui,  -itiirus  [ob- 
strepo],  3.  V.  n.  and  a.,  drown  (one 
noise  by  another),  overwhelm  by  a 
din. 

obstriictio,  -onis  [ob-structio ; 
cf.  obstruo],  F.,  a  barricade,  an 
obstruction,  a  covering. 

obstupefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -fac- 
tus  [ob-stupefacio],  3.  v.  a.,  daze, 
stupefy.  —  obstupefactus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  taken  aback,  dum- 
founded. 

obstupesco,  see  obstipesco. 

obsum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus  [ob- 
sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  in  the  way,  hin- 
der, ijijure,  be  disadvantageous . 

Obtego,  -tegere,  -texi,  -tectus  [ob- 
tego],  3.  V.  a.,  cover  up,  protect. 

0btemper5,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus 
[ob-tempero],  i.  v.  n.,  {conform 
to),  comply  with,  submit  to,  yield 
to,  comply. 


obtestor 


144 


Octavius 


obtestor,  -an,  -atus  [ob-testor], 
I.  V.  dep.,  implore  (calling  some- 
thing to  witness),  beseech,  ent7'eat. 

Obtineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentus 
[ob-teneo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  (against 
something  or  somebody),  7'etaiji, 
maintaiji,  occupy,  possess,  get  (by 
lot),  hold  (by  lot,  as  a  magistrate). 
—  Also,  niaiiztain,  prove,  make 
good. 

Obtingo,  -tingere,  -tigl,  no  p.p. 
[ob-tangoj,  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  touch 
upon.  —  Ksp., /all  to  one's  lot,  fall 
to  one,  happen  (esp.  as  euphemism 
for  death  or  disaster). 

Obtrecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ob- 
tracto],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  {handle 
roughly  ?),  disparage,  speak  ill  of. 

Obtuli,  perf.  of  offero. 

Obviam  [ob  viam],  adv.,  in  the 
way  of,  to  meet  (any  one) :  obviam 
fieri,  come  to  meet,  fall  in  one''s  way, 
meet. 

Obvius,  -a,  -um  [ob-via,  declined 
as  adj.],  adj.,  itt  the  way  of:  obvius 
esse,  meet. 

occasio,  -onis  [ob-tcasio;  cf.  oc- 
cido],  F.,  a7i  opportunity,  a  chajzce, 
a  suitable  time. 

occasus,  -us  [ob-casus ;  cf.  oc- 
cido],  M.,  a  falling,  a  fall,  a  setting 
(of  the  sun). 

occidens,  p.  of  occido. 

occidio,  -5nis  [perh.  directly 
from  occido,  after  analogy  of 
legio,  etc.],  F.,  slaughter,  great 
slaughter. 

occido,  -cidere,  -cidT,  -casurus 
[ob-cado],  3.  V.  n.,  fall,  set,  be 
slain. — occidens,  -entis,  p.,  set- 
ting; as  subst.,  tJie  west. 


occido,  -cidere,  -cTdl,  -cisus  [ob- 
caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  kill,  massacre,  slay. 

occludo,  -cludere,  -clusl,  -clusus 
[ob-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  shut  up,  close. 

occultator,  -oris  [occulta- +  tor], 
M.,  a  concealer,  a  harborer. 

occulte  [old  abl.  of  occultus], 
2idv.,  secretly, p7'ivately,  with  secrecy. 

occulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [occul- 
to-],  I.  V.  a.,  conceal,  hide. 

occultus,  -a,  -um  [p.p.  of  occulo], 
as  adj.,  co7icealed,  secret,  hidde7i. 

occupatio,  -onis  [occupa-  +  tio], 
F.,  occupatio7i  (engagement  in  busi- 
ness), business,  affairs  (of  business), 
bei7ig  e7tgaged. 

occupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [toccupo- 
or  toccup-  (cf.  auceps),  ob  and  stem 
akin  to  capio],  i.  v.  a.,  seize,  take 
possessio7i  of,  seize  upon,  occupy 
(only  in  military  sense).  —  OCCupa- 
tus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  engaged, 
occupied,  e77iployed. 

OCCurro,-currere,-curri(-cucurri.^), 
-cursurus  [ob-curro],  3.  v.  n.,  7'U7i  to 
meet,  meet,  conie  upo7i,fi7td,  fall  /« 
with,  go  about  (a  thing),  withsta7id, 
occur  (to  one's  mind),  suggest  itself. 

occursatio,  -onis  [occursa- +  tio] , 
F.,  a  co77ii7ig  to  77ieet,  a  sally,  a7i 
attack,  a  greeti7ig  (running  to  meet 
one  with  acclamation). 

Oceanus,  -I  ['fi/ceaws],  m.,  the 
oceaji  (with  or  without  mare). 

Ocriculanus,  -a,  -um  [Ocriculo- 
+  anus],  adj.,  of  Oc7'iculuin  (a  town 
of  Umbria  on  the  Tiber). 

Octavianus,  -a,  -um  [Octavio-  -f 
anus],  adj.,  of  Octavius. 

Octavius,  -T  [octavo-  -f  ius],  m., 
a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  C«. 


octavus 


145 


Octavius,  consul  B.C.  87  with  Cinna, 
and  killed  as  a  partisan  of  the  no- 
bility by  the  partisans  of  Marius. 
Others  of  the  same  family  not 
named  by  Cicero  were  famous. 

octavus,  -a,  -um  [octo-  +  vus  (cf. 
6750/ros  .^),  perh.  toctau  +  us],  num. 
adj.,  eighth. 

octingenti,  -ae,  -a  [stem  akin  to 
octo  +  centum],  num.  adj.,  eight 
Jiundrcd. 

octo  [.''],  indecl.  num.  adj.,  eight. 

October,  -bris,  -bre  [octo-  +  ber ; 
cf.  saluber],  adj.,  of  October. 

octodecim  [octo-decem],  indecl. 
num.  adj.,  eighteen. 

OCtoginta  [octo+  ?],  indecl.  num. 
adj.,  eighty. 

octoni,  -ae,  -a  [octo-  +  nus],  num. 
adj .,  eight  at  a  time,  eight  (at  a  time). 

oculus,  -1  [toco  (cf.  Eng.  eye)  + 
lus],  M.,  the  eye. 

5di,  odisse  [perf.  of  lost  verb 
(with  pres.  sense),  akin  to  odium], 
def.  V.  a.,  hate,  detest. 

Odiosus,  -a,  -um  [odio-  +  osus], 
adj.,  hateful,  troublesome,  unreleiit- 
\  ing. 

I  odium, -I  [vADH  (j/«r;z)-f  ium], 
N.,  hatred,  odium,  hate,  detestation. 
—  Plur.,  hate  (of  several  cases). — 
Of  persons,  the  hatred,  the  detesta- 
tion :  odio  esse,  to  be  hated. 

odor,  -5ris  [oD  (o^w)  -f  or],  M.,  an 
odor,  fragrance  (legum,  adding,  as 
it  ivcre,  to  make  the  fig.  tolerable 
in  Eng.). 
'  offendo  (obf-),  -fendere,  -fendl, 
-fensus  [ob-fendo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
strike  against,  stumble,  stumble  up- 
on, light  upon,  go  wrong,  cotnmit  an 


offence,  take  offence,  offend,  hurt  (the 
feelings),  give  offence  to. — offensus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  offensive. 

offensio  (obf-),  -6nis  [ob-tfensio; 
cf.  offendo],  F.,  {a  striking  against), 
a  stumbling,  an  offence,  a  giving 
offence,  dislike,  a  disaster,  a  defeat. 

offero  (obf-),  offerre,  obtull,  ob- 
latus   [ob-fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  briftg  to,    j 
offer,  furnish,   afford,   expose:    se 
{^present) ;  mortem  alicui  {cause  the 
death  of,  etc.). 

officio  (obf-),  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus 
[ob-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  work  against, 
obstruct,  hinder,  stand  in  the  way 
of 

officiosus  (obf-),  -a,  -um  [officio- 
-f  osus],  adj.,  dutiful,  in  discharge 
of  one''s  duty,  conscientious  (in  the 
discharge  of  one's  duty),  service- 
able. 

officium  (obf-),  -T  [as  if  (prob. 
really)  toffico-  (cf.  beneficus)  -f 
ium],  N.,  («  doing  for  one  ?),  a  serv- 
ice, a  duty,  kind  offices  (either 
sing,  or  plur.),  dutiftil  conduct, 
faithfulness  to  duty  :  esse  in  officio, 
do  one''s  djity,  stand  by. 

offundo  (obf-),  -fundere,  -fudi, 
-fusus  [ob-fundo],  3.  v.  3..,  pour  over. 
—  Also,  f  II,  pervade. 

oleum,  -I  [?,  cf.  oliva,  eXaiov],  N., 
oil. 

olim  [loc.  (?)  of  oUus,  old  form 
of  ille],  adv.,  {at  that  time),  once, 
formerly. 

Olympius,  -a,  -um  ['OXi/^Trtos], 
adj.,  of  Olympus  (the  fabled  abode 
of  the  gods),  Olympian. 

omen,  -inis  [.^  but  cf.  old  form 
osmen,  and  oscines],  N.,  an  omen. 


omitto 


46 


oppono 


omitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[ob-mitto] ,  3.  V.  a.,  let  go  by,  pass 
over,  iea7'e  unsaid,  leave  out,  07nit, 
say  7tothing  of,  abandon,  cease. 

omnino  [abl.  of  tomninus  (omni 
+  nus)],  adv.,  altogether,  entirely, 
on  the  whole,  only,  utterly,  in  all, 
at  all,  any  way,  only  just,  whatever 
(with  negatives). 

Omnis,  -e  [?],  adj.,  all,  the  whole 
o/{a.s  divisible  or  divided  ;  cf.  totus 
as  indivisible  or  not  divided).  —  In 
sing.,  all,  every  (without  emphasis 
on  the  individuals ;  cf.  quisque, 
each,  emphatically).  —  Esp. :  omni- 
bus horis,  every  hour  ;  omnia,  every- 
thing. 

onus,  -eris  [unc.  root  +  us],  n., 
a  burden,  a  load,  a  freight,  a  cargo. 
—  Abstractly,  weight. 

opera,  -ae  [oper-  (as  stem  of 
opus)  +  a  (fem.  of  -us)],  f.,  work, 
services,  help,  pains,  attention,  as- 
sistance :  operam  dare,  devote  one's 
self,  exert  one's  self,  take  pains, 
try,  take  care.  —  Esp. :  opera  sua, 
by  his  own  efforts  ;  operam  consu- 
mere,  waste  ojie's  labor,  waste  one's 
time ;  operae  pretium  est,  //  is 
worth  while.  —  Plur.,  laborers. 

operarius,  -T  [opera-  +  arius],  m. 
(of  adj.),  a  day  laborer. 

Operi5,  -perlre,  -perul,  -pertus 
[ob-pario  ;  cf.  aperio],  4.  v.  a.,  cover 
up,  cover. 

Opimius,  -1  [opimo-  +  ius],  m., 
a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  L. 
Opimius,  consul  B.C.  121,  the  cham- 
pion of  the  Senate  against  C.  Grac- 
chus, in  the  fight  in  which  the 
latter  was  killed. 


opimus,  -a,  -um  [.'],  adj.,  ///, 
rich,  fertile. 

opinio,  -onis  [opino-  (cf.  nec- 
opinus)  +  0],  F.,  a  notion,  an  ex- 
pectation, an  idea,  a  reputation,  an 
opiiiion  (not  well  founded  ;  cf.  sen- 
tentia),  fancy,  a  good  opinioti  (of 
any  one)  :  latius  opinione,  moj-c 
widely  than  is  thought;  mortis  {a 
false  idea  of  one's  death). 

opinor,  -arl,  -at us  [opino- ;  cf. 
necopinus],  i.  v.  dep.,  have  an  idea 
(not  well  founded  or  not  sure), 
fancy,  suppose,  think  (parenth.  in 
its  less  definite  meaning),  imag- 
ine. —  Cf.  the  use  of  such  phrases 
as  I  fancy,  reckon,  guess,  take  it, 
should  say. 

opitulor,  -ari,  -at us  [opitul5-  (opi- 
tulus,  from  tul,  in  tuli,  +  us)], 
I.  v.  dep.,  assist,  aid,  succor,  give 
help. 

oportet,  -ere,  -uit,  no  p.p.  [noun- 
stem  from  ob  and  stem  akin  to 
porto;  cf.  opportunus],  2.  v.  impers., 
//  behooves,  it  ought,  07ie  is  to,  one 

7HUSt. 

oppeto,  -ere,  -IvI  (-ii),  -Itus  [ob- 
peto],  3.  V.  a  ,  encounter,  meet. 

oppidum,  -i  [ob-1  pedum  {a 
plain?  cf.  Tre'Soj')],  N.,  (the  fortified 
place  which,  according  to  ancient 
usage,  commanded  the  territories 
of  a  little  state),  a  stronghold,  a 
towfi  (usually  fortified). 

oppono,  -p5nere,  -posul,  -positus 
[ob-pono],  3.  V.  a.,  set  against, 
oppose  (something  to  something 
else).  —  oppositus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  opposed,  lying  ifi  the  way,  op- 
posite, adverse. 


opportune 


47 


orbis 


opportune  [old  abl.  of  opportu- 
nus],  adv.,  opportutiely,  fortunate- 
ly, by  good  luck. 

opportunitas,  -atis  [opportuno- 
+  tas],  F.,  tiiiit'liness.  Jit /less  (of 
time  or  circumstance),  good  luck 
(in  time  or  circumstance),  conven- 
ience, advantage. 

opportiinus,  -a,  -um  [ob-portu- 
nus  ;  cf.  importunus  and  Portunus], 
adj.,  {coming  to  harbor?),  oppor- 
tune, advantageous,  lucky,  timely, 
valuable  (under  the  circumstances). 

oppositus,  -us  [ob-tpositus  ;  cf. 
oppono],  M.,  a  setting  against,  ati 
interposition. 

opprimo,  -primere,  -press!,  -pres- 
sus[ob-premo],3.v.a.,(/;rj-j"^^(3'z'«j'/), 
overzvhehn,  crush,  overpower,  over- 
take {surprise),  hold  in  check. 

opptignatio,  -onis  [oppugna-  + 
tio],  F.,  a  siege  (of  actual  operations; 
cf.  obsidio,  blockade),  besieging,  an 
attack  (in  a  formal  manner  against 
a  defended  position). 

oppugno,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ob- 
pugno],  I.  V.  a.,  attack  (formally, 
but  without  blockade),  lay  siege  to, 
carry  on  a  siege,  assail  (a  defended 
position).  —  Fig.,  attack,  assail. 

Ops,  opis  [.''],  F.,  help,  aid,  succor, 
means,  protection. — V\\xr., resources, 
pozuer,  wealth,  means. 

optabilis,  -e  [opta-  -f  bills],  adj  , 
desirable,  to  be  wished  for. 

optimas  (optu-),  -atis  [optimo  -f 
as;  cf.  Arpinas],  adj.,  of  the  best. 
— Esp.  \)\\\x.,the  optifuates  (the  bet- 
ter classes,  or  aristocracy,  at  Rome, 
including  all  who  held  opinions 
opposed  to  the  common  people). 


optime,  superl.  of  bene. 

optimus,  -a,  -um  [op  (cf.  ops  ?) 
+  timus  (cf.  finitimus)],  superl.  of 
bonus,  which  see. 

opto,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [topto-  (op 
4-  tus  ;  cf.  6i/'o,aat)],  I.  V.  2i.,  choose, 
desire,  wish  (urgently),  pray  for, 
Iiope  and  pray  for,  hope  for.  — 
optatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
wished  for,  desired,  desirable. 

opus,  operis  [op  -f  us],  N.,  work, 
labor  (as  skilful  or  accomplishing 
its  purpose  ;  cf.  labor,  as  tiresome). 
— In  military  sense,  a  work,  works, 
fortifications. — Also,  as  in  English, 
of  civil  structures,  etc.,  work,  works, 
a  work  (as  of  art),  a  work  of  skill 
(cf.  artificium,  a  work  of  art),  work- 
manship:  opere  et  manu  factus 
{by  handiwork).  —  In  abl.,  quanto- 
(tanto-,  magno-,  nimio-)  opere, 
often  together,  quantopere,  etc., 
how  much,  so  much,  much,  greatly, 
too  much,  ho7u,  so,  too. 

opus  [same  word  as  preceding], 
N.  indecl.,  need,  necessary:  opus 
properato,  need  of  haste. 

ora,  -ae  [.'],  f.,  a  shore,  a  coast. 

oratio,  -onis  [ora-  +  tio],  p., 
speech,  zuords,  talk,  address,  dis- 
course, argument,  in  alter  for  a  dis- 
course, power  of  oratory,  a  branch 
of  a  discourse. 

orator,  -oris  [ora-  -|-  tor],  m., 
a  speaker.,  an  ambassador,  an 
orator. 

orbis,  -is  [.^],  m.,  a  circle  (a  cir- 
cular plane):  orbis  terrarum,  the 
circle  of  lands,  the  whole  wcrld ; 
orbis  rei  publicae,  the  cycle  {round) 
of  political  changes. 


orbita 


148 


orbita,  -ae  [torbi-  +  ta  (cf.-T7/s)], 
F.,  a  track,  a  rut,  a  path :  im- 
pressam  orbitam,  the  beaten  track. 

ordior,  ordlrl,  orsus  [tordi-  (cf. 
ordo)],  4.  V.  dep.,  begin,  start. 

ordo,  -inis  [akin  to  ordior],  m., 
a  series,  a  row,  a  tier,  a  rank  (of 
soldiers),  a  grade  (of  centurions,  as 
commanding  special  ordines  of 
soldiers,  also  the  centurions  them- 
selves), an  arrange7ne7it,  an  order 
(esp.  of  citizens),  a  body  (consisting 
of  such  an  order),  a  c/^j-j (of  citizens). 

Orior,  orlrl,  ortus  [?],  3.  (and  4.) 
V.  dep.,  arise,  spring  up,  spring. — 
oriens,  -entis,  p.  as  subst.,  the  east. 

ornamentum,  -I  [oma-  +  men- 
turn],  N.,  an  adornment,  a  decora- 
tion, an  ornament,  an  eqtcipment, 
an  honor  (an  addition  to  one's 
dignity),  a  source  of  dignity. 

5rnate  [old  abl.  of  omatus],  adv., 
ornately :  gravius  atque  ornatius, 
with  more  weight  and  eloquence. 

omatus,  -us  [orna-  -f  tus],  m., 
adornmeJit,  07'nament,  orna7nents 
(collectively). 

orno,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [unc.  noun- 
stem],  I.  V.  2i., adorn, equip, furnish, 
increase  (by  way  of  adornment), 
honor,  add  honor  to. —  ornatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  furnished,  well- 
equipped,  wellfurnished,  decorated, 
finely  adorned,  well  to  do,  prosper- 
ous, highly  honored,  honorable, 
complimejttary. 

oro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [or-  (as  stem 
of  os)],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  speak. — 
Esp.,  pray,  entreat,  beg. 

ortus,  -lis  [or  (in  orior)  -f  tus],  m., 
a  rising'  solis  {sunrise,  the  east). 


OS,  oris  [.''],  N.,  the  mouth,  the  face, 
the  countenance  :  Ponti  {the  mouth, 
the  entrance) ;  in  ore  omnium  {in  the 
mouths,  on  the  lips). 

OS,  ossis  [prob.  reduced  from 
tostis  ;   cf.  oareov'],  N.,  a  bone. 

Oscito,  -are,  -avT,  no  p.p.,  and 
oscitor,  -ari  [perh.  os  cito],  i.  v.  n. 
and  dep.,  yawn. 

Oscus,  -a,  -um  [Os-  -f  cus],  adj., 
Oscan,  of  the  Osci,  a  primitive 
people  of  Campania. 

ostendd,  -tendere,  -tend!,  -tentus 
[obs-tendo],  3.  v.  a.,  {stretch  towards), 
present,  show,  point  out,  make 
known,  state,  declare,  indicate,  ex- 
hibit, display. — Pass.,  appear,  show 
itself 

ostento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ostento-] ,  1 
I.  V.  a.,  display,  exhibit:  se  {make 
a  display'). 

Ostiensis,  -e  [Ostia-  +  ensis], 
adj.,  of  Ostia  (the  port  of  Rome 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber),  at 
Ostia. 

ostium,  -i  [akin  to  os],  x.,  the 
?nouth  :  Oceani  {the  straits,  i.e.  of 
Gibraltar).  —  Also,  a  door. 

Otiosus,  -a,  -um  [otio-  -f  osus], 
adj.,  at  leisure,  quiet,  peaceful, 
peaceable,  undisturbed,  inactive. 

Otium,  -I  [.''],  N,,  repose,  inac- 
tivity, quiet  (freedom  from  disturb- 
ance), ease,  peace. 

OVO,  -are,  no  perf.,  -aturus  [?], 
I.  V.  n.,  rejoice.  —  Esp. :  ovans, 
-antis,  p.,  triumphant  in  an  ova- 
tion (the  lesser  triumph,  but  also 
used  figuratively).  [Possibly  the 
technical  meaning  is  the  original 
one.] 


p. 


149 


Pamphylia 


P.,  abbreviation  for  Publius. 

pacisco,  -ere,  and  paciscor,  pa- 
clscl,  pactus  [pad-  (as  stemof  paco) 
+  sco],  3.  V.  a.  and  dep.,  bargain. 
— Esp. :  pactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  agreed 
upon,  settled,  arranged. —  See  also 
pactum. 

paco,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [pac-  (in 
pax)],  I.  V.  a.,  pacify,  subdue.  — 
pacatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  2.di\.,  peace- 
able, qniet,  subject  (as  reduced  to 
peace),  submissive,  entirely  coft- 
quered :  civitas  male  pacata 
{Jiardly  reduced  to  submission, 
still    rebellious^ . 

Paconius,  -i  [?,  cf.  paco],  m.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  M. 
Paconius,  a  Roman  knight. 

pactum,  -1  [p.p.  of  paciscor, 
pango?],  N.,  {a  thing  agreed), 
an  agreement,  an  arrangement. — 
Hence,  a  m.ethod,  a  way  (of  doing 
anything). — Esp.  abl.,  in  .  .  .  way : 
quo  pacto,  in  zv/iat  zuay,  how  ;  isto 
pacto,  after  that  fashion,  to  that 
degree ;  nescio  quo  pacto,  somehozu 
or  other,  strangely  enough ;  nullo 
pacto,  in  no  way,  under  no  circum- 
stances. 

Paean,  -anis  [ITaidi'],  m.,  the 
Healer,  a  name  of  Apollo,  as  god 
of  healing. 

paene  [?],  adv.,  almost,  nearly, 
all  but. 

paenitet  (poenitet),  -ere,  -uit 
[tpoenito-  (perh.  p.p.  of  verb  akin 
to  punio)],  2.  V.  a.  (impers.),  /'/  re- 
pents (one),  one  repetits,  one  regrets  : 
me  paenitebit,  /shall  regret. 


paenula  (pen-),  -ae  [?],  f.,  a 
cloak  (probably  like  a  poncho, 
sometimes  also  with  a  hood,  at 
any  rate  put  on  over  the  head 
and  worn  in  travelling  or  in  rough 
weather). 

paenulatus  (pen-),  -a,  -um  [pae- 
nula- -}-  tus  ;  cf.  robustus],  adj., 
wrapped  in  a  cloak. 

Palacinus?  (Palatinus  ?),  -a, 
-um  [?],  adj.  only  with  balneae,  a 
place  of  uncertain  position. 

palam  [unc.  case-form  ;  cf.  clam], 
adv.,  openly,  publicly,  without  con- 
cealment. 

Palatium  (Pal-),  -i  [palato-  (the 
arched  roof  of  the  mouth)  +  ium], 
N.,  {the  round  hill?),  the  Palatine 
(the  hill  of  Rome  which  was  the 
original  site  of  the  city). 

Palladium,  -I  [ITaWdStoi'],  n., 
{the  little  Pallas),  the  Palladium 
(the  little  image  of  Pallas  Athene, 
on  which  depended  the  safety  of 
Troy,  and  which  was  carried  off  by 
Ulysses  and  Diomedes).  —  Hence, 
a  palladium  (any  object  of  like 
importance). 

palma,  -ae  [borrowed  from 
TTaXdytcT/],  F.,  the  palm  (of  the  hand). 
—  Also,  a  palm  branch,  a  palm 
(esp.  as  symbol  of  Vxztox^),  a  victory 
(cf.  "laurels  "  in  Eng.). 

paltis,  -udis  [.''],  F.,  a  marsh. 

Pamphylia,  -ae  [ITa^i^vXia],  f., 
the  country  on  the  south  coast  of 
Asia  Minor,  between  Lycia  and 
Cilicia,  not  included  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Asia  Minor. 


Panhormus 


150 


parricidium 


Panhormus  (Panormus),  -I  [Ila- 
vop/uos],  F.,  Panormus.,  the  city  on 
the  north  coast  of  Sicily,  now 
Palermo,  famous  for  its  harbor. 

Pansa,  -ae  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.,  C.  Vibius 
Pansa,  one  of  the  partisans  of 
Caesar,  who  was  consul  B.C.  43 
and  was  active  in  the  fight  against 
Mark  Antony. 

Papirius  (old  Papisius),  -i  [cf. 
Papius],  M.,  a  Roman  gentile  name. 
—  Esp.,  M.  Papirius  Maso,  killed 
by  Clodius  in  a  fight  in  the  Appian 
Way. 

Papius,  -a,  -um  [Papa-  (or  -6-)  + 
ius],  adj.,  {of  Papa  or  Papus). — 
Masc,  as  a  Roman  gentile  name.  — 
Also,  of  Papius  (esp.  of  C.  Papius, 
tribune  B.C.  65,  proposer  of  a  law 
in  regard  to  Roman  citizenship). 

par,  paris  [perh.  akin  to  paro, 
pario  (through  the  idea  of  barter 
or  exchange)],  adj.,  equal,  alike, 
like.  —  Esp.,  07t  a  par  with,  equal 
in  power,  a  match  for,  adequate  to, 
sufficient  for. 

Paralus,  -i  [IldpaXos],  m.,  an 
Athenian  hero,  after  whom  one  of 
the  sacred  galleys  was  named. 

parate  [old  abl.  of  paratus], 
adv.,  with  preparation. 

paratus,  see  paro. 

parco,  parcere,  pepercl  (parsi), 
parsurus  (parcitiirus)  [akin  to  par- 
ous (par  +  cus),  acquisitive,  and 
so  frugal ?'\,  3.  V.  n.,  spare,  be  con- 
siderate for. 

parens,  -entis  [par  (in  pario) 
-|-  ens  (cf.  re/cwi')],  C,  a  parent,  a 
father. 


pareo,  parere,  parul,  pariturus 
[paro-  (cf.  opiparus)],  2.  v.  n.,  {he 
prepared),  appear,  obey,  follow, 
yield,  consult  (utilitati). 

paries,  -ietis  [akin  to  Trepil'], 
M.,  a  wall  (of  a  house  or  the  like  ; 
cf.  murus). 

Parilia  (Palilia),  -ium  [Pali-  + 
ills],  N.  plur.  (of  Palilis),  the  feast 
of  Pales  (a  divinity  of  shepherds). 
It  was  held  April  21. 

Parinus,  -a,  -um,  an  uncertain 
word  in  Mss.  of  Verres,  v.  57. 

pario,  parere,  peperT,  partus  (pa- 
riturus) \_p\Vi,  p)'ocure  (perh.  orig.  by 
barter  ;  cf.  par)],  3.  v.  a.,  procure, 
acquire,  secure,  win.  —  Esp.,  pro- 
duce, give  birth  to  (of  the  mother). 

Parma,  -ae  [.^],  f.,  a  town  of 
Cisalpine  Gaul.  It  was  treacher- 
ously taken  by  Antony,  and  its 
people  barbarously  treated. 

Parmensis,  -e  [Parma-  -\-  ensis], 
adj.,  of  Parma. —  Plur.  as  subst., 
the  people  of  Parma. 

paro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [paro- ;  cf. 
opiparus  and  pareo],  i.  v.  a.,  pro- 
cure, proz'ide,  prepare,  get  ready, 
get  ready  for  (bellum,  used  con- 
cretely for  the  means  of  war),  secure, 
arrange,  engage.  —  paratus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  ready,  prepared,  well 
prepared,  skilful,  well  equipped : 
animo  parato,  with  resolution. 

parricida,  -ae  [patri-  (as  stem 
of  pater)  tcida  (caed  +  a  ;  cf.  homi- 
cida)  ?],  M.  and  f.,  a  parricide. 

parricidium,  -i  [parricida-  + 
ium  J,  ^.,  parricide.  —  Less  exactly, 
murder  :  patriae  (as  the  parent  of 
her  citizens). 


pars 


151 


pateo 


pars,  partis  [par  +  tis  (re- 
duced), akin  to  portio,  and  peril,  to 
par  (cf.  also  pario)],  f.,  {a  divid- 
ing'), a  portion,  a  part,  a  share,  a 
side,  a  party  (also  plur.),  a  branch, 
a  role  (in  a  play).  —  Esp.  in  adver- 
bial phrases,  direction,  way,  degree : 
in  omnis  partis,  in  all  directions, 
in  all  ways  ;  in  utraque  parte,  on 
both  sides;  in  bonam  partem,  /;/ 
good  part ;  in  utramque  partem, 
in  both  directions,  both  ways ;  ad 
aliquam  mei  partem,  to  some  part 
of  my  existence,  to  me  in  some  re- 
spect;  aliqua  ex  parte,  to  some 
extent.  —  See  also  partim. 

parsimonia  (parci-),  -ae  [par- 
co-  (as  stem  of  parous)  or  parso- 
(stem  of  parsus)  -f  monia;  cf. 
sanctimonia],  f.,  frugality,  parsi- 
mony. 

particeps,  -cipis  [parti-tceps 
(cap  as  stem  ;  cf.  princeps)],  adj., 
participant,  taking  part.  —  As 
subst.,  a  sharer,  a  participant,  a 
participator,  an  associate. 

partim  [old  ace.  of  pars],  adv., 
partly,  iti  part.  —  Esp.,  partim  .  .  . 
partim,  so7ue  .  .  .  others,  partly  .  .  . 
partly  ;  quas  partim  .  .  .  partim, 
some  of  which  .  .  .  others. 

partio,  -ire,  -TvT  (-il),  -itus,  and 
partior,  -TrT,  -Ttus  [parti-],  4.  v.  a. 
and  dep.,  divide  :  partitis  tempori- 
bus  {alternately). 

partitio,  -onis  [parti-  (stem  of 
partior)  +  tio],  F.,  a  division,  a 
partition. 

partus,  -ias  [par  (in  pario)  -f 
tus].  M.,  a  birth,  the  production  of 
offspring. 


parum  [akin  to  parvus,  perh. 
for  parvum],  adv.,  not  very,  not 
much,  not  sufficiently,  too  little,  ill : 
parum  amplus,  too  sfuall. 

parvulus,  -a,  -um  [parvo-  +  lus], 
adj.,  small,  slight,  itisignificant, 
little. 

parvus,  -a,  -um  [perh.  for  tpau- 
rus  ;  cf.  paucus  and  TraOpos],  adj., 
small,  slight,  little,  trifling:  Romu- 
lus parvus  {as  a  child)  ;  parvi 
ducere  {of  little  account ) ;  parvi 
refert,  it  makes  Httle  difference,  it 
matters  little ;  parvi  animi  esse 
{mean-spirited,  unambitious,  unas- 
piring). 

pasco,  pascere,  pavl,  pastus 
[pa  (?)  -f  sco],  3.  V.  n.  and  a., 
feed,  fatten. 

passus,  -us  [pad  (in  pando)  -f 
tus],  M.,  ((j;  spreading  of  the  legs), 
a  stride,  a  step,  a  pace  (esp.  as  a 
measure,  about  five  Roman  feet)  : 
mille  passuum  (a  Roman  mile,  five 
thousand  feet). 

pasti5,  -onis  [pas  (as  if  root  of 
pasco)  +  tio],  F.,  pasturing,  feed- 
ing, pasturage. 

pastor,  -oris  [pas  (as  if  root  of 
pasco)  +  tor],  m.,  a  shepherd,  a 
herdsman  (a  slave  occupied  in 
pasturing). 

patefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -factus 
[noun-stem  akin  to  pateo  +  facio], 
3.  v.  a.,  lay  open,  open,  lay  bare, 
disclose,  discover,  make  known, 
show  clearly. 

pateo,  -ere,  -uT,  no  p.p.  [tpatS- 
(noun-stem  akin  to  Trercti'j'i^^ai)], 
2.  V.  n.,  be  extended,  lie  open,  spread, 
extend,  be  zuide,  be  open,  be  exposed. 


pater 


152 


pax 


be  tincovered,  be  obviojis,  be  patent. 
—  patens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  open, 
exposed. 

pater,  -tris  [pa  (in  pasco  ?)  + 
ter],  M.,  a  father.  —  Plur.,  ances- 
tors, senators,  the  Senate :  patres 
conscripti,  senators,  gentlemen  of 
the  Senate,  conscript  fathers; 
pater  familias,  a  householder. 

paternus,  -a,  -um  [pater-  +  nus], 
adj.,  of  a  father,  paternal,  of  one'' s 
father,  of  one'' s  fathers. 

patientia,  -ae  [patient-  +  ia], 
F.,  patience,  endtcrance, forbearance, 
lo7ig-stiffering. 

Patina,  -ae  [patina],  m.,  a  Ro- 
man family  name.  —  Only,  T. 
Patina,  a  friend  of  Clodius. 

patior,  pati,  passus  [.''J,  3.  v. 
dep.,  suffer,  endure,  bear^,  put  up 
with,  tolerate,  allozu,  permit.  — 
patiens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  patient, 
long-suffering. 

patria,  see  patrius. 

patricius,  -a,  -um  [patrico-  -f 
ius],  adj.,  {of  the  Senate,  the  origi- 
nal nobility  of  Rome  as  opposed 
to  the  plebs  ;  cf.  pater),  pat7'icia7i 
(of  this  nobility).  —  Less  exactly, 
noble  (of  the  later  nobility).  — 
Masc.  plur.  as  subst.,  the  nobles 
(not  necessarily  the  original  pa- 
tricians). 

patrimonium,  -i  [patri-  (as  if 
stem  of  pater)  +  monium  (i.e.  mo 
-f  on  -f  ium)],  n.,  a  paternal  estate, 
a  patrimojty,  an  iiihej'itance,  an 
ancestral  estate. 

patrius,  -a,  -um  [pater-  -f  ius], 
adj.,  of  a  father,  ancestral,  of  one's 
fathers,  patenml.  —  Esp.,  patria, 


-ae,  fern,  as  subst.,  one' s  fatherland, 
7iative  country,  country,  native  city. 

patronus,  -T  [tpatro-  (as  if  stem 
of  t  patroo ;  cf.  colonus,  aegrotus) 
+  nus],  M.,  a  patron,  a  protector, 
an  advocate. 

patruus,  -1  [pat(e)r  -f  vus?],  m., 
an  uncle  (on  the  father's  side ;  cf. 
avunculus,  on  the  mother's). 

paucus,  -a,  -um  [pau-  (cf.  pau- 
lus  and  parvus)  -f  cus],  adj., 
almost  always  in  -p\\.\x.,few,  a  few, 
some  few  (but  with  irhplied  only  in 
a  semi-negative  sense)  :  pauca 
dicere  (a  feiv  words,  briefly'). 

paulisper  [paulis  (abl.  plur.  of 
paulus?)  -per],  adv.,  a  little  while, 
for  a  short  ti?ne. 

paululum  [ace.  of  paululus],  as 
adv.,  a  very  little. 

paulus,  -a,  -um  [pau  (cf.  pau- 
cus) +  Ius  (  =  rus?)],  adj.,  little, 
slight,  sfjiall,  insignificaiit.  —  Esp., 
paulum,  neut.  as  subst.  and  adv.,  a 
little,  little,  slightly.  —  paulo,  al^l. 
as  adv.,  a  little,  slightly,  little:  paulo 
ante,  a  little  while  ago,  j list  now. 

Paulus,  -I  [paulus],  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name. — Esp. :  i .  Z.  ALmilius 
Paulus,  who  conquered  Perses  of 
Macedonia,  B.C.  1 68 ;  2.  L.  y^milius 
Paulus  (of  the  family  of  the  Lepidi), 
praetor  B.C.  53,  a  partisan  of  the 
nobility. 

pax,  pacis  [pac,  as  stem],  f., 
{a  treaty  ?),  peace :  pace  alicuius, 
by  pet'mission  of,  etc.,  if  one  will 
allow,  an  apology  for  some  expres- 
sion or  statement :  pace  tua,  patria, 
dixerim,  pardoji  me,  ?fiy  coufitry, 
if  I  say  it. 


peccatum 


153 


pensito 


peccatum,  -I  [neut.  of  p.p.  of  pec- 
co],  N.,  a  fault,  a  wrong,  a  misdeed, 
an  offence. 

pecco,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus  [?], 
I.  V.  \'\;  go  wr07ig,  commit  a  fault, 
do  wrong,  err. 

pecto,  pectere,  pexT  (-ul),  pexus 
(pectitus)  [pec  +  to;  cf.  necto], 
3.  V.  a.,  comb :  pexo  capillo,  with 
well-combed  locks. 

pectus,  -oris  [perh.  pect  (as  root 
of  pecto)  -f  us,  from  the  rounded 
shape  of  the  breast ;  cf.  pectinatus], 
N.,  the  breast.  —  Fig.,  the  heat-t,  the 
mind. 

pecuarius,-a,-um  [pecu--f  arius], 
adj.,  of  cattle.  —  Masc.  as  subst.,  a 
grazier. —  Fern,  as  subst.,  pastur- 
age, grazing. 

peculatus,  -iis  [pecula-  -f  tus], 
M.,  e7tibezzleme7it. 

pecunia,  -ae  [tpecuno-  (pecu  + 
nus  ;  cf.  Vacuna)  +  ia],  f.,  money 
(originally  cattle),  7uealth,  capital, 
an  afnonnt  of  money,  a  sum  of 
money :  ratio  pecuniarum,  the  mat- 
ter of  finance. 

pecuniosus,  -a,  -um  [pecunia-  + 
osus],  adj.,  rich. 

pecus,  -udis  [pecu-  +  dus  (re- 
duced)], F.,  a  do77iestic  a7ii7nal  (cf. 
pecus,  -oris,  a  herd  or  flock),  a 
brute  (as  opposed  to  man),  a  du7nb 
beast. 

pedester,  -tris,  -tre  [pedit- -f  tris] , 
adj.,  of  i7ifa7itry,  ofperso7is  071  foot : 
copiae  {foot,  i7ifa7ttry'). 

pedetemptim  (-tentim)  [pede 
ttemptim  (cf.  sensim)],  adv.,  {feel- 
ing 07ie''s  way  with  the  feet),  cau- 
tiously, gradually. 


peditatus,  -us  [pedit-  +  atus  ; 
cf.  c5nsulatus],  u.,foot,  i7ifa7it7'y. 

peior,  compar.  of  malus. 

peius,  compar.  of  male. 

pello,  pellere,  pepull,  pulsus  [?], 
3.  V.  a.,  strike,  beat,  d7'ive,  defeat, 
repulse,  drive  out. 

Penates,  -ium  [pena-  (cf.  pena- 
tor  and  penus)  +  tis  (reduced  ;  cf. 
Arpinas)],  m.  plur.,  (presiding  over 
the  household  supplies  l),the  house- 
hold gods  (usually  with  Di),  the 
Pe7iates  (the  tutelary  divinities  of 
the  household  and  of  the  city  as 
a  household).  —  Esp.  as  a  symbol 
for  the  home. 

pendeo,  pendere,  pependT,  no 
p.p.  [tpendo-  (cf.  altipendus)],  2.  v. 
n.,  hang,  depe7id. 

pendo,  pendere,  pependl,  pensus 
[?],  3.  V.  a.,  ha7ig,  zveigh,  weigh  out, 
decide.  —  Hence  (since  money  was 
earlier  weighed,  not  counted), pay, 
pay  out.  —  Esp.  with  words  of 
punishment, /(rj/  (a  penalty),  stiffer 
(punishment ;  cf.  dare  and  capere). 

penes  [prob.  ace.  of  stem  in  -us 
akin  to  penitus],  prep,  with  ace,  in 
the  power  of,  i7i  the  co7ttrol  of. 

penetro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [tpene- 
tro-,  from  pene-  (in  penitus,  etc.) 
-f  terus  (cf.  inter,  intro)],  i.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  {go  i/i  deeper),  e7iter,  pe7te- 
trate,  force  07ie''s  way  /';/. 

penitus  [stem  akin  to  penes, 
penus,  etc.,  -\-  tus;  cf.  divinitus], 
adv.,  far  withi7i,  deeply,  e7itirely, 
utterly,  deep  withi/i. 

pensito, -are,  -avT,  -atus  [tpensito- 
(asif  p.p.  of  penso;  cf.  dictito)],  i.v. 
z..,  zveigh. — Hence, /<r?j)'  (cf.  pendo). 


per 


154 


peregnnus 


iper  [unc.  case-form  of  stem 
akin  to  irepi'],  adv.  (in  comp.),  and 
prep,  with  ace,  through.  —  Fig., 
through.)  by  means  of  (cf.  ab,  by^ 
directly),  by  the  agency  of:  per  me, 
etc.,  by  myself  without  other  aid : 
per  se  {of  itself).  —  Often  accom- 
panied by  the  idea  of  hindrance : 
per  anni  tempus  potuit,  the  tune 
of  the  year  7vould  allow ;  per  vos 
licere,  yoii  do  7iot  prevent,  you 
allow,  so  far  as  you  are  concerned, 
etc. ;  per  aetatem  non  audere  {on 
accouttt  of).  —  Of  time,  through, 
for:  per  triennium.  —  In  adjura- 
tions, by,  for  the  sake  of. 

'■^per  [perh.  a  different  case  of 
same  stem  as  ^per],  adv.  in  comp., 
very,  exceedingly. 

peradulescens,  -entis  [?,  -per- 
adulescens],  adj.,  vety young. 

perago,  -agere,  -egi,  -actus  [iper- 
ago],  3.  V.  a.,  conduct  through,  fin- 
ish, accomplish,  carry  through. 

peragr5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [^per- 
agro],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  traverse,  travel 
over,  go  over,  travel. — Fig.,  spread. 

perangustus,  -a,  -um  [^per-an- 
gustus],  adj.,  very  narrow. 

perbrevis,  -e  [2 per-brevis] ,  adj., 
very  short,  very  brief. 

percallesco,  -escere,  -ui,  no  p.p. 
[-per-callesco],  3.  v.  n.,  becotne 
thoroughly  hardened. 

perceleriter  Pper-celeriter], 
adv.,  very  quickly,  ve?y  speedily, 
very  soon. 

percello,  -cellere,  -cull,  -culsus 
[2per-tcello  (cf.  celer)],  3.  v.  a., 
knock  over,  strike  down,  overturn, 
dash  to  the  ground. 


percipio,  -cipere,  -cepT,  -ceptus 
[^per-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  take  iit  (com- 
pletely), learn,  acquire,  hear. — Esp. 
of  harvests,  gather. —  Hence,  fig., 
reap,  wifi,  gain,  feel,  experience 
(luctus,  dolores)  (but  in  Latin  the 
figure  is  retained). 

percitus,  -a,  -um  [p.p.  of  percieo], 
as  adj.,  excited,  incensed. 

percommode  [-per-commode], 
adv.,  ve7y  convoiiently,  very  oppor- 
tunely. 

percrebresco  (-besco),  -brescere 
(bescere),  -brul  (-buT),  no  p.p. 
[2per-crebresco],  3.  v.  n.,  become 
very  frequent,  becotne  very  common, 
spread  very  widely. 

percutio,  -cutere,  -cussi,  -cussus 
[iper-quatio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  hit, 
strike,  run  through,  stab,  strike  a 
blow.  —  Fig.,  strike  with  fear. 

perdo,  perdere,  perdidi,  perditus 
[iper-do],  3.  v.  a.,  destroy  (cf.  in- 
terficio),  ruin,  lose.  —  perditus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  ruined,  des- 
perate, abandoned,  lost,  over- 
zi'hehned. 

perduco,  -ducere,  -diixl,  -ductus 
[iper-duco],  3.  v.  2i.,  lead  through, 
lead  along,  bring  over,  carry  along, 
introduce. 

perdueilio,  -onis  [perduelli-  +  0], 
F.,  treason  (technical,  and  not 
strictly  conforming  to  either  our 
high  or  petit  treason). 

peregrinor,  -arl,  -atus  [peregri- 
no-],  I.  v.  dep.,  travel  abroad  (also 
fig.,  studia);  also,  be  abroad  (out 
of  sight  or  hearing). 

peregrinus,  -a,  -um  [peregro-  + 
inus],  'd.di].,  foreig7t,  outlandish. 


perennis 


155 


periculum 


perennis,  -e  [iper-annus  (weak- 
ened)], adj.,  (lasting for  the  year  ?), 
perennial,  unfailing;,  eternal. 

pereo, -Ire,  -iT,  -iturus  [^per-eo], 
irr.  V.  n.,  perish,  be  killed,  die,  he 
lost. 

'  perexiguus,  -a,  -urn  [-per-exi- 
guus],  adj.,  7ierv  small,  very 
short. 

perfacilis,  -e  [-per-facilis],  adj., 
very  easy.  —  Neut.  as  adv.,  very 
easily. 

perfamiliaris,  -e  [-per-familia- 
ris],  adj.,  very  intimate.  —  Masc. 
as  subst.,  a  very  intimate  friend,  a 
close  friend. 

perfectio,  -onis  [^  per-factio  ;  cf. 
perficio],  f.,  the  accomplishment,  the 
completion. 

perfero,  -ferre,  -tulT,  -latus  [^per- 
fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  carry  through  (or 
ove7-),  bring  over,  bring,  bear,  carry. 
—  Also,  bear  through  (to  tlie  end), 
endure,  suffer,  stibmit  to. 

perficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  '  -fectus 
[1  per-facio] ,  3.  v.  a.,  accomplish, 
effect,  complete,  finish,  make  (com- 
plete). —  With  ut  (uti),  bring  it 
about,  succeed  in  (doing  or  having 
done  or  getting  done),  accomplish, 
7nake  (some  one  do  something,  or 
the  like). 

perfidia,  -ae  [perfido-  +  ia],  f., 
perfidy,  treachery,  faithlessness. 

perforo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [^per- 
foro],  I.  V.  a.,  bore  through,  cut 
through. 
[  perfringS,  -fringere,  -fregT,  -frac- 
tus  [1  per-frango],  3.  v.  a.,  break 
through,  break  down,  bi'eak  the 
barriers  of. 


perfruor,  -frul,  -fructus  (-fruitus) 
[^per-fruor],  3.  v.  dep.,  e7ijoy  to  the 
full,  e)ijoy  without  alloy,  cojitinjie 
to  enjoy,  enjoy. 

perfugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  no  p.p. 
[' per-fugio],  3.  v.  n.,  rtin  away, 
fiee  (to  a  place),  escape  to,  take 
refuge  in   (ad  portum). 

perfugium,  -T  [iper-tfugium  ;  cf. 
refugium],  N.,  a  place  of  refuge, 
refuge. 

perfungor,  -fungi,  -functus  [^per- 
fungor],  3.  V.  dep.,  fulfil,  perform 
(to  the  end).  —  Hence,  have  done 
with,fi)iish  (and  get  rid  of). 

pergo,  pergere,  perrexl,  perrec- 
tus  (?)  [iper-rego],  3.  v.  n.,  {keep 
one's  direction  ?),  keep  on,  con- 
tinue to  advance,  advance,  go  on, 
proceed. 

perhorresc5,  -horrescere,  -horruT, 
no  p.p.  [iper-horresco],  3.  v.  n. 
and  a.,  shudder  all  over,  shudder 
at. 

periclitor,  -arl,  -atus  [tpericlito- 
(as  if  p.p.  of  periculor)],  i.  v.  dep., 
try,  make  a  trial,  be  exposed,  be  put 
in  peril,  imperil. 

periclum,  see  periculum. 
periculose    [old  abl.  of   pericu- 
losus],  adv.,  with  peril. 

periculosus,  -a,  -um  [periculo- 
-f  osus],  adj.,  dangerous,  perilous, 
hazardous,  full  of  danger. 

periculum  (-clum),  -T  [tperi-  (cf. 
experior)  +  culum],  n.,  a  trial.  — 
Hence,  peril,  danger,  risk.  —  Esp. 
of  the  defendant  in  a  prosecution, 
jeopardy,  proseczition  (in  reference 
to  tlie  accused),  defence,  trial  (in 
court),  accusation. 


penmo 


156 


persaepe 


perimo,  -imere,  -eml,  -emptus 
[^per-emo  (Ar/v)],  3.  v.  a.,  destj-oy, 
put  an  e)id  to. 

perinde  [iper-inde],  adv., 
{straight  through  /),  just.,  exactly. 

periniquus,  -a,  -urn  [-per-ini- 
quus] ,  adj .,  very  unfair.,  veryiinjiist. 

peritus,  -a,  -um  [tperi-  (cf.  ex- 
perior)+  tus],  p.p.  as  adj.,  (tried), 
experienced,  skilled,  skilful,  of  great 
experience. 

periurium,  -I  [prob.  tperius,  adj., 
from  per  (perh.  a  different  case  from 
I  and  2)  ius  +  ium  (cf.  iniurius). 
But  possibly  these  are  all  abnormal 
formations],  N.,  perjury,  false 
swearing. 

permagnus,  -a,  -um  [2per-mag- 
nus],  adj.,  very  great,  very  large. 

permane5,-manere,-mansT, -man- 
surus  [iper-maneo],  2.  v.  n.,  rejnain 
(to  the  end),  continue,  hold  out, 
persist,  stay. 

permitto,  -mittere,  -mTsT,  -missus 
[iper-mitto],  3.  v.  «.,  {give  ove?-), 
g7'ant,  allow,  give  tip,  entrust,  hafid 
over,  put  into  the  hands  of. 

permodestus,  -a,  -um  [-per-mo- 
destus],  adj.,  excessively  ??iodest. 

permoveo,  -movere,  -movl,  -mo- 
tus  [1  per-moveo] ,  2.  v.  a.,  7?iove 
(thoroughly),  influence,  affect.  — 
permotus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
much  affected,  influenced,  overcojue. 

perinultus,-a,-um  [-per-multus], 
adj.,  very  itiuch,  very  many,  a  great 
many:  permultum  valere,  be  very 
strong. 

permiitatio,  -onis  [permuta-  -f 
tio],  F.,  a  change:  rerum  {revolu- 
tion, upheaval). 


pernecessarius,  -a,  -um  [-per- 
necessarius],  adj.,  very  necessary, 
very  intitnate.  —  Masc.  as  subst., 
a  very  inti?nate  friettd. 

pernicies,  -el  [?,  akin  to  nex], 
F.,  destructio)i,  ruin,  injttry, 
harm,  mischief  a  plague  (used  of 
Verres). 

perniciosus,  -a,  -um  [pernicie- 
-f  osus],  adj.,  destructive,  ruinous, 
mischievous. 

pern5bilis,  -e  [^per-nobilis],  adj., 
veiy  noble,  most  noble,  very  famous. 

pernocto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [^per- 
nocto],  I.  V.  n.  (and  a.),  pass  the 
night. 

perdro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [^per-oro], 
I.  V.  a.  and  w.,  finish  argui)ig,  con- 
clude (a  case). 

perparvus,  -a,-um  [-per-parvus], 
adj.,  very  sjnall,  very  little. 

perpaucus,-a,-um  pper-paucus], 
adj.  —  Plur.,  very  few,  biit  very  few, 
OJtly  a  very  few. 

perpetior,  -peti,  -pessus  [^per- 
patior],  3.  V.  dep.,  suffer,  endure. 

perpetuus,  -a,  -um  [iper-tpe- 
tuus  (PET  -f  vus)],  adj.,  {keeping 
on  through),  contimting,  contitiual, 
contimied,  continuous,  without  in- 
terruption, lasting,  permanent,  ever- 
lasting:  in  i^er-petuum,  forever. 

perpolitus,  -a.  -um  [p.p.  of  per- 
polio],  as  adj.,  refined,  highly  cul- 
tivated. 

perraro  ["^per-raro],  adv.,  very 
rarely,  almost  never. 

Persa  (Perses),  -ae  [IlfpcrT??],  m., 
a  Persian.  —  Plur.,  the  Persians. 

persaepe  Pper-saepe],  adv.,  z/^rj/ 
often,  many  tifues. 


persapienter 


157 


pervenio 


persapienter  ['-  per-sapienter] , 
adv.,  very  wisely,  %vith  great  wis- 
dom. 

perscribo,  -scrlbere,  -scrips!, 
scrTptus  [iper-scribo],  3.  v.  a., 
zurite  out. 

persequor,  -sequT,  -secutus  [^per- 
sequor],  3.  v.  dep.,  follow  up,  pur- 
sue. —  Hence,  avenge,  punish.  — 
N\%o,  follow  out  (a  series  of  points), 
take  up  (in  detail). 

Perses  (Persa),  -ae  [IlepcrTys],  m. 
(cf.  Persa,  the  same  word),  king  of 
Macedonia,  son  of  Philip  V.  He 
was  conquered  in  the  third  Mace- 
donian war  by  ^milius  Paulus. 

perseverantia,  -ae  [perseverant- 
+  ia],  F.,  persistence,  perseverance. 

persolvo,  -solvere,  -solvl,  -solu- 
tus  [per-solvo],  3.  v.  2i.,  pay  in  full, 
pay  :  poenas  {pay,  suffer). 

persona,  -ae  [iper-tsona;  cf. 
dissonus],  f.,  a  mask.  —  Hence,  a 
part,  a  role,  a  character,  a  person- 
age, a  party  (in  a  suit).  —  Also,  a 
persoji  (who  plays  some  part  in 
the  world). 

perspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spec- 
tus  [iper-t specie],  3.  v.  a.,  see 
through,  see,  inspect,  examine.  — 
Also,  see  thoroughly.  —  Fig.,  see 
clearly,  see,  tinderstand,  learn, 
observe,  find,  discover. 

perspicue  [old  abl.  of  perspi- 
cuus],  adv.,  clearly,  plainly. 

perspicuus,  -a,  -um  [^per-tspe- 
cuus  (SPEC  -f  vus  ;  cf.  conspicuus)], 
adj.,  obvious,  plain,  clear. 

persuadeo,  -suadere,  -suasT,  -sua- 
sus  [iper-suadeo],  2.  v.  n.  (and  a.), 
persuade,  induce. 


pertenuis,  -e  [-per-tenuis],  adj., 
7'ery  thin,  very  slight. 

perterreo,  -terrere,  -terrul,  -terri- 
tus  [iper-terreo],  2.  v.  a.,  terrify, 
alarm. 

pertimesco,  -timescere,  -timuT, 
no  p.p.  [iper-time  -f  sco],  3.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  fear  much,  fear  greatly, 
dread,  be  alarmed. 

pertinacia,  -ae  [pertinac-  +  ia], 
F.,  obstinacy  (in  a  bad  sense ;  cf. 
constantia,  firmness). 

pertinax,  -acis  [iper-tenax;  cf. 
pertineo],  adj.,  pe/tifiacious,  ob- 
stinate. 

pertineo,  -tinere,  -tinuT,  no  p.p. 
[iper-teneo],  2.  v.  n.,  {hold  a 
course  towards),  tend,  extend.  — 
Fig.,  have  to  do  with,  concei-n, 
tend:  ad  quem  maleficium  {belojigs, 
whose  is,  etc.) ;  ad  te  non  pertinere, 
to  have  no  concern  for  yoti. 

perturbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [^per- 
turbo],  I.  V.  a.,  disturb,  throw  into 
confusion,  confuse,  throzv  into  dis- 
order, alarm,  terrify,  agitate,  make 
anxious:  turbata  tempora,  times 
of  disorder. 

pervado,  -vadere,  -vasT,  -vasus 
[iper-vado],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  {pro- 
ceed to),  reach,  spread  to,  extend  to, 
enter,  fill  (of  an  idea). 

pervagor,  -arl,  -atus  [iper-vagor], 
I.  v.  dep.,  roam,  scatter,  diffuse 
itself.  —  So,  pervagatus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  wide-spread. 

pervenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventum 
(n.  impers.)  [iper-venio],  4.  v.  n., 
{co77ie  through  to),  arrive  at,  get 
as  far  as,  reach,  come,  arrive :  ad 
eum    locum   {come  to   this   point); 


pervolgo 


158 


pietas 


regnum  {cottie,  fail);  ad  laudem 
{attain,  equal). 

pervolgo  (-vulgo),  -are,  -avT, 
-atus  [iper-volgo],  i.  v.  2i.,  spread 
abroad:  pervolgatus  honos  {trite, 
common). 

pervolo,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus  [^per- 
volo],  I.  V.  \\,,Jly  through,  fly  over, 
hiiriy  oz'er. 

pes,  pedis  [pad  as  stem],  m.,  the 
foot.  —  Also,  as  a  measure,  a  foot. 

pessime,  superl.  of  male. 

pestifer,  -era,  -erum  [pesti-tfer ; 
cf.  Lucifer],  adj.,  pestilent. 

pestilentia,  -ae  [pestilent-  +  ia], 
ajt  infectious  disease,  a  plagtie,  a 
pestilence. 

pestis,  -is  [?,  perh.  pes  (in  pes- 
sum,  pessiinus)+  tis],  f.,  plague, 
pestilence.  —  Esp.  fig.  of  persons 
and  things,  a  plague,  a  pest,  a  bane, 
a  scourge,  a  curse,  a  cursed  thing. 

—  Less  exactly,  ruin,  destruction  : 
una  reipublicae  pestis  {convulsion). 

Petilius,  -1  [petilo  (akin  to  peto) 
-f  ius],  M.,a  Roman  gentile  name. 

—  Esp.,  Q.  Petilius,  one  of  the  jury 
in  the  case  against  Milo. 

petitio,  -onis  [peti-  (as  a  stem 
of  peto)  -f  tio],  F.,  a  thrust,  an 
attack.  —  Also,  a  seeking,  a  canvass 
(for  office;  cf.  peto),  a  campaign 
(in  politics). 

peto,  petere,  petivT  (-ii),  petltus 
[pat],  3.  V.  a.  and  n.,  {fall?  fly?), 
aim  at,  attack,  make  for,  try  to  get,  be 
aimed  at,  seek,  go  to  get,  go  to.  — 
Hence,  ask,  request,  look  for,  get.  — 
Esp.  of  office,  be  a  catididate  for. 

petulantia,  -ae  [petulant-  -f  ia], 
F.,  wantonness,  impudence. 


Pharnaces,  -is  \^apva.Kri$],  m.,  a 
son  of  Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus, 
conquered  by  Caesar,  B.C.  47. 

Pharsalia,  -ae  [Pharsalo-  -f  ia], 
F.,  the  region  about  Pharsalus  in 
Thessaly,  where  the  decisive  battle 
between  Caesar  and  Pompey  was 
fought,  B.C.  48. 

Pharsalicus,  -a,  -urn  [Pharsalo- 
+  cus],  adj.,  of  Pharsalia. 

Pharsalius,  -a,  -um  [Pharsalo- 
+  ius],  adj.,  of  Pharsalia. 

Philippus,  -I  [<l>iXi7r7roj],  M.,  a 
common  Greek  and  Roman  proper 
name.  —  Esp.:  i.  Philip  V.,  king 
of  Macedonia,  defeated  at  Cyno- 
scephalae,  B.C.  197  ;  2.  L.  Philippus, 
consul  B.C.  91. 

philosophia,  -ae  [0tXo(ro0ia],  f., 
philosophy, philosophical  principles. 

philosophus,  -T  \(^L\b(TO(t)oi\,  m., 
a  philosopher. 

Picenus,  -a,  -um  [tpice-  (as  a 
kindred  stem  to  picus)  +  nus],adj., 
{of  the  woodpecker  .^).  —  Also,  of 
Picenum  (a  region  in  eastern  Italy, 
north  of  Rome).  — Picenum,  -i,  N., 
the  region  itself. 

pictor,  -oris  [pig  -\-  tor],  m.,  a 
painter. 

pictura,  -ae  [tpictu  (pig  -f-  tus) 
-f  ra;  cf.  figura],  f.,  painting,  a 
painting. 

pie  [old  abl.  of  pius],  adv.,  duti- 
fully, religiously,  with  dutiful  affec- 
tivn. 

pietas,  -atis  [pio-  +  tas],  f., 
fllial  affectioti,  affection  (for  the 
gods  or  one's  country,  etc.),  pa- 
triotism, religion  (as  a  sentiment), 
piety,  dutiful  affection. 


pignero 


59 


plebeius 


pignero,  -are,  -avi,  -at us  [pig- 
ner-],  i.  v.  3..,  pledge.  —  Pass,  as 
dep.,  take  as  a  pledge,  clami  as 
one's  own. 

pignus,  -oris  (eris)  [tpign-  (as 
stem  of  pango  or  tpagino)  +  us  ; 
cf.  f acinus],  n.,  (^z  pledge,  a  security. 

—  Fig.,  a  Jwstage  (rei  publicae). 
pila,  -ae  [?,  but  cf.  pello],  f.,  a 

ball,  hall  (as  a  game). 

pilum,  -T  \J\  N.,  a  pestle.  —  Also, 
a  javelin  (the  peculiar  weapon  of 
the  Roman  legion,  with  a  heavy 
shaft  2  or  3  in.  thick  and  4  ft. 
long,  and  an  iron  head,  making  a 
missile  more  than  6  ft.  long,  and 
weighing  over  10  lbs.). 

pingo,  pingere,  pTnxI,  pictus 
[pig,  cf.  TToktXos],  3.  V.  n.,  {daub 
with  a  greasy  substance  ?),  paint. 

pinguis,  -e  \),  possibly  ping-  (as 
root  of  pingo)  +  us  (with  inserted 
i  as  in  levis;  cf.  the  early  meth- 
ods of  painting  with  wax)],  adj., 
fat.  —  Hence,  stupid,  clumsy, 
coarse. 

pirata,  -ae  [TreipaTijs,  an  ad- 
vent}irer'\,  M.,  a  sea-roz>er  (perhaps 
like  the  ancient  Northmen ;  cf. 
praedo,  a  pirate,  more  in  the 
modern  sense),  a  corsair,  a  free- 
booter, a  pi7-ate  (without  the  above 
distinction). 

piscis,  -is  [.?],  M.,  afish.  —  Qo\- 
lectively,y?j-/z. 

Pis5,  -onis  [piso-  +  0],  m.,  (a 
man  with  a  wart  like  a  pea  .?  cf. 
Cicero),    a    Roman    family    name. 

—  Esp.,  L.  Calpurnius  Piso  Caso- 
nius,  father-in-law  of  Caesar,  consul 
B.C.  58  with  Gabinius. 


Pius,  -T  [pius],  M.,  a  name  of 
Q.  Metellus,  given  him  for  his 
dutiful  conduct  to  his  father. 

placeo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus  [tplaco-  (cf. 
Viriplaca,  placo,  and  placidus)], 
2.  V.  n.,  please,  be  agreeable.  —  Esp. 
in  third  person,  it  pleases  (one), 
one  likes,  ojie  approves,  it  is  thoiight 
best,  one  thinks  best,  one  determines, 
it  is  otters  pleasure,  one''s  vote  is. 

placo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tplaca- 
(cf.  Viriplaca) .'',  or  placo-  (cf.  pla- 
cidus)], T.  V.  a.,  pacify,  appease, 
reconcile,  win  ojie's  favor. 

plaga,  -ae  [flag  (in  plango)  -f 
a],  F.,  a  blow,  a  stroke,  a  lash,  a 
stripe. 

Plancius,  -I  [Planco-  -f  ius],  m., 
a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp., 
Cn.  Plancius,  a  friend  of  Cicero 
and  defended  by  him  in  a  charge 
of  bribery. 

plane  [old  abl.  of  planus],  adv., 
flatly,  clearly,  plainly,  distinctly, 
utterly,  absolutely. 

planus,  -a,  -um  [unc.  root  + 
nus],  adj.,7?<?/,  level.  —  ¥\g., plain, 
clear. 

plausus,  -us  [plaud-  (as  root  of 
plaudo)  +  tus],  M.,  a  clapping, 
applause. 

plebeius,  -a,  -um  [plebe-  +  ius], 
adj.,  of  the  coinmon  people,  plebe- 
ian :  ludi  (a  festival  held  Novem- 
ber 16,  17,  and  18,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  plebeian  aediles,  in 
honor  of  some  uncertain  advance- 
ment of  the  plcbs) ;  purpura  (a 
dark,  dull  red  of  a  poorer  quality 
than  that  worn  by  the  magistrates 
and  senators). 


plebs 


1 60 


pons 


plebs  (plebes),  -is  (-el)  [pie-  (in 
plenus)  +  unc.  term.  ;  cf.  ttXt^^os], 
F.,  the  plebs,  the  common  people  (as 
opposed  to  the  upper  classes  at 
Rome),  the  populace,  the  people, 
the  cotnmons. 

plenus,  -a,  -urn  [pie-  (in  tpleo) 
+  nus],  adj.,  full:  plena  consen- 
sionis,  ifi  perfect  agreeiuent. 

plerumque,  see  plerusque. 

plerusque,  -aque,  -umque  [ple 
(in  pleo)  +  rus  +  que  (cf.  -pletus, 
plenus)],  adj.  only  in  plur.,  most 
of,  very  many.  —  plerumque,  ace. 
sing,  as  adv.,  generally,  usually,  for 
the  most  part,  very  often. 

Plotius,  -I  [?,  Plauto-  +  ius], 
M.,  a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp., 
L.  Plothcs,  a  Roman  teacher  of 
rhetoric. 

Plotius,  -a,  -um  [same  word  as 
preceding],  adj.,  of  Plotius,  Plo- 
tian  :  lex  (a  law  of  M.  Plotius  or 
Plautius  Silvanus  in  relation  to 
assault  and  battery  or  breach  of 
the  peace). 

plurimus,  superl.  of  multus. 

plus,  compar.  of  multus. 

poena,  -ae  [perh.  tpovi-  (pu)  + 
na  (cf.  punio)],  F.,  a  penalty. — 
Hence,  a punish/nent  (see  persolvo, 
repeto,  constituo). 

poenio,  see  punio. 

poenitet,  see  paenitet. 

poenitor,  see  punitor. 

Poenus,  -a,  -um  [borrowed  from 
a  stem  akin  to  4>oiJ'i«:eos],  adj., 
Carthaginian.  —  Masc.  plur.  as 
subst.,  the  Carthaginians. 

poeta,  -ae  [ttoit^t'^s],  m.,  a 
poet. 


polio,  -ire,  -ivi  (-il),  -Itus  [.''], 
4.  V.  a.,  smooth,  polish   (also  fig.). 

—  Also,  adorn,  beautify.  — politus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  acco7nplished, 
cultivated,  refined. 

polliceor,  -licen,  -licitus  [tpor- 
(=  7r/)6s ;  cf.  portendo)  -liceor],  2.  v. 
dep.,  offer,  promise  (voluntarily  ; 
cf.  promitto,  by  request,  etc.),  make 
an  offer,  propose. 

PoUio,  -onis  [?],  M.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  • —  Esp.,  C.  Asinius 
Pollio,  a  distinguished  orator, 
statesman,  and  author. 

pollu5,  -uere,  -uT,  -utus  [tpor- 
luo],  3.  V.  a.,  {stain  as  by  water  ?)^ 
pollute,  defile,  desecrate,  violate. 

pompa,  -ae  [tto/xtt??],  f.,  a  pro- 
cession (esp.  of  a  funeral). 

Pompeius,  -1  [tpompe-  (dia- 
lectic form  of  quinque)  +  ius],  M., 
a  Roman  gentile  or  family  name. 

—  Esp.,  Cneius  Pompeius,  the  great 
rival  of  Caesar. 

Pompeius,  -a,  -um  [same  word 
as  preceding],  as  adj.,  of  Pof?ipey  : 
via  Pompeia  (a  street  at  Syracuse). 

Pomptinus  (Pont-),  -1  [cf.  Pom- 
peius], M.,  a  Roman  family  name. — - 
Esp.,  C.  Pomptinus,  praetor  B.C.  63. 

pondus,  -eris  [pend  (in  pendo) 
-f  us],  N.,  weight. 

pono,  ponere,  posuT,  positus 
[prob.  tpor-sino  (cf.  polliceor)], 
3.  V.  a.,  lay  down,  place,  put,  set, 
class,  set  before,  station,  lay.  —  Fig., 
place,  lay,  tnake  depend  on,  base, 
rest,  found.  —  positus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  situated,  lying,  depending 
on,  dependent  upon. 

pons,  pontis  [?],  m.,  a  bridge. 


pontifex 


i6i 


portus 


pontifex,  -icis  [in  form  ponti- 
(stem  of  pons)  tfex  (fac  as  stem) ; 
connection  uncertain,  but  perhaps 
from  railings  in  temples,  etc.],  M., 
a  pontifex  (a  kind  of  high  priest, 
of  which  several  formed  a  board, 
having  in  charge  most  religious 
matters) :  maximus  (the  chief  of 
these). 

Pontus,  -i  [IToi'Tos],  M.,  the 
ancient  name  of  the  Black  Sea. — 
Less  exactly,  of  the  region  around. 

—  Esp.,  Pontics,  the  kingdom  of 
Mithridates,  on  the  south-eastern 
shore  of  the  sea. 

popa,  -ae  [.^],  M.,  aji  inferior 
priest. 

Popilius,  -I  [?,  cf.  popa],  m.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  C. 
Popilius,  a  senator,  convicted  of 
receiving  money  illegally. 

popina,  -ae  [popa-  -f  ina  (fem.  of 
-inus),  butcher's  shop  .?],  F.,  a  tavern 
(of  a  low  order),  a  cooks  hop,  a 
brothel. 

popularis,  -e  [populo-  -f  aris], 
adj.,  of  the  (a)  people,  of  the  popu- 
lace, popular.  —  Esp.,  popular 
(favoring  the  people),  democratic. 

—  Also,  agreeable  to  the  people. 
populor,  -ari,-atus  [populo-],  i.  v. 

dep.,  {strip  of  people }  cf.  Eng. 
skin,  shell,  bark  a  tree),  ravage, 
devastate.  —  populatus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  pass.,  ravaged,  devastated. 

populus,  -I  [PAL.^  (in  pleo),  redu- 
plicated -f  us],  M.,  {the full  mmiber, 
the  mass),  a  people  (in  its  collective 
capacity),  the  people  (the  state),  a 
jtation,  a  tribe  (as  opposed  to 
individuals) :  populus  Romanus  (the 


official  designation  of  the  Roman 
state).  —  Esp.,  the  people  (as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  higher  classes, 
no  longer  opposed  to  plebs),  the 
citizens  (including  all). 

Porcius,  -T  [tPorco-  (porous)  + 
ius],  M.,  a  Roman  gentile  name. — 
Esp.  :  I.  M.  Porcius  Cato,  the 
Censor,  a;dile  B.C.  199;  2.  M. 
Porcius  Lceca,  tribune  B.C.  199. 

Porcius,  -a,  -um  [same  word  as 
preceding],  adj.,  of  Porcitis  (one 
of  the  two  above  mentioned),  Por- 
cian :  lex  {a  law  by  one  of  the 
above,  securing  the  freedom  of 
Roman  citizens  from  stripes  and 
death  except  by  judgment  of  their 
peers). 

porrigo,  -rigere,  -rexi,  -rectus 
[tpor-  (cf.  poUiceor)  -rego],  3.  v.  a., 
stretch  forth,  hold  out  to  07ie,put  in 
one's  hajid. 

porro  [.^  akin  to  tpor  (cf.  por- 
rigo)], adv.,  furthermore,  further, 
moreover,  then  again. 

porta,  -ae  [for  (cf.  7r6/3os)+  ta], 
F.,  {way  of  traffic  ?),  a  gate. 

portentum,  -i  [p.p.  of  portendo], 
N.,  a  portent.  —  Hence,  a  monster, 
a  prodigy  (of  crime  or  the  like). 

porticus,  -us  [porta-  +  cus,  the 
declension  prob.  a  blunder ;  cf. 
senati,  etc.],  F.,  a  colonnade,  a  por- 
tico, ail  arcade. 

porto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [porta-?], 
I.  V.  a.,  carjy  (perh.  orig.  by  way 
of  traffic),  bring. 

portus,  -us  [for  (cf.  porta)  -f 
tus],  M.,  {a  place  of  access),  a  har- 
bor, a  haven,  a  port:  ex  portu, 
froffi  customs. 


posco 


162 


potentia 


posco,  poscere,  poposci,  no  p.p. 
[perh.  akin  to  prex],  3.  v.  a.,  de- 
mand (with  some  idea  of  claim, 
stronger  than  peto,  weaker  than 
flagito),  require,  claim,  call  for, 
ask  for. 

possessi5,  -onis  [tpor-tsessio; 
cf.  obsessio],  F.,  possession,  occupa- 
tion.—  Concretely  (as  in  Eng.), 
possessions,  lands  (possessed),  es- 
tates:  de  possessione  detrahere 
{lands  in  possession) ;  libertatis 
{enjoyment). 

posside5,  -sidere,  -sedl,  -sessus 
[tpor-sedeo],  2.  v.  a.,  {settle  farther 
on  ?),  occupy,  possess,  hold  posses- 
sion of,  enjoy. 

possum,  posse,  potui  [pote,  no 
p.p.(forpotis)-sum],irr.v.n.,(5i'rt^/^, 
can  {eic), be  strong,  have  power,  have 
weight,  can  do,  etc.  :  plurimum  po- 
test, is  very  strong,  is  very  able, 
has  the  greatest  advantage  ;  si  fieri 
potest,  if  it  is  possible  ;  neque  po- 
test is,  etc.,  it  is  impossible  that  he 
(changing  construction  to  keep 
emphasis) ;  supra  potest,  go  be- 
yond, surpass,  be  superior. 

post  [?,  prob.  abl.  of  stem  akin 
to  postis  (cf.  ante,  antes,  rows,  and 
antae,  pilasters)'],  adv.,  and  prep, 
with  ace,  behind,  after,  later  than, 
afterwards,  later,  since :  post  diem 
tertium,  three  days  after ;  post  me- 
moriam  hominum  {since);  post  condi- 
tam  Messanam  {since  the  btiildingof 
etc.).  —  post  quam,  see  postquam. 

postea  [post  ea  (prob.  abl.  or 
instr.)],  adv.,  afterwards,  later, 
hereafter,  by  and  by.  —  pOStea 
quam,  see  posteaquam. 


posteaquam  (often  separate) 
[postea  quam],  conjunctive  adv., 
{later  than),  after  (only  with 
clause). 

posteritas,  -atis  [poster6-  +  tas], 
F.,  aftertijnes,ficture  ages :  in  pos- 
teritatem,  for  the  future,  in  the 
future,  hereafter. 

posterus,  -a,  -um  [post-  (or  stem 
akin)  +  rus  (orig.  compar. ;  cf. 
superus)],  adj.,  the  next,  later: 
posteri,  posterity ;  postero  die,  the 
next  day ;  in  posterum,  for  the 
future.  —  postremus,  -a,  -um, 
superl.,  last,  the  lowest.  —  pos- 
tremo,  abl.  as  adv.,  lastly,  finally. 

posthac  [post  hac  (prob.  abl.  or 
instr.)],  adv.,  hereafter. 

postquam  [post  quam],  con- 
junctive adv.,  {later  than),  after. 

postremo,  see  posterus. 

postremus,  superl.  of  posterus. 

postridie  [t  posteri-  (loc.  of  pos- 
terus) -die],  adv.,  the  Jiext  day. 

postulatio,  -onis  [postula-  +  tio], 
F.,  a  demaiid,  a  request. 

postulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [?], 
I.  V.  a.,  claim  (with  idea  of  right, 
less  urgent  than  posco),  ask,  request, 
require,  call  for,  detnand,  expect : 
postulante  nescio  quo,  at  somebody 
or  other^s  request ;  nuUo  postulante, 
7vithout  any  one's  asking  it. 

potens,  -entis  [p.  of  possum  as 
adj.],  adj.,  powerful,  influential, 
of  influence  :  potentiores,  compar. 
masc.  as  subst.,  fnen  of  influetice. 

potentia,  -ae  [potent-  +  ia],  f., 
power  (political  influence),  ^z////^r- 
ity  (not  official  or  legal),  domina- 
tion, domineering. 


potestas 


i6 


praecurro 


potestas,  -atis  [potent-  +  tas], 
F.,/^7f(?r  (official,  cf.  potentia;  and 
civil,  not  military,  cf.  imperium), 
office,  authority,  power  (generally), 
control,  ability,  opportunity,  chance, 
permission  (from  a  different  point 
of  view),  privilege:  imperium  et 
potestas,  military  and  civil po7vcr, 
power  and  authority  ;  praedonum 
{the power,  the  hands). 

potior,  potirl,  potTtus  [poti-,  cf. 
potis],  4.  V.  dep.,  become  master  of, 
possess  one''s  self  of,  get  the  control 
of:  return  {gain  supretne  control). 

potior,  -us,  -oris  [compar.  of 
potis],  adj.,  preferable.  — potius, 
neut.  ace.  as  adv.,  rather. —  potissi- 
mum,  neut.  ace.  of  superl.  as  adv., 
rather  than  any  one  {anything)  else, 
particularly,  especially,  most  of  all, 
by  preference  (over  all  others), 
better  than  any  other,  best. 

potus,  -a,  -urn  [p.p.  of  fpoo ;  cf. 
potio],  p.p.,  having  drunken,  full 
of  wine. 

prae  [unc.  case-form  of  same 
stem  as  pro],  adv.  (in  comp.),  and 
prep,  v^'ith  abl.,  before,  in  compari- 
son with.  —  Esp.  with  words  im- 
plying hindrance,  for,  on  account 
of  (some  obstacle).  —  In  comp., 
before  others,  very,  before,  at  the 
head  of. 

praebeo,  praebere,  praebuT,  prae- 
bitus  [prae-habeo],  2.  v.  a.,  {hold 
before  one),  offer,  present,  furnish, 
afford:  crudelitati  sanguis  prae- 
bitus  {sacrificed). — ^  With  reflex., 
show,  display,  act  (in  any  manner). 

praeceps,  -cipitis  [prae-caput], 
adj.,  headfirst,  headlong,  in  haste, 


hasty.,  inconsiderate,    driven  head- 
long. 

praeceptumi,  -I  [p.p.  of  prae- 
cipio],  N.,  an  instruction,  an  order, 
a  precept,  instruction  (in  plur.). 

praecipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus     ^ 
[prae-capio],  3.   v.  a.  and  n.,  take 
beforehand,  anticipate.  —  Also,  01'- 
der,   give  instructions,  give    direc- 
tions. 

praecipue  [old.  abl.  of  praeci- 
puus],  adv.,  especially. 

praecipuus,  -a,  -um  [prae- 
tcapuus  (cap  -f  vus)],  adj.,  {tak- 
ing the  first  place)\  special,  particu- 
larly great:  hoc  praecipuum,  this 
special  advantage. 

praeclare  [old  abl.  of  praecla- 
rus],  adv.,  nobly,  gloriously,  finely, 
in  a  fine  condition,  handsomely, 
very  well.  » 

praeclarus,  -a,  -um  [prae-cla- 
rus],  adj.,  very  noble,  glorious, 
very  famous,  excellent,  magnificent, 
preeminent,  very  fine,  very  beauti- 
ful, very  striking,  splendid :  omnia 
praeclara  sentire,  have  all  the 
noblest  sentimejits. 

praecludo,  -cludere,  -clusT,  -clu- 
sus  [prae-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  {close 
some  one  or  something  in  front), 
shut  off,  barricade,  cut  off". 

praeco,  -onis  [.''],  m.,  a  herald. 

praeconius,  -a,  -um  [praecon-  -f 
ius],  adj.,  of  a  herald. —  Neut.  as 
subst.,  heralding. 

praecurro,  -currere,  -cucurrT 
(-currT),  -cursurus  [prae-curro], 
3.  V.  n.  and  a.,  run  o>t  before,  has- 
ten on  before,  hasten  in  advance, 
hurry  on  before,  outrun,  outstrip. 


praeda 


164 


praepono 


praeda,  -ae  [prob.  prae-thida 
(root  of  -hendo  +  a)],  f.,  booty, 
prey,  plunder. 

praedator,  -oris  [praeda-  -f  tor], 
M.,  a  plunderer,  a  robber. 

praedicatio,  -onis  [praedica-  + 
tio],  Y.,  a  proclaiming,  aji  assertion, 
a  statement,  commendation, celebrity 
(talk  of  people  about  one). 

praedico,  -dicere,  -dlxi,  -dictus 
[prae-dico],  3.  v.  -3..,  foretell,  proph- 
esy, tell  beforehand,  state  first. 

praedico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tprae- 
dico-  (or  similar  stem  from  prae 
with  Die,  tell  before  the  world  or 
one's  self  ;  cf.  praedico,  tell  before 
the  event)],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  make 
known  (before  one),  proclaim, 
describe,  boast,  vaunt  one''s  self, 
celebrate,  report,  say,  tell  tis,  state, 
declare :  praedicari^de  se  volunt  {to 
be  talked  abont). 

praeditus,  -a,  -um  [prae-datus  ; 
cf.  praebeo],  p.p.,  endowed,  fur- 
nished, supplied,  possessing,  etijoy- 
ing. 

praedium,  -i  [praed-  (praes)  + 
ium],  N.,  an  estate  (orig.  as  a 
security). 

praedo,  -onis  [praeda-  +  0],  m., 
a  robber,  a  freebooter,  a  pirate  (cf. 
pirata). 

praeeo,  -Ire,  -il,  no  p.p.  [prae- 
eo],  irr.  v.  n.  and  a.,  go  before,  pre- 
cede. —  Esp.,  of  foiTnulas,  dictate. 
—  Hence,  prescribe,  dictate  (gen- 
erally) . 

praefectiira,  -ae  [praefec-  (as 
stem  of  praeficio)  +  tura ;  cf .  pic- 
tura],  F.,  the  office  of  prcefectus  (see 
next  word), «  prefecture  (?). — Also, 


the  city  governed  by  a  prefect,  ^? 
prefecture  (as  opposed  to  muni- 
cipium  and  colonia,  which  see). 

praefectus,  -I  [p.p.  of  prae- 
ficio, as  subst.],  M.,  a  captain  (of 
auxiliary  troops).  —  Also,  a  gov- 
ernor (sent  from  Rome  to  govern 
a  city  of  the  allies). 

praef ero,  -ferre,  -tull,  -latus  [prae- 
fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  place  before,  hand 
to,  place  in  one's  hands,  esteem 
above,  prefer  to  (with  dat.  or  quam). 

praeficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus 
[prae-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  put  before, 
place  in  command  of,  set  over. 

praefinio,  -Ire,  -Ivi  (il),  -Itus 
[prae-finio],  4.  v.  a.,  {set  a  limit 
before),  limit,  fix  (as  a  limit). 

praemitto,  -mittere,  -misl,  -mis- 
sus [prae-mitto] ,  3.  v.  a.,  send  for- 
zuard,  send  on. 

praemium,  -I  [.^  perh.  prae- 
temium  (em,  in  emo,  +  ium)], 
(taken  before  the  general  distribu- 
tion or  disposal  of  booty  .'),  N.,  a 
reward,  a  prize. 

praemoneo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus  [prae- 
moneo],  2.  v.  a.,  waj-n  beforehand, 
forewarn. 

Praeneste,  -is  \]\  n.  and  f.,  a 
city  of  Latium  about  twenty  miles 
from  Rome,  strongly  fortified,  now 
Palestrina. 

praeparo,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [prae- 
paro],  I.  v.  2i., prepare  beforehand, 
provide  for,  provide,  prepare. 

praepono,  -ponere,  -posul,  -posi- 
tus  [prae-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  piit  in 
command,  put  in  charge,  place 
over:  praepositus  est,  presides 
over. 


praenpio 


165 


praeterea 


praeripio,  -ripere,  -ripuT,  -reptus 
[prae-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  snatch  away, 
seize  in  advance,  forestall. 

praerogativus,  -a,  -um  [prae- 
roga-  +  tivus],  adj.,  (asked  first), 
voting  first.  —  Fem.  as  subst.,  the 
first  century  (in  voting).  —  Hence, 
a  decisive  vote  (given  first  and  so 
an  omen  of  the  result),  an  indica- 
tion, an  earnest. 

praescribo,  -scrlbere,  -scrips!, 
-scriptus  [prae-scribo],  3.  v.  a., 
(write  doivn  beforehand), prescribe, 
order,  direct,  ordaifi  :  hoc  beluis 
natura  {im/>ress  iipon). 

praesens,  -entis,  p.  of  praesum. 

praesentia, -ae  [praesent-  +  ia], 
F.,  presence,  the  present  momeiit : 
in  praesentia,  for  the  moment,  at 
the  moment,  at  present. 

praesenti5,  -sentlre,  -sensT,  -sen- 
sus  [prae-sentio],  4.  v.  a.,  see  be- 
forehand, find  out  in  time,  find  out 
(beforehand),  look  forward  to. 

praesertim  [as  if  ace.  of  tprae- 
sertis  (ser,  in  sero,  +  tis)],  adv., 
(at  the  head  of  til  e  row  ?), especially, 
particularly. 

praesideo,  -sidere,  -sedT,  no  p.p. 
[prae-sedeo],  2.  v.  n.  (and  a.),  (sit 
i)i  front  of),  preside  over,  gnard. 

praesidium,  -T  [prae-tsidium 
(SED  +  ium)  ;  cf.  obsidium],  N.,  (a 
sitting  down  before),  a  guard,  a 
garrison,  a  force  (detached  for  oc- 
cupation or  guard),  rt!«  armed  force, 
a  defence.  —  Fig.,  protection,  assist- 
ance, support,  a  defence,  a  safeguard, 
a  bulwark,  a  stronghold,  a  reliance. 

praestabilis,  -e  [praesta-  +  bilis], 
adj.,  excellent,  desirable. 


praestans,  -antis,  p.  of  praesto. 

praesto  [.^  perh.  "  praesto,"  / 
am  here  (as  if  quoted)],  adv.,  on 
hand,  ready,  waiting  for :  praesto 
esse,  be  waiting  for,  meet. 

praesto,  -stare,  -stitT,  -status 
(-stitus)  [prae-sto],  i.  v.  a.  and  n., 
stand  before,  be  at  the  head,  excel, 
be  superior  '  praestat,  it  is  better. — 
Also,  causatively,  (bring  before), 
furnish,  display,  give  assurance 
of,  vouch  for,  maintain,  assure, 
make  good,  show.  —  Esp.  \vith 
predicate  ace,  guarajitee,  insure, 
maintain.  —  praestans,  -antis,  p. 
as  adj.,  excellent,  superior,  suj-- 
passing. 

praestolor,  -arl,  -atus  [?,  but  cf.     ; 
stolidus  and  stolo],  i.  v.  dep.,  %vait 
for,  attend  upon. 

praesum,  -esse,  -fuT,  -futurus 
[prae-sum],irr.  v.n.,  be  in  front,  be  at 
the  head  of,  be  in  command,  preside 
over,  comtnajid  (an  army,  etc.).  — 
praesens,  -entis,  p.  as  2id]., present, 
immediate,  itt  person,  here  present, 
present  in  person,  with  immediate 
action,  acting  directly,  direct  (of 
the  interposition  of  the  gods):  ani- 
mus (ready,  or  together,  presence 
of  mind). 

praeter  [compar.  of  prae  (cf. 
inter)],  adv.,  and  prep,  with  ace, 
along  by,  past,  beyond.  —  Fig.,  ex- 
cept, beside,  contrary  to,  more  than, 
beyond. 

praeterea  [praeter-ea  (abl. .')], 
adv.,  furthermore,  besides,  and  be- 
sides, and  also :  nemo  praeterea, 
710  one  else  ;  neque  praeterea  quic- 
quam,  a/id  nothing  else. 


praetereo 


66 


Prilius 


praetereo,  -Ire,  -ii,  -itus  [praeter- 
eo], irr.  V.  a.  and  n.,  go  by,  pass  by, 
pass  over,  overlook.  —  praeteritus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  zA].,  past.  —  Esp. : 
praeterita,  -orum,  n.  plur.  as  subst., 
the  past  (cf.  "  bygones  "). 

praetermitto,  -mittere,  -misT, 
-missus  [praeter-mitto],  3.  v.  a., 
let  go  by,  let  slip,  omit,  neglect,  pass 
over. 

praeterquam  [praeter-quam], 
conjunctive  adv.,  except,  further 
than. 

praetervecti5,  -onis  [praeter- 
vectio],  F.,  a  sailing  by,  a  course 
(where  one  sails  by). 

praetextatus,  -a,  -um  [praetex- 
ta-  +  tus],  adj.,  clad  in  the  prce- 
texta,  in  one''s  childhood. 

praetextus,  -a,  -um  [p.p.  of 
praetexo],  p.p.,  bordered :  in  prae- 
texta  (the  bordered  toga  worn  by 
children  and  magistrates,  a  sym- 
bol for  childhood). 

praetor,  -oris  [prae-titor  (i  -f 
tor)],  M.,  {a  leader),  a  commander. 
—  Esp.,  a  prcetor,  one  of  a  class  of 
magistrates  at  Rome.  In  early 
times  two  had  judicial  powers, 
and  the  others  regular  commands 
abroad.  Later,  all,  during  their 
year  of  office,  had  judicial  powers, 
but,  like  the  consuls  (who  were 
originally  called  praetors),  they 
had  a  year  abroad  as  propraetors  : 
urbanus  (the  judge  of  the  court 
for  cases  between  citizens). 

praetdrius,  -a,  -um  [praetor-  -f 
ius],  adj.,  of  a  prcetor  (in  all  its 
senses):  praetoria  cohors,  the  body 
guard   (of    the    commander,     see 


praetor) ;  comitia  {for  the  election 
of  prcetors)  ;  homo  {an  exprcetor). 

—  praetorium,  -I,  neut.  as  subst., 
the  generaPs  tent,  headquarters,  the 
prcetor''s  house. 

praetura,  -ae  [prae-titura  ? 
(itu  -f  ra ;  cf.  pictura)],  f.,  {agoing 
before),  the  office  ofprcstor,  the  prce- 
tors hip. 

prandeo,  prandere,  prandi,  pran- 
sus  [?],  2.  V.  n.,  breakfast.  —  Esp., 
pransus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  pass., 
satiated. 

pravitas,  -atis  [pravo-  -f  tas], 
F.,  {crookedness).  —  Hence,  wicked- 
ness, depravity,  evil  intent. 

pravus,  -a,  -um  [?],  adj.,  crooked. 

—  Yienc&,  perverse,  vicious. 
precor,  -arl,  -atus  [prec-],  i.  v. 

dep-./r^^y,  supplicate,  entreat. 

premo,  premere,  pressi,  pres- 
sus  [.'],  3.  V.  a.,  press,  burden, 
press  hard,  harass,  overwhelm, 
oppress. 

pretium,  -I  [?,  cf.  irpiaixaL],  ti.,  a 
price,  tnoney,  value,  a  bribe :  in 
pretio  esse,  to  be  highly  esteemed  ; 
operae  pretium,  worth  one's  while. 

tprex,  tprecis  [?],  f.,  a  prayer. 

pridem    [prae-    (or  stem   akin) 
-dem ;    cf.    idem],    adv.,  for   some 
time:  iam    pridem,    lofig  ago,  for   j 
some  time,  for  a  long  time. 

pridie  [pri-  (prae  or  case  of 
same  stem)  die  (loc.  of  dies)],  adv., 
the  day  before.  —  Esp.  in  dates, 
pridie  Kalendas,  the  day  before  the 
Calends,  etc. 

Prilius  (Pre-),  -T  [?,  masc.  of 
adj.],  M.,  with  lacus,  a  lake  in 
Etruria  {Castiglione). 


pnmanus 


167 


probo 


primarius,  -a,  -um  [primS-  + 
anus],  adj.,  of  the  firsts  superior, 
excellent,  of  the  first  class. 

primus,  -a,  -um,  see  prior. 

princeps,  -ipis  [primo-ceps  (cap 
as  stem;  cf.  manceps)],  adj.,  m. 
and  F.,  first,  chief,  a  man  of  the 
first  rank,  a  chief,  a  chief  man,  a 
principal  man,  a  leader,  a  prime 
mover :  princeps  esse  and  the  like 
(take  the  lead). 

principatus,  -us  [princip-  -f 
atus ;  cf.  senatus],  m.,  the  first 
place,  the positio)i  of  leader,  the  pre- 
eminence. 

principium,  -I  [princip-  +  ium], 
N.,  ^  begi^ming : ^xmcvQXQ,  in  the 
first  place. 

prior,  -us  [stem  akin  to  pro  + 
ior],  compar.,  former,  before  :  nox 
[last  night,  night  before  last).  — - 
Ace.  neut.  as  adv.,  before,  earlier, 
first.  —  Esp.  with  quam,  before, 
first  .  .  .  before,  sooner  .  .  .  than.  — 
primus,  -a,  -um  [prae  (.'')  -f  mus 
(cf.  summus)],  superl.,  first,  of  the 
first  class,  superior :  decern  primi ; 
the  ten  select  men  (a  board  of  ten 
magistrates  in  many  ancient  cities) ; 
inprimis  (see  imprimis). —  primum, 
neut.  ace,  as  adv.,  in  the  first 
place  (opposed  to  turn,  deinde), 
first,  the  first  time :  cum  primum, 
when  first,  as  soon  as  ;  ut  primum, 
as  soon  as.  —  primo,  neut.  abl.  as 
adv.,  at  first  (opposed  to  postea, 
etc.). 

pristinus,  -a,  -um  [prius-tinus ; 
cf.  diutinus],  adj.,  forrner  (previ- 
ously existing),  old,  of  old,  old- 
time,  time-honored. 


prius,  see  prior. 

priusquam,  see  prior. 

privo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [priv5-], 
I.  v.  a.,  {set  apart?),  deprive. — 
Esp. :  privatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
[set  apart  from  the  general  com- 
munity^,  private,  separate,  indi- 
vidual, domestic  (as  opposed  to 
public).  —  Masc.  as  subst.,  a  pri- 
vate citizen,  a  private  individual, 
an  individual,  a  private  person. 

pr5  [for  prod,  abl.  of  stem  akin 
to  prae,  prior,  etc.],  adv.  (in  comp.), 
and  prep,  with  abl.,  in  front  of,  be- 
fore (in  place,  time,  or  circum- 
stance).—  Hence,  in  place  of,  for, 
on  behalf  of,  in  reticrn  for,  in  view 
of,  on  account  of,  in  proportion  to, 
in  accordance  with,  according  to. — 
Esp.  with  names  of  officers,  as, 
acting  as,  ex-.  —  Often  rendered  by 
transference,  proconsul,  proprietor. 
—  In  comp.  as  adv.,  before,  forth, 
away,  for,  down  (as  falling  for- 
ward). 

pro  [.^],  inter].,  oh!  (of  sur- 
prise, grief,  or  indignation). 

proavus,  -T  [pro-avus],  m.,  a 
great-gra>idfather. 

probe  [old  abl.  of  probus],  adv., 
ho7testly,  virtuously,  with  integrity, 
well,  very  zuell. 

probitas,  -atis  [probo-  +  tas],  f., 
honesty,  integrity. 

probo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [probo-], 
I.  V.  a.,  make  good,  find  good, 
approve,  prove,  show,  make  clear, 
be  satisfied  with,  make  acceptable 
(pass.,  be  acceptable).  —  Esp.:  pro- 
batus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  ap- 
proved, acceptable,  esteemed. 


probus 


i68 


profiteer 


probus,  -a,  -urn  [pro  +  bus ; 
cf.  morbus],  adj.,  superioj-  (perh. 
mercantile  word),  cxceileiit,  good, 
honest. 

procella,  -ae  [pro-tcella,  akin  to 
I  cello],  F.,  a  tearing,  rushing  storm, 
a  tempest,  a  storm,  a  hurriaine. 

pr5cessio,  -onis  [pro-cessio ;  cf. 
procedo],  F.,  an  advance. 

proclino,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [pro- 
clino],  I.  V.  a.,  {bend  forward), 
throw  down  :  res  proclinata  {fall- 
ing, ruined). 

procrastino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[procrastino-  (as  if,  perh.  really, 
pro-crastino)],  i.  v.  a.,  put  off  till 
to-morrozu,  postpone,  procrastinate. 

procreo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [pro- 
creo],  I.  V.  a.,  generate,  prodicce, 
give  birth  to :  procreatus,  bor)i. 

procul  [.^  tproco-  (pro  -f  cus, 
cf.  reciprocus)  +  lus  (reduced ;  cf. 
simul)],  adv.,  at  a  distatice  (not 
necessarily  great),  away,  far  away. 

procuratio,  -onis  [procura-  -f 
tio],  F.,  a  caring  for,  managejfient, 
superintendence. 

procurator,  -oris  [procura-  f 
tor],  M.,  a  manager,  a  steward. 

prodeo,  -Ire,  -il,  -iturus  [prod-eo], 
irr.  V.  n.,  go  forth,  appear  abroad, 
appear  (in  the  streets)  :  proditum 
est  (impers.),/^^/'/^  came  out. 

prodigium,  -I  [tprodigo-  (pro- 
dicus  ?)  -f  ium],  x.,  an  omen,  a 
portent.  —  Hence,  a  prodigy,  a 
monster. 

prodigus,  -a,  -urn  [prod-tagus 
(ag  +  us  ;  cf.  agilis  and  Aoxa- 
76s)],  adj.,  wasteful  (cf.  prodigo), 
prodigal,  a  spendthrift. 


proditor,  -oris  [pro-dator;  cf. 
prodo],  M.,  a  betrayer,  a  traitor. 

prodo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [pro- 
do],  3.  V.  a.,  give  or  put  forth,  give 
away,  betray.  —  Also,  publish,  ap- 
point, hand  down,  transmit. 

produce,  -ducere,  -duxl,  -ductus 
[pro-duco],  3.  V.  a.,  lead  forth, 
bring  out,  prodiice,  bring  forward, 
introduce. 

proelium,  -1  [.^],  n.,  a  battle,  a 
fight. 

profanus,  -a,  -um  [pro-fanum, 
decl.  as  adj  ],  adj.,  (outside  the 
te7?iple),  not  sacred,  secular,  com- 
mon. 

profectio,  -onis  [pro-factio ;  cf. 
proficiscor],  f.,  a  departure,  a  start- 
ing, a  setting  out. 

profect5  [pro-facto],  adv.,  {for 
a  fact),  certainly,  surely,  doubtless, 
nndozibtedly,  no  doubt,  I'm  sure. 

profero,  -ferre,  -tull,  -latus  [pro- 
fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  bring  forth,  carry 
forward,  bring  out,  publish,  bring 
forward,  introduce,  produce,  ad- 
duce. 

professi5,  -onis  [pro-tfassio  ;  cf. 
profiteer],  F.,  a  declaratio>i. 

proficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus  (or 
-urus)  (N.)[pro-facio],  3.  v.  n.  and  a., 
go  forivard,  gain,  make  progress.  — 
Fig.,  eff'ect,  accomplish. 

proficiscor,  -ficlsci,  -fectus  [pro- 
tfaciscor  (facio)],  3.  v.  dep.,  set  out, 
start,  depart,  proceed,  begin,  arise: 
ratio  profecta  {proceeding) . 

profiteor,  -fiteiT,  -fessus  [pro- 
fateor],  2.  v.  dep.,  profess,  declare, 
offer , proffer, promise,  make  a  decla- 
ration. 


profllgo 


69 


propero 


profllgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [pro- 
fligo],  I.  V.  a.,  dash  down,  cver- 
zv/icim,  lay  prostrate,  prostrate.  — 
Esp.:  profligatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  abandojied,  corrttpt,  unprin- 
cipled, profligate. 

profugio,  -fugere,  -fugl,  -fugi- 
turus  [pro-fugio],  3.  v.  n.,  flee 
away,  escape,  flee,  take  to  flight. 

profundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fusus 
[pro-fundo],  3.  v.  a.,  poicr  forth, 
pour  out,  shed,  waste. 

profundus,  -a,  -um  [pro-fun- 
dus],  adj.,  deep.  —  Neut.  as  subst., 
an  abyss. 

progredior,  -gredl,  -gressus  [pro- 
gradior],  3.  v.  dep.,  advance,  pro- 
ceed, go  :  nihil  progreditur.  takes  no 
step :  quo  tandem  progressurus, 
hoiv  far  he  would  go ;  quern  in 
locum  progressus,  how  far  yon 
have  gone,  how  much  you  are 
implicated. 

progressus,  -us  [pro-gressus ;  cf. 
progredior],  M.,  a  going  forward, 
an  advance. 

prohibeo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus  [pro- 
habeo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  off,  hi>ider, 
forbid,  preveftt,  shut  out,  cut  off .  — ■ 
With  a  change  of  relation,  keep 
(from  some  calamity,  etc.),  protect, 
guard. 

proicio,  -icere,  -iecT,  -iectus  [pro- 
iacio],  3.  V.  a.,  cast  forth,  thro7v 
away,  expose:  foras  {throw  021 1, 
get  rid  of)  ;  insula  proiecta  est 
{projects,  runs  out). 

proinde  [pro-inde],  adv.,  {and  so 
on  ?),  Just  the  same,  just.  —  Also, 
therefore,  hence  :  proinde  quasi, yz/.r^ 
as  if  forsooth  (ironical). 


prolato,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [pro- 
late-], I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  extend,  put 
off,  shillyshally,  procrastinate. 

promissum,  -1  [p.p.  of  promitto], 
N.,  c/  projnise. 

promitto,  -mittere,  -misT,  -missus 
[pro-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  set  in  view, 
hold  out,  give  hope  of,  promise. 

promptus,  -a,  -um  [p.p.  of  pro- 
mo], as  adj.,  {taken  out  of  the  gett- 
er al  store),  on  hand,  ready,  active. 

promulgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [?, 
prob.  promulgo-  (pro-mulgus,  akin 
to  mulgeo,  multo)],  i.  v.  a.  and  n., 
{post  a  flne  '/),  give  notice  of  (as  a 
law),  publish.  —  Absolutely,  give 
notice  of  a  bill. 

pronuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [pro- 
nuntio],  i.  v.  2i.,  proclaim,  publish, 
declare,  speak  out. 

propago,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [pro- 
pago-  (stem  of  propagus),  or  kin- 
dred stem],  I.  V.  a.,  {peg  down,  of 
^\q.v\\.s, propagate  by  layers),  propa- 
gate, extend,  prolong,  preserve : 
subolem  {reai-). 

prope  [pro-tpe ;  cf.  quippe],  adv., 
and  prep,  with  ace,  near,  nearly, 
almost.  —  Compar.  propius,  superl. 
proxime,  as  prep.:  proxime  deos, 
very  near  the  gods. 

propediem  [prope  diem],  adv., 
at  an  early  day,  7'ery  soon. 

propemodum  [prope  modum], 
adv.,  (often  separate),  nearly,  very 
nearly,  pretty  tiearly  :  prope  modum 
errare,  come  neartnakitiga  tnistake. 

propero,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [pro- 
pero-], T.  V.  a.  and  n.,  hasten  :  pro- 
perato  opus  est,  there  is  need  of 
haste. 


propinquus 


70 


prospicio 


propinquus,  -a,  -um  [case  of 
prope  +  cus  ;  cf.  longinquus],  adj., 
near. — Esp.,  tiearly  related,  related. 
—  As  subst.,  a  relative,  a  kinsman. 

propior,  -ius  [compar.  of  stem 
of  prope],  adj.,  nearer,  closer. — 
proximus,  -a,  -um  [t proco-  +  timus ; 
cf.  reciprocus],  superl.,  nearest, 
very  near,  last,  next,  following.  — 
As  subst.,  a  relative. —  In  plur., 
those  nearest  one,  one  V  kindred. 

propono,  -ponere,  -posuT,-positus 
[pro-pono],  3.  V.  a.,  place  before,  set 
before,  set  forth,  set  tip,  propose, 
purpose,  imagine,  conceive,  set  be- 
fore as  a  model,  offer,  offer  for  sale, 
threaten,  determine  tipon,  present, 
bring  forward :  mihi  erat  proposi- 
tum,  my  purpose  was. 

propraetor,  -oris  [pro-praetor 
(corrupted  from  pro  praetore  and 
declined)],  M.,  a  propmior  (one 
holding  over  in  a  prpvince  after 
the  year  of  his  praetorship). 

proprie  [old  abl.  of  proprius], 
adv.,  properly,  peculiarly,  strictly, 
solely. 

proprius,  -a,  -um  [?,  perh.  akin 
to  prope],  z.^\.,one^s  own, peculiar, 
characteristic,  indefeasible,  perma- 
nent, approp7-iate,  proper.  —  Often 
rendered  by  an  adv.,  peculiarly: 
proprius  est,  peculiarly  belongs ; 
noster  proprius,  peculiarly  ours; 
populi  Romani  {the  peculiar  chat-ac- 
teristic  of,  etc.). 

propter  [prope  +  ter ;  cf.  aliter], 
adv.,  and  prep,  with  ace,  near,  near 
at  hand.  —  Hence,  07i  account  of ,  on 
behalf  of,  for  the  sake  of,  by  means 
of,  through  (the  agency  of). 


propterea  [propter  ea  (abl.i*)], 
adv.,  on  this  account. 

propudium,  -1  [pro-tpudium 
(tpudo-,  cf.  pudet,  -f  ium)  ;  cf.  re- 
pudium],  N.,  sha7neful  conduct,  a 
disgrace.  —  Also,  of  persons,  a  dis- 
grace (one  who  causes  shame). 

propugnaculum,  -I  [propugna- 
+  culum],  N.,  a  defejice,  a  bulwark, 
outworks. 

propugnator,  -oris  [pro-pug- 
nator],  m.,  a  champion. 

propulso,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [pro- 
pulso ;  cf.  propello],  i.  v.  a.,  repel, 
ward  off,  avert :  vim  a  vita  {defoid 
one  V  life  against,  etc.). 

proripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptus 
[pro-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  snatch  away, 
drag  forth,  drag  off. 

proscribo,  -scrlbere,  -scrips!, 
-scrTptus  [pro-scribo],  3.  v.  a.,  ad- 
vertise, publish  (in  writing).  — 
Esp.,  proscribe  (in  a  list  of  per- 
sons forfeiting  their  estates),  out- 
law. 

proscriptio,  -onis  [pro-scriptio ; 
cf.  proscribo],  f.,  aji  advertising,  a 
sale  (on  execution).  —  Hence,  a 
proscription,  outlawfy,  forfeiture 
of  goods. 

prosequor,  -sequl,  -secutus   [pro-   j 
sequor],   3.   v.   dep.,  follow  forth, 
accotnpatiy  out,  escort,  honor,  pay 
respect. 

prospere  [old  abl.  of  prospe- 
rus],  adv.,  successfully,  prospe?-- 
ously,  with  success. 

prospicio,  -spicere,  -spexT,  -spec- 
tus  [pro-tspecio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
look  forward,  see  afar,  look  out  for, 
provide  for. 


prosterno 


171 


publico 


prosterno,  -stemere,  -stra  vT,  -stra- 
tus [pro-stemo],  3.  v.  a.,  lay  loio, 
overwhelm,  destroy,  overt hroio,  lay 
prostrate,   prostrate. 

prosum,  prodesse,  profui,  profu- 
turus  [pro-sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  of 
advantage,  profit,  do  good,  avail, 
benefit. 

Protogenes,  -is  [npwT07^j'?;s],  m.  : 

1.  a   celebrated    Greek     painter; 

2.  a    slave    who    read    aloud    to 
Marius. 

protraho,  -trahere,  -traxT,  -trac- 
tus  [pro-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  drag  forth, 
drag  out. 

pr5videntia,  -ae  [provident-  -f 
ia],  F.,  foresight.  —  Hence,  fore- 
thought, precautions. 

provideo,  -videre,  -vTdl,  -vTsus 
[pro-video],  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  provide 
for,  foresee,  see  beforehand,  take  care, 
?nake provision,  provide,  arrange  be- 
forehand, use  precaution,  take  pains 
(to  acconnplish  something),  guard 
against,  provide  for  the  future. 

provincia,  -ae  [t province-  (pro- 
vincus,  vino-  as  root  of  vinco  -f 
us)+  ia],  F.,  (office  of  one  extend- 
ing the  frontier  by  conquest  in  the 
field),  ofiice  (of  a  commander  or 
governor),  a  province  (in  general), 
a  function.  —  Trans.,  a  province 
(governed  by  a  Roman  magistrate). 

provincialis,  -e  [provincia-  -f 
lis],  adj.,  of  a  province,  intheproz'- 
tjices,  in  a  province,  provincial. 

provOCO,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [pro- 
voco],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  call  forth, 
rouse,  provoke. 

proxime,  snperl.  of  prope. 

proximus,  superl.  of  propior. 


prudens,  -entis  [providens],  adj., 
far-seeing,  wise,  prudent:  parum 
prudens,  too  indiscreet,  too  careless ; 
prudens  atque  sciens,  knowingly 
and  with  one''s  eyes  open  (an  old 
formula). 

prudentia,  -ae  [prudent-  +  ia], 
F.,  foresight,  discretion,  tvisdojn, 
prudence. 

pruina,  -ae  [.?],  f.,  hoarfrost, 
frost.  ^ 

Prytaneum  (-ium),  -T  \J\pvra.- 
veLQv\,  N.,  a  city-hall  (a  public 
building  in  a  Greek  city,  where 
the  magistrates  (irpvYaveii)  met 
and  lived  at  the  public  expense, 
and  where  public  guests  were 
entertained. 

piibes  (puber),  -eris  [?],  adj., 
adult.  —  As  subst.,  adults  (collec- 
tively), grown  ?nen,  young  men  of 
age,  able-bodied  men. 

piiblicanus,  -a,  -um  [publico-  + 
anus],  adj.,  connected  with  the  reve- 
nue  (publicum).  —  Esp.  as  subst., 
masc,  a  fartner  of  the  revenue. 

publicatio,  -onis  [publica-  +  tio], 
F.,  a  confiscation  (taking  private 
property  into  the  publicum). 

publice  [old  abl.  of  publicus], 
adv.,  publicly,  in  the  name  of  the 
state,  as  a  state,  on  behalf  of  the  state, 
ofiicially  :  tumultus  (of  the  people, 
general). 

Publicius,  -T  [publico-  +  ius],  m., 
a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  an 
obscure  Roman  in  the  Catilinarian 
conspiracy. 

publico,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [publi- 
co-], I.  v.  a.,  {make  belong  to  the 
public),  confiscate. 


publicus 


172 


Punicus 


publicus,  -a,  -um  [populo-  + 
z\xs\,2idi].,  of  the  people  (as  a  state), 
of  the  state,  public,  official  (as  op- 
posed to  individual).  —  In  many 
phrases,  esp.  res  publica,  the  com- 
vionwealth,  the  public  bvsifiess, 
politics,  control  of  the  state,  fo?-?n 
of  governvient,  the  affairs  of  state, 
the  interests  of  the  state;  consilium 
{a  state  measure,  the  council  of  state, 
the  official coicncil) ;  publico  consilio, 
officially,  as  a  state  measure  ;  con- 
sensus {the  general  agreement,  the 
ujiited  voice  of  the  people) ;  litte- 
rae  {official  communications,  de- 
spatches) ;  tabulae  {public  or  offi- 
cial records).  —  piiblicum,  -I,  neut. 
as  subst.,  the  public  revemie.  — 
Also,  the  streets,  public  appear- 
ance (going  abroad,  as  opposed 
to  seclusion),  the  sight  of  the 
people. 

Publius,  -I  [prob.  populo-  +  ius  ; 
cf.  publicus],  M.,  a  Roman  prae- 
nomen. 

pudet,  pudere,  puduit  (pudi- 
tum  est)  [?,  cf.  propudium],  2.  v. 
impers.,  (//  shames),  one  is  (etc.) 
ashamed  (translating  the  accusa- 
tive as  subject). 

pudicitia,  -ae  [pudico-  -|-  tia], 
F.,  chastity,  modesty  (as  a  quality  ; 
cf.  pudor,  modesty  in  general  or  as 
a  feeling). 

pudor,  -oris  [pud  (in  pudet)  -f 
or],  M.,  shame,  a  sense  of  shajne, 
sense  of  honor,  77iodesty ,  self-respect. 

puer,  -eri  [?],  m.,  a  boy.  —  Plur., 
boys,  childreft  (of  either  sex):  ex 
pueris,  from  childhood.  —  Also,  a 
slave. 


puerilis,  -e  [puero-  (reduced) -f 
ilis],  adj.,  of  a  child :  aetas  {of 
childhood). 

pueritia,  -ae  [puero-  +  tia],  v., 
boyhood,  childhood. 

pugna,  -ae  [pug  (in  pugno)  + 
na],  F.,  a  fght  (less  formal  than 
proelium). 

piigno,  -are, -avT, -atus  [pugna-], 
I.  V.  y\.,  fight,  engage.  —  Fig.,  fight, 
contend.  —  Often  impers.  in  pass., 
pugnatum  est,  etc.,  a7t  efigagement 
took  place,  they  fought,  the  fighting 
cofitinued,  the  battle  was  fought: 
hostes  pugnantes  (while  fighting, 
in  battle);  pugnari  videre,  to  see 
a  fight  going  on. 

pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum  [?],  adj., 
beautiful,  hajidsome,  fine,  atti-ac- 
tive.  —  Less  exactly,  glorious, 
noble. 

pulchre  [old  abl.  of  pulcher], 
adv.,  beautifully,  honorably,  success- 
fully. 

pulchritude,  -inis  [pulchro-  + 
tudo],  F.,  beauty:  haec  pulchritudo, 
all  this  beauty. 

pulsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pello. 

pulvinar,  -aris  [pulvino-  +  aris], 
N.,  a  couch  of  the  gods  (where  the 
images  of  the  gods  were  feasted 
on  solemn  occasions). 

piinctum,  -i  [p.p.  of  pungo],  n., 
a  prick,  a  poijit.  —  Hence,  afi 
instant  (temporis). 

pungo,  pungere,  pupugl,  punctus 
[pug,  cf.  pugnus],  3.  V.  a.,  piinch, 
stab,  pierce,  prick. 

Piinicus,  -a,  -um  [Poeno-  +  cus], 
adj.,  Carthaginian,  Ptinic :  bellum 
(of  the  wars  with  Carthage). 


punio 


17. 


quaestio 


punio  (poenio),  -Ire,  -Ivl  (-il),  -Itus 
[poena-  or  kindred  i-stem ;  cf.  im- 
punis],  4.  V.  2i., punish. — Also  pass, 
as  deponent  in  same  sense. 

punitor  (poen-),  -oris  [puni-  + 
tor],  M.,  a piinisher,  an  avetiger. 

purgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tpurigo- 
(puro  +  tagus  ;  cf.  prodigus)],  i.  v. 
a.,  clean,  cleanse,  clear.  —  Fig., 
exctise,  exonerate,  free  from  suspi- 
cion, exculpate,  absolve. 

purpura, -ae  [7rop0u/)a],  y., purple 
(the  dye,  really  a  dark  red).  — 
hX^o,  purple  cloth ,  purple  garni  cuts, 
purple  (in  the  same  sense). 

purpuratus,  -a,  -um  [purpura-  + 
tus],  adj.,  clad  in  ptirple. —  Masc.  as 
subst.,  a  courtier,  a pri?ne  mitiister. 


purus,  -a,  -um  [pu  {clean)  -f 
rus  ;  cf.  plerus],  adj.,  clean,  pure, 
unsullied,  ufistaifted.  —  Also  fig.  : 
mens  {lionest,  pure,  unselfish). 

puteal,  -alis  [puteo-  +  alls],  n., 
a  well-curb.  —  Esp.,  the  Puteal  Li- 
bonis,  an  enclosure  in  the  P'orum 
like  a  well-curb.  The  vicinity  served 
as  a  kind  of  Exchange. 

puto,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [puto-  (stem 
of  putus,  clean)'],  i.  v.  a.,  clean  up, 
clear  tip.  —  Esp. :  rationes  {clear 
up  accounts). — Hence,  reckon,  think, 
suppose,  ifnagiiie. 

Pyrrhus,  -1  [ITiy/spos],  m.,  a  com- 
mon Greek  name.  —  Esp.,  the 
king  of  Epirus,  who  invaded  Italy 
in  B.C.  280. 


Q.,  abbreviation  for  Quintus. 

qua  [abl.  or  instr.  (?)  of  qui], 
rel.  adv.,  by  which  (way),  zvhere. 

quadraginta  [quadra  (akin  to 
quattuor)  +  ginta  (?)],  indecl.  num. 
did].,  forty. 

quadriduum,  -I  [quadra-tduum 
(akin  to  dies)],  y..,  four  days^  titne. 

quadringenti,  -ae,  -a  [unc.  form 
(akin  to  quattuor)  +  genti  (for 
centi)],  num.  ?iA].,foiir  hundred. 

quadringentiens  (-ies)  [cf.  to- 
tiens],  num.  adv.,  four  hundred 
times.  —  Hence  (sc.  centena  millia), 
forty  tnillion. 

quaero,  quaerere,  quaesIvT  (-il), 
quaesitus  \f.,  with  r  for  original  s] ,  3. 
v.  a.  and  n.,  search  for,  seek  for,  look 
for,  inquire  about,  inquire,  ask,  try 
to  get,  get,  fi)id,  deare,  investigate. 


conduct  investigations,  preside  over 
trials,  hold  aft  investigation,  be 
president  of  a  court:  ex  eis  quaeritur, 
they  are  examined ;  quid  quaeris 
amplius  ?  what  more  do  you  want  ? 
invidia  quaeritur,  one  tries  to  ex- 
cite odium  ;  in  quaerendo,  in  or  on 
investigation. 

quaesitor,  oris  [quaesi-  (as  stem 
of  quaero,  in  fourth  con j.)-)- tor],  M., 
an  investigator.  —  Esp.,  a  president 
(of  a  court,  who  conducted  the  trial). 

quaeso  (orig.  form  of  quaero, 
petrified  in  a  particular  sense), 
only  pres.  stem,  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  beg, 
pray :  quaeso,  I  beg  you,  pray  tell 
me. 

quaestio,  -onis  [quaes  (as  root 
of  quaero)  -f  tio],  f.,  an  investiga- 
tion, an  examination  (of  a  case,  or 


quaestor 


174 


quantus 


of  witnesses,  especially  by  torture), 
a  trial,  a  court,  a  question  (on  trial). 

quaestor,  -oris  [quaes-  (as  root 
of  quaero)  +  tor],  m.,  {investigator, 
or  acquirer,  perh.  both),  a  quiFstor, 
a  class  of  officers  at  Rome  or  on 
the  staff  of  a  commander,  who  had 
charge  of  money  affairs  and  public 
records.  They  also  had  charge  of 
some  investigations,  and  perhaps 
originally  collected  fines  and  the 
like  :  '^xoQ^Q.&stQiQ,actingqucEstor. 

quaestorius,  -a,  -um  [quaestor- 
+  ius],  adj.,  of  a  quccstor,  of  one's 
quicstorship. 

quaestuosus,  -a,  -um  [quaestu- 
-f  osus],  adj.,  lucrative. 

quaestura,  -ae  [quaestu-  +  ra ; 
cf.  figura],  F.,  [investigation  or  ac- 
quisition ;  cf.  quaestor),  a  qua^stor- 
ship,  the  office  of  qucrstor. 

quaestus,  -lis  [quaes  (as  root 
of  quaero)  -f  tus],  m.,  acquisition, 
gain,  profit,  business  (for  profit), 
earnings :  pecuniam  in  quaestu  re- 
linquere  {profitably  employed,  at 
interest  or  used  in  business). 

quails,  -e  [quo-  (stem  of  quis) 
-f  alls],  a.  Interr.  adj.,  of  what 
sort?  of  what  nature  ?  what  kind 
of  a?  what  sort  of?  quae  qualia 
sint,  the  character  of  which,  etc.  — 
b.  Rel.  adj.,  of  which  sort,  as 
(correlative  with  talis),  such  as 
(with  talis  omitted). 

quam  [case-form  of  quis  and 
qui;  cf.  tarn,  nam],  adv.  and  conj. 
a.  Interr.,  how  ?  how  inttch  ';  — 
h.  Rel.,  as,  as  .  .  .  as,  than :  malle 
quam  (rather  than).  —  Often  with 
superlatives,  as  much  as  possible, 


the  utmost:  quam  maximas,  the 
greatest  possible ;  quam  maxime, 
very  much.  —  See  also  postquam, 
priusquam,  which  are  often  sepa- 
rated, but  are  best  represented  in 
Eng.  together. 

quamdiu  [quam  diu],  adv.  (see 
the  parts),  hoiv  long,  as  lo7ig,  as 
long  as. 

quam  ob  rem  (often  foimd  to- 
gether), adv.  phrase:  a.  Interr., 
why  ?  —  b.  Rel.,  071  which  account, 
for  which  reason. 

quamquam  (quanquam)  [quam 
quam;  cf.  quisquis],  rel.  adv.,  {how- 
ever), although,  though.  —  Often 
corrective,  though,  yet  (where  Eng. 
takes  a  different  view),  yet  after 
all. 

quamvis  [quam  vis],  adv.,  as 
you  please,  however,  no  matter  how. 
—  Also,  hotvever  much,  although. 

quando  [quam  -f  unc.  case-form 
akin  to  de],  adv.  a.  \xiA^i.,  at  any 
time:  si  quando,  if  ever,  whenever. 
■ — b.  Interr.,  when? — c.  Rel.,w//^«, 

quandoquidem  (often  separate) 
[quando  quidem],  phrase  as  adv., 
{when  at  least  ?),  since. 

quanto,  see  quantus. 

quantopere,  see  opus. 

quantus,  -a,  -um  [prob.  for  ka- 
(root  of  qua)  -f  vant  +  us],  adj. 
a.  Interr.,  how  great?  how  7nuch? 
what?  —  b.  Rel.,  as  great,  as  much, 
as  (correlative  to  tantus),  as  great 
.  .  .  as  (with  tantus  omitted),  such 
. . .  as,  however  great,  however  7nuch. 
— quantum,  neut.  ace.  as  adv.,  hoT.v 
771  uch  (see  above),  as.  —  quanto, 
neut.  abl.,  as,  as  much  .  .  .  as. 


quantuscumque 


75 


quidam 


quantuscumque,  quanta-,  quan- 
tum- [quantus-cumque],  rel.  adj., 
hozveve?'  great. 

quapropter  [qua  (abl.  or  instr. 
of  qui)  -propter],  adv.,  on  which 
account,  wherefore,  therefore. 

quare  (often  separate)  [qua-re], 
adv.,  rel.  and  interr.,  by  which 
thing,  wherefore,  therefore,  on  ac- 
count of  which  (circumstance,  etc.), 
why.  —  The  relative  and  interrog- 
ative senses  are  not  always  dis- 
tinguishable. 

quartanus,  -a,  -um  [quarto-  -f 
anus],  adj.,  recurring  on  the  fourth 
day.  —  Fem.  as  subst.  (sc.  febris), 
the  quartan  ague. 

quartus,  -a,  -um  [quattuor-  (re- 
duced) +  tus],  2i(S].,  fourth  :  quar- 
tus ^QZ\va.\x%,  fourteenth. 

quasi  [quam  (or  qua)  -si],  conj., 
as  if:  quasi  vero,  as  if  forsooth 
(ironical). — Also,  about,  say,  a  kind 
of,  as  it  were,  like. 

quasso,-are,  -avi,  -atus  [quasso-], 
I.  v.  a.,  shake  violently,  shatter. 

quatenus  [qua  tonus],  adv.,  hojv 
far,  how  long. 

quattuor  [?,  reduced  plur.],  in- 
decl.  num.  adj. ,_/<?//?'. 

-que  (always  appended  to  the 
word  or  to  some  part  of  the 
phrase  which  it  connects)  [unc. 
case-form  of  qui],  conj.,  and.  — 
Sometimes  connecting  the  particu- 
lar to  the  general,  and  in  general, 
and  other. 

quem  ad  modum,  phrase  as 
adv.,  how,  just  as,  as. 

que5,  -ire,  -IvT  (-ii),  -itus  [?], 
4.  V.  n.  def.,  be  able,  can. 


querela,  -ae  [unc.  stem  (akin  to 
queror)  +  la  ;  cf.  candela],  F.,  a 
complaint,  a  cause  of  complaint. 

querimonia,  -ae  [tquero-  (cf. 
querulus)  +  monia  (cf.  parcimonia)], 
F.,  a  complaining,  a  complaint. 

queror,  querl,  questus  [.',  with  r 
for  original  s],  3.  v.  dep.,  complaiti, 
make  a  complaint,  complain  of,  fnd 
fault,  find  fault  with,  beivail. 

qui,  quae,  quod,  ciiius  [prob. 
quo-  +  i  (demonstrative)],  rel.pron., 
who,  which,  that.  —  Often  where  a 
demonstrative  is  used  in  Eng.,  this, 
that.  —  Often  implying  an  antece- 
dent, he  7vho,  etc.,  whoever,  what- 
ever, 07ie  who,  a  thing  which. — 
Often  expressing  some  relation 
otherwise  denoted  in  English,  in 
that,  as,  to  (see  grammar).  —  quo, 
abl.  of  degree  of  difference,  the 
(more,  less,  etc.).  —  See  also  quis, 
quod,  1  quo,  ^  quo,  3  quo, 

qui  [old  abl.  or  instr.  of  quis], 
interr.  adv.,  how  ? 

quia  [?,  case-form  of  qui,  perh. 
neuter  plur.  of  i-stem],  conj.,  be- 
cause, inasmuch  as. 

quicumque  (quicunque),  quae-, 
quod-  [qui-cumque  (cf.  quisque)], 
indef.  rel.  pron.,  whoever,  which- 
ever, tvhatever,  every  possible,  all 
who,  etc. 

quidam,  quae-,  quod-  (quid-) 
[qui-dam  (case  of  d.a.  ;  cf.  nam, 
tarn)],  indef.  pron.,  a  (possibly 
known,  but  not  identified),  o)ie, 
some,  a  certain,  certain,  a  kind  of 
(referred  to  as  belonging  to  the 
class  but  not  exactly  the  thing 
spoken  of):  divine  quodam  spiritu 


quidem 


176 


Quiris 


(a  kind  of  divine,  etc.) ;  alia  quae- 
dam,  a  somewhat  different. —  Often 
as  subst.,  a  man,  somethitn:;;  a 
thing,   etc. 

quidem  [unc.  case-form  of  qui 
-f  dem  (from  da  ;  cf.  tandem, 
idem)],  conj.,  giving  emphasis  to 
a  word  or  strength  to  an  asser- 
tion, but  with  no  regular  English 
equivalent,  certainly,  most  cer- 
tainly, and  certainly,  at  least,  at 
any  rate,  assuredly,  I^m  sure,  let 
me  say,  I  may  say,  by  the  way,  you 
know. — Often  only  concessive,  fol- 
lowed by  an  adversative,  to  be  sure, 
doubtless,  no  doubt. —  Often  empha- 
sizing a  single  word  :  mea  quidem 
sententia,  in  my  opinion ;  mihi 
quidem  ipsi,  for  my  own  part ; 
quae  quidem,  and  these  thijigs : 
nam  e  lege  quidem,  for  by  law.  — 
Esp. :  si  quidem,  if  really,  since  ; 
ne  .  .  .  quidem,  iiot  even,  not  .  .  . 
either. 

quies,  -etis  [quie-  (stem  of  qui- 
esco,  etc.)-f  tis  (reduced)],  7.,  rest, 
sleep,  repose. 

quiesco,  -escere,  -evi,  -etus 
[tquie-  (cf.  old  abl.  quie)  +  sco; 
cf.  quies],  3.  v.  n.,  ^'<;^  to  rest,  rest, 
sleep,  be  quiet,  do  nothing,  keep 
quiet:  quiescens,  while  at  rest, 
asleep.  —  quietus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  qjciet,  at  rest,  at  peace,  undis- 
turbed, in  quiet,  inactive,  un- 
troubled,   calm . 

quilibet,  quae-,  quod-  [qui-libet], 
indef.  pron.,  who  you  please,  any 
one  whatever,  what  you  please,  etc.: 
alius  quilibet,  a7iy  other  you  please, 
any  otie  whatever. 


quin  [qui  (abl.  or  instr.  of  qui) 
-f  ne],  conj.,  interr.,  hoiv  not? 
7iay,  why  !  and  rel.,  by  which  not  : 
quin  etiam,  nay  even,  in  fact. 
—  After  negative  verbs  of  hin- 
drance and  doubt,  so  but  what, 
but  what,  but  that,  that,  from  (do- 
ing a  thing),  to  (do  a  thing):  non 
dubito  quin,  /  doiibt  not  that,  also 
rarely,  do  not  hesitate  to  ;  nemo  est 
quin,  there  is  no  one  but,  etc. ;  non 
fuit  recusandum  quin,  etc.,  it  was 
not  to  be  avoided  that ;  ne  se  quidem 
servare  potuit  quin  (without,  etc.); 
non  quin,  7iot  that  .  .  .  7iot,  not  but 
zvhat ;  quin  sic  attendite((;cw^,  etc.). 

quinam,  see  quisnam. 

Quinctilis  (Quint-)  [quinto-  -f 
ills],  adj.  ^\.,  of  the  fifth  {month), 
i.e.  July. 

quindecim  [quinque-decem],  in- 
decl.  num.  adj.,  fifteen. 

quingenti,  -ae,  -a  [quinque-cen- 
tum],  num  2A\.,  five  hundred. 

quinquaginta  [quinque  +  unc. 
stem],  indecl.  num.  adj.,  fifty. 

quinque  [?],  indecl.  num.  adj., 
five. 

quintus,  -a,  -um  [quinque  -f  tus], 
adj.,  fifth,  V.  —  Esp.  as  a  Roman 
prasnomen(orig.  the  fifth-born  ?),  Q. 

Quintus,  -i,  see  quintus. 

quippe  [quid  (?)  +  pe  ;  cf.  nempe], 
adv.,  (prob.  what  in  truth  !),  t?-uly, 
of  course,  no  doubt.  —  Often  '\xoxi- 
\C2i\,  forsooth. 

Quiris,  -itis  [.^  perh.  Curi-  +  tis, 
but  in  the  orig.  meaning  of  the 
name  of  the  town;  cf.  curia],  m.,^ 
Roman  citizen.  —  Plur.,  fellow-citi- 
zejis  (addressed  by  a  Roman). 


quis 


177 


quo 


quis  (qui),  quae,  quid  (quod), 
cuius   [stem  qui-  and  quo],  pron. 

a.  Intern,  who?  which?  what? 
—  As  adj.  (qui  and  quod),  ivhat 
sort  of?  what  ?  qui  esset  ignorabas 
{what  he  was,  etc.).  —  Esp.  neut. 
nom.  and  ace,  what,  why:  quid 
est  quod,  why  is  it  that  (what  is 
there  as  to  which);  quid,  quid  quod, 
quid  vero,  what!  tell  tne,  ?noreovc>\ 
and  again,  then  again ;  quid  tibi 
obsto  (wherein);  quid  oppugnas 
(why) ;  quid  si,  what  if,  ho7u  if  — 

b.  Indef.,  one,  any  one,  any  thing, 
so?ne,some  one.  —  See  nequis,  num- 
quis,  acquis. 

quisnam  (qui-),  quae-,  quid- 
(quod-),  cuius-  [quis-nam],  interr. 
pron.,  who,  pray  ?  xvho  ?  (with  em- 
phasis), what  (in  the  world)?  what? 

quispiam,  quae-,  quid-  (quod-), 
cuius-  [quis-piam  (pe-iam ;  cf. 
quippe,  nempe)],  indef.  pron., 
any,  any  one,  any  thing,  some  one 
(perhaps). 

quisquam,  no  fem.,  quid-  (quic-), 
ciuus-  [quis-quam],  indef.  pron. 
used  substantively  (cf.  ullus),  only 
with  negatives  and  words  imply- 
ing a  negative,  making  a  universal 
negative,  any  one,  any  thing,  any 
man  :  taetrior  qua'm  quisquam,  etc., 
(than,  etc.,  implying  a  negative 
idea);  quam  diu  quisquam,  as  long 
as  any  one  (i.e.  until  nobody);  neque 
servus  quisquam  neque  liber,  no  one, 
either  slave  or  freeman  ;  neque  vir 
bonus  quisquam,  no  honest  man. 

quisque,  quae-,  quid-  (quod-), 
ciiius-  [quis-que],  indef.  pron.  (dis- 
tributive universal),  each,  each  one. 


each  ?nan,  every,  all  (individually). 
— Esp.  with  superlatives,  implying 
that  things  are  taken  in  the  order 
of  their  quality  :  nobilissimus  quis- 
que, all  the  noblest  (one  after  the 
other  in  the  order  of  their  nobility) ; 
primo  quoque  tempore,  the  very  first 
opportunity.  —  With  two  superla- 
tives, often  with  ut  and  ita,  a  pro- 
portion is  indicated,  in  proportion 
as  .  .  .  so,  the  more  .  .  .  the  more, 
most .  .  .  the  most,  the  most .  .  .  most. 
— Esp.  with  unus,  each  one,  each. 

quisquis,  quaequae,  quidquid 
(quicquid),  cuiuscuius  [quis,  dou- 
bled], indef.  rel.  pron.,  whoever, 
whatever,  every  one  who,  all  who : 
quoquo  modo,  however,  in  any  case. 

quivis,  quae-,  quid-  (quod-),  cu- 
ius- [qui-vis],  indef.  pron.,  who 
you  please,  any  one,  any  whatever 
(affirmative),  any  (whatever),  any 
possible,  any  man  (no  matter  who). 

iquo,  abl.  of  degree  of  differ- 
ence, see  qui. 

2qu5  [abl.  of  cause,  etc.],  as 
conj.,  by  which,  on  which  account, 
wherefore.  —  Esp.  with  negatives, 
not  that,  not  as  if  —  Also,  in  order 
that  (esp.  with  comparatives),  that. 
—  Esp. :  quominus,  that  not,  so 
that  not. 

3  quo  [old  dat.  of  qui],  adv. 
a.  Interr.,  whither  ?  how  far  ? 
quo  usque,  how  long?  how  far? 
to  what  extent  ?  —  b.  Rel.,  whither, 
-where  (in  sense  of  whither),  into 
which,  as  far  as  (i.e.  to  what  end) : 
quo  intendit,  what  he  is  aiming  at ; 
habere  quo,  have  a  place  to  go  to 
(or  the  like). —  vSee  also  quoad. 


quoad 


78 


rapio 


quoad  [quo  ad],  conj.,  {up  to 
which  point),  as  far  as,  untit,  as 
long  as :  quoad  longissime,  just  as 
far  as. 

quocumque  (-cunque)  [quo-cum- 
que],  adv.,  'uhit  her  soever,  wJiereve)-, 
whichever  way. 

quod  [ace.  neut.  of  qui],  conj.,  {as 
to  which),  because,  inasmuch  as,  in 
that,  as  for  the  fact  that,  the  fact 
that,  that,  as  for  (with  clause  ex- 
pressing the  action)  :  quod  si,  now 
if  but  if;  quod  sciam,  so  far  as 
I  kftow. 

quom,  see  cum. 

quominus,  see  1  quo. 

quomodo,  see  quis  and  modus. 

quondam  [quom  (cum)  -dam  (da  ; 
cf.  tarn)],  adv.,  once,  formerly. 

quoniam  [quom  (cum)  -iam],  conj., 
{when  now),  i?iasmuch  as,  since,  as. 

quoque  [?],  conj.,  following  the 
word  it  affects,  {by  all  means  ?), 
also,  too,  as  well,  even.  Cf.  etiam 
(usually  preceding). 

quorsus  (quorsum)  [quo- versus], 
interr.adv.,/^  what  place  ?  whither  ? 

quot  [quo-  +  ti  (unc.  form 
from  TA;  cf.  tarn?)],  pron.  indecl. 


a.  Intern,  how  many?  —  b.  Rel., 
as  many,  as  many  as  (with  implied 
antecedent). 

quotannis,  often  separate  [quot- 
annis],  adv.,  {as  many  years  as 
there  are),  every  year,  yearly. 

quotidianus  (ootid-),  -a,  -um 
[quotidie  (reduced)  +  anus],  adj., 
daily. 

quotidie  (ootid-)  [quot  dies  (in 
unc.  form)],  adv.,  daily. 

quotiens  (quoties)  [quot  +  iens  ; 
cf.  quinquiens],  adv.  a.  Interr., 
how    often?    how    many   times?  — 

b.  Rel.,  as  often,  as  often  as  (with 
implied  antecedent). 

quotiensoumque  (quotiesoun- 
que)  [quotiens-cumque],  adv.,  how- 
ever often,  just  as  often  as,  every 
time  that. 

quotus,  -a,  -um  [quo-  (stem  of 
qui)+tus  ;  cf.  quintus], interr.  adj., 
zvhich  in  number  (cf.  fifth)  ?  — 
Esp.,  quotus  quisque,  how  tnany  ? 
{eveiy  "  how  manieth  "),  what  pro- 
portion (of  men)  ? 

quousque,  see  ^quo  and  usque. 

quovis  [^quo  vis],  adv.,  whither 
you  please,  anywhere  (cf.  quivis). 


radix,  -Icis  [?],  F.,  a  root.  — 
Plur.,  the  roots  (of  a  tree),  the  foot 
(of  a  mountain).  —  Fig.,  stock, 
stem. 

Raecius,  -I  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Only  L.  Rcscius,  a 
knight  in  business  at  Palermo. 

raeda,  -arius,  see  rhe-. 


rapina,  -ae  [trapi-  (stem  akin 
to  rapio)  -f  na  (fem.  of  -nus)],  f., 
plunder,  robbery,  rapine. 

rapi5,  rapere,  rapuT,  raptus  [cf. 
rapidus,  apTrdfo;],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
seize,  drag  off,  drag.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, hurry  on,  hurry.  —  Pass., 
hurjy. 


raptd 


179 


recipio 


rapto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [rapto-], 
I.  V.  a.,  drag  away,  drag  as  a  cap- 
tive, abuse,  maltreat. 

raro  [abl.  of  rarus],adv.,  rarely. 

ratio,  -onis  [trati-  (ra,  in  reor, 
+  ti)  -f  0],  F.,  a  reckoning,  an  ac- 
coiint. — A  mercantile  word  shad- 
ing off  in  many  directions  like 
Eng.  business  and  affair.  —  Esp. 
with  habeo  or  duco  (cf.  account), 
take  account  of,  have  regard  to, 
take  into  consideration.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, a  calculation,  a  plan,  a  design, 
a  plan  of  action,  a  jnetkod,  an 
arrangemetit,  a  way,  a  course,  a 
means,  business,  business  relations, 
a  consideration  (a  thing  to  be  con- 
sidered), matiner  ;  qua  ratione,  07i 
what  principle,  in  what  way,  how  ; 
salutis  {plaft,  hope);  criminum 
{nature)',  omni  ratione,  in  every 
way,  by  every  means  ;  eadem  ra- 
tione, of  the  same  tenor ;  fori  et 
iudici  {the  business,  what  is  to  be 
done  there) ;  ratio  pecuniarum, 
money  affairs,  state  of  the  finajices  ; 
vitae  rationes  {plans, plan) ;  studi- 
orum  {course) ;  ratio  honorum,  the 
course  of  ambition;  commoda  ac 
rationes,  plans  of  life,  ititerests  ;  in 
dissimili  ratione,  in  different  direc- 
tio7ts.  —  More  remotely,  science, 
art,  a  system,  reason,  a  course  of 
reasoning,  sound  reasoti,  a  vieiv, 
theoretical  knowledge :  bona  ratio, 
sound  principles  ;  facti  et  consili 
{rationale,  principles). 

ratiocinor,  -arl,  -atus  [tratio- 
cino-  {ration-  4-  cinus  ;  cf.  sermo- 
cinor)],  i.  v.  dep.,  reckon,  reason, 
calculate. 


re-,  red-  [abl.  of  unc.  stem,  perh. 
akin  to  -rus],  insep.  prep.,  back, 
again,  away,  out,  un-.  —  Esp.  im- 
plying a  giving  or  taking  some- 
thing which  is  due,  or  which 
creates  an  obligation  by  the  tak- 
ing ;  see  recipio. 

rea,  -ae  [fem.  of  reus],  f.,  a  de- 
fendant (female,  or  conceived  as 
such). 

Reatinus, -a,-um  [Reati-  -f  nus], 
adj .,  of  Reate,  a  town  of  the  Sa- 
bines  about  forty  miles  northeast 
of  Rome. 

recedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessurus 
[re-cedo],  3.  v.  n..  make  way  back, 
retire,  withdraw  :  recessum  est  (re- 
cessimus)  ab  armis,  the  war  ceased, 
7ve  laid  doiun  our  arms. 

recens,  -entis  [prob.  p.  of  lost 
verb  treceo  (formed  from  reco-  ;  cf. 
recipero)],  adj.,  (?,  Just  coming 
back?),  new,  fresh,  late,  still  fresh, 
still  recent. 

recensio,  -onis  [re-censio ;  cf. 
recenseo],  f.,  the  census  (as  taken 
and  recorded). 

receptor,  -oris  [re-captor ;  cf .  re- 
cipio], M.,  a  }-eceiver. — Fig.,  a  haunt. 

receptrix,  -icis  [fem.  of  preced- 
ing], F.,  a  receiver  (female). 

recessus,  -us  [re-tcessus ;  cf . 
recedo],  m.,  a  retreat,  a  recess  (a 
place  that  withdraws). 

recido,  -cidere,  -cidl,  -casurus 
[re-c^do],  3.  v.  n.,  fall  again,  fall 
back,  fall  upon,  fall  away,  fall,  be 
1- educed. 

recipero,  see  recupero. 

recipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 
[re-capio],  3.   v.  a.,  take  back,  get 


recito 


I  80 


reddo 


back^  recover,  take  in,  'receive,  admit, 
take  upon  (one's  self),  take  up,  un- 
dertake, promise.  —  With  reflexive, 
retreat,  fly,  return,  retire,  get  off, 
"withdraw,  resort. 

recito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-cito], 
I.  V.  a.,  read  (aloud). 

reclamito,  -are,  no  perf.,  no 
p.p.  [re-clamito],  i.  v.  n.,  cry  out 
agai?ist. 

reclamo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  (im- 
pers.)  [re-clamo],  i.  v.  n.  (and  a.), 
cfy  out  against  (a  thing). 

recognosco,  -noscere,  -novl, 
-nitus  [re-cognosco] ,  3.  v.  a.,  review, 
go  over  again,  recognize. 

recolo,  -colere,  -colui,  -cultus 
[re-colo],  3.  V.  a.,  cultivate  again.  — 
Less  exactly,  renew,  review. 

reconciliatio,  -5nis  [reconcilia- 
-f  tio],  F.,  reconciliation,  renewal 
(concordiae). 

reconcilio,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [re- 
concilio],  i.  v.  a.,  reconcile,  regain, 
will  anew,  restore  (gratiam). 

recond5,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [re- 
condo],  3.  V.  a.,  put  away  again, 
put  away,  sheathe  (a  sword). — re- 
conditus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  con- 
cealed, laid  away,  hidden,  secret. 

recordatio,  -onis  [recorda-+  tio], 
F.,  d  recalling  to  7nind,  a  recollec- 
tion. 

recorder,  -ari,  -atus  [trecord- 
(cf.  concors),  but  perhaps  made 
immediately  from  re  and  cor  on 
analogy  of  concors],  i.  v.  dep., 
recall  to  mind  (cor),  recollect,  re- 
ynember  (of  a  single  act  of  memory  ; 
cf.  memini,  which  is  more  perma- 
nent), rm?//. 


recreo,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [re-creo], 
I.  V.  a.,  re-create. —  Hence,  revive, 
restore,  refresh,  recover  (esp.  with 
reflex,  or  in  pass.). 

recte  [old  abl.  of  rectus],  adv., 
rightly,  properly,  truly,  with  jus- 
tice: recte  factum,  a  right  action, 
a  good  deed,  a  noble  action. 

rectus,  see  rego. 

recuperd  (-cipero),  -are,  -avi, 
-atus  [trecipero-,  from  reco-  (cf. 
recens,  reciprocus)  -f  parus  (cf. 
opiparus)],  l.  v.  ■3.., get  back,  recover, 
regain. 

recurro,  -currere,  -curri,  no  p.p. 
[re-curro],  3.  v.  n.,  run  back. — 
Fig.,  rcturji,  revert. 

recusatio,  -onis  [recusa-  -f  tio], 
F.,  a  refusal. 

recus5,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [re- 
tcauso;  cf.  excuso],  i.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  {give  an  excuse  for  drawing 
back),  refuse,  reject,  repudiate,  ob- 
ject, object  to :  de  transf erendis  iu- 
diciis  {object  to,  etc.)  ;  quin  {refuse 
to)  ;  quominus  {refuse  to) ;  peri- 
culum  {refuse  to  incur)  ;  non  fuit 
recusandum,  it  was  to  be  expected, 
it  was  not  to  be  avoided. 

redactus,  -a,  -um  [p.p.  of  redi- 
go],  as  adj.,  brought  back,  redticed. 

redarguo,  -uere,  -ul,  -iitus  [red- 
arguo],  3.  V.  a.  and  n.,  disprove. 

reddo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [re- 
(red-)do],  3.  v.  a.,  give  back,  restore, 
repay,  pay  (something  due  ;  cf.  re), 
7-ender,  returti :  bene  reddita  vita, 
a  life  nobly  lost.  —  Hence  (as  tak- 
ing a  thing  and  restoring  in  an- 
other condition),  render,  make, 
cause  to  be. 


redemptio 


8i 


regie 


redemptio,  -6nis  [red-emptio ; 
cf.  redimo],  F.,  a  buying  ///,  a 
purchase,  a  ba7'gain  for,  a  contract 
for. 

redemptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  re- 
dimo. 

redeo,  -Ire,  -ii,  -iturus  [re-  (red-) 
eo],  irr.  v.  x\.,  go  back,  return,  conie 
back,  be  returned,  be  entered  (in  a 
record),  be  restored. 

redimio,  -ire,  -IvI  (-ii),  -itus  [?, 
prob.  denom.],  4.  v.  a.,  bind  up, 
wreathe. 

redimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptus 
[re-  (red-)  emo],  3.  v.  a.,  buy  back, 
redeem,  purchase,  buy.  —  Esp.,  con- 
tract for,  bid  for  (on  contract), 
farjfi,  lease. 

reditus,  -us  [re-  (red-)  t  itus  ;  cf. 
redeo],  m.,  a  j-eturti. 

redoleo,  -olere,  -olul,  no  p.p. 
[red-oleo],  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  smell, 
smell  of,  be  exhaled  (of  the  odor 
itself). 

rediico,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus 
[re-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  lead  back,  bring 
back,  draw  back,  escort  back. 

redundo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [red- 
undo],  I.  V.  w.,  flow  back,  overflow. 
—  Also,  overflow  with,  flow  (with), 
reek  (with  blood) :  acervis  et  san- 
guine {be  filled  with).  —  Fig., 
spring  tip,  flow,  cover  (as  with  a 
flood). 

reduvia,  -ae  [red  +  unc.  stem; 
cf.  exuviae],  F.,  a  hang-nail. 

redux,  -ucis  [re-dux],  adj.,  lead- 
ing back.  —  Also  passive,  return- 
ing, restored  (to  one's  city,  etc.). 

refello,  -fellere,  -fell!,  no  p.p. 
[re-fallo],  3.  v.  a.,  refute. 


refercio,  -fercire,  -fersT,  -fertus 
[re-farcio],  4.  v.  a.,  stuff  up,  stuff, 
cram  full,  cram,  crowd  full,  crowd. 

refero,  -ferre,  -tull,  -latus  [re- 
fer©], irr.  V.  a.,  bring  back,  returft, 
bring  (where  something  belongs), 
report,  record  (as  an  account),  set 
down  (in  a  record  or  to  an  account). 
— Esp. :  ad  senatum  (or  absolutely), 
lay  before  (the  Senate  for  action), 
consult  {the  Senate'),  propose  ;  de  re 
publica  {consult  the  Senate  in  regard 
to,  etc.) ;  gratiam  {make  a  return, 
repay,  show  07ie''s  gratitude). 

refert,  -ferre,  -tulit,  no  p.p.  [res 
or  re(.'^)fert],  irr.  v.  impers.  (cf.  e  re 
and  natura  fert),  it  is  ojte's  interest, 
it  is  important,  it  makes  a  differ- 
ence, it  is  of  account. 

reficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus  [re- 
facio],  irr.  v.  a.,  repair,  refresh,  re- 
cruit, relieve,  revive. 

reformido,  -are,  no  perf.,  no  p.p. 
[re-formido],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  dread, 
shrink  from :  non  reformido  {be 
free  from  alarm). 

refrigero,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [re- 
frigero],  r.  v.  a.,  chill,  cool  down. 

refugio,  -fugere,  -fugl,  -fugitraus 
[re-fugio],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  run  away, 
escape,  avoid.  —  Fig.,  recoil,  shrink 
from. 

refuto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-tfuto  ; 
cf.  confute],  I.  V.  a.,  check,  repel. 
—  Hence,  refute,  disprove. 

regalis,  -e  [reg-  -f  alis],  adj.,  of 
or  like  a  king:  nomen  {of  king). 

regia,  see  regius. 

regie  [old  abl.  of  regius],  adv., 
royally,  in  a  regal  maimer,  tyran- 
nically (like  a  rex). 


regio 


relinquo 


regio,  -onis  [reg  +  io,  but  cf. 
ratio],  F.,  direction.  —  Hence,  a 
direction,  a  line,  position,  place,  a 
part  {pi  the  country,  etc.),  a  bound- 
ary, a  region,  a  country,  a  district 
(esp.  in  plur.):  regio  atque  ora 
maritima,  maritime  region  and 
coast.  —  In  plur.,  boiuids,  bounda- 
ries, limits,  regions,  a  country,  a 
quarter. 

Regium,  Regini,  see  Rhe-. 

regius,  -a,  -um  [reg-  +  ius],  adj., 
of  a  king,  regal,  royal,  of  the  king. 
—  Esp.:  regia  (sc.  domus),  a  palace, 
the  palace  {the  J^egia,  the  ancient 
house  of  Numa,  on  the  Forum, 
kept  for  religious  purposes). 

regno,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus  [regno-], 
I.  V.  n.,  rule,  be  in  power,  be  a  king, 
hold  a  regal  power. 

regnum,  -T  [REO  +  num  (neut.  of 
-nus)],  N'.,  a  kingdom,  royal  power, 
regal  power,  a  throne,  tyranny.  — 
Plur.,  the  royal  power  (of  several 
cases),  thrones. 

rego,  regere,  rexT,  rectus  [same 
root  as  rex],  3.  v.  a.,  direct,  matiage, 
ride,  have  control  of,  control.  — 
Esp. :  rectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
{directed),  straight,  right,  just: 
recta  {straightway),  directly. 

regredior,  -gredl,  -gressus  [re- 
gradior],  3.  v.  dep.,  go  back,  return. 

reicio,  -icere,  -iecl,  -iectus  [re- 
iacio],  3.  V.  a.,  throw  back,  hurl 
back,  drive  back,  throw  off,  throiu 
away,  drive  off,  repel,  spurn.  — 
Fig.,  repel,  i-eject,  put  away  :  indices 
{challenge). 

reiecti5,  -onis  [re-iactio ;  cf.  re- 
icio], F.,  a  throwing  away.  —  Esp., 


a  challenge  (of  jurymen),  etnfanel- 
ling. 

relaxo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-laxo], 
I.  V.  a.,  relax :  me  relaxare,  take  a 
respite. 

relego,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [re-lego], 
I.  V.  a.,  remove,  separate,  banish, 
exile. 

relevo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [re-levo], 
I.  V.  a.,  raise  up  again,  lift  up. — 
Fig.,  relieve. 

religio,  -onis  [?,  re-legio,  cf. 
relego],  f.,  (the  original  meaning 
uncertain,  see  Cic.  N.  D.,  2,  28),  a 
religious  scruple,  a  religious  observ- 
a7ice,  the  service  of  the  gods,  a  super- 
stition, a  superstitious  terror,  reli- 
gion, sacredness,  sanctity  (changing 
the  point  of  view),  religious  rever- 
ence,  religious  duty.  —  Esp.,  regard 
for  an  oath,  conscientiousness,  the 
sanctity  of  an  oath.  —  Plur.,  sacred 
objects,  sanctuaries,  affairs  of  reli- 
gion, religion  (abstractly). 

religiose  [old  abl.  of  religiosus], 
adv.,  scrupulously,  co7iscientiously, 
with  regard  to  one's  oath. 

religiosus,  -a,  -um  [perh.  reli- 
gion- (more  prob.  treligio-)  +  osus], 
adj.,  religious  (with  much  religio 
in  its  several  senses),  cotiscientious 
(with  regard  for  an  oath).  —  Also 
(in  the  other  sense  of  religio), 
sacred,  holy,  revered,  held  in  reli- 
gious reverence,  venerated,  vener- 
able. 

relinquo,  -linquere,  -liquT,  -lictus 
[re-linquo],  3.  v.  a.,  leave  behind, 
leave,  abandon,  leave  out,  omit,  leave 
alone,  leave  undone,  leave  un- 
avenged,  disregard. 


reliquus 


183 


repeto 


reliquus,  -a,  -um  [re-tliquus 
(LKj  +  us)],  adj.,  left,  rcmainitig, 
the  rest  of,  the  rest,  the  other,  other 
(meaning  all  other),  the  others,  all 
other,  future  (of  time  remaining), 
subsequent,  after,  intervening  (be- 
fore some  other  time) :  res  (which 
remain  for  the  future,  future);  reli- 
quus est  {is  left,  remains,  etc.) ; 
reliqua,  the  future ;  nihil  reliqui, 
nothing  left;  nihil  reliqui  (reli- 
quum)  facere,  leave  ?iothing. 

remaneo,  -manere,  -mansi,  -man- 
surus  [re-maneo],  2.  v.  n.,  remain 
behind,  remain,  stay,  reside,  be,  con- 
tinue, last. 

remansio,  -onis  [re-mansio;  cf. 
remaneo],  F.,  a  retnaining. 

remex,  -igis  [remo-  with  unc. 
term.  (perh.  tagus)],  M.,  ati.  oars- 
man, a  rozver. 

reminiscor,  -minlsci  [re-tminis- 
cor  (man,  in  memini,  +  isco)],  3.  v. 
dep.,  remember,  bear  in  mind. 

remissio,  -onis  [re-missio;  cf. 
remitto],  f.,  a  sending  back,  a 
relaxation,  a  diminution,  a  remis- 
sion. 

remitto,  -mittere,  -misT,  -missus 
[re-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go  back,  send 
back,  throw  back.  —  Fig.,  relax,  re- 
mit, give  up.  —  remissus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  slack,  lax,  remiss. 

remoror,  -arl,  -atus  [re-moror], 
I.  V.  dep.,  stay  behind,  delay  (trans, 
and  intrans.),  retard :  aliquem  poena 
ifieep  one  waiting,  give  one  a  res- 
pite). 

removeo,  -movere,  -movi,  -motus 
[re-moveo],  2.  v.  a.,  move  back,  move 
away,    send    away,    remove,    draw 


away,  get  out  of  the  way,  separate, 
leave  out  of  the  question  :  poenam 
{set  aside,  take  off,  remove) ;  remote 
Catilina,  ^vith  C.  out  of  the  7vay; 
remotus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  re- 
mote, far  removed,  apart. 

remus,  -i  [?],  m.,  a7t  oar. 

renov5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-novo], 
I.  V.  a.,  renew. 

reniintio,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [re- 
nuntio],  i.  v.  a.,  bring  back  word, 
bring  news,  report,  proclaim.  — 
Also,  renounce,  abandon. 

repello,  -pellere,  -pull,  -pulsus 
[re-pello],  3.  v.  a.,  drive  back,  repel, 
repulse,  ward  off,  avert :  te  a  con- 
sulatu  (foil  your  attempt  to  gain, 
etc.);  furores  a  cervicibus  {defend 
one^s  throat  fro77i,  etc.,  rescue  onc''s 
life  from,  etc.). 

repente  [abl.  of  repens?],  adv., 
{creeping  on  so  as  to  appear  sud- 
denly.''), stiddenly. 

repentino,  see  repentinus. 

repentinus,  -a,  -um  [repent-  + 
inus],  adj.,  sudden,  hasty,  unex- 
pected: speculator  {transient,  non- 
resident); pecuniae  {suddenly  ac- 
quired). —  repentino,  abl.  as  adv., 
suddenly. 

reperio,  reperire,  repperi,  reper- 
tus  [re-(red-)pario],  4.  v.  a.,  fi)id 
out,  discover,  find  (by  inquiry  ;  cf. 
invenio,  accidentally,  and  compe- 
rio,  in  reference  to  the  complete 
result),  learn. 

repeto,  -petere,  -petivi  (-il),  -peti- 
tus  [re-peto],  3.  v.  a.,  try  to  get  back, 
demand  back,  ask  for,  try  again, 
look  back  (at  something  past),  claim 
(as    one's    due):    poenam,    poenas 


repleo 


184 


res 


{demand  a  penalty,  inflict  punish- 
ment, wreak  vengeance). —  Esp.  of 
money  got  by  extortion,  demand 
(restitution).  —  Hence,  repetundae 
(with  or  without  pecuniae),  the  suit 
for  extortion(2i  process  used  against 
any  official  for  property  unlawfully 
acquired  in  his  office),  extortion 
(where  the  suit  is  implied  in  other 
words). 

repleo,  -plere,  -plevT,  -pletus  [re- 
pleo], 2.  V.  2..,  fill  up,  supply.  —  re- 
pletus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  full, 
croivdtd. 

reporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re- 
porto],  I.  V.  a.,  carry  back,  bring 
back. 

reposco,  -poscere,  no  perf.,  no 
p.p.  [re-posco],  3.  v.  a.,  demand 
back,  dema7id  (something  due). 

reprehendo,  -hendere,  -hendl, 
-hensus  [re-prehendo] ,  3.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  drag  back,  seize  hold  of,  find 
faiilt  with,  blame,  censure,  find 
faidt,  object. 

reprehensio,  -onis  [re-prehen- 
sio ;  cf.  reprehendo],  f.,  a  finding 
faulty   censure,  criticism. 

repressor,  -5ris  [re-pressor;  cf. 
reprimo],  m.,  a  restrainer. 

reprimo,  -primere,  -pressT,  -pres- 
sus  [re-premo],  3.  v.  a.,  check, 
thwart,  foil :  reprimi  sed  non  com- 
primi,  put  back  but  not  put  down. 

repudio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re- 
pudio-],  I.  V.  a.,  {sptirn  with  a 
stroke ;  cf.  tripudium),  spurti,  re- 
fuse, reject. 

repugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re- 
pugno],  I.  V.  n.,  resist.  —  Fig.,  be  in 
opposition. 


reputo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-puto], 
I.  V.  a.,  reckon  tip,  thittk  over. 

requies,  -etis  (-el)  [re-quies],  f., 
rest,  repose. 

requiesco,  -escere,  -evi,  -etus  [re- 
quiesco],  3.  v.  n.,  rest,  repose. 

requiro,  -quire re,  -quisTvI  (-11), 
-quisitus  [re-quaero],  3.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  search  out,  enquire  for.  — 
Hence,  ask,  ask  for,  request,  re- 
quire, demajid,  need,  miss,  be  in 
want  of. 

res,  rei  [akin  to  reor],  F.,  prop- 
erty{?),  business,  an  affair,  a  matter, 
a  thing  (i\\  the  most  general  sense). 

—  Hence  determined  by  the  con- 
text, a  fact,  an  occurrence,  an  event, 
a  case,  an  action,  an  act,  a  measure, 
an  object  (aimed  at),  one''s  interest, 
an  art,  a  science,  a  point,  a  lawsuit, 
a  case  (at  law).  —  Esp.  where  no 
word  corresponding  to  the  English 
idea  exists  in  Latin  :  res  quae  ex- 
portantur,  exports.  —  Often  where 
a  pronoun  is  avoided  :  qua  in  re, 
ill  what,  in  which  ;  eam  in  rem, 
for  that ;  ei  quoque  \Q,\.,for  this  also. 

—  Esp.  of  public  matters,  with  pub- 
lica  (also  without),  see  publicus : 
res  maximae,  power,  glory,  career  ; 
novae  res,  revolution,  a  change  of 
government ;  summa  potestas  om- 
nium rerum  (of  the  whole  state). — 
Also,  rem,  res  gerere,  perform  ex- 
ploits, carry  07i  war,  act,  operate, 
conduct  affairs  ;  res  populi  Romani 
(deeds,  exploits,  history,  career)', 
res  gestae,  exploits,  acts  ;  ipsa  res, 
the  case  itself,  the  circumstances  of 
the  case,  the  facts ;  re  vera,  in 
fact ;  re,  by  actions  (as  opposed  to 


rescinds 


185 


reticentia 


words),  in  fact ;  in  suam  rem  con- 
vertit  {to  his  own  use);  haec  acta 
res  est,  this  ivas  the  object  aimed  at, 
this  is  what  %vas  accomplished ;  res 
omnis  tecum  erit,  all  my  business 
will  ^^-j  etc.,  I  shall  have  only  to  deal 
with  you,  etc.;  in  rebus  iudicandis, 
in  trials;  ob  rem  iudicandam, /i?;- 
deciding  a  case  ;  res  magnae  agun- 
tur  [great  interests,  etc.);  multa- 
rum  rerum  societas,  many  asso- 
ciations;  res  militaris,  the  a?-t  of 
war,  war ;  privatarum  rerum  de- 
decus  {private  conduct)  ;  ita  se 
res  habet,  the  case  is  such,  it  is  so  ; 
e  re,  to  the  point,  tifnely,  worth 
while. 

rescinds,  -scindere,  -scidl,  -scis- 
sus  [re-scindo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  away, 
tear  down,  break  down,  destroy.  — 
Hence,  rescind,  annul. 

reseco,  -are,  -ui,  -tus  [re-seco], 
I .  V.  a.,  cut  off,  cut  away. 

reserve,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re- 
servo],  I.  V.  a.,  keep  back,  rese^'ve, 
hold  in  reserve,  keep. 

resideo,  -sidere,  -sedT,  no  p.p. 
[re-sedeo],  2.  v.  n.,  sit  back,  sit 
down,  remain  behind,  remain,  rest, 
stop. 

resigns,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [re- 
signo],  I.  V.  a.,  unseal,  anmil,  de- 
stroy. 

resists,  -sistere,  -stiti,  no  p.p. 
[re-sisto],  3.  v.  n  ,  stand  back,  stop, 
remaitj,  survive,  withstand,  make  a 
stand,  resist. 

respicio,  -spicere,  -spexT,  -spectus 
[re-tspecio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  look 
back,  look  back  at,  look  behind  one, 
see  behind  one,  review. 


respiro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [re- 
spire], I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  breathe  out, 
exhale,  breathe  again,  breathe,  draw 
one''s  breath. 

respondeo,  -spondere,  -.spondi, 
-sponsurus  [re-spondeo],  2.  v.  n., 
reply,  answer,  make  an  answerifig 
argumcjit  or  reply;  esp.  of  an 
oracle  or  seer.  —  Fig.,  correspond, 
match. 

responsum,  -1  [neut.  p.p.  of  re- 
spondeo], N.,  a  reply,  a  response. 
■ —  Plur.,  a  reply  (of  several  parts), 
advice. 

respublica,  see  res  and  publicus. 

respuo,  -spuere,  -spul,  no  p.p. 
[re-spuo],  3.  V.  a.,  spit  out.  —  Fig., 
spurn,  reject. 

restinguo,  -stinguere,  -stinxi, 
-stinctus  [re-stinguo] ,  3.  v.  a., 
extinguish.  —  Less  exactly,  destroy, 
annihilate. 

restituo,-stituere,-stituT,-stitiJtus 
[re-statuo],  3.  v.  a.,  set  up  again, 
replace,  restore,  make  anew,  reestab- 
lish, revive,  recall  (one  from  exile). 

restitiitor,  -5ris  [restitu-  (as 
stem  of  restituo)  -f  tor],  M.,  a  re- 
storer. 

resto,  -stare,  -stiti  (in  common 
with  resisto),  no  p.p.  [re-sto],  i.  v. 
n.,  remain,  be  left. 

retards,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [re- 
tardo],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  retard,  check, 
delay,  keep  back :  non  sopita  sed 
retardata  consuetude  {not  put  to 
sleep  but  dozing,  or  not  lost  but  re- 
laxed, abandoning  the  figure  of 
dullness;  cf.  tardus). 

reticentia,  -ae  [reticent-  -f  ia], 
F.,  silence. 


reticeo 


1 86 


robur 


reticeo,  -ere,  -uT,  no  p.p.  [re- 
taceo],  2.  V.  n.  and  a.,  keep  sile^ice, 
be  silent,  say  nothinf;. 

retineo,  -tinere,  -tinuT,  -tentus 
[re-teneo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  back,  re- 
strain (quin,  fro7n  doing  some- 
thing), detain,  retain, preserve,  keep, 
fnaintain  (by  not  losing)  :  iura 
{observe,  tnaintain) ;  id  memoria 
{keep,  bear  in  mind). 

retorqueo,  -torquere,  -torsi,  -tor- 
tus [re-torqueo] ,  2.  v.  a.,  twist  back, 
hurl  back,  roll  back,  turn  back. 

retractatio,  -on  is  [retracta-  + 
tio],  F.,  a  drawing  back:  sine  ulla 
retractatione,  without  any  shrink- 
ing or  hesitation. 

retraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -tractus 
[re-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  drag  back,  bring 
back  (a  person),  draw  away. 

retundo,  -tundere,  -tudi,  -tusus 
[re-tundo],  3.  v.  a.,  beat  back,  blunt, 
turn  the  edge  of. 

reus,  -i  [re  (as  stem  of  res)  -f 
ius],  M.,  (with  a  case  in  court),  a 
party  (to  a  case).  —  Esp.,  a  de-' 
fendant,  an  accused  person,  the  ac- 
cused. —  Often  to  be  rendered  by  a 
phrase,  under  accusatioti :  reum 
facere,   bring  to  trial. 

revello,  -vellere,  -velll,  -volsus 
[re-vello],  3.  v.  a.,  tear  away,  pull 
away,  pull  off. 

reverto,  -vertere,  -vertT,  -versus 
[re-verto],  3.  v.  n.,  act.  in  perf. 
tenses,  return  (turn  about  and  go 
back  ;  cf.  xe^QO^get  back,  come  back). 
—  Pass,  as  deponent  in  pres.  tenses, 
return,  go  back,  revert. 

revinco,  -vincere,  -vicl,  -victus 
[re-vinco],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  subdue. 


—  Fig.,  refute,  confute,  put  in  the 
wrotig. 

revivisc5  (-esco),  -vivlscere,  -vTxI, 
no  p.p.  [re-vivisco],  3.  v.  n.,  come 
to  life  again,  revive. 

revoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-voco], 
I.  V.  a.,  call  back  (either  from  or  to 
something),  call  away,  call  off,  re- 
call, draw  back,  withdraw,  try  to 
withdraw,  restore  (call  back  to). 

rex,  regis  [reg  as  stem],  m.,  a 
ki)ig  (esp.  in  a  bad  sense,  as  a  ty- 
rant). 

rheda  (raeda,  reda),  -ae  [perh. 
Celtic  or  Oscan  form  akin  to  rota], 
F.,  a  wagon  (with  four  wheels). 

rhedarius  (red-,  raed-),  -I  [rhe- 
da- -f  arius],  m.,  driver  of  rheda. 

Rhegini  (Reg-),  -orum  [Rhegio- 
+  inus] ,  M.  pi  wx., people  of  Rhegium . 

Rhegium  (Reg-),  -I  ['PrjyLov],  n,, 
a  city  of  Bruttium,  now  Reggio. 

Rhenus,  -I  [?],  m.,  the  Rhine. 

Rhodius,  -a,  -um  [Rhod6-  +  ius], 
adj.,  of  Rhodes. —  Masc.  plur.  as 
subst.,  the  Rhodians,  the  people  of 
Rhodes. 

Rhodus,  -1  ['P65os],  f.,  Rhodes, 
an  island  off  the  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  famous  for  its  commerce 
and  navigation. 

ridiculus,-a,-um  [trido-  (whence 
rideo)  -f  cuius  ;  cf.  molliculus],  adj., 
laughable,  ridiculous,  absurd. 

ripa,  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  bank. 

rivus,  -T  [akin  to  peui],  M.,  a  brook, 
a  stream  (not  so  large  as  flumen). 

robur,  -oris  [.'],  n.,  oak,  tojigh 
2uood.  —  Fig.,  strength  (as  resisting ; 
cf.  vis),  vigor,  endurance,  vitality. 

—  Esp.,  the  flower,  the  strength. 


robustus 


187 


rumpo 


r5bustus,  -a,  -um  [robos-  (orig. 
stem  of  robur)  +  tus],  adj.,  endowed 
with  strength,  vigorous,  strong. 

rogatio,  -onis  [roga-  +  tio],  f., 
ajt  asking,  a  request.  —  Esp.,  [an 
asking  of  the  people  in  asse??ibly),  a 
hill,  a  law  (as  proposed  but  not 
yet  enacted). 

rogatus,  -us  [roga-  +  tus],  M.,a 
request. 

rogo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [.''],  i.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  ask,  request,  ask  for.  — 
Esp.,  ask  of  the  people,  propose  (a 
law,  &\.c)),  pass  (a  bill,  as  the  result 
of  the  askmg). 

Roma,  -ae  [?,  perh.  akin  to  pew, 
tlie  river  city^  v.,  Rome. 

Romanus,  -a,  -um  [Roma-  -f 
nus],  adj.,  Roman.  —  As  subst.,  a 
Roma7i :  ludi  Romani  (also  magni  ? 
a  great  festival  of  the  Romans, 
beginning  September  4  and  last- 
ing some  fifteen  days). 

Romilius  (also  Romuleus),  -a, 
-um  [Romulo-  +  ius],adj.,  of  Romu- 
lus, Romilian.  —  Esp.  :  Romilia, 
-ae,  F.,  as  the  name  of  one  of  the 
tribes  of  Rome,  Romilian  (sc. tribe). 

Romulus,  -1  [prob.  manufactured 
from  Roma],  M.,  the  eponymous 
hero,  the  founder  of  Rome.  — 
Also  of  a  statue  of  him  as  an 
infant. 

Roscius,  -I  [?],  M.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.  :  i.  Sex.  Ros- 
cius of  Ameria,  killed  in  the  Sullan 
proscription;  2.  Another  of  the 
same  name,  the  person  defended 
against  the  charge  of  this  murder 
in  one  of  Cicero's  orations;  3.  Q. 
Roscius  Gallus,  a  famous  actor  and 


friend  of  Cicero,  also  defended  by 
him  in  an  extant  oration ;  4.  7'. 
Roscius  Capito,  a  kinsman  of  Sex. 
Roscius ;  5.  T.  Roscius  Magnus, 
another  kinsman  of  the  same. 

rostrum,  -I  [rod-  (in  rodo)  + 
trum],  N.,  a  beak.  —  Esp.  of  a  ship, 
the  beak,  the  ram  (used  as  in  mod- 
ern naval  fighting). — Esp.  :  rostra, 
plur.,  the  rostra  or  rostj^um,  a  stage 
in  the  Forum  from  which  the  peo- 
ple were  addressed,  ornamented 
with  the  beaks  of  ships. 

Rudiae,  -arum  [?],  f.  plur.,  a 
town  of  Calabria,  where  the  poet 
Ennius  was  born. 

Rudinus,  -a,  -um  [Rudia-  + 
inus],  adj.,  of  Rudict. 

rudis,  -e  [.''],  adj.,  rude,  rough. 
—  Fig.,  tineducated,  unpolished, 
ignora/it. 

Rufio,  -onis  [tRufiS-  -f  0],  m.,  a 
slave's  name. 

Rufus,  -1  [prob.  dialectic  form 
of  rubus,  red],  M.,  a  Roman  sur- 
name.—  Esp.,  L.  Mescinius  Rufus, 
a  friend  of  Cicero,  and  one  of  his 
quaestors  in  his  Cilician  province. 

ruina,  -ae  [prob.  truo-  (RU  in 
ruo)  +  na  (fem.  of  -nus) ;  cf.  rues, 
ruidus],  F.,  a  falling,  an  iinder- 
mining. — Fig.,  a  downfall,  a  crash, 
a  ruin. 

rumor,  -oris  [rum  (cf.  rumito), 
as  if  root  +  or],  M.,  a  rumor,  a 
story  (confused  report),  report, 
reputation   (talk  about  one). 

rump5,  rumpere,  rupl,  ruptus 
[rup  (in  rupes?)],  3.  v.  a.,  break 
(as  a  door;  cf.  frango,  as  a  stick), 
burst. 


1 88 


sagum 


ruo,  ruere,  rui,  rutus  (ruitiirus) 
[ru  (cf.  ruina)],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
cause  to  full,  fall,  go  to  ruin,  be 
ruined,  go  to  destruction. — Also  (cf. 
fall  upon),  rush  headlong,  rush. 

rursus  [for  reversus,  petrified  as 
adv. ;  cf .  versus] ,  adv.,  back  again, 
back,  again,  o?i  the  other  hand. 


rus,  ruris  [?],  x.,  t/ie  country: 
ruri,  in  the  cottntry. 

rusticor,  -arl,  -atus  [rustico-], 
I.  V.  dep.,  go  to  the  country. 

rusticus,  -a,  -um  [rus-  +  ticus], 
adj.,  rural,  rustic,  coujitry.  — 
Masc.  as  subst.,  a  countryman,  a 
rustic. 


Sabinus,  -a,  -um  [unc.  stem  (cf. 
sabulum,  sand)-\-  inus],  M.,  Sabine. 
—  Masc.  plur.  as  subst.,  ^/^^  Sabines. 

sacer,  sacra,  sacrum  [sac  (in 
sancio)  +  rus],  adj.,  sacred. — Neut. 
plur.  as  subst.,  sacred  rites,  sacred 
objects,  things  sacred. 

sacerdos,  -dotis  [sacro-dos  (da 
+  tis)],  M.  and  F.,  (arranger  of 
sacred  rites  /),  a  priest. 

sacramentum,  -T  [sacra-  +  men- 
turn],  N.,  a  deposit  (to  secure  an 
oath,  orig.  in  a  bargain),  an  oath. — 
Hence,  a  suit  at  law  (of  a  peculiar 
form  in  use  at  Rome). 

sacrarium,  -i  [neut.  of  sacrarius 
(sacro-  +  arius)],  n.,  a  shrine. 

sacrificium,  -I  [tsacrifico-  (sacro- 
tfacus  ;  cf.  beneficus)  +  ium],  N.,a 
sacrifice. 

sacr5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [sacro-], 
I.  V.  2..,  consecrate :  leges  sacratae 
{inviolable). 

sacrosanctus,  -a,  -um  (sometimes 
separate)  [sacro  sanctus],adj., /^«/- 
lowed  by  religious  rites,  sacred, 
inviolable. 

saeculum  (seculum,  saeclum), 
-!  [prob.  seco-  (or  other  stem  akin 
to  secus,  sex)  -f  Ium  (cf.  Liicr.  4, 


1223,  no  doubt  SA  in  sero)],  n,, 
a  generation  (orig.  a  family  of  off- 
spring), an  age.  —  Esp.  of  future 
ages. 

saepe  [neut.  of  tsaepis  (perh. 
same  as  saepes)],  adv.,  often:  mi- 
nime  saepe,  7nost  rarely.  — saepius, 
compar.,  7nany  times,  repeatedly, 
again  and  again,  so  majiy  times : 
semel  et  saepius,  once  and  again  ; 
iterum  et  saepius,  many  many 
times. 

saepio  (sep-),  -ire,  -si  (-il),  -tus 
[saepi-  (cf.  saepes,  saepe)],  4.  v.  a., 
hedge  in,  oiclose,  surroutid,  protect. 

saeptum  (sep-),  -I  [neut.  p.p.  of 
saepio],  N.,  an  enclosure,  a  railifig 
(esp.  of  the  voting  places  at  Rome). 

sagatus,  -a,  -um  [sago-  +  atus], 
adj.,  clad  in  the  sagum,  in  the  garb 
of  war,  in  arms. 

sagax,  -acis  [sag  (root  of  saglo) 
+  ax],  adj.,  keen-scented,  acute. 

sagino,  -are, -avi,  -atus  [sagina-], 
I .  V.  a.,  fatten,  feed.  —  Pass.,  gorge 
one's  self,  fatten  (one's  self). 

sagum,  -1  [prob.  borrowed],  x., 
a  military  cloak  (of  coarse  wool): 
ad  saga  ire,  put  on  the  garb  of  war 
(as  was  done  at  Rome  in  times  of 


Sal. 


89 


public  danger);  sumere  saga  (same 
meaning). 

Sal.,  see  salus. 

Salaminii,  -orum  [Salamin-  + 
ius],  'iA.'^\viX.,  the  people  0/  Salami's 
(theislandoff  Attica,famousforthe 
battle  with  the  Persians,  B.C.  480). 

saltern  [?],  adv.,  at  least,  at  a7iy 
7' ate. 

salto,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [as  if  salto- 
after  analogy  of  rapto,  etc.],  i.  v.  n., 
dance,  leap. 

saltus,  -us  [?,  perh.  sal  (in 
salio)  +  tus],  'Si.,  a  wooded  height, 
a  glade,  a  pass  (in  the  mountains), 
a  pasture. 

saliis,  -utis  [salvo  (?)  +  tis  (cf. 
virtus,  Carmentis)],  f.,  health,  well- 
being,  welfare,  safety,  preservation, 
relief,  deliverance,  life  (as  saved  or 
lost),  escape  (safety  in  danger), 
acquittal  (on  a  trial,  the  regular 
word),  restoratioft  (to  citizenship): 
ratio  salutis,  means  of  safety,  chances 
of  acquittal.  —  In  the  addresses  of 
letters,  abbreviated  to  sal.  or  s., 
greeting,  salutatio7i.  —  As  a  divin- 
ity. Health  (implying  also  deliver- 
ance), who  had  a  temple  at  Rome. 

salutaris,  -e  [salut-  -f  aris],  adj., 
healthful,  wholeso7ne,  beticficial, 
salutaiy,  saving:  civis  {7'aluable, 
as  aiding  the  welfare  of  the  state); 
salutaribus  rebus  tuis  {prosperous, 
not  only  for  himself,  but  for  the 
state). 

saluto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [salut-], 
I.  V.  a.,  salute  (wishing  salus  to 
one;  cf.  salve).  —  Esp.,  visit,  call 
upon,  a  regular  morning  custom 
among  the  Romans. 


salvus,  -a,  -um  [sar  (sal)  +  rus, 
cf.  6\os],  adj.,  safe,  whole,  sound, 
saved,  unharmed,  uninjured.  —  In 
many  phrases :  nisi  te  salvo,  etc., 
71  n  I  ess  all  is  well  with  you  ;  salvus 
esse,  survive,  avoid  rui7i,  floiwish  ; 
salva  urbe,  so  lo7ig  as  the  city  stands, 
in  the  city  still  standi7tg ;  salva  re- 
publica,  without  det7'ime7it  to  ;  sal- 
vos 'pra.est3iTe,g7(a7'afztee  the  safety  of. 

Samnium,  -T  [for  Sabinium, 
Sabino-  -f  ium  (neut.  of  -ius)],  N., 
a  country  of  central  Italy  east  of 
Latium. 

Samos  (-us),  -i  [Sd/^os],  f.,  a 
famous  city  on  an  island  of  the 
same  name  off  the  coast  of  Ionia. 

sancio,  sancTre,  sanxi,  sanctus 
(-itus)  [sac  (in  sacer)],  4.  v.  a., 
bi7id  (in  some  religious  manner), 
make  sacred,  sole77i7ily  establish  (by 
law),  ordaift.  —  sanctus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  holy,  sacred,  solemn, 
i7tviolable,  pure,  venerable,  itivio- 
late,  revered,  cotiscientious. 

sancte  [old  abl.  of  sanctus], 
adv.,  piously,  conscientiously. 

sanctitas,  -atis  [sancto-  -f  tas], 
F.,  sacred7iess,  safictity^  inviolabil- 
ity.—  Also,  piety,  purity,  C07iscie7i- 
tiousness. 

sanctus,  p.p.  of  sancio. 

sane  [old  abl.  of  sanus],  adv., 
soiuidly,  discreetly. — Usually,  as 
weakened  particle,  no  doubt,  with- 
out qucstio7i,  certainly.  —  Oftener 
giving  a  light  tone  to  the  idea,  by 
all  7)iea7is,  at  a7iy  rate,  /'w  sure, 
e7iough,  if  you  I i he  :  sane  ne  haec 
quidem  mihi  res  placebat  {ve7y 
mucJi)\  sane  benevolo  animo  (/'w 


sanguis 


190 


Saxa 


sure) ;  Siculi  sane  liberi  ( pretty 
independcut)  ;  dicatur  sane  {if  he 
tikes) ;  sane  varius,  motley  enough  ; 
pereant  sane  {for  all  me) ;  fines 
exigui  sane  {none  too  wide) ;  quae- 
sierit  sane  {if  you  like) ;  augeamus 
sane  {by  all  means). 

sanguis  (-en),  -inis  [?],  m., 
blood  (as  the  vital  fluid,  generally 
in  the  body;  cf.  cruor),  the  life- 
blood  (also  as  just  shed).  —  So 
also,  bloodshed.,  blood.,  murder. 

sanitas,  -atis  [sano-  +  tas],  f., 
soundness,  sound  fnind,  ordinary 
discretion . 

san5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [sano-], 
I.  V.  a.,  make  sound,  make  good, 
repair,  acre,  heal. 

sanus,  -a,  -um  [sa-  (akin  to 
salvus)  +  nus],  adj.,  sound  (in 
body  or  mind),  satte,  discreet :  bene 
sanus,  really  wise. 

sapiens,  -entis  [p.  of  sapio],  as 
adj.,  xuise,  discreet,  of  discretion. — 
Esp.  as  subst.,  a  philosopher. 

sapienter  [sapient-  +  ter],  adv., 
wisely,  with  wisdom. 

sapientia,  -ae  [sapient-  -f  ia], 
F.,  wisdom. 

sapio,  -ere,  -i\T  (-ii),  no  p.p.  [.^ 
SAP  (akin  to  cro06s)],  3.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  taste  (actively  or  pas- 
sively). —  Hence,  be  wise,  have 
intelligence. 

Sappho,  -us  [SaTT^w],  F.,  the 
famous  poetess  of  Mytilene  in 
Lesbos.  —  Of  a  famous  statue  of 
her  at  Syracuse,  stolen  by  Verres. 

Sardinia,  -ae  [?],  f.,  the  island 
still  called  by  that  name  in  the 
Tuscan  Fea, 


satelles,  -itis  [.-*],  m.  or  F.,  an  at- 
tendant, a  tool,  a  minister,  a  minion. 

satietas,  -atis  [tsatio-  (cf.  satio) 
+  tas;  cf.  pietas],  f.,  satiety,  ap- 
petite (as  satisfied). 

satio,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [tsatio- 
(akin  to  satis) ;  cf.  satietas],  i.  v.  a., 
satiate,  satisfy,  sate,  glut,  feast. 

satis  \f\,  adv.,  enough,  suffi- 
ciently, adequately.  —  Often  with 
partitive,  equivalent  to  a  noun  or 
adj.,  enough,  sufficient :  satis  late, 
pretty  widely ;  satis  habere,  con- 
sider sufficient,  be  satisfied ;  satis 
facere,  see  below. 

satisfacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -factii- 
rus  [satis  facio],  3.  v.  n.,  do  enough 
for,  satisfy. 

satius  [prob.  compar.  of  satis], 
adj.  and  adv.,  better,  preferable. 

Saturnalia,  -ium  and  -iorum 
[Satumo-  +  alis],  n.  plur.,  the  Sat- 
urnalia, the  great  feast  of  Saturn 
in  December,  beginning  the  17th, 
during  which  the  freedom  of  the 
golden  age  was  imitated  by  all 
classes. 

Saturninus,  -1  [prob.  Satumio- 
+  inus],  M.,  a  Roman  family  name. 
—  Esp.,  L.  Appuleius  Saturninus, 
killed  as  a  demagogue  by  Marius, 
B.C.  100. 

Satyrus,  -i  [Zdrvpos],  M.,  a  satyr, 
a  half-human  deity  of  the  forests, 
personating  thevitalforceof  nature, 
a  frequent  subject  for  works  of  art. 

saucius,  -a,  -um  [.^],  adj., 
wounded. 

Saxa,  -ae  [.^],  m.,  a  Roman  fam- 
ily name.  —  Esp.,  L.  Dccidius 
Saxa,  a  friend  of  Antony. 


191 


scribo 


saxum,  -i  [?],  N.,  a;  rock. 

scaena  (see-),  -ae  \(jKy\vi\\,  f.,  {a 
bowet'),  a  stage  (from  the  arched 
proscenium  and  background). 

scaenicus  (see-),  -a,  -um  [scae- 
na- +  cus],  adj.,  of  the  stage,  scenic. 

Scaevola,  -ae  [scaevo-  -f  la,  sc. 
manus],  isi.,  a  Roman  family  name. 
— Esp.,  P.  Mucins  Sccevola,  consul 
B.C.  133. 

scalae,  -arum  [scad  (in  scan- 
do)  +  la],  F.  plur.,  a  flight  of  stairs, 
stairs,  steps. 

Scantia,  -ae  [.?],  f.,  a  Roman 
woman  of  the  gens  of  that  name, 
in  some  way  wronged  by  Clodius. 

Scaurus,  -1  [scaurus,  "  club- 
foot "],  M.,  a  Roman  family  name. 

—  Esp.,  M.  yEniilius  Scaurus, 
consul  B.C.  116,  long  famous  as 
princeps  senatus,  consul  a  second 
time,  and  censor.  He  was  father- 
in-law  of  M'.  Glabrio. 

scelerate  [old  abl.  of  sceleratus], 
adv.,  criminally,  wickedly,  im- 
piously. 

sceleratus,  -a,  -um  [as  if  (perh. 
really)  p.p.  of  scelero  {stain  with 
crime  .?)],  adj.,  villainous,  accursed. 

—  As  subst.,  a  scoundrel,  a  villain. 
scelestus,    -a,    -um    [scelus-  + 

tus],  adj.,  (of  acts),  criminal,  im- 
pious, wicked  (cf.  sceleratus,  of 
persons). 

seelus,  -eris  [.^  cf.  (XKeXos,  perh. 
orig.  "  crookedness  " ;  cf.  pravus 
and  wrong],  N.,  crime,  villany, 
wickedness,  a  heinous  crime  :  tan- 
tum  scelus,  such  monstrous  wicked- 


ness. 
scena,  see  scaena. 


seenicus,  see  scaenicus. 
Schola,  -ae  [schola],  m.,  a  Ro- 
man name,  see  Causinius. 

scientia,  -ae  [scient-  -f  ia],  f., 
knowledge,  acquaintance  with  (thing 
in  the  genitive,  or  clause). 

seilicet  [prob.  sci  (imperative) 
licet],  adv.,  you  may  know,  of 
course,  that  is  to  say,  in  fact.  — 
Often  ironical, /^rj^^M. 

seio,  scire,  scivi  (-il),  scitus  [.?], 
4.  v.  a.,  (separate  ?),  distinguish, 
know  (a  fact ;  cf.  nosco),  be  aware  : 
certo  scio,  /  am  very  stcre  ;  scitote, 
you  must  know,  be  assured,  you  may 
be  sure.  —  sciens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj., 
having  kttozvledge,  well-informed, 
experienced,  skilful:  prudens  et 
sciens,  with  full  knowledge,  and 
with  one  V  eyes  open  ;  nee  imperante 
nee  sciente  nee  praesente  domino, 
without  the  order  or  knowledge  or 
presence  of,  etc. 

Scipio,  -5nis  [scipio,  staff],  m., 
a  Roman  family  name.  —  Esp.: 
I.  See  Africanus ;  2.  See  Nasica ; 
3.  P.  {Come  I  ills)  Scipio  {Nasica), 
an  influential,  but  not  famous, 
member  of  the  family,  active  on 
the  side  of  Sex.  Roscius. 

sciscitor,  -arT,  -atus  [as  if  sci- 
scito-,  p.p.  of  seisco],  i.  v.  dep., 
learn,  ask,  examine,  make  enquiries. 

SCOrtum,  -I  [?],  n.,  a  hide. — 
Also,  a  harlot,  a  debauchee. 

seriba,  -ae  [scrib  -f  a],  m.,  a 
clerk. 

seribo,  scrlbere,  scrips!,  script  us 
[.^],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  write,  give  an 
account  (in  writing),  inscribe,  set 
down,  draw  up  (of  a  law),   write 


scriptor 


192 


sedes 


about,  compose,  record,  appoint  (in 
a  written  instrument),  7nake  (in 
writing). 

scriptor,  -oris  [scrib  -f  tor],  m., 
a  writer,  an  author. 

scriptura,  -ae  [scrib  +  tura,  but 
cf.  pictura],  f.,  a  writing.  —  Also 
(from  the  registering  of  the  num- 
ber of  cattle  pastured  on  the  public 
lands),  the  public  pastures,  the 
pasture  tax. 

scrutor,  -arl,  -atus  [scruta,  rub- 
bis  h\  I.  V.  dep.,  rtanmage,  search, 
pry  into. 

sciitum,  -i  [?],  n.,  a  shield,  of 
the  Roman  legion,  made  of  wood, 
convex,  oblong  (2^  by  4  ft.),  cov- 
ered with  leather. 

Scyllaeus,  -a,  -um  [S/cuXXatos], 
adj.,  of  Scylla  (the  famous  rock  in 
the  Strait  of  Messina  on  the  Italian 
side,  corresponding  to  Charybdis 
on  the  side  of  Sicily,  dangerous  to 
mariners),  Scyllcean. 

se-  (sed-)  [same  word  as  sed  (?)], 
insep.  prep.,  apart,  aside,  away,  etc. 

secedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessum 
(impers.)  [se-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  with- 
draw, retire,  go  away. 

secerno,  -cernere,  -crevi,  -cretus 
[se-cemo],  3.  v.  a.,  separate.  —  Less 
exactly,  distinguish.  —  Also,  set 
aside,  reject. 

secessio,  -onis  [se-cessio  ;  cf.  se- 
cedo], F.,  a  withdrawal,  a  secession 
(a  withdrawal  for  political  reasons). 

secius,  see  secus. 

seco,  secare,  secul,  sectus  [prob. 
causative  of  sec],  i.  v.  a.,  cut,  reap. 
—  There  is  possibly  another  mean- 
ing,/(?//(37£/. 


sector,  -oris  [sec  {follow  or  cut  ? 
possibly  two  words)  +  tor],  m.,  a 
cutter.  —  Also,  a  purchaser  of  con- 
fiscated estates  (or  of  booty  taken 
in  war) :  de  manibus  sectorum  (of 
the  confiscation,  harpies) ;  sectores 
ac  sicarii  {sharpers  and  cut-throats). 

sector,  -arl,  -atus  [prob.  secta- 
(sEQU  +  ta;  cf.  moneta)],  i.  v. 
^&^., pursue,  chase  after,  be  in  one  ^s 
train. 

secundum,  see  secundus. 

secundus,  -a,  -um  [p.  in  -dus, 
of  sequor] ,  adj .,  following. — Hence, 
second.  —  Also  (as  not  opposing), 
favorable,  success fil :  res  secundae, 
prosperity.  — secundum,  neut.  ace. 
as  prep.with  ace,  along,  in  the  direc- 
tion of,  in  accordance  with,  after. 

securis,  -is  [sec  +  unc.  term.],/ 
¥.,afi  axe.  —  Esp.,  the  axe  of  the 
lictor  (as  a  symbol  of   the  power 
of  life  and  death) :  duodecim  se- 
cures (i.e.  two  praetors). 

secus  [seq  (in  sequor)  +  unc. 
term.],  adv.,  {inferior),  otherwise, 
less.  —  Compar.,  secius  (setius), 
less :  nihilo  secius,  none  the  less, 
nevertheless. 

sed  [abl.  of  unc.  stem;  cf.  re], 
conj.,  {apart)  (cf.  seditio  and  se- 
curus),  but  (stronger  than  autem 
or  at). 

sedeo,  sedere,  sedi,  sessum  (su- 
pine) [tsedo-  (sed  -f  us  ;  cf.  domi- 
seda  and  sedo)],  2.  v.  n.,sit,  sit  still, 
remain  seated,  sit  (here,  there,  etc.), 
sit  by:  ad  portas  imperator  {be  in 
arms,  be). 

sedes,  -is  [sed  -f  es  (masc.  and 
fem.  term,  corresponding  to  neut. 


seditio 


193 


senatorius 


-us)],  F.,  a  seat. —  Hence,  an  abode 
(both  in  sing,  and  plur.),  an  abid- 
ing-place, a  place  0/  abode,  a  Jumie, 
a  seat  (fig.). 

seditio,  -onis  [sed-titio  (i  +  tio)], 
F.,  a  secession,  a  mjitiny,  an  upris- 
ing, a  civil  disturbatice,  an  insur- 
rection, a  riot. 

seditiose  [old  abl.  of  seditiosus], 
adv.,  treasonably,  with  seditious 
purpose,  to  excite  a  riot. 

seditiosus,  -a,  -urn  [sedition-  + 
osus  (poss.  as  if  t seditio  +  osus  ;  cf. 
initium)],  adj.,  seditious,  factious. 

sedo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [causative 
of  SED,  or  perhaps  denominative 
of  sedo-  ;  cf.  domiseda],  i.  v.  a.,  set- 
tle, quiet,  allay,  appease,  repress, 
check,  stop. 

sedulitas,  -atis  [sedulo-  +  tas], 
F.,  assidtiity,  diligent  attention,  zeal, 
earnest  endeavor,  paifistakiftg. 

seges,  -etis  [unc.  stem  (cf.  seco?) 
+  tis],  Y.,a  crop  of  grain  (growing), 
a  field  (of  grain) :  segetem  ac  mate- 
riem  gloriae  {the  fertile  source  and 
raw  material). 

segnis,  -e  [?],  adj.,  slow,  inactive. 
—  Compar.,  segnior  {less  active). 

segniter  [segni-  +  ter],  adv., 
slo'cvly,  shiggishly:  nihilo  segnius, 
no  less  energetically. 

segrego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [segreg- 
(se-grex,  apart  from  the  herd)], 
I.  v.  a.,  separate,  exclude. 

seiungo,  -iungere,  -iunxT,  -iunc- 
tus  [se-iungo],  3.  v.  a.,  disjoin, 
separate. 

sella,  -ae  [sed  -f  la;  cf.  eSpa], 
F.,  a  seat,  a  bench,  a  stool,  a  work- 
bench   (probably    only    a    stool)  ; 


curulis  {the  curule  chair,  a  camp- 
stool  with  ivory  legs,  used  by 
magistrates). 

semel  [prob.  neut.  of  adj.,  akin 
to  similis],  adv.,  ofice,  once  only: 
semel  et  saepius,  more  thaft  once, 
again  and  again  ;  ut  semel,  when 
once,  as  soon  as. 

semen,  -inis  [se  (in  sero)-f  men], 
N.,  seed.  —  Also  figuratively. 

seminarium,  -I  [semin-  -f  arius], 
N.  (of  adj.),  a  7nirsery.  —  Also  figu- 
ratively. 

semisomnus,  -a,  -um  [semi-som- 
nus,  decl.  as  adj.],  adj.,  half  asleep, 
drowsy,  listless. 

semiustilatus  (semiis-),  -a,  -um 
[p.p.  of  semiustilo],  as  adj.,  half 
bzirned. 

semper  [tsemo-  (i")  (in  semel) 
-per  (cf.  parumper)],  adv.,  through 
all  time,  all  the  tij?ie,  always,  every 
time. 

sempiternus,  -a,  -um  [semper 
(weakened,  for  a  stem)  -|- ternus ;  cf. 
hesternus],  adj.,  eternal,  forever. 

Sempronius,  -a,  -um  [.?],  adj.,  of 
the  gens  Se7npronia  (itself  the  fem. 
of  the  adj.).  —  Esp.  of  C.  Sempro- 
nius Gracchus  (see  Gracchus):  lex 
Sempronia,  Sempronian  law  (of 
Gracchus,  securing  the  rights  of 
Roman  citizens). 

senator,  -oris  [tsena-  (as  if  verb- 
stem  akin  to  senex,  perh.  really  so; 
cf.  senatus)  +  tor],  m.,  {an  elder). — 
Hence,  a  senator  (esp.  of  Rome),  a 
7ne?}iber  of  the  Senate. 

senatorius,  -a,  -um  [senator-  -f- 
ius],  adj.,  of  the  senators,  of  the 
Senate,  of  a  senator,  senatorial. 


senatus 


194 


Seplasia 


senatus,  -us  [tsena-  (as  if,  perh. 
really,  verb-stem  akin  to  senex)], 
"Si., a  Senate  (council  of  old  men). — 
Y.?>^.,  the  Senate  (of  Rome,  the  great 
l^ody  of  nobles  acting  as  an  admin- 
istrative council).  The  word  ex- 
presses the  body  as  an  order  in 
the  state,  or  as  a  council,  and  also 
a  meeting  of  the  body, 

senectiis,  -utis  [senec-  (as  stem 
of  senex)  -f  tus  ;  cf.  virtus],  f., 
age  (advanced),  old  age,  riper 
years  (not  necessarily  age  in  Eng. 
sense). 

senex  [seni-  (stem  of  oblique 
cases) -f  cus  (reduced)],  gen.  senis 
[?,  cf.  seneschal\  adj.  (only  masc), 
old.  —  Esp.  as  subst.,  an  old  ?nan 
(above  forty-five),  the  elder  (of  two 
of  the  same  name),  senior. 

senilis,  -e  [seni-  (see  senex)  -f 
lis  (or  -ilis)],  adj.,  of  aii  old  man  : 
corpus  {aged). 

senium,  -I  [seni-  (see  senex)  + 
ium],  N.,  age  (as  a  decline),  senil- 
ity. —  Less  exactly,  weakness,  sad- 
ness, torpor. 

sensim  [as  if  ace.  of  tsensis, 
verbal  of  sentio ;  cf.  partim],  adv., 
{perceptibly).  —  Hence  (cf.  subito 
and  repente,  its  opposites),  gradu- 
ally, by  degrees. 

sensus,  -iis  [sent-  (as  root  of 
sentio)  +  tus],  m.,  feeling  (as  be- 
longing to  humanity,  etc.),  sensa- 
tion, a  feeling,  feelings  (in  both 
sing,  and  plur.),  the  senses  (in  both 
sing,  and  plur.),  consciousjtess,  the 
power  of  sense,  a  sentinient  (a  way 
of  feeling).  —  Hence,  a  sense,  a 
meaning. 


sententia,  -ae  [tsentent-  (p.  of 
simpler  pres.  of  sentio) +ia],  F., 
{feeling,  thinkifig). — Hence,  a  way 
of  thinking,  an  opinioti,  a  view,  a 
deterf/tination,  a  sentiment,  a  feel- 
ing, a  purpose,  a  design.  —  Esp., 
officially,  a  judgnient,  an  opinion,  a 
sentence,  a  vote,  a  decision,  an  ex- 
pression of  opinio7i,  a  ballot  (a  writ- 
ten expression  of  opinion).  —  Esp. : 
verba  atque  sententiae,  words  and 
ideas  or  expressions ;  divisa  est 
sententia,  the  vote  was  divided ;  in 
eandem  sententiam,  to  the  satiie pur- 
port;  de  sententia  amicorum  {by 
the  advice,  etc.);  in  eadem  senten- 
tia, ^//^f  same  mind. —  sententiae, 
plur.,  a  verdict,  votes  of  a  jury. 

sentina,  -ae  [?],  f.,  bilge  water. 
—  Fig.,  the  dregs,  a  cesspool. 

sentio,  sentlre,  sens!,  sensus  [?], 
4.  v.  a.,  perceive  (by  the  senses), 
feel,  know,  see,  think  (of  an  opinion 
made  up),  learn  about,  learji,  find 
(by  experience).  —  Hence,  hold  an 
opinion,  take  sides,  side,  hold  a  vieiu 
(of  some  kind) :  cf,  sententia. — Also 
absolutely,  possess  setisation,feel. 

separo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [se-  (sed-) 
paro],  I.  V.  a.,  {get  apart?),  sepa- 
rate.— Esp.:  separatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  separate. 

sepelio,  -Ire,  -ivT  (-ii),  sepultus 
[?],  4.  V.  a.,  bury.  —  Less  exactly 
and  fig.,  put  to  rest,  destroy,  end, 
ruin,  bujy  in  ruins. 

sepes,  see  saepes. 

sepio,  see  saepio, 

Seplasia,  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  place  in 
Capua  where  ointments  (i.e.  per- 
fumes) were  sold. 


septem 


195 


septem  [?,  cf. seven], mdecl.  num. 
adj.,  seven. 

Septimius,  -1  [septimo-  4-  ius], 
M.,  a  Roman  gentile  name ;  cf. 
Octavius,  —  Esp.,  /'.  Septimius,  an 
obscure  senator,  condemned  for 
extortion. 

Septimus,  -a,  -um  [septem  + 
mus ;  cf.  primus],  num.  adj.,  t/ie 
seventh. 

septum,  see  saeptum. 

sepulcrum  (sepulchrum),  -I  [tse- 
pul  (as  if  root  of  sepelio,  or  a  kin- 
dred stem)+  cram  (cf.  lavacrum)], 
N.,  a  tojnb,  a  grave,  a  Inirial  place. 

sepultura,  -ae  [tsepultu  (sepel 
in  sepelio,  prob.  compound,  +  tus) 
+  ra  (fern,  of  -rus)],  f.,  burial, 
burying,  burial  rites,  funeral  rites 
(even  in  cremation). 

sequester,  -tris  [akin  to  sequor, 
l)rob.  tsequit-  (cf.  comes,  eques)  + 
tris  (cf.  equester)],  m.,  (a  deposi- 
tary in  a  suit  at  law  of  the  property 
in  dispute).  —  Less  exactly,  a  de- 
positary (of  money  for  bribery). 

sequor,  sequi,  secutus  [sequ], 
3.  V.  dep.,  follow,  accompany.  — 
Fig.,  follow  the  dictates  of,  obey,  be 
guided  by,  follow,  adopt  (an  opin- 
ion), side  with,  aim  at. 

Ser.,  abbreviation  for  Servius. 

Sergius,  -I  [perh.  Sabine],  m.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name,  see  Catilina. 
—  Also,  T.  Sergius  Callus  (perh. 
Sextius  or  Sestius),  an  unknown 
person  who  had  an  estate  at 
Bo  villas. 

sermo,  -onis  [ser  (in  sero, 
twine)  +  mo  (prob.  -mo  +  0)],  m., 
[series?).  —  Hence,     conversation 


(continuous  series  of  speech),  talk, 
intercourse,  conversation  with,  com- 
mon talk,  speech.  —  Also,  language. 

sero  [abl.  of  serus],  adv.,  too  late. 
—  Compar.  serius,  later,  too  late. 

serpo,  serpere,  serpsi,  no  p.p. 
[SERP;  cf.  epTTw],  3.  v.  n.,  creep. — 
Fig.,  wind  its  zvay,  spread. 

Sertorianus,  -a,  -um  [Sertorio- 
-f  anus],  adj.,  of  Seriorius,  esp. 
the  one  mentioned  below. 

Sertorius,  -I  [sertor  (.?)  +  ius], 
M.,  {garland-f?iaker  ?),  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  Q.  Sertorius, 
a  partisan  of  Marius,  who  held  a 
command  in  Spain  against  the 
party  of  Sulla  from  B.C.  80  to 
j.c.  72. 

sertum,  -1  [p.p.  of  sero,  twine], 
N.,  a  garland,  a  wreath. 

serus,  -a,  -um  [perh.  akin  to 
sero],  adj.,  late,  long  delayed. 

servilis,  -e  [servi  (as  if  stem  of 
servus  or  akin;  cf.  servio)  +  lis], 
adj.,  of  slaves,  of  a  slave,  servile: 
in  servilem  modum,  like  slaves; 
bellum  {the  servile  war,  the  revolt 
of  the  slaves  under  Spartacus  in 
B.C.  n)- 

Servilius,  -I  [servili-  +  ius],  m., 
a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp. : 
I .  P.  Servilius  Vatia  Isanicus,  con- 
sul B.C.  79;  2.  C.  Servilius  Ahala, 
see  Ahala ;  3.  C  Servilius  Glaucia, 
see  Glaucia  ;  4.  Z'.  Servilius  Vatia, 
son  of  No.  I,  consul  B.C.  48  with 
Caesar;  5.  P.  Servilius  Casca,  one 
of  Caesar's  assassins. 

servi5,  -Ire,  -Ivi  (-ii),  -iturus 
[servi-  (as  if  stem  of  servus  or 
akin  ;  cf.  servilis)],  4.  v.  n.,  be  a 


servitium 


96 


slave  (to  some  one  or  something), 
be  ill  subjection.  —  Less  exactly, 
devote  07ie's  self  to,  cater  to,  be 
influejiced  by,  consult  for,  be  sub- 
servient to,  do  a  service  to. 

servitium,  -I  [servo-  +  tium  (cf. 
amicitia)],  n.,  {slavery).  —  Hence 
(cf.  inventus),  a  body  of  slaves, 
slaves  (esp.  in  plural). 

servitus,  -utis  [as  if  tservitu- 
(servo  +  tus)  +  tis ;  cf.  iuventus, 
sementis  ;  perh.  immediately  servo 
+  tus,  -tutis],  F.,  slavery,  servitude. 

Servius,  -I  [servo-  +  ius],  m.,  a 
Roman  praenomen. 

servo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [servo-], 
I.  V.  a.,  watch, guard,  keep, preserve, 
maiiitai)i.  —  Esp.  in  language  of 
2M^\x\^,  watch  (for  omens) :  decaelo 
{see  an  omen,  a  process  used  to 
stop  proceedings  by  one  colleague 
against  another). 

servolus(-ulus),-I  [servo-  +  lus], 
M.,  a  little  slave,  a  slave  (with  a 
suggestion  of  disparagement). 

servus,  -i  [unc.  root  (ser.  bind?) 
+  vus],  M.,  a  slave. 

sescenti  (sex-),  -ae,  -a  [sex- 
centum],  num.  adj.,  six  hundred. 

sese,  see  sui. 

sestertius,  -1  [semis-tertius  (two 
whole  ones  and)  the  third  a 
half?'\,  M.  of  adj.,  (with  nummus), 
two  and  a  half  asses,  a  sesterce 
(a  sum  of  money,  about  five 
cents). 

Sestius  (Sext-),  -I,  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp.,-  P.  Sestius,  a 
Roman  defended  by  Cicero  in  an 
oration  still  extant. 

setius,  see  secus. 


seu,  see  sive. 

severe  [old  abl.  of  severus], 
adv.,  with  strictness,  with  severity, 
harshly. 

severitas,  -atis  [severo-  4-  tas], 
F.,  strictness,  harshness,  severity. 

severus,  -a,  -urn  [?],  adj.,  stern, 
strict,  severe,  harsh.  —  Also,  serious, 
sober,  grave. 

Sex.,  abbreviation  for  Sextus. 

sexaginta  [sex  +  unc.  term. ;  cf. 
e^rjKovTo],  indecl.  num.  adj.,  sixty. 

sextilis,  -e  [sexto-  +  ills],  adj., 
{of  the  sixth).  —  Hence,  of  August. 

Sextius,  see  Sestius. 

sextus,  -a,  -um  [sex  -f  tus],  num. 
adj.,  sixth. 

Sextus,  -I  [preceding  word  as 
proper  name  (orig.  the  sixthbcrn)\ 
M.,  a  Roman  praenomen. 

si  [locative,  prob.  akin  to  se], 
conj.,  {in  thiszvay,  in  this  case,  so ; 
cf.  sic),  if,  in  case,  on  condition 
that,  suppositig  ;  si  quando,  if  ever, 
whenever  ;  si  quidem,  if  at  least, 
in  so  far  as,  since  ;  si  quis,  if  any. 
—  Esp.,  to  see  if,  whether. 

sibilus,  -i  (plur.  -a,  -orum)  [perh. 
imitative],  M.  and  N.,  a  hissing,  a 
hiss. 

Sibyllinus,  -a,  -um  [Sibylla-  -f 
inus],  adj.,  of  the  Sibyl,  Sibyllijie : 
fata  {the  Sibylline  books,  a  collection 
of  prophecies  held  in  great  venera- 
tion at  Rome). 

sic  [si-ce ;  cf.  hie],  adv.,  so,  in 
this  manfter,  in  such  a  manner,  in 
this  way,  thus:  sic  .  .  .  ut,  so  .  .  . 
that,  so  well .  .  .  that  ;  sic  accepimus 
{this).  —  sicuti,  sicut,  as  ZQ>xCy,just 
as,  jicst  as  if  as. 


197 


similitudo 


sica,  -ae  [prob.  akin  to  seco],  f., 
a  dagger. 

sicarius,  -i  [sica-  +  arius],  m.,  an 
assassin,  a  cut-throat,  a  hired riiffiaJi 
(one  who  commits  murder  for 
money). 

Sicilia,  -ae  [Zt/ceXt'a],  f.,  Sicily. 

Siciliensis,  -e  [Sicilia-  +  ensis], 
adj.,  of  Sicily,  Sicilian.  —  Masc.  as 
subst.,  a  Sic  ilia  71. 

Siculus,  -a,  -um  [Si/ceXos],  adj., 
Sicilian,  of  Sicily. —  Masc.  plur.  as 
subst.,  the  Sicilians. 

sicut  (sicuti),  see  sic. 

Sicyonius,  -a,  -um  \^iKVbivio{\, 
adj.,  of  Sicyon  (a  city  of  Pelopon- 
nesus), .S/rj/^w/a//. — Masc.  as  subst., 
a  Sicyonian. 

Sidicinus,  -a,  -um  [.?],  adj.,  Sidi- 
cinian,  of  the  Sidicini,  a  people  of 
Campania. 

Sigeum,  -I  {Zl-yeiov],  n.,  a  prom- 
ontory near  Troy,  where  was  the 
supposed  tomb  of  Achilles. 

signifer,  -erl  [signo-fer  (fer  + 
us)],  M.,  a  standard-bearer. 

significatio,  -onis  [significa-  -f 
tio],  F.,  a  making  of  signs,  a  signal, 
a  sign,  an  intimation,  a  warning, 
an  indication,  signal. 

significo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tsig- 
nifico-  (signo-ficus)],  i.  v.  n.  and  a., 
7nake  signs,  indicate,  make  known, 
spread  news,  give  an  ifitiination, 
give  information,  intimate,  hint  at, 
give  an  ijidicatiojt,  show  signs  of. 

signum,  -T  [unc.  root  +  nam 
(neut.  of  -nus)],  n.,  (orig.  a  cut  tally- 
mark  ?  a  device),  a  sign,  a  fnark,  a 
signal.  —  Ksp.,  a  standard  (for  mili- 
tary purposes,  carried  by  each  body 


of  men,  consisting  of  some  devicein 
metal  on  a  pole).  —  So  often,  signa 
militaria  (to  distinguish  this  mean- 
ing). —  In  phrases  :  conlatis  signis, 
/';/  a  regular  battle  ;  signis  inferen- 
dis,  in  battle  array,  with  an  armed 
force ;  see  military  expressions  in 
Vocab.  to  Caesar.  —  Also,  a  statue, 
a  seal,  a  cojistellation. 

Silanion  (-io),  -onis  [.^],  m.,  a 
famous  Greek  sculptor  of  the  time 
of  Alexander  the  Great. 

Silanus,  -i  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.,  D.  Junius 
Silanus,  consul  B.C.  62,  who  voted 
in  the  Senate  for  the  death  of  the 
Catilinarian  conspirators. 

silentium,  -i  [silent-  -f  ium],  n., 
silence,  quiet.  —  silentio,  abl.  as 
adv.,  in  silence,  silently. 

sileo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  p.p.  [?],  2.  v. 
n.  and  a.,  be  silent,  say  nothing,  be 
silent  abotit,  pass  over  in  silence. 

silva,  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  forest,  woods, 
forests.  —  Plur.  in  same  sense. 

Silvanus,  -I  [silva-  -f  nus],  m., 
{of  the  woods).  —  A  Roman  family 
n  ame. — Esp.,  M.  Plautius  Silvanus, 
tribune  B.C.  89,  author  of  the  Plau- 
tian  Papirian  law,  see  Plotius. 

Silvester  (-tris),  -tris,  -tre  [silva- 
(as  if  silves- ;  cf.  palustris)  +  tris], 
adj.,  woody,  wooded. 

similis,  -e  [tsimo-  (cf.  simplex, 
semper,  simitu)  +  lis],  adj.,  like, 
similar,  almost  eijual. 

similiter  [simili-  +  ter],  adv.,  in 
like  manner,  likewise,  in  like  degree, 
in  the  same  way. 

similitiido,  -inis  [simili-  +  tudo], 
V.,likeness,resembla)ice{to,'gi::.\\\\\.\Q.). 


simplex 


198 


simplex,  -icis  [sim-  (in  similis, 
etc.),  -plex  (PLic,  as  stem)],  adj., 
simple,  without  complication. 

simpliciter  [simplici-  (as  stem 
of  simplex)  +  ter],  adv.,  simply, 
7uith  simplicity. 

simul  [neut.  of  similis ;  cf.  facul], 
adv.,  at  the  same  tifne,  as  soon  as : 
simul  atque,  as  soon  as. 

simulacrum,  -I  [simula-  +  crum], 
N.,  an  ifnagc,  a  statue,  a  representa- 
tion, a  likeness. 

simulatio,  -onis  [simula-  +  tio], 
F.,  a  pretence,  a  show. 

simulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [simili- 
(as  if,  peril,  orig.,  tsimulo)],  i-  v.  a., 
pretend,  make  a  show  of  (some- 
thing). 

simultas,  -atis  [simili-  (cf.  simul) 
+  tas],  F.,  {likeness?  eqziality  f), 
rivalry.  —  Hence,  agriidge,  a  quar- 
rel, an  enmity. 

sin  [si-ne],  conj.,  (if  not),  but  if . 

sincerus,  -a,  -um  [.?],  adj.,  pnre, 
un7nixed,  uiiadulteratcd,  uncon- 
taminated. 

sine  [?],  prep,  with  abl.,  without, 
free  from. 

singularis,  -e  [singulo-  -f  aris], 
adj.,  solitary,  single.  —  Hence, 
unique,  peculiar,  special,  extra- 
ordinary, unparalleled,  marvellojcs. 

singuli,  -ae,  -a  [sim-  (in  similis) 
+  unc.  term.],  adj.,  one  at  a  time, 
single,  each,  one  by  07te,  several 
(severally),  every,  individually, 
separately. 

sino,  sinere,  sivi,  situs  [si  (of 
unc.  meaning)],  3.  v.  a.,  {lay  down  ; 
cf.  pono),  leave.  —  Hence,  permit, 
allow,  suffer.  —  In   orig.  meaning. 


situs,  lying:  quantum  est  situm 
in  nobis,  so  far  as  in  me  lies. 

Sinope,  -es  [St/'ciTr?;],  f.,  a  city 
in  Paphlagonia. 

sinus,  -us  [?],  M.,  a  fold. — Hence, 
a  bay,  an  inlet. — Esp.,  a  fold  {pi  the 
toga  across  the  bosom),  the  bosom. 

sis  [si  vis],  phrase,  if  you  please, 
will  you  :  cave  sis,  look  out  now. 

sisto,  sistere,  stiti,  status  [sta, 
redupUcated],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., place, 
set,  stand,  stop.  —  status,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.,  set,  appointed. 

sitis,  -is  [.^],  F.,  thirst. 

situs,  -lis  [si  (in  sino)  +  tus], 
M.,  {a  laying,  a  leaving),  sittiation, 
position. 

sive,  seu  [si-ve],  conj.,  if  either, 
or  if :  sive  .  .  .  sive,  either  .  .  .  or, 
whether  .  .  .  or. 

Smyrnaeus, -a, -um  [^ixvpvoLos'], 
adj.,  of  Smyrna  (a  city  of  Ionia  in 
Asia  Minor).  —  Masc.  plur.  as 
subst.,  the  people  of  Smyrna. 

s5brius,  -a,  -um  [?,  cf.  ebrius], 
adj.,  sober. 

socer,  -eri  [?],  M.,  afather-inda70. 

socia,  -ae  [fem.  of  socius],  f.,  a 
sharer,  aji  associate. 

societas,  -atis  [socio-  +  tas],  f., 
a  sharing,  an  alliance,  an  associa- 
tion, a  partnership. — Esp.,  a  joint- 
stockcompany  (for  great  enterprises, 
as  in  modern  times),  a  co?npa?iy : 
multarum  rerum  societas  {?nany 
associations);  in  societatem  venire, 
se  offerre  {to  share,  etc.).  —  Also, 
fellowship. 

socius,  -I  [sEQu  +  ius],  M.,  a 
companion,  an  ally,  a  sharer,  an 
associate,  a  partner. 


sodalis 


199 


sordidatus 


sodalis,  -is  [?],  m.  and  f.,  a  cojn- 
panion,  a  comrade,  a  crony,  a  boon 
companion. 

sol,  solis  [?],  M.,  the  suji.  —  See 
also  oriens,  occidens,  and  ortus. 

solacium,  see  solatium. 

solatium  (solac-),  -1  [solato-  + 
ium],  N.,  a  consolation,  a  solace. 

solennis,  see  sollemnis. 

soleo,  solere,  solitus  sum  [?], 
2.  V.  n.,  l>e  zvont,  be  acciistovied,  do 
commonly  {with  Eng.  verb,  as  in 
context),  be  in  the  habit,  etc.,  use 
{to,  etc.) :  sic  fieri  solet,  is  commonly 
the  case  ;  sicut  poetae  solent,  as  is 
the  habit  of  poets. 

solitudo,  -inis  [solo-  +  tudo],  f., 
lo7ieliness.  —  Hence,  a  wilderness,  a 
desert,  solitude,  sechision,  a  lonely 
place. 

sollemnis  {solen-,  sollen-),  -e 
[tsollus-  (every)  annus],  adj.,  an- 
nual, yearly,  stated,  established.  — 
Hence,  (established  by  religious 
sanction),  solemn,  religious,  sacred. 

sollicitatio,  -onis  [soUicita-  + 
tio],  F.,  (actively),  a  tampering 
with.  —  Also   (passively),  ajixiety. 

SOUicito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [solli- 
cito-],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  stir  up,  rouse, 
instigate,  make  overtures  to,  tamper 
with,  approach  (with  money,  etc.), 
offer  bribes  to. — Also,  disturb,  make 
anxious,  trouble. 

soUicitudo,  -inis  [as  if,  perh. 
really,  tsoUicitu-  (stem  akin  to 
sollicitus)+ do],  F.,  anxiety,  solici- 
tude. 

sollicitus,  -a,  -um  [tsollo-citus, 
wholly  roused'],  adj.,  agitated,  anx- 
ious, uneasy,  troubled. 


solum,  see  solus. 

solum,  -1  [?],  N.,  the  soil,  the 
foundation. 

solus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  -!us.[?],  adj., 
alone,  only,  the  only.  —  solum,  neut. 
ace.  as  adv.,  alone,  only. 

solutio,  -onis  [solvi-  (as  stem  of 
solvo)  +  tio;  cf.  solutus],  f.,  a  set- 
ting free. —  Esp.  (cf.  solvo),  a  pay- 
ment, payment. 

soliitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  solvo. 

solvo,  solvere,  solvl,  solutus 
[prob.  se-luo],  3.  v.  a.,  ujibind,  loose. 

—  Fig.,  set  free,  exempt,  acquit,  ab- 
solve. —  Also,  pay  (release  an  obli- 
gation), perform  (a  due).  —  Esp.: 
solutus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  set 
free,  unrestrained,  unembarrassed, 
remiss. 

somnus,  -I  [somp-  (as  if  root  of 
sopio,  etc.,  with  intrusive  n,  as  in 
pingo)  +  nus],  m.,  sleep,  shimber. 

sono,  -are,  -ui,  -atiirus  [partly 
sono-,  partly  root  verb],  i.  v.  n.  and 
2i.,  sound. — With  cognate  ace,  jw^?/^ 
with,  have  a  sound  (of  a  certain 
character),  sound :  pingue  quiddam 
[sound  somewhat  coarse). 

sonus,  -1  [son  -f  us],  m.,  a  sound. 

sopio,  -ire,  -Tvl  (-ii),  -itus  [causa- 
tive of  SOP  (cf.  somnus),  or  denomi- 
native of  kindred  stem],  4.  v.  a., 
put  to  sleep :  sopita  consuetudo 
{put  to  sleep,  asleep). 

sordes,  -is  [sord-  (cf.  swart)  -f 
es],  f.,  dirt,  filth.  —  Fig.,  meati- 
ness,  dirty  tricks,  mean  dishoftesty. 

—  Also,  wretchediiess  (of  apparel  in 
mourning),  dust  afid  ashes  (?). 

sordidatus,  -a,  -um  [sordido-  + 
atus ;    cf.    candidatus,    perh.    real 


200 


splendor 


p.p.],  adj.,  filthy.  —  Esp.  of  clothes 
(in  mourning  and  otherwise),  clad 
in  mourning  (cf .  "  in  sackcloth  and 
ashes  "). 

SOror,  -oris  [},  cf.  sister'],  F.,  a  sis- 
ter :  soror  ex  matre,  a  half-sister. 

sors,  sortis  [perh.  ser  (in  sero) 
+  tis,  but  the  orig.  sense  is  unc], 
F.,  a  lot  (for  divination),  a;  designa- 
tion by  lot,  a  choice  by  lot,  a  drawing 
(of  a  jury),  afi  allotment. 

sortior,  -Irl,  -Itus  [sorti-],  4.  v. 
dep.,  cast  lots,  draw  lots,  draw  a 
jury  (by  lot).  —  Hence,  obtain  by 
lot. 

sortitio,  -onis  [sortI-  +  tio],  f., 
a  drazving  by  lot,  an  allotment,  a 
division  by  lot,  a  drawing  (of  a 
jury  by  lot). 

sortitus,  -us  [sorti-  +  tus],  m., 
an  allotment,  an  assign}nent(by  lot). 

Sp.,  abbreviation  for  Spurius. 

spargo,  spargere,  sparsi,  sparsus 
[sparg],  3.  V.  a.,  scatter,  filing  about. 
—  Fig.,  spread,  extend. 

Spartacus,  -I  [?],  m.,  a  famous 
gladiator,  who  roused  a  servile  war 
in  Italy,  B.C.  73. 

spatium,  -!  [.^],  N.,  space,  extent, 
a  space,  a  distance. —  Transf.,  time, 
space  ofi  time,  lapse  ofi  time,  a  period. 

species,  -ei  [spec  -f  ies  (akin  to 
-ia)],  f.,  {a  sight,  prob.  both  act. 
and  pass.).  —  Passively,  a  sight,  a 
show,  an  appearance,  a  spectacle, 
(a  splendid  actio7i). 

spectaculum,  -1  [specta-  -f  cu- 
lum],  N.,  a  sight,  a  show,  a  spectacle. 

spectatio,  -onis  [specta-  -f  tio], 
F..  a  looking,  a  sight,  a  view,  a 
cortemplation. 


specto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [specto-], 
I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  look  at,  regard,  gaze, 
upon,  have  regard  to,  look  towards , 
aim  at,  be  aimed  at,  tend.  —  spec- 
tatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  tried., 
proved,  esteemed,  estimable. 

specula,  -ae  [tspeca-  (spec  -f  a ; 
cf.  conspicor)  -f  la],  F.,  a  watch- 
tower,  a  lookout:  in  speculis,  on 
the  lookout. 

speculator,  -oris  [specula-  +  tor], 
M.,  a  spy,  a  scout. 

speculor,  -arl,  -atus  [speculo-], 
I.  V.  dep.,  spy,  reconnoitre,  watch: 
speculandi  causa,  as  a  spy. 

spero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [spes- 
(prob.  orig.  stem  of  spes)  with  r 
for  s],  I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  hope,  hope 
fior,  expect,  have  hope  fior :  bene 
sperare,  have  good  hope. 

spes,  -el  [?],  F.,  hope,  expecta- 
tion, hopes. 

spiritus,  -us  [spin-  (as  stem  of 
spiro)  -f  tus],  M.,  breath,  the  air 
we  breathe.  —  Also,  spij'it,  inspira- 
tion. —  Hence  in  plur.,  pride,  ar- 
rogatice. 

spiro,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus  [?],  i.  v. 
n.  and  a.,  breathe,  blow :  spirante 
republica  {still  breathing).  —  spi- 
rans,  -antis,  p.  as  adj.,  alive. 

splendidus,  -a, -um  [prob.  tsplen- 
do-  -f  dus  ;  cf.  splendeo,  splendico], 
ad j . ,  brigh t,  sh ining, brilliant:  causa 
splendidior  fiet  {gain  in  lustre).  — 
Esp.  as  epithet  of  the  middle  class, 
distinguished  (by  wealth  and  char- 
acter ;  cf.  amplus),  conspicuous, 
prominent. 

splendor,  -oris  [splend  (as  if 
root   of    splendeo)  +  or  (for  -os)]. 


spoliatio 


20I 


sterno 


M.,  brilliancy,  lustre.  —  Hence, 
prominence,  brilliant  position,  bril- 
liant character. 

spoliatio,  -onis  [spolia-  +  tio], 
F.,  a  despoiling,  a  robbery,  spolia- 
tion, unlawful  deprivatioti. 

spolio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [spolio-], 
I .  V.  a.  and  n.,  despoil,  strip.  — 
Fig.,  rob,  deprive,  despoil,  plunder. 

—  Absolutely,  despoil  one''s  enei7iy, 
take  the  spoil. 

spolium,  -I  [unc. ;  cf.  (tkv\ov\,  n., 
{hide?). —  Hence,  spoil  (of  a  slain 
enemy,  also  fig.). 

spondeo,  spondere,  spopondl, 
sponsus  [prob.  formed  from  hox- 
xo\<Q.^<j'KovZy),league'\,  2.v. a.andn., 
promise  [solemnly), pledge  ofie''s  self . 

spongia,  -ae  [(r7ro77id],  f.,  a 
sponge  (used,  as  now,  for  cleaning). 

spontis  (gen.),  sponte  (abl.) 
[prob.  akin  to  spondeo],  F.,  only 
with  pers.  pron.  or  (poetic)  gen., 
of  one'' s  oxvn  accord,  voluntarily. 

spurco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [spurco-], 
I.  V.  a.,  defile. 

Spurius,  -i  [spurius,  bastard^ 
M.,  a  Roman  prcenomen. 

squaleo,  -ere,  -ul,  no  p.p.  [tsqua- 
le-;  cf.  squales,  squalidus],  2.  v.  n., 
be  filthy.  ■ — Esp.,  of  mourning  (cf. 
sordidus),  be  in  mourning,  be  ifi  sor- 
row (in  the  garb  of  sorrow). 

squalor,  -oris  [squal-  (as  root  of 
squaleo)  +  or  (for-os)],  M.,  squalor. 

—  Esp.,  for  mourning,  fnourfiing, 
wretched  apparel. 

Stabianus,  -a,  -um  [Stabia-  -f 
anus],  adj.,  of  Stabia;,  a  town  of 
Campania.  —  Esp.  neut.  as  subst., 
a  villa  at  Stabia:,  a  Stabiaii  villa. 


stabilio,  -ire,  -Ivi  (-il),  -it us  [sta- 
bili-],  4.  V.  a.,  make  firm,  establish, 
secure,  firmly  establish. 

stabilis,  -e  [sta  -f  bills,  perh. 
through  intermediate  stem],  adj., 
standing  fir?nly,   stable,   etiduring. 

—  Fig.,  constant,  cojisistent,  unwa- 
vering. 

stabilitas,  -atis  [stabili-  +  tas], 
F.,  steadiftess,  firmness,  firm  foun- 
dations. 

Statilius,  -i  [akin  to  sto],  m.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  L. 
Statilius,  one  of  the  CatiUnarian 
conspirators. 

statim  [ace.  of  tstatis  (sta-  -f 
tis)],  adv.,  {as  one  stands,  on  the 
sp  ot),  at  on  ce,  forthwith ,  im  m  ediately. 

Stator,  -oris  [sta  -f  tor],  m.,  the 
Stayer,  a  name  of  Jove  as  stayer  of 
flight ;   also,  the  Stay,  Supporter. 

statua,  -ae  [statu- -fa  (or -va)], 
F.,  a  statue  (usually  of  men ;  cf. 
signum,  effigies  of  gods  as  well). 

statuo,  -uere,  -uI,  -iitus  [statu-], 
3.  V.  a.,  set  up.  —  Hence,  establish, 
resolve  upon,  determine,  decide,  con- 
sider, make  up  one''s  mind,  take 
measures,  set  up  as,  regard  as : 
modum  {set  a  limit) ;  aliquid  severe 
{take  any  severe  measures) ;  in  ali- 
quem  {deal  with  one). 

status,  -us  [sTA-ftus],  M.,  {a 
standing  or  setting  up),  a  position, 
a  condition,  a  state. 

status,  -a,  -um,  see  sisto. 

sterno,. sternere,  stravi,  stratus 
[STER  ;  cf.  strages],  3.  v.  a.,  scatter, 
stretv.  —  Hence,  lay  low,  prostrate. 

—  stratus,    -a,    -um,  p.p.    as   adj., 
prostrate,  lying  low,  grovelling. 


stimulus 


202 


sub 


stimulus,  -T  [tstigmo-  (stig  + 
mus)  +  lus],  M.,  a  g-oad,  a  spur.  — 
Fig.,  a  stif?iuliis,  a  spur,  an  incen- 
tive. 

stipendiarius,  -a,  -um  [stipen- 
di6-  +  arius],  adj.,  tributary,  tinder 
tribute,  subject  to  tribute  (paying  a 
fixed  sum  ;  cf.  vectigalis). 

stipendium,  -I  [stipi-  and  stem 
akin  to  pendo  (perh.  tpendus ;  cf. 
pendulus)  +  ium],  n.,  a  tribute.  — 
Also,  pay  (for  military  service), 
service,  a  campaign  (as  served  and 
paid  for). 

stipo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tstipo- 
(cf.  obstipus),  akin  to  stipes],  i. 
V.  a.,  crowd.  —  Hence,  surroujid 
ivith  a  crowd,  surround. 

stirps,  stirpis  [?],  m.  and  f.,  a 
stock.  —  Fig.,  a  race,  a  stock,  the 
root  (malorum). 

sto,  stare,  stetJ,  staturus  [sta], 

1.  V.  n.,  (active  meanings  usually 
referred  to  sisto,  the  reduplicated 
form),  stand,  stand  up:  stans 
{standing,  not  overthrown). 

stomachus,  -I  [ffrofxaxos],  M.,  the 
stomach.  —  Fig.,  taste,  liking. 

strepitus,  -iis  [strepi-  (as  stem 
of  strepo)  +  tus],  M.,  a  noise,  a 
rattling,  a  murtnur  (of  approval 
or  otherwise),  a  din. 

studeo,  studere,  studuT,  no  p.p. 
[tstudo- (or  tstuda-) ;  cf.  studium], 

2.  V.  n.,  be  eager  for  or  to.  be  devoted 
to,  pay  attention  to,  attend  to,  desire, 
be  bent  ofi  (doing  something),  aim 
at,  be  anxious  (to,  etc.). 

studiose  [old  abl.  of  studiosus], 
adv.,  eagerly,  with  care,  with 
pains. 


studiosus,  -a,  -um  [studio-  -f 
osus],  adj.,  zealous,  fond  of,  devoted. 

studium,-!  [prob.  tstudo- -f  ium; 
cf.  studeo],  N.,  eagerness,  zeal,  in- 
terest, desire,  devotion,  fotidness  (for 
a  thing),  enthusiasm.  —  Hence,  a 
pursuit  (to  which  one  is  devoted), 
a  profession,  an  occupation,  a  taste 
(for  anything),  a  study.  —  Esp.,  a 
party,  partisaji  zeal,  party  feeling, 
partisan  favor :  in  eo  studio  par- 
tium,  in  favor  of  that  party  ;  con- 
silia  studia,  fneasures  and  party 
spirit ;  studiis  prosequemur  {accla- 
?nations). 

stulte  [old  abl.  of  stultus],  adv., 
foolishly. 

stultitia,  -ae  [stulto-  +  tia],  f., 
folly,  stupidity. 

stultus,  -a,  -um  [stul  (in  stolidus) 
-f  tus],  adj.,  {stupefied ?),  foolish, 
stupid,  silly.  —  Often  rendered  by 
a  noun,  a  fool,  utter  folly,  etc. 

stuprum,  -I  [perh.  akin  to  stu- 
peo],  M.,  rape,  lewdness,  de- 
bauchery. 

suadeo,  suadere,  suasi,  suasus 
[causative  of  svad  (cf.  suavis),  but 
perh.  partly  denominative;  cf. 
suadus].  2.  V.  n.  and  a.,  {make 
agreeable  to?),  advise,  persuade 
(without  effect;  cf.  persuadeo), 
convince.  —  Esp.,  of  laws,  favor, 
support. 

suavis, -e  [svAD-fus;  cf.  levis], 
adj.,  sweet,  agreeable,  pleasant. 

sub  (in  comp,  subs)  [unc.  case, 
prob.  abl.  (cf.  subs),  akin  to  super], 
adv.  (in  comp.),  and  prep.  a.  With 
abl.  (of  rest  in  a  place),  Jtnder.  — 
Also,  jtist  by.  —  I).  With  ace.  (of 


subactus 


:03 


subtiliter 


motion  towards  a  place),  under, 
close  to.  —  Of  time,  just  at,  just  be- 
fore. —  c.  In  comp.,  under,  up 
(from  under),  away  (from  beneath), 
secretly  (underhand),  /;/  successioti, 
a  little,  slightly. 

subactus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  subigo. 

subc-,  see  succ-. 

subeo,  -Ire,  -il,  -itus  [sub-eo], 
irr.  V.  a.,  go  under,  undergo,  en- 
counter. 

subf-,  see  suff-. 

subhorridus,  -a,  -um  [sub-hor- 
ridus],  adj.,  rather  rough. 

subicio,  -icere,  -iecl,  -iectus  [sub- 
iacio],  3.  V.  a.,  throw  tinder,  place 
below,  place  tinder,  subject,  expose 
to.  —  Esp.  of  fire,  set,  tise  to  light. 

—  Also,  palm  off  upon,  forge  (of 
wills).  —  Also,  throzv  up,  hand  up. 

subiector,  -oris  [as  if  sub-tiac- 
tor ;  cf.  subicio],  m.,  a  forger. 

subigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actus  [sub- 
ago],  3.  V.  a.,  bring  under,  subject, 
subdue,  crush. 

subinvideo,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no 
p.p.  [sub-invideo],  2.  v.  n.,  enzy 
slightly,  be  a  little  envious  of. 

subinvito,  -are,  -avi,  no  p.p. 
[sub-invito],  i.  v.  a.,  suggest,  hint. 

subito,  see  subitus. 

subitus,  -a,  -um  [p.p.  of  subeo], 
adj.,  {coining  up  secretly  fro?n  un- 
der), sudden,  suddenly  (as  if  adv. 
taken  with  the  verb),  qtiick,  hasty. 

—  subito,  abl.  as  adv.,  suddenly, 
of  a  sudden,  all  at  once. 

sublatus,  -a,  -um  [sub-(t)latus], 
p.p.  of  tollo. 

sublevo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [sub- 
levo],   I.  V.  a.,  lighten  up,  lighten. 


relieve,  raise,  raise  up,  assist,  ren- 
der assistance. 

suboles  (sob-),  -is  [sub-toles  (ol 
+  es  ;  cf.  olesco)],  f.,  offspring. 

subp-,  see  supp-. 

subscribe,  -scrlbere,  -scrTpsI, 
-scrTptus  [sub-scribo],  3.  v.  a.,  ivrite 
utiderneath,  ivrite  doivn. 

subsellium,  -I  [sub-tsellium 
(sella-f  ium)],  n.,  a  bench,  a  seat 
(esp.  in  the  senate  house  or  court). 

subsidium,  -i  [sub-tsedium  (sed 
+  ium)],  N.,  {a  sitting  in  reserve), 
a  reserve,  a  reinforcement,  help, 
relief,  support,  assistance,  meatis, 
resources,  a  source  of  supplies  (of 
any  kind) :  patriae  {stay). 

subside,  -sldere,  -sedl,  -sessurus 
[sub-sido],  3.  V.  n.,  sit  dozun,  remain 
behind,  stop,  stay. 

subsortior,  -Irl,  -itus  [sub-sor- 
tior],  4.  V.  dep.,  draw  in  place  of 
some  one,  have  a  substitute  (drawn 
by  lot). 

substructio,  -onis  [sub-structio ; 
cf.  substruo],  F.,  a  foundation,  a 
substruction. 

subsum,  esse,  -fui,  -f uturus  [sub- 
sum],  irr.  V.  n.,  be  under,  be  tuider- 
neath,  be  near,  be  close  by  (a  certain 
distance  off),  be  near  at  hand,  ap- 
proach. 

subterfugio,  -fugere,  -fugl,  no 
p.p.  [subter-fugio],  3.  v.  n.  and  a., 
escape  (from  under  something  that 
impends). 

subtilis,  -e  [akin  to  sub  and 
tela],  adj.,  fine,  subtle. 

subtiliter  [subtili-  +  ter],  adv., 
fuu'ly,  acutely,  minutely,  in  detail: 
iudicare  {be  a  shrewd  judge). 


suburbanus 


204 


suburbanus,  -a,  -um  [sub-urbe  + 
anus],  adj.,  suburban.  —  Esp.  neut. 
as  subst.,  a  suburban  estate^  a  villa. 
I  succedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessurus 

[sub-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  come  up,  ad- 
vance, come  in  place  of,  succeed  to, 
take  the  place  of,  come  next. — Also, 
be  successful,  prosper. 

succenseo,  see  suscenseo. 

succurro,-currere,-curri,-cursurus 
[sub-curro],  3.  v.  n.,  7-ush  to  support, 
rush  to  one'' s  rescue,  relieve,  succor. 

suffero,  sufferre,  sustull,  sublatus 
(referred  to  tollo)  [sub-fero],  irr. 
V.  a.,  bear,  suffer. 

suffragatio,  -onis  [suffraga-  + 
tio],  F.,  a  support  (for  an  office).  — 
Less  exactly,  a  recommendatioii,  a 
supporter. 

suffragator,  -5ris  [suffraga-  + 
tor],  M.,  a  supp07'ter  (for  an  office). 

suffragium,  -T  [sub-tfragium,  i.e. 
prob.  suffrage-  +  ium  (cf.  suffragor 
and  suffringo)],  N.,  {a  pastern 
bone,  cf.  suffrage ;  or  a  potsherd, 
cf .  darpaKov ;  either  used  as  a  bal- 
lot), a  ballot,  vote. 

sui  (prop.  gen.  neut.  of  suus), 
sibi,  se  [sva],  reflex,  pron.,  himself, 
etc.  —  Often  to  be  translated  by 
the  personal,  he,  she,  it,  etc.,  also 
each  other. —  Esp. :  inter  SG,from, 
with,  by,  etc.,  each  other ;  per  se, 
of  himself,  etc.  (without  outside 
influence  or  excitement);  ipse  per 
se,  in  and  of  himself. 

Siilla,  -ae  \f\  m.,  a  Roman  fam- 
ily name.  —  Esp.,  Lucius  Cornelius 
Sulla,  the  great  partisan  of  the 
nobility,  and  opponent  of  Marius, 
called  the  Dictator  Sulla. 


Sulpicius,  -i  \]\  M.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp.:  i.  P.  Stil- 
picius  Galba,  prob.  aedile  B.C.  69, 
one  of  the  jury  against  Verres ; 
2.  C.  Sulpicius  Galba,  praetor  B.C. 
63;  3.  /*.  Sulpicius  Rufus,  tribune 
B.C.  88,  a  partisan  of  Marius; 
4.  Ser.  Sulpicius  Rufus,  consul 
B.C.  51,  a  celebrated  jurist,  con- 
temporary and  friend  of  Cicero. 

sum,  esse,  fuT,  futurus  [as;  cf. 
am,  z>],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  (exist).  —  Also, 
with  weakened  force,  be  (as  a  mere 
copula).  —  With  many  renderings 
according  to  the  context :  est  de 
proscriptione  {relates  to);  est  in 
lege  [is prescribed);  est  alicui,  one 
has ;  quid  alicui  cum  aliquo  est? 
what  has  one  to  do  with  ?  etc.;  quid 
de  aliquo  futurum  est  ?  {what  will 
become  of?) ;  qui  nunc  sunt  {now 
living) ;  quae  est  civium  {co7isists 
of);  est  alicuius,  it  is  one'' s  part,  it 
is  07ie''s  place,  it  belo7igs  to  one,  and 
the  like  ;  meliore  esse  sensu  {to 
have,  etc.);  esse  veste  mutata,  to 
put  on  fnourning ;  esse  cum  telo, 
to  go  ar77ied ;  fuerat  ille  annus  {had 
passed)  ;  esto,  be  it  so,  well ;  fore 
uti,   that  the  result  will  be. 

summa,  -ae  [fem.  of  summus  as 
noun],  F.,  {the  top),  the  highest  place, 
the  sum,  the  total,  the  mai7t  part : 
belli  {the  ge7ieral  7na)iagevie7it,  the 
chief  co7itrol)  :  ad  unam  summam 
referri,  be  set  dozvii  to  07ie  accou7it ; 
ad  summam,  07i  the  wJiole,  i7i  short, 
i7i  a  word. 

summus,  see  superus. 

sumo,  siimere,  sumpsi,  siimptus 
[sub-emo  {take)'],  3.  v.  a.,  take  away. 


sumptuose 


205 


supplicatio 


take,  get,  assume :  supplicium  {in- 
flict;  cf.  capere);  laborem  (j-Ztv/^/) ; 
arma  {take  np)\  mihi  {take  upon); 
exempla  {draw) ;  suscepto  bello, 
when  the  war  was  begun ;  saga 
(////  on)\  nullis  armis  sumptis, 
when  there  tvas  no  war. 

sumptuose  [old  abl.  of  sump- 
tuosus],  adv.,  expensively,  extrava- 
gantly: sumptuosius,  w////  too  much 
magnificence. 

sumptuosus,  -a,  -um  [suinptu-  + 
osus],  adj.,  expensive,  costly. 

sumptus,  -us  [sub-temptus  ;  cf. 
sumo],  M.,  {a  taking  out  of  the  stock 
on  hand),  expense:  sumptibus, 
extravagant  expenditure,  extrava- 
gance. 

superbe  [old  abl.  of  superbus], 
adv.,  haughtily^  arrogantly,  with 
arrogance,  with  insolence. 

superbia  [superbo-  +  ia],  -ae,  f., 
pride,  haughtiness,  arrogatice,  in- 
solence. 

superbus,  -a,  -um  [super  -f  bus  ; 
cf.  morbus] ,  adj.,  arrogant,  haztghty, 
proud,  insolefit. 

supercilium,  -i  [super-cilium 
{eyelid)'],  N.,  eyebrow,  brow  (as  ex- 
pressing emotions). 

superior,  see  superus. 

supero,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [supero-], 
I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  overtop.  —  Hence, 
get  the  upper  hand  of,  overcome, 
conquer,  defeat,  be  superior  to,  pre- 
vail., overmatch,  survive  (vita),  sur- 
pass. 

supersum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futiirus 
[super-sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  over  and 
above,  remain,  survive :  satietati 
{remain  in  excess  of). 


superus,  -a,  -um  [tsupe-  (stem 
akin  to  sub,  perh.  same)  +  rus;  cf. 
inferus],  adj.,  higher,  being  above. 

—  Compar.,  superior,  -ius,  higher, 
upper,  precedittg  (of  time),  past,  be- 
fore, superior,  earlier,  fo7'mer,  elder: 

superiora  ilia,  those  former  acts ; 
superior  esse,  have  the  advantage. — 
Superl.,supremus,-a,-um  [supra-(?) 
+  imus(.?)],  highest,  last:  dies  {last, 
of  a  funeral). —  Also,  summus  [sup 
+  mus],  highest,  the  highest  part 
of,  the  top  of.  —  Fig.,  greatest,  most 
important,  very  great,  most  perfect, 
perfect,  supreme,  most  violent,  pre- 
eminent, in  the  highest  degree,  most 
severe,  of  the  tttfuost  importance : 
summa  omnia,  all  the  highest  quali- 
ties ;  summa  hieme,  the  depth  of 
winter ;  tempus  {most  critical) ; 
vir  {very  superior);  quattuor  aut 
summum  quinque  {at  the  most) ; 
summa  res  publica,  the  highest  in- 
terests of  the  state,  the  general  wel- 
fare of  the  state. 

suppedito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [.^ 
cf.  suppeto],  I.  V.  n.  and  a.,  suffice. 

—  Also,  supply. 

suppeto,  -petere,  -petlvl  (-il),  -pe- 
tlturus  [sub-peto],  3.  v.  n.,  (?,  but 
cf.  sufficio  and  subvenio),  be  on 
hand,  be  supplied,  be  to  be  found : 
suppetit  nobis,  we  have  a  store. 

supplex,  -icis  [sub-tplex  (plic 
as  stem;  cf.  duplex)],  M.  and  F.,  a 
suppliant. 

supplicatio,  -onis  [supplica-  -f 
tio],  F.,  a  stipplication.  —  Esp.,  a 
thanksgiving  (prayer  to  the  gods 
upon  any  signal  success,  decreed 
by  the  Senate). 


supplicium 


206 


Syria 


supplicium,  -1  [supplic-  (stem 
of  supplex)  +  ium],  n.,  {a  kfieeling). 
—  Hence,  a  supplication.  —  Also, 
a  punishment  (usually  of  death). 

supplico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [sup- 
plic-], I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  supplicate, 
entreat,  pray  for  mercy. 

suppono,  -ponere,  -posuT,  -posi- 
tus  [sub-pono],  3.  V.  a.,  ptU  under, 
fraudulently  introduce,  introduce 
under  cover  of  something. 

supra  [instr.  (?)  of  superus], 
adv.,  and  prep,  with  ace,  above, 
before.     See  possum, 

supremus,  see  superus. 

surgO,surgere,  surrexT,surrectus 
[sub-rego],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  raise. — 
Also,  rise. 

surripi5  (subr-),  -ripere,  -ripul, 
-reptus  [sub-rapio],  3.  v.  a.  (and 
n.),  snatch  privately,  steal,  take  by 
treachery. 

suscense5  (succ-),  -censere,  -cen- 
suT,  -censiirus  [subs-(sub-)censeo], 
2.  V.  n.,  be  incensed,  be  slightly 
angry,  be  offended. 

suscipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 
[subs-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  take  up,  take 
upon  one's  j-^//" (voluntarily;  cf.  re- 
cipio,  as  a  duty),  engage  in,  adopt, 
take  in  hand,  undertake.  —  Also, 
undergo,  suffer,  experience  (of  feel- 
ings), bring  upon  one's  self 

suspicio,  -spicere,  -spexl,  -spectus 
[sub-tspecio],  3  v.  a.  and  n.,  look 
up,  look  up  at,  look  askance  at.  — 
Hence,  suspect:  suspectus,  an  object 
of  suspicion. 

suspicio  (-spitio),  -on is  [sub- 
tspecio;  cf.  suspicio,  -ere],  f.,  sus- 
picion. 


suspiciose  (suspit-)  [old  abl. 
of  suspiciosus],  adv.,  in  a  way  to 
excite  suspicion. 

suspiciosus  (suspit-),  -a,  -um 
[prob.  tsuspicio-  (sub-tspecium ; 
cf.  extispicium)  -f  osus],  adj.,  sus- 
picious. 

suspicor,  -aiT,  -atus  [tsuspic-  / 
(cf.  auspex)],  i.  v.  dep.,  suspect,  ' 
have  a  suspicion. 

suspiro,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [sub- 
spiro],  I.  V.  n.,  sigh. 

sustento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [subs- 
tento  (cf.  sustineo)],  i.  v.  a.  and  n., 
77iaintain,  sustain,  hold  out,  endure, 
supp07't :  sustentando,  by  patietice. 

sustineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentus 
[subs-teneo],  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  hold 
z(p  under,  withstand,  endure,  hold 
out,  sustaiji,  sjipport,  bear,  stop. 

suus,  -a,  -um  [sva  (in  se)  -f 
ius],  poss.  pron.  (referring  back  to 
subject),  his,  hers,  its,  theirs,  etc. — 
Sometimes  emphatic,  his  own,  etc. 
—  Often  without  subst.,  sui,  M. 
plur.,  his  {their')  7nen,  countryynen, 
frie7ids,  etc.;  sua,  neut.  plur.,  his 
(their)  possessiojis,  property,  etc.  : 
omnia  sua,  all  he  had. 

symphoniacus,-a,-um  [<Tv/x<pu}vi.a- 
K:6s],adj.,  musical:  •pneTi{musicians), 

Syraciisae,  -arum  ['ZvpaKvaai], 
F.  plur.,  Syracuse,  the  famous  city 
in  Sicily. 

Syracusanus,  -a,  -um  [Syracusa- 
-|-  anus],  adj.,  of  Syracuse,  Syra- 
cjisan.  —  Masc.  plur.  as  subst.,  the 
people  of  Syracuse,  the  Syracusans . 

Syria,  -ae  [Si^/oi'a],  f.,  the  coun- 
try lying  at  the  eastern  end  of  the 
Mediterranean. 


T. 


207 


tametsi 


T.,  abbreviation  for  Titus. 

tabella,  -ae  [tabula-  +  la],  f., 
{a  little  board),  a  tablet,  a  ballot.  — 
In  plur.,  tablets  (as  two  were  used 
together),  a  docufnent^  a  letter,  a 
writing. 

tabellarius,  -T  [tabella-  +  arius], 
M.,  a  letter-carrier,  a  messeuger. 

taberna,  -ae  [?,  cf.  tabella],  f., 
a  kilt  (of  boards),  a  booth,  a  shop, 
a7i  iiut.  —  Esp. :  Tres  Tabernae,  the 
Three  Taverns,  a  station  on  the 
Appian  Way  in  Latium. 

tabesco,  -bescere,  -buT,  no  p.p. 
[tabe-  (in  tabeo)  +  sco],  3.  v.  n., 
waste  azvay,  pine. 

tabula,  -ae  [ttabo-  (ta  -f  bus  ? 
cf.  taberna)  -f  la],  F.,  a  board. — 
Hence,  a  record  (written  on  a 
board  covered  with  wax),  a  list,  a 
document.  —  Also,  a  panel  (on 
which  pictures  were  painted),  a 
picture,  a  painting :  novae  tabulae, 
a  reduction  of  debts,  a  settlement  of 
debts  (by  legislation)  ;  duodecim 
tabulae,  the  laws  of  the  Twelve 
Tables  (the  earliest  collection  of 
Roman  laws). 

tabularius,  -a,  -um  [tabula-  + 
arius  (-rius?)],  adj.,  {of  records, 
etc.;  see  tabula).  —  Esp.,  neut.  as 
subst.,  a  record  office,  a  registry, 
archives. 

taceo,  tacere,  tacuT,  tacitus 
[ttaco-  (tag  4-  us)],  2.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  be  silent,  be  silent  about,  keep 
secret,  keep  silence,  conceal,  say 
nothing  {about).  —  tacitus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.    as    adj.,    silent,    silently,    in 


silefice:  illis  tacentibus,  7vith  their 
co)inivance. 

tacite  [old  abl.  of  tacitus],  adv., 
silently,  ift  silence. 

taciturnitas,  -atis  [taciturno-  -f 
tas],  F.,  silence. 

taciturnus,  -a,  -um  [tacito-  + 
urnus  ;  cf.  diurnus],  adj.,  silent  (as 
a  personal  quality),  taciturn. 

taedet,  -ere,  -uit  (pertaesum  est) 
[ttaedo-  (cf.  taedium,  taedulum)], 
2.  V.  impers.,  it  disgusts :  aliquem 
{o)ie  is  disgusted). 

taeter  (teter),  -tra,  -trum  [akin 
to  taedet?],  adj.,  disgusting,  hor- 
rible, loathsome,  foul,  abotninable, 
shameful. 

talaris,  -e  [talo-  +  aris],  adj.,  of 
the  ankles. — Esp.,  with  tunica,  r^a^/^- 
ingto  the  heels  (a  sign  of  dandyism ; 
cf.  the  modern  "box-coat"). 

talis,  -e  [ta  +  alls],  adj.  pron., 
such,  so  great. 

tam  [unc.  case  of  ta  (cf.  quam, 
nam)],  adv.,  so  (as  indicated  in  the 
context),  so  much.  —  Often  equal 
to  this,  that,  etc. 

tamen  [unc.  case-form  of  ta 
(locat.  .^  cf.  Sk.  tasmin?)],  adv., 
(introducing  a  thought  opposed  to 
some  preceding  concession  ex- 
pressed or  implied),  yet,  neverthe- 
less, still,  however,  for  all  that, 
fiotwithstanding,  after  all,  at  least. 

tametsi    [tam?  (but  cf.  tamen-  \ 
etsi)  -etsi],  adv.,  {still  although,  an-  ' 
ticipating    the    thought    to    which 
tam   properly    belongs),   although, 
though,  after  all. 


tamquam 


208 


telum 


tamquam  (tanquam)  [tarn 
quam],  adv.,  as  muck  as,  as,  just 
as,  like,  just  like.  —  K\&o,jtist  as  if, 
as  if. 

tandem  [tam-dem ;  cf.  idem], 
adv.,  {J2ist  so,  even  so  ?),  at  last, 
finally.  —  In  questions,  to  add  em- 
phasis, pray,  tell  me,  or  translated 
only  by  emphasis  :  quo  tandem  ? 
where  i7i  the  world  ? 

tango,  tangere,  tetigi,  tactus 
[tag],  3.  V.  a.,  touch,  border  on,  be 
close  to,  reach,  find.  —  Esp.  of  light- 
ning :  tactus  (de  caelo),  struck  {by 
lightning). 

tanquam,  see  tamquam. 

tanto,  see  tantus. 

tantopere,  see  opus. 

tantulus,  -a,  -um  [tanto-  -f  lus], 
adj.,  so  small,  so  little,  so  trifling: 
tantulo,  at  so  small  a  price. 

tantum,  see  tantus. 

tantummodo  [tantum  modo] , 
adv.,  {so  much  07ily),  only,  merely, 
only  just. 

tantus,  -a,  -um  [prob.  ta  + 
VANT  +  us],  adj.,  so  much,  so  great, 
so  important,  so  large,  this  great, 
that  great,  great,  like  this,  like  that, 
such  (of  magnitude) :  tanti  est,  is 
of  so  much  i?nportance,  is  of  so  much 
weight,  it  is  worth  the  price,  it  is 
worth  while ;  tanta  gratulatio  {so 
warm)  ;  tantum  civium,  j-^  inany 
citizens ;  in  tantum  aes  alienum, 
so  deeply  in  debt  ;  pro  tantis  rebus, 
for  such  important,  etc.  —  Also, 
so  mtich  (and  no  more),  only  so 
much. —  tantum,  neut.  ace.  as  adv., 
only,  merely.  — tanto,  abl.  as  adv., 
so  ?nuch. 


tantusde)n,  tantadem,  tantum- 
dem  (tantundem)  [tantus-dem;  cf. 
idem],  adj.,  just  so  great,  just  as 
great.  —  Neut.  as  subst.,  J7ist  so 
7)1  uch ,  just  as  7n  21c h . 

tarde  [old  abl.  of  tardus],  adv., 
slowly,  tardily,  with  delay,  late. 

tarditas,  -atis  [tardo-  -j-  tas],  f., 
slow7tess,  delay. 

tardo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tardo-], 
I.  V.  a.,  retard,  check,  hi/ider,  delay. 

tardus,  -a,  -um  [?],  adj.,  slow. 

Tarentini,  -orum  [Tarento-  -|- 
inus],  M.  plur.,  the  people  of  Tare7t- 
tu7?i  (an  old  Greek  city  on  the  Gulf 
of  Tarentum),  the  Tarenti7ies. 

Tarracinensis,  -e  [Tarracina-  -f 
ensis],  adj.,  of  Ta7'raci7ta  (a  city 
of  the  Volsci  on  the  borders  of 
Latium).  —  Masc.  as  subst.,  a  jna7i 
of  Tarraci7ia. 

Tauromenitanus,  -a,  -um  [Tau- 
romenio-  +  tanus  (i.e.  TavpofxeviTrjs 
-\-  anus)],  adj.,  of  Tauro7ne7mi77i  (a 
city  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Sicily, 
now  Tao7'7)iind). 

taurus,  -i  [perh.  stav-  -f  rus, 
akin  to  stee7'\  m.,  a  bull. 

•  Teanum,  -T  [.^],  n.,  the  name  of 
two  towns  in  Italy.  — Esp. :  Teanum 
Sidicinum,  a  town  in  Campania, 
now  Teajio. 

tectum,  -I  [p.p.  of  tego],  n.,  a 
roof,  a  house,  a  dwelling. 

tego,  tegere,  texT,  tectus  [teg], 
3.  V.  a.,  cover,  thatch,  hide,  protect : 
nocte  tectus,  tuider  cover  of  7iight. 

telum,  -T  [?],  N.,  a  weapo7i  (of 
offence),  a  lyiissile,  a  javeliji.  — 
Also,  a  weapo7i  (generally),  a 
deadly  weapofi :  cum  telo,  ar7ned. 


Temenites 


209 


tener 


Temenites,  -is  [Tefxevirrjs],  M., 
an  epithet  of  Apollo  at  Syracuse. 

temerarius,  -a,  -um  [ttemero- 
+  arius],  adj.,  reckless,  rash,  hasty- 

temere  [old  abl.  of  ttemerusj, 
adv.,  blindly,  without  reason,  with- 
out cause.  —  Hence,  recklessly,  has- 
tily. 

temeritas,  -atis  [ttemero-  (perh. 
akin  to  temulentus)  +  tas],  F., 
bhtidness,  thoughtlessness,  reckless- 
ness, heedlessness,  hasty  temper. 

temperantia,  -ae  [temperant-  + 
ia],  F.,  self-control,  prtcdence. 

tempero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [temper- 
(stem  of  tempus)],  i.  v.  a.  and  n., 
{divide),  mix  properly.  —  Hence, 
control,  control  one's  self,  refrain, 
moderate. 

tempestas,  -atis  [tempes-  (stem 
of  tempus)  -f  tas],  f.,  a  season, 
weather.  —  Esp.,  bad  zueather,  a 
storm,  a  tempest.  —  Also  fig.,  a 
storjH,   a   blast. 

tempestivus,  -a,  -um  [tempesto- 
(cf.  intempestus)  +  ivus],  adj., 
early,  timely,  seasonable,  stiitable : 
convivium  {a  daylight  banquet). 

templum,  -T  [akin  to  tempus, 
prob.  ttemo-  (tem  +  us)  +  lum, 
of.  T^/iCfos],  N.,  (in  augury),  a  conse- 
crated spot,  a  tei7iple. 

tempto  (tento),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[tento-,  p.p.  of  teneo],  i.  v.  a., 
handle. — Hence,  tiy,  make  attempts 
upon,  attack,  assail,  sou f id  (try  a 
man's  sentiments),  attempt. 

tempus,  -oris  [tem  {cut,  with 
root  determinative  or  accidental  p) 
-f  us],  N.,  {a  cutting).  —  Esp.,  a  di- 
vision of  time,  a  time,  the  times,  time 


(in  general),  a  season,  an  occasion, 
an  exigency,  an  emergency,  a  crisis, 
circumstances,  a  necessity  (of  the 
time),  needs,  the  times,  the  circutn- 
stances  of  the  ti?ne :  omni  tempore, 
at  all  times  ;  ante  tempus,  before 
the  time,  prematurely  ;  meum  tem- 
pus, my  appointed  time ;  summo 
tempore  reipublicae  {the  most  im- 
portant crisis);  procella  temporis, 
the  storm  of  the  titjies  ;  0  tempora  ! 
what  a  time !  ex  tempore,  071  the 
spur  of  the  ?noment ;  cederem  tem- 
pori  {to  the  exigencies  of  the  tiyne) ; 
motus  communium  temporum,  the 
general  disturbance  of  the  titties  ; 
uno  tempore,  at  one  and  the  same 
time,  at  once. 

temulentus,  -a,  -um  [ttemo-  (?, 
cf.  abstemius)  +  lentus],  adj., 
drunken,  in  a  tipsy  state. 

tendo,  tendere,  tetendi,  tensus 
(tentus)  [ten  -f  do  (of  unc.  ori- 
gin)], 3.  V.  a.,  stretch,  stretch  out. 

tenebrae,  -arum  [?,  perh.  akin  to 
temere],  f.  plur.,  darkness,  obscurity. 

Tenedos  (-us),  -i  [T'^i'eSos],  f.,  an 
island  in  the  yEgean,  near  Troy. 

teneo,  tenere,  tenul,  tentus 
[tteno-  (ten  -f  us)],  2.  v.  a.,  hold, 
hold  fast,  hold  on  to,  retaifi,  keep, 
possess,  occupy,  hold  bound,  bind : 
circuitus  milia  {occupy,  extend).  — • 
Also,  restrain,  detain,  understand, 
get  at :  legibus  {bind) ;  lacrimas 
{keep  back).  —  Pass.,  be  caught,  be 
in  custody,  be  detected,  be  possessed 
(by  a  feeling). 

tener,  -era,  -erum  [ten  -f  rus], 
adj.,  {stretched,  thin),  delicate,  ten- 
der, young,  sensitive. 


tento 


210 


Ti. 


tento,  see  tempto. 

tenuis,  -e  [ten  +  us,  with  acci- 
dental i;  cf.  gravis],  adj.,  thin, 
delicate,  feeble,  meagre,  poor,  slight, 
humble  (in  position),  insignijicant. 

tenuiter  [tenui-  +  ter],  adv., 
thinly,  slightly. 

ter  [prob.  mutilated  case  of  tres], 
num.  adv.,  three  times. 

Terentia,  -ae  [fern,  of  Terentius] , 
F.,  Cicero's  wife. 

tergiversatio,  -onis  [tergiversa- 
+  tio],  F.,  shuffling,  a  subterfuge,  a 
false  pretence. 

tergum,  -T  [?],  n.,  the  back:  a 
tergo,  in  the  rear,  behind  one. 

termino,  -are,  -avi,  -at  us  [ter- 
mino-],  I.  V.  a.,  bound,  limit,  end, 
finish,  set  (limits). 

terminus,  -I  [ter  (?,  of.  trans) 
+  minus  (cf.  -/xevos)],  M.,  a  bound- 
ary, a  limit. 

terra,  -ae  [ters  (?)-|-  a;  cf.  tor- 
reo],  F.,  {the  dry  land),  the  earth,  the 
land.  —  Also,  a  land,  a  region.  — 
Also,  the  ground. — Plur.,  the  world: 
orbis  terrarum,  the  whole  world ; 
terra  marique,  on  land  and  sea. 

terreo,  terrere,  terrui,  territus 
[tterro-  (?)],  2.  v.  a.,  fnghteti, 
alarm,    terrify. 

terrestris,  -e  [terra-  (as  if  ter- 
ret-;  cf.  equestris)+  tris],  adj.,  of 
the  land,  earthly  (as  opposed  to 
heavenly). 

terribilis,  -e  [terri-  (as  if  stem 
of  terreo)  -f  bills],  adj.,  dreadful, 
terrible. 

terror,  -oris  [terr  (as  if  root  of 
terreo)  +  or],  m.,  fright,  alarm, 
terror,  dread,  panic. 


tertius,  -a,  -um  [prob.  tri-  -f 
tius],  num.  adj.,  third  (in  order). 

testamentum,  -I  [testa-  -f  men- 
turn],  N.,  a  will. 

testimonium,  -I  [testi-  -f  mo- 
nium],  N.,  proof  evidence,  testi- 
mony, a   testimonial. 

testis,  -is  [.''],  C,  a  witness. 

testor,  -ari,  -atus  [testi-],  i.  v. 
dep.,  call  to  witness,  appeal  to, 
assert  (solemnly).  —  testatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  in  pass,  sense,  proved, 
substantiated. 

tetrarches,  -ae  \Terp6.px^%\,  m., 
a  tetrarch,  a  prince. 

Teutones,  -um  (Teuton!,  -orum) 
[Teutonic],  M.  plur.,  a  great  Ger- 
man people  in  Jutland  who,  along 
with  the  Cimbri,  overran  Gaul  in 
B.C.  113.  They  were  defeated  by 
Marius  in  B.C.  102  at  Aquas  Sex- 
tiae  {Aix). 

theatrum,  -I  \Bea.Tpov\  n.,  a 
theatre. 

Themistocles,  -T  (-is)  [Oe/xto-ro- 
kX^s],  m.,  a  famous  Athenian  com- 
mander in  the  time  of  the  Persian 
war,  the  founder  of  the  Athenian 
naval  power. 

Theophanes,  -is  [Geo^aj/^s],  m., 
a  Greek  historian  of  Mytilene,  who 
wrote  the  exploits  of  Pompey. 

Thespiae,  -arum  [Geo-Trtai],  F. 
plur.,  a  city  of  Boeotia. 

Thespiensis,  -e  [Thespia-  -\-  en- 
sis],  adj.,  of  Thespi(v. —  Plur.,  the 
people  of  Thespice. 

Thraex  (Threx,  Thrax),  -cis 
[6pa^],  adj.,  Thracian.  —  Masc.  as 
subst.,  a  Thracian. 

Ti.,  abbreviation  for  Tiberius. 


Tiberinus 


211 


totiens 


Tiberinus,  -a,  -um  [Tiberi-  + 
inus],  adj.,  of  the  Tiber. 

Tiberis,  -is  [?],  m.,  the  Tiber. 

Tigranes,  -is  [Persian,  through 
Greek],  m.,  king  of  Armenia,  son- 
in-law  of  Mithridates. 

timeo,  -ere,  -ul,  no  p.p.  [ttimo- 
(cf.  timidus)],  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  be 
afraid^  fear,  be  alarmed.  —  With 
dat.,  be  anxious  for,  be  anxious 
about :  nihil  timere,  have  7tothing  to 
fear,  be  in  no  danger  ;  non  timere, 
be  free  from  fear,  be  without  fear. 

timide  [old  abl.  of  timidus], 
adv.,  with  timidity :  non  timide, 
fearlessly. 

timiditas,  -atis  [timido-  -f  tas], 
F.,  timidity,  faint-heartedfiess.  — 
Plur.  same  (of  several  cases). 

timidus,  -a,  -um  [ttimo-  (cf. 
timeo)],  adj.,  cowardly,  ti?nid. 

timor,  -5ris  [tim-  (as  root  of 
timeo)  +  or],  m.,  alarm,  fear, 
apprehension. 

tiro,  -onis  [?],  m.,  a  raw  recruit, 
a  beginner,  a  tiro. 

Tiro,  -onis,  m.,  a  Roman  family 
name.  —  Esp.,  (/J/.  Tullius)  Tiro, 
the  freedman  and  literary  assistant 
of  Cicero. 

Titus,  -I  [?],  M.,  a  Roman  prae- 
nomen. 

toga,  -ae  [teg  -|-  a],  f.,  a  toga 
(the  voluminous  wrap  worn  by  the 
Romans  in  their  civil  life) :  ad  togas 
redire,  resume  the  toga,  as  in  peace  ; 
virilis  {the  virile  toga,  the  garb  of 
manhood) ;  praetexta  {the  toga  pra- 
te xta,  the  garb  of  childhood,  the  robe 
of  office ;  see  praetextus). — Hence, 
civil  life  (as  opposed  to  war). 


togatus,  -a,  -um  [toga-  -f  tus], 
adj.,  clad  in  the  toga  (as  an  emblem 
of  citizenship  or  of  peace).  — 
Hence,  unarmed,  in  the  garb  of 
peace,  in  peace :  mihi  togato  con- 
tigit  (a  civil  magistrate);  togati, 
peaceable  citizens. 

tolerabilis,  -e  [tolera-  +  bills], 
adj.,  endurable,  tolerable. 

tolero,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ttoler- 
(tol  +  us)],  I.  V.  a.  and  n., 
{raise  up),  bear,  endure,  hold 
out.  —  tolerandus,  -a,  -um,  gerun- 
dive as  adj.,  endurable,  toler- 
able. 

tollo,  tollere,  sustulT,  sublatus 
[tol  (with  ya)],  3.  V.  a.,  raise, 
carry,  elevate,  extol:  in  crucem 
{haiig,  nail). —  Hence,  carry  off, 
remove,  take  away,  destroy,  put  an 
end  to,  abolish,  banish,  get  out  of  the 
way,  put  to  death. 

Tongilius,  -T  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Only  an  obscure 
friend  of  Catiline. 

tormentum,  -T  [torqu  4-  men- 
tum],  N.,  {in ccuis  of  twisting),  tor- 
ture, the  rack.  —  Also,  an  engine 
(for  throwing  missiles  by  twisted 
ropes).  —  Hence,  a  shot  from  an 
engine,  a  missile. 

Torquatus,  -i  [torqui-  +  atus], 
M.,  {jvcaring  a  collar),  a  Roman 
family  name.' —  Esp.,  L.  Manlius 
Torquatus,  consul  B.C.  70. 

tortor,  -oris  [torc^  (in  torqueo) 
+  tor],  M.,  a  torturer. 

tot  [ta  (in  tarn,  etc.)  -f  ti], 
indecl.  adj.,  so  many. 

totiens  (toties)  [tot  +  iens], 
adv.,  so  many  times,  so  often. 


totus 


212 


transverbero 


totus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  -Tus  [ta  + 
tus],  adj.,  the  w/io/e,  the  -whole  of, 
all  (as  entire),  entire.  —  Often 
translated  by  an  adverli,  entirely, 
throui^hout,  wholly. 

tracts,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [tracto-], 
I.  \.  a.,  handle,  treat,  conduct,  rnan- 
ai^e :  in  periculis  tractatus  (e/i- 
gag-ed  in,  exercised  in,  drauni  info). 

trado,  -de re,  -didi,  -ditus  [trans- 
do],  3.  V.  a.,  hdJid  over,  give  up, 
give  over,  deliver  up,  surrender. 
—  Also,  pass  along,  hand  down, 
teach ,  coin ni  uiiicate. 

tradiico,  see  transduce. 

traductio  (trans-),  -onis  [trans- 
ductio;  cf.  transduce],  Y.,  a  transfer. 

tragoedia,  -ae  [Tpa7ot5t'a],  f., 
tragedy.  —  Fig.  (in  plur.),  a  cotn- 
motion,  a  "  to-do.'''' 

traho,  trahere,  traxT,  tractus 
[trah  (for  tTRAGH)],  3.  V.  a., 
drag,  drag  along,  drag  in,  draw.  — 
Fig.,  captivate,  drag  out,  protract. 

tranquillitas,  -atis  [tranquillo- 
-}-  tas],  F.,  stillness,  cahn,  fair 
weather,  a  quiet  state,  a  peaceable 
condition,  tranquillity,  peace. 

tranquillus,  -a,  -um  [prob.  akin 
to  trans  and  connected  with  navi- 
gation], adj.,  calm,  quiet, peaceable, 
undisturbed. 

trans  [?,  akin  to  terminus,  te- 
rebra],  adv.  (in  comp.),  and  prep, 
with  ace,  across,  over.  —  Hence, 
on  the  other  side  of:  ripam  [on  the 
bank  opposite).  —  In  comp.,  oz^er, 
across,  through. 

Transalpinus,  -a,  -um  [trans- 
Alpes  +  inus],  adj..  Transalpine 
(beyond  the  Alps  from  Rome). 


transcendo,  -scendere,  -scendi, 
-scensfirus  [trans-scando] ,  3.  v.  a., 
ciivib  across,  cross  (mountains). 

transduce  (tradiico),  -ducere, 
-duxl,  -ductus  [trans-duco],  3.  v.  a., 
lead  over  (with  two  accusatives), 
lead  across,  bring  over,  leadthrough, 
transport,  draw  over,  win  over, 
transfer. 

transeo,  -ire,  -il,  -it  us  [trans-eo], 
irr.  V.  a.  and  n.,  go  across,  cross, 
pass  over,  go  over,  pass  through, 
pass,  migrate,  pass  by. 

transfero,  -fene,  -tulT,  -latus 
[trans-fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  carry  oz>er, 
transfer,  change  the  place  of,  take 
(and  put  somewhere  else) :  sese  in 
proximum  annum  [transfer  his  can- 
vass, etc.). 

transfundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  no 
p.p.  [trans-fundo],  3.  v.  s..,  pour  out 
from  one  vessel  to  another.  — 
Hence,  fig.,  transfer. 

transigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actus 
[trans-ago],  3.  v.  z..,  carry  tJirotigh, 
accomplish,  manage,  do,  finish, 
carry  out. 

transitus,  -us  [trans-itus;  cf. 
transeo],  "sl.,  a  going  over,  a  passage, 
a  passing  away  (tempestatis). 

transmarinus,  -a,  -um  [trans- 
mare  +  inus],  adj.,  across  the  sea, 
foreign. 

transmitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sus [trans-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  serid 
over,  send  across.  —  Fig.,  transfer, 
devote,  give  over,  hand  over,  en- 
trust. 

transverbero,  -are,  -avT,  -atus 
[trans-verbero],  i.  v.  a.,  strike 
through,  pierce  through,  transfix. 


transversus 


213 


triumpho 


transversus  (-versus),  -a,  -um 
[p.p.  of  transverto],  as  adj.,  across, 
athwart,  transverse,  cross. 

Tremellius,  -i  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name. —  Esp.,  Cn.  Tremel- 
lius, one  of  the  jury  against  Ver- 
res. 

trem5,  -ere,  -ui,  no  p.p.  [trem  ?, 
"cf.  rp^inji\,  3.  V.  n.,  treinble,  waver. 

tres,  tria  [stem  tri-],  num.  aclj  , 
three. 

tribiinal,  -alis  [tribuno-  +  alis], 
N.,  {place  of  a  trilmne,  in  some 
early  sense  of  the  word),  a  tri- 
hinal  (a  raised  platform  where 
magistrates  sat  or  generals  ad- 
dressed  their   troops). 

tribunatus,  -iis  [tribuno- +  atus  ; 
cf.  consulatus],  m.,  a  tribunes  hip, 
the  office  of  tribiDie. 

tribunicius  (-itius),  -a,  -um 
[tribuno-  +  cius  (-tius)],  adj.,  of  a 
tribune,  of  the  tribunes  (esp.  of  the 
people),  tribunicial. 

tribunus,  -I  [tribu-  +  nus],  m.,  {a 
chief  of  a  tribe).  —  With  or  with- 
out plebis,  a  tribune  (one  of  sev- 
eral magistrates  elected  in  the 
assembly  of  the  plebs  voting  by 
tribes,  to  watch  over  the  interests 
of  the  commons).  —  With  militum 
or  militaris,  a  tribtme  of  the  sol- 
diers,'a  military  tribune  (one  of 
six  officers  of  each  legion  who  had 
charge  of  the  internal  administra- 
tion of  the  legion,  and  were  also 
employed  in  various  staff  duties 
by  the  commander).  —  With 
aerarius,  a  dean  of  a  tribe  (?,  one 
of  certain  officers  of  the  treasury, 
orig.  no  doubt  presiding  officers  of 


the    tribes    at  Rome),   a    treasury 
warden  (?),  a  tribunus  aerarius. 

tribuo,  -uere,  -ul,  -iltus  [tribu-], 
3.  V.  a.,  {distribute  by  tribes),  dis- 
tribute. —  Hence,  grant,  render, 
pay,  assign,  attribute,  pay  a  tribute 
(of  respect,  etc.),  confer, give,  bestozu. 

tribus,  -us  [tri  (cf.  tres)  +  unc. 
term.  (perh.  akin  to  fui?)],  F.,  (a 
third  part.''),  a  tribe  (a  division, 
originally  local,  of  the  Roman 
people),  a  ward  (.''). 

tributum,  -T  [neut.  p.p.  of  tribuo], 
N.,<7/r/(^«/^(astatedsum;cf.vectigal). 

tricensimus  (-esimus),  -a,  -um 
[triginta  +  ensimus],  num.  adj., 
thirtieth. 

triciens  (-ies)  [triginta  -f  lens], 
num.  adv.,  thirty  times :  H.  S.  tri- 
ciens (sc.  centena  milia),  thj-ee 
7?iillion  sesterces. 

triduum,  -T  [tri-  -f  stem  akin  to 
dies;  cf.  biduum],  n.,  three  days' 
time,  three  days. 

triennium,  -T  [trienni-  (triannus) 
+  ium],  N.,  three  years'  time,  three 
years. 

tripudio,  -are,  -avi,  no  p.p.  [tri- 
pudio-],  I.  v.  n.,  dance  (in  a  solemn 
rite).  —  Less  exactly,  dance  for  joy. 

tristis, -e  [unc.  root  +  tis],  adj., 
sad,  gloomy,  dejected,  stern.  —  Also 
as  bringing  sadness,  melancholy, 
unfortuttate,  sad  (as  in  Eng.) : 
litera  {dismal,  crjiel,  of  the  vote 
for  conviction). 

triumpho,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [tri- 
umpho-], I.  v.  n.  and  a.,  have  a  tri- 
jimph,  enjoy  a  triumph,  triumph 
(also  fig.)  :  triumphans,  in  a  tri- 
umphal frocession,  in  triumph. 


triumphus 


214 


turba 


triumphus,  -T  [prob.  dpiafx^os,  a 
hymn  in  honor  of  Bacchus,  perh. 
a  name  of  the  god],  m.,  a  trhmiph 
(the  entry  of  a  general  returning 
after  a  victory,  celebrated  with 
sacred  rites).  —  Also,  less  exactly, 
almost  as  in  Eng.  even,  but  with  a 
livelier  figure. 

Troianus,  -a,  -um  [Troia-  + 
anus],  adj.,  c?/ TV^j,  Trojan.  See 
equus. 

tropaeum  (troph-),  -I  [rpoTratoi'], 
N.,  ^  trophy. 

trucid5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [?,  akin 
to  trux],  I.  v.  a.,  butcher,  slaugh- 
ter in  cold  blood,  massacre,  cut 
down  without  mercy,  slay  without 
fnercy. 

truculentus,  -a,  -um  [true-  (as 
if  trucu-)  +  lentus],  adj.,  grim, 
savage,  morose,  churlish. 

tu,  tu!  [tva],  plur.  vos  [va], 
pron.  2d  person,  you  (sing.),  you 
{plur.),  yourself.  —  Esp.,  tibi,  in  a 
loose  connection  with  the  sen- 
tence,/^r  you  (as  in  Eng.),  often 
untranslatable.  —  tute,  you  your- 
self, you. 

tuba,  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  trumpet  (a 
straight  instrument  for  infantry). 

Tubero,  -onis  [tuber-  -f  0],  m.,  a 
Roman  family  name. — Esp.:  i. 
L.  ^lius  Tubero,  a  distinguished 
jurist,  a  legatus  of  Q.  Cicero  in 
Asia;  2.  Q.  yElius  Tubero,  son 
of  No.  I,  complainant  against 
Ligarius. 

tueor,  tueri,  tutus  (tuitus)  [?], 
2.  v.  dep.,  watch,  guard,  protect, 
defend.  —  AXso,  preserve,  maintain, 
keep,  care  for. 


TuUiola,  -ae  [Tullia-  -f  ola],  f., 
little  Tullia,  Cicero's  pet  name 
for  his  daughter. 

Tullius,  -1  [Tullo-  -f  ius],  m.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  M. 
Tullius  Cicero,  see  Cicero. 

Tullus,  -T  [.'],  M.,a  Roman  fam- 
ily name.  —  Esp.,  L.  Volcatius  Tul- 
lus, consul  B.C.  66. 

turn  [prob.  ace.  of  ta],  adv., 
then  (at  a  time  indicated  by  the 
context),  at  that  time,  in  that  case  : 
cum  .  .  .  turn,  see  cum;  tum  vero, 
thejt  (with  emphasis,  of  the  de- 
cisive point  of  a  narrative  or  of 
an  important  condition) ;  tum 
maxime,  just  then,  but  especially  ; 
tum  .  .  .  cum,  at  a  time  when, 
when  :  quid  tum  ?  what  then  ? 

tumultus,  -us  [tumulo-  (perh. 
reduced)  -f  tus],  M.,  {a  swelling, 
an  uprising  ?),  an  tip  roar,  confu- 
sion, a  commotion.  —  Esp.,  an  up- 
rising, a  commotion  (of  a  revolt, 
or  a  war  not  regularly  declared)  : 
servilis  {the  servile  war ;  see  ser- 
vilis) . 

tumulus,  -1  [ttumo-  (whence  tu- 
meo)  -f  Ius],  M.,  {a  swelling?),  a 
hill,  a  motmd.  —  Hence,  a  to?nb. 

tunc  [tum-ce ;  cf.  hie],  adv., 
jtist  then,  then,  by  and  by  (with 
cum),  in  that  case. 

tunica,  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  tunic  (the 
Roman  undergarment,  like  a  loose 
shirt,  but  usually  of  wool). 

turba,  -ae  [tur  (cf.  turma  and 
^6/)i;j3os)  -f  ba(cf .  morbus  and  Tvp^ri)], 
p.,  a  throng  (as  in  confused  motion ; 
cf.  turbo,  -inis),  a  crowd,  a  mob,  a 
riot. 


turbulentus 


215 


ultor 


turbulentus,  -a,  -urn  [turba-  (as 
if  turbo-,  perh.  really)  +  lentus], 
adj.,  disorderly,  disorganized,  bois- 
terous, stormy. 

turma,  -ae  [tlir  (cf.  turba, 
turbo)  +  ma],  f.,  {a  throng?),  a 
squadron  (of  horse,  consisting  of 
thirty  men),  a  troop  of  cavalry. 

turpis,  -e  [?],  adj.,  ugly  (in  ap- 
pearance). —  Hence,  7inbeconmig, 
disgraceful,  base,  scandalous,  vile. 

turpiter  [turpi-  +  ter],  adv.,  dis- 
honorably, with  dishonor. 

turpitude,  inis  [turpi-  +  tudo], 
F.,  baseness,  base  conduct,  turpitude. 
Hence,  disgrace,  dishonor,  in- 
famy. 

Tusculanus,  -a,  -urn  [Tusculo-  + 
anus],  adj.,  of  Tusculum  (a  town  of 
Latium).  —  Esp.  neut.  as  subst., 
villa  at  Tusculum,  a  Tusculan  villa. 


tute,  see  tu. 
tiito,  see  tutus. 

tutor,  -ari,  -atus  [tut6-],  i.  v. 
dep.,  guard,  defend,  protect. 

tutus,  -a,  -urn  [p.p.  of  tueor],  as 
adj.,  protected,  safe,  secure,  well 
fortified:  victis  nihil  tutum,  no 
safety  for  the  conquered ;  in  tuto, 
in  safety,  safe.— tuio,  abl.  as  adv., 
in  safety,  safely. 

tuus,  -a,  -um  [tva  +  ius],  poss. 
adj.  pron.,  your,  yotirs,  of  yours : 
omnes  tui,  all  your  friends. 

Tycha,  -ae  [Tux??],  f.,  a  part 
of  the  city  of  Syracuse,  so  called 
from  a  temple  of  Fortune  in  the 
neighborhood. 

tyrannus,  -I  [rvpawos],  m.,  a 
tyrant  (a  usurping  king),  a  ty- 
rant (generally,  in  the  modern 
sense). 


u 


uber,  -eris  [perh.  orig.  subst. ;  cf. 
oWap  and  vetus],  ^^].,  fertile,  rich, 
productive. 

uber,  -eris  [?,  cf.  o60ap],  n.,  a 
pap,  a  dug,  a  breast. 

ubertas,  -atis  [uber-  +  tas],  f., 
fertility,  productiveness. 

ubi  [supposed  to  be  quo-  +  bi, 
dat.  of  quo-],  adv.,  interr.  and 
rel.,  where,  in  which,  wherein  :  ibi 
ubi,  in  the  place  where.  —  Also,  of 
time,  when:  ubi  primum,  as  soon 
as.  —  Without  antecedent,  a  place 
where. 

ubinam  [ubi-nam],  interr.  adv., 
where  in  the  world?  where?  (em- 
phatic). 


ubique  [ubi-que ;  cf.  quisque], 
adv.,  everywhere. 

ulciscor,  ulcisci,  ultus  [?],  3.  v. 
dep.,  punish  (an  injury,  or  the 
doer),  avenge  (an  injury  or  the 
person  wronged). 

ullus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  -Ius  [uno-  + 
Ius],  2id].,asitigle  (with  negatives), 
any.  —  As  subst.  (less  common), 
afiybody. 

ulterior, -ius  [compar.  of  tulterS-; 
cf.  ultra],  adj.,  farther.  —  Super!., 
ultimus,  -a,  -um  [ul  (cf.  uls)  + 
timus  (cf.  intinxns)'],  farthest,  most 
remote,  last. 

ultor,  -oris  [ulc  (in  ulciscor)  + 
tor],  M.,  an  avettger. 


ultra 


2l6 


urgeo 


ultra  [unc.  case,  perh.  instr.,  of 
fulter],  adv.  and  prep.,  beyond. 

ultro  [dat.  of  tulter(us)],  adv., 
to  the  farther  side,  beyond:  ultro 
citroque,  this  way  and  that,  back 
and  forth.  —  Esp.  beyond  what  is 
expected  or  required,  voluntarily, 
without  provocation  :  bellum  inferre 
{make  an  offensive  war,  make  war 
with  out  provocation) . 

Umbrenus,  -I  [.^  akin  to  Umbria], 
M.,  a  Roman  family  name.  —  Only 
P.  U7nbrenus,  a  freedman  in  the 
Catilinarian  conspiracy. 

umerus  (humerus),  -i  [?,  cf. 
Wyuos],  M.,  the  shoulder. 

umquam  (un-)  [supposed  to  be 
forcum-quam  (cf.  quisquam)],  adv., 
(with  negatives ;  cf.  quando,  ali- 
quando),  ^z/^r.-  neque  .  .  .  umquam, 
aftd  Jiever. 

una  [instr.  (or  abl. })  of  unus], 
adv.,  together,  along,  along  with  one, 
with  (any  one),  also. 

unde  [supposed  to  be  for  tcunde 
(cum,  cf.  umquam,  +  de,  cf.  inde)], 
rel.  and  interr.  adv.,  whence,  from 
which,  where:  unde  dare  {throngh 
whom,  as  a  banker  from  whom 
money  is  drawn). 

undecimus,  -a,  -um  [unus-deci- 
mus],  num.  adj.,  eleventh. 

undequinquagesimus,  -a,  -um 
[undequinquaginta  +  esimus],  num. 
ad  j . ,  the  forty -n in th . 

undique  [unde-que  ;  cf.  quisque], 
adv.,  from  every  side,  from  all 
quarters.  —  Also  (cf.  ab),  07i  every 
side. 

unguentum,  -I  [akin  to  ungo, 
exact  form  unc],  n.,  an  ointfnent. 


a  perfiime  (as  the  perfumes  were 
used  in  oils  instead  of  spirits). 

unguiculus,  -1  [ungui-  +  cuius], 
M.,  a  finger  nail :  a  teneris  ungui- 
zxi\\%,from  infancy. 

iinice  [old  abl.  of  unicus],  adv., 
especially. 

iinicus,  -a,-um  [uno-  +  cus],  adj., 
sole,  only,  tiniqne. 

universus,  -a,  -um.  [uno- versus], 
adj.,  all  together,  all  (in  a  mass), 
entire,  itt  a  body,  in  general,  united, 
taken  together. 

unquam,  see  umquam. 

unus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  -Tus  \},  old 
oenus],  adj.,  one,  a  single,  the  same, 
one  only,  only,  alone  :  unus  quisque, 
each  one. 

urbanus,  -a,  -um  [urbi-  (reduced) 
+  anus],  adj.,  of  a  city.  — -'Esp.,  of 
the  city  (Rome),  in  the  city :  praetor 
(the  officer  who  had  jurisdiction 
of  suits  between  citizens) ;  praetura 
{city  prcetor ship,  the  office  of  this 
magistrate);  praedo  iuris  urbani, 
the  plunderer  of  the  rights  of  citi- 
zens (of  malfeasance  in  the  above 
office);  quaestor  {city,  as  opposed 
to  those  who  were  on  the  staff  of 
some  commander) ;  opes  {domestic, 
in  the  city,  as  opposed  to  prov- 
inces) ;  lites  {qiiarrels  between  citi- 
zens, settled  in  courts  of  law). 

urbs,  urbis  [?],  f.,  a  city. — ^Esp., 
the  city  (Rome):  ad  urbem,  near 
the  city. 

urgeo  (urgueo),  urgere,  ursi,  no 

p.p.  [VARG;  cf.  VOlgUs],  2.  V.  a. 
and  n.,  press,  press  hard,  urge, 
press  closely,  beset,  burden,  be 
urge7it. 


usitor 


217 


utilis 


usitor,  -ari,  -atus  [tusito-  (as  if 
p.p.  of  tuso),  freq.  of  utor ;  cf.  dic- 
tito],  I.  V.  dep.,  practise.  —  usita- 
tus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  ill  pass,  sense, 
used,  practised^  ciistojuary,  much 
practised.,  usual. 

usquam  [unc.  case  of  quo-  (cf. 
usque)-quam],  adv.,<?;/j'W/t';r  (with 
negatives). 

usque  [unc.  case  of  quo  (cf.  ubi 
and  usquam)  -que  (cf.  quisque)], 
adv.,  (everywhere),  all  the  7vay, 
even  to,  all  the  time,  till,  even  till, 
even  to  that  degree,  to  that  degree : 
usque  ad  eum  finem  {even  up  to, 
etc.);  quo  usque?  to  what  point? 
how  far  ?  usque  eo,  to  that  degree, 
so. 

ustor,  -oris  [us  (of  uro)  +  tor], 
M.,  {a  burner).  —  Esp.,  an  attend- 
a?it  at  a  funeral  pile. 

usura,  -ae  [usu-  +  ra;  cf.  pic- 
tura],  F.,  use,  enjoyment.  —  Esp., 
use  (of  money).  —  Hence,  interest, 
interest  on  a  debt. 

usurpatio,  -onis  [usurpa-  -f  tio], 
F.,  a  taking  by  use,  a  using :  civita- 
tis  {claim). 

usurpo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tusurpo- 
(usu-trapus,  rap  +  us,  cf.  busti- 
rapus)],  I.  V.  a.,  {appropriate),  make 
use  of,  employ,  use,  practise,  speak 
of,  talk  of. 

usus,  -us  [UT  (in  utor)+tus],  M., 
use,  experience,  exercise,  practice, 
intimacy.  —  Hence,  advantage, 
service.  —  Esp. :  usus  est,  it  is 
necessary,  there  is  need. 

ut  (uti)  [supposed  to  be  for 
quoti  (quo  -f  ti?)],  adv.  and  conj. 
a.    Interr.,    hozu  ?    videre   ut,    see 


how.  —  b.  Rel.,  as,  so  as,  when, 
whenever,  itiasmuch  as:  ut  primum, 
luhen  first,  as  soon  as.  —  Esp.  with 
subj.  (expressing  purpose  or  result), 
that,  in  order  that,  to,  so  that,  so  as 
to,  as  to. — Often  with  object  clause, 
compressed  in  Eng.  into  some  other 
form  of  speech.  —  Esp. :  id  facere 
ut,  do  this  {to  wit,  without  "  that  "), 
see  to  it  that,  take  care  that ;  faciam 
hoc  ut  utar  {I  will  do  this,  use,  etc.) ; 
committere  ut  mutetur  {allow  to 
be) ;  ut  non  trahant  {so  but  what 
they,  etc.,  zuith  out  dragging);  vereri 
xxt,  fear  that  not.  —  Also,  though, 
although. 

uter,  -tra,  -trum,  gen.  -trius  [quo 
(cf.  ubi)  -f  terus  (reduced);  cf.  al- 
ter], adj.  a.  Interr.,  which  (of 
two)  :  uter  utri,  zuhich  to  the  other. 
—  b.  Rel.,  whichever  (of  two), 
the  one  who  (of  two).  —  utrum, 
neut.  as  adv.,  {which  of  the  two)^ 
whether. 

uterque,  utra-,  utrum-,  -utrius- 
[uter-que,  cf.  quisque],  adj.,  both, 
each  (of  two) :  utrumque  laetor,  / 
atn  glad  on  both  accounts.  —  Plur., 
of  sets :  utraque  castra,  both  camps  ; 
utrique,  both  classes,  both  parties. 

utervis,  utra-,  utrum-  [uter  vis], 
adj.,  which  you  please  (of  two), 
either  of  the  two,  either. 

uti,  see  ut. 

Utica,  -ae  [?],  p.,  a  town  in 
Africa  near  Carthage,  capital  of 
the  Roman  province. 

utilis,  -e  [tuti-  (stem  akin  to 
utor)  -f  lis],  adj.,  useful,  of  use, 
advantageous,  of  advantage :  utile 
est,  it  is  a  benefit. 


utilitas 


2l8 


Valerius 


utilitas,  -atis  [utili-  +  tas],  f., 
advantage,  profit,  expediency,  ad- 
vantages (things  valuable,  both  in 
sing,  and  plur.):  utilitatem  adferre, 
do  a  service. 

utinam  [uti-nam;  cf.  quisnam], 
adv.,  {how,  pray  ?),  would  that !  O 
that!  I  wish. 

iitor,  uti,  usus  [?,  old  oetor 
(akin  to  aveo?)],  3.  v.  dep.,  avail 
one^s  self  of ,  use,  exercise,  practise, 
enjoy,  adopt,  employ,  have  (in  sense 


of  enjoy),  possess,  show  (qualities 
which  one  exercises),  occupy  (a 
town),  navigate  (a  sea),  be  intimate 
with :  testibus  (present) ;  proeliis 
(fight)  ;  studiis  (pursue)  ;  qua 
usus  erat  plurimum,  whose  especial 
frietidship  he  had  enjoyed.  —  Esp. 
with  two  nouns,  or  a  noun  and 
adj.,  employ  as,  find  in  one,  find 
one. 

utrum,  see  uter. 

uxor,  -oris  ]}'],  F.,  a  wife. 


vacillo,  -are,  -avi,  no  p.p.  [?], 
I.  V.  n.,  totter,  waver,  stagger. 

vaco,  -are,  -avI,  -aturus  [prob. 
tvaco-  (cf.  vacuus  and  Vacuna)], 
I.  V.  n.,  be  vacant,  be  free  from,  be 
unoccupied,  lie  waste. 

vacuefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -factus 
[tvacue-  (stem  akin  to  vacuus) 
-facio],  3.  V.  a.,  make  vacant,  vacate. 

vacuus,  -a,  -um  [prob.  vac  (cf. 
vaco)  -f  vus],adj.,/r^^,  unoccupied, 
vacant,  destitute  of  (ab  or  z\A^,free 
from  :  gladius  vagina  (stripped  of 
out  of). 

vadimonium,  -1  [vad-  (as  if  vadi) 
-f  monium ;  cf.  testimonium],  N., 
bail,  security,  a  surety. 

vagina,  -ae  \)'\,  f.,  a  sheath,  a 
scabbard. 

vagor,  -ari,  -atus  [vago-],  i.  v. 
dep.,  roam  aboiit,  wajider :  nomen 
(spread  abroad ) . 

vagus,  -a,  -um  [vag  (?)  -f  us], 
adj .,  roving,  fickle. 

valde  [old  abl.  of  validus],  adv., 
strongly,  thoroughly,  much. 


valeo,  valere,  valul,  valiturus 
[.^  prob.  denominative ;  cf.  vali- 
dus], 2.  V.  n.,  be  strong,  be  in 
good  health,  have  weight,  have 
infiuence,  be  powerful,  assail.  — 
Often  with  neut.  pron.  or  adj.  as 
cognate  ace:  plurimum  valet,  be 
strong,  have  great  weight,  have  very 
great  infiuence  ;  valere  ad,  be  strong 
enough  to,  have  power  to,  amount 
to  ;  mihi  valet  ad  gloriam  (count  to 
me  for,  etc.)  ;  ad  laudem  doctrina 
valuit  (he  sjifiiciefit  for)  ;  poeta 
natura  valet  (has  his  power  from 
nature)  ;  auspicia  (be  in  force,  have 
effect).  —  Esp.  (in  imp.  or  subj.)  as 
a  parting  \\ish.,farewel I , prosper  (so 
also  fac  valeas).  —  valens,  -entis, 
p.  as  adj.,  strong,  vigorous,  stout. 

Valerius,  -i  [akin  to  valeo],  m., 
a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp. :  i . 
L.  Valerius  Flaccus,  consul  B.C. 
100  ;  2.  Another  of  the  same  name, 
interrex,  B.C.  82,  by  whom  the  law 
was  brought  forward  which  made 
Sulla  perpetual  dictator. 


Valerius 


219 


vel 


Valerius,  -a,  -um  [same  word  as 
preceding],  adj.,  of  Valerius  (esp. 
No.  2),   Valerian. 

valetiido,  -inis  [valetu-  (vale  + 
tus)  +  do],  F.,  health  (good  or 
bad).  —  Esp.,  ill  health. 

vallo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [valI6-], 
I.  V.  a.,  intrench,  fortify. 

valva,  -ae  [.''],  f.,  a  fold  of 
a  door.  —  Usually  plur.,  folding- 
doors.,  doors. 

vanus,  -a,  -um  [vac  (in  vaco)  -f 
nus],  adj.,  empty.  —  Hence,  un- 
fonndedy  false. 

varietas,  -atis  [vario-  +  tas],  f., 
diversity.,  variety,  variation. 

vario,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [vario-], 
I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  vary,  change.  —  va- 
riatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  varied., 
varying,  diverse. 

varius,  -a,  -um  [prob.  akin  to 
varus],  adj.,  various,  diverse. 

Varro,  -onis  [.^],  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name.  —  Esp.,  M.  Terentius 
Varro,  a  celebrated  Roman  writer, 
contemporary  and  friend  of  Cicero. 

Varus,  -I  [varus,  knock-kfieed\ 
M.,  a  Roman  family  name.  —  Esp., 
P.  Attiiis  Varus,  propraetor  in 
Africa  B.C.  50  (?). 

vas,  vadis  [vadh,  cf.  wedding'], 
M.,  {a  pledge),  security  (a  person 
going  bail),  a  voucher,  bail. 

vas,  vasis,  plur.  -a,  -orum  [}], 
N.,  a  vessel.  —  Hence,  a  utensil  (of 
any  kind,  for  household  or  camp 
use). 

vastatio,  -onis  [vasta-  -f  tio],  f., 
devastation  (the  act),  laying  waste. 
vastitas, -atis  [vasto- +  tas],  f., 
desolation  (the  state),  devastation. 


vast5,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [vasto-], 
I.  V.  a.,  lay  waste,  devastate,  ravage. 
vastus,  -a,  -um  [.''],  adj.,  waste, 
desolate,  vacant. 

vates,  -is  [.''],  m.  or  f.,  a  sooth- 
sayer, a  seer. 

vaticinor,  -an,  -atus  [vaticino- 
(vati-  +  cinus  ;  cf.  ratiocinor)],  i.  v. 
dep.,  prophesy.  —  Hence,  ra7'e 
(from  the  wildness  of  prophecy). 

-ve  [.^  cf.  Sk.  va],  conj.  enclitic, 
or  (less  exclusive  than  aut). 

vectigal,  -alis  [neut.  of  vectiga- 
lis],  N.,  a  tax  (in  kind,  or  depend- 
ing on  products;  cf.  tributum),  a 
revenue. 

vectigalis,  -e  [tvectigo-  (vecti 
-f  igus,  cf.  castigo)  -f  alis],  adj., 
{of  a  toll-gatherer,  tvectigus,  perh. 
orig.  of  tolls  for  transportation), 
of  the  revenue. — Y.?,^.,  paying  taxes, 
a  tax-payer,  tributary. 

vector,  -oris  [vagh  +  tor],  m., 
a  carrier.  —  Also  (cf.  vehor),  a 
passenger. 

vehemens,  -entis  \),  prob.  akin 
to  veho],  adj.,  violent,  impetuous, 
forcible,  active. 

vehementer  [vehement-  -f  ter], 
adv.,  violently,  severely,  strongly, 
hotly,  exceedingly,  very  much,  ur- 
gently, earnestly. 

vehiculum,  -T  [perh.  vehi  (as 
stem  of  veho)  +  culum,  but  as  if 
tvehico  +  lum],  n.,  a  vehicle,  a 
carriage. 

veho,  vehere,  vexT,  vectus 
[vagh],  3.  v.  a.,  carry.  —  Pass., 
ride. 

vel  [prob.  imperative  of  volo], 
conj.,  or  (less  exclusive  than  aut): 


velox 


2  20 


vel  .  .  .  vel,  either  .  .  .  or.  —  Also, 
even  {if  you  like  ?),  often  emphasiz- 
ing superlatives  (the  very). 

velox,  -5cis  [stem  akin  to  volo 
(cf.  colonus)  +  cus  (reduced?)], 
adj.,  swift. 

velum,  -T  [?,  cf.  vexillum],  n.,  a 
curtain,  a  veil.  —  Also,  a  sail. 

velut  (veluti)  [vel-ut],  adv., 
[even  as),  just  as:  velut  si,  Just 
as  if 

vena,  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  vein,  an 
artery    (also    fig-). 

venabulum,  -1  [vena-  +  bulum], 
N.,  ^  huntifig  spear. 

venatio,  -onis  [vena-  +  tio],  f., 
hunting,  the  chase.  —  Plur.,  huntijtg 
excursions,  hicnting  spectacles. 

venditio,  -onis  [venum-datio ;  cf. 
vendo],  F.,  a  sale. 

vendito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ven- 
dito-],  I.  V.  a.,  try  to  sell,  offer  for 
sale,  offer  to  sell,  recommend. 

vendo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [venum 
do],  3.  V.  a.,  put  to  sale,  sell. 

veneficus,  -a,  -um  [tvene-  (stem 
akin  to  venenum)  -ficus],  adj.,  poi- 
sonous.— Masc.  as  %xi}o^\..,a  poiso7ier. 

venenum,  -I  [tvene-  (of  unc. 
origin)  -f  num  (cf.  egenus)],  x.,  a 
drug.  —  Esp.,  a  poison. 

vene5,  -ire,  -TvT  (-ii),  -iturus  [ve- 
num eo],  4.  V.  n.,  go  to  sale  (cf. 
pereo),  be  sold. 

veneror,  -ari,  -atus  [vener-  (stem 
of  Venus)],  i.  v.  dep.,  (sometimes 
venero,  active),  {seek  favor?),  wor- 
ships reverence,  supplicate. 

venia,  -ae  [?],  F.,  indulgence, 
favor,  pardon,  a  privilege  (as  ac- 
corded or  asked). 


venio,  venire,  veni,  venturus  [for 
gvenio,  gam],  4.  v.  n.,  come,  go,  fall 
(into  the  hands  of);  in  discrimen 
venire,  incur  the  danger  ;  tibi  legis 
in  mentem  veniat  {call  to  mind, 
remet?ibt>-). 

Ventidius,  -i  [.'],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  F.  Ventidius 
Bassus,  an  otiicer  and  partisan  of 
Antony. 

ventus,  -T    [?],  M.,  the  -vind. 

Venus,  -eris  [van  {})  -f  us ;  cf. 
venustas,  veneror],  f.,  (perh.  orig. 
r\eMt.),g7'ace(J). — Esp.,  personified, 
Vettus,  as  goddess  of  love,  identi- 
fied with  the  Greek  Aphrodite. 

venustas,  -atis  [venus-  -f  tas], 
F.,  grace. 

ver,  veris  [prob.  vas,  for  tvasar ; 
cf.  ia.p\,  N.,  the  spring. 

tverber,  -eris  [.?],  x.  (usually 
plur.),  stripes,  blows,  lashes,  flog- 
ging- 

verbero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [verber-], 
I.  v.  a.,  whip,  scourge,  beat,  flog. 

verbum,  -I  [?,  cf.  morbus],  n., 
a  word,  an  expression. — Esp. :  ver- 
bum, verba  facere,  say  mtich  or 
little,  say  anything,  speak  ;  his  ver- 
bis, in  these  words,  in  this  form  ; 
verbis  amplissimis,  iti  the  strongest 
terms  ;  verbo,  in  words,  ift  form  ; 
verbi  causa,  for  example. 

vere  [old  abl.  of  verus],  adv., 
7t>ith  truth  (cf.  veto,  in  truth,  etc.), 
truly,  rightly,  justly,  honestly, 
really,  with  justice. 

verecundia,  -ae  [verecundo-  + 
ia],  F.,  'modesty. 

vereor,  -eri,  -itus  [prob.  tvero- 
(akin  to  wary)'],  2.  v.  dep.,  fear, 


vensimilis 


221 


vespera 


be  afraid,  respect.  —  veritus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  in  pres.  sense,  fearing, 

verisimilis  (often  separate),  -e, 
[veri  similis],  adj.,  {like  tlie  truth), 
probable,  likely. 

Veritas,  -atis  [vero-  +  tas],  f., 
truth. 

vero  [abl.  of  verus],  adv.,  /// 
truth,  in  fact.  —  With  weakened 
force,  but,  however,  on  the  other 
hand,  noiv,  and.  —  Often  untrans- 
latable, expressing  an  intensive 
(emphatic)  opposition,  or  pointing 
to  the  main  time,  circumstance, 
fact,  or  agent  in  a  narrative  ;  turn 
vero,  then  ;  nunc  vero,  but  now,  and 
now,  now  ;  quasi  vero,  as  if  for- 
sooth ;  an  vero,  or  is  it  possible 
that?  or  tell  me ;  lam  vero,  nozv 
fnally,  but  further ;  immo  vero, 
nay  in  fact;  deum  vero  nullum 
violavit  {atid  as  to  divinities,  etc.); 
quid  vero?  and  then  filially,  and 
further  ;  est  vero,  it  is,  you  see,  it 
is,  in  fact ;  ego  vero,  why,  I,  in 
fact,  for  my  part,  I ;  at  vero,  but 
then,  but  on  the  other  hand,  but ; 
minime  vero,  no,  not  in  the  least ; 
si  vero,  if  hozvever,  if  notv. 

Verres,  -is  [verres,  boar\  m.,  a 
Roman  family  name.  —  Only  C. 
Coi-nelius  Verres,  propraetor  in 
Sicily  in  B.C.  73  and  after,  accused 
of  extortion  in  the  famous  orations 
against  Verres, 

versiculus,  -T  [versu-  -f  cuius], 
M.,  a  short  line,  a  verse. 

verso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [verso-], 
I.  V.  a.,  turn  (this  way  and  that), 
deal  with  (some  one  or  some  thing). 
—  Esp.  in  pass,  as  dep.,  tur>i  one''s 


self,  engage  in,  be  busy,  be,  live,  exist, 
be  employed,  show  itself,  appear, 
conduct  one''s  self,  be  found,  find 
itself  be  used,  be  engaged,  be  at 
work,  be  concerned :  in  severitate 
{show,  exhibit,  act  with);  versatus, 
experienced,  practised ;  bellum  in 
multa  varietate  versatum,  war  car- 
ried on  in  a  great  variety  of  cir- 
cui/istanees ;  in  laude  versatus 
{accustomed  to). 

versus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  verto. 

versus  (versum)  [orig.  p.p.  of 
verto],  adv.,  and  prep,  after  ace, 
toiuards,  in  the  direction  of. 

versus,  -us  [vert  +  tus],  m.,  a 
turning.  —  Esp.,  a  verse  (of  poetry, 
where  the  rhythm  turns  and  begins 
anew),  a  line.  —  Plur.,  poetry,  verse. 

verto,  vertere,  verti,  versus 
[vert],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  turji. — 
Pass,  and  with  reflex.,  tur^i,  re- 
volve, depend. 

verum  [neut.  of  verus],  adv.,  but. 

verumtamen  [verum  tamen], 
adv.,  but  still. 

verus,  -a,  -um  [.^  ver  (in  vereor) 
-f  us],  adj.,  (?,  seeti,  visible),  true, 
real,  well  groujided.  ■ —  Neut.  as 
subst.,  the  truth :  repperit  esse 
\QXdi,  found  the  truth  to  be.  —  Also, 
just,  right.  —  See  also  vero  and 
verum.  —  verius,  neut.  compar., 
nearer  the  truth  ;  re  vera,  in  fact,  in 
reality,  iii  ti-uth ;  sententia  {sound). 

vesper, -erl(-eris)  [?,cf."E(r7repos], 
M.,  the  evening:  vesperi  (loc),  /// 
the  eve>ii}ig. 

vespera,  -ae  [.',  cf.  vesper],  f., 
the  evctiing :  ad  vesperam,  at  even- 
ifig,  by  evening. 


Vesta 


222 


vicinitas 


Vesta,  -ae  [vas  (in  uro)  +  ta ; 
cf.  'Earla],  F.,  the  goddess  of  the 
household  fire,  the  same  as  Gr. 
'Ecrrta. 

Vestalis,  -e  [Vesta-  +  lis],  adj., 
o/  P^esia  :  virgines  {the  Vestal  vir- 
gins, who  preserved  the  sacred  fire 
of  Vesta,  and  were  held  in  special 
reverence). 

vester,  -tra,  -trum  [ves-  +  ter 
(us)],  adj.  pron.,  your,  yours: 
conspectus  {of  you). 

vestibulum,  -T  [.^  prob.  vestabu- 
lum  (orig.  farm-yard?)'],  N.,  a  ves- 
tibule (an  open  space  in  front  of  a 
house-door).  —  Fig.,  a  gateway,  a 
doorway,  an  entrance,  the  doors. 

vestigium,  -I  [tvestigo-  (cf.  ves- 
tigo)  +  ium],  N.,  the  footstep,  the 
footprint,  a  track.  —  Esp. :  e  vesti- 
gio,  forthwith  (from  one's  tracks  ?) ; 
eodem  vestigio,  ///  the  safne  spot ; 
in  illo  vestigio  temporis,  at  that  in- 
stant of  ti??ie.  —  Hence,  fig.,  a  trace, 
an  indication. — Plur.,  ruins  {traces 
where  a  thing  once  was),  relics, 
remai?is. 

vestimentum,  -I  [vesti-  +  men- 
tum],  N.,  clothing. 

vestio,  -Tre,  -Ivi  (-il),  -itus  [vesti-], 
4.  V.  a.,  clothe,  cover.  —  Pass.,  clothe 
one^s  self  with  (with  thing  in  abl.), 
wear. 

vestis,  -is  [vas  (<r/^///<?)  +  tis],  f., 
clothing,  garments,  dress. 

vestitus,  -us  [vesti-  +  tus],  m., 
clothing,  garments,  dress:  ad  suum 
vestitum  redire  {ordinary  clothing), 

veteranus,  -a,  -um  [vetera-  (as  if 
stem  of  vetero)  -f  nus],  adj.,  veteran 
(long  in  service). 


veto,  vetare,  vetul,  vetitus  [stem 
akin  to  vetus ;  cf.  antiquo],  i.  v.  a., 

forbid. 

vetus,  -eris  [?,  cf.  eVos],  adj.,  old, 
former:  milites  {old  soldiers,  vet- 
erans) ;  homines  {of  experience,  also 
of  antiquity). 

vetustas,  -atis  [vetus-tas],  f., 
age,  antiquity,  former  ages,  long 
continuance,  future  ages,  titne 
(long  continued,  either  future  or 
past). 

vexatio,  -onis  [vexa-  +  tio],  f., 
persecution,  harassing,  outrage. 

vexator,  -oris  [vexa-  -f  tor],  m., 
a  troubler,  a  persecutor,  a  pursuer, 
a  disturber. 

vex5,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [tvexo-  (as 
if  p.p.  of  veho)],  I.  V.  a.,  {carry  this 
way  and  that),  vex,  harass,  annoy, 
commit  depredations  on,  overrun  (a 
country),  ravage  (lands),  plunder, 
worry,  persecute. 

via,  -ae  [for  veha?  (veh  +  a)], 
F.,  a  road,  a  way,  a  route,  a  street. 
—  Fig.,  a  course,  a  way. 

viator,  -oris  [tvia-  (as  stem  of 
tvio)+tor],  M.,  a  traveller. 

Vibienus,  -I  [Vibio-  -f  enus],  m., 
a  Roman  family  name.  —  Esp.,  C. 
Vibienus,  a  Roman  senator  killed 
in  a  riot. 

vibro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [?],  i.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  to  shake,  to  brandish. 

vicatim  [vico-  +  atim],  adv.,  by 
wards,  by  districts. 

vicesimus  (-ensimus),  -a,  -um 
[viginti  -f  ensimus],  num.  adj., 
t7ventieth. 

vicinitas,  -atis  [vicino-  -f  tas], 
F.,  neighborhood,  vicinity. 


vicinus 


223 


vUis 


vicinus,  -a,  -um  [vico-  +  inus], 
adj.,  (belonging  to  the  sa.me Ticzts?), 
7tear.  —  As  subst.,  a  neigJibor. 

vicissim  [ace.  adv.  akin  to  vicis], 
adv.,  in  turn,  by  turns. 

vicissitude,  -inis  [tvicissi-  (in 
vicissim)  +  tudo] ,  F.,  a  change,  a 
vicissitude,  a  succession  (of  chang- 
ing events). 

victima,  -ae  [akin  to  vlnco,  perh. 
going  back  to  the  sacrifice  of  pris- 
oners], F.,  a  victim  (sacrificed). 

victor,  -oris  [vie  (in  vinco)  +  tor] , 
M.,  a  victor.  —  Often  as  adj.,  victo- 
rious ;   cf.  victrix. 

victoria,  -ae  [victor-  -\-  ia],  f., 
victory,  success  (in  war),  a  triumph 
(in  the  modern  sense ;  cf.  trium- 
phus,  the  honor) :  in  ipsa  victoria, 
at  the  tnoment  of  victory.  —  Esp., 
Victory,  worshipped  as  a  divinity 
by  the  Romans  :  ludi  victoriae  (a 
festival  established  by  Sulla  in 
honor  of  his  victory,  held  October 
27  to  November  i). 

victrix,  -icis  [vie  (in  vinco)  -f 
trix],  F.,  a  victor  (female,  or  con- 
ceived as  such).  —  As  adj.,  victo- 
riotis. 

victus,  -us  [viG  ?  (cf.  vixi)  -f 
tuSj,  M.,  living,  life.  —  Also,  tncans 
of  living,  food,-  necessitates  victus, 
the  necessaries  of  life ;  in  victu 
arido,  a  dry  and  meagre  way  of  life 
or  style  of  living ;  consuetudines 
victus,  the  intitnacy  of  daily  life. 

vicus,  -1  [vie  {enter  ?)  -f  us  ;  cf . 
oiKos^  M.,  {a  d7velli}ig),a  village  (a 
collection  of  dwellings),  a  country- 
seat.  —  In  cities,  a  quarter  (more 
than  a  block ;   cf.  insula),  a  row 


(of  houses),  a  street  (the  houses 
on  both  sides). 

videlicet  [vide  (imp.  of  video) 
licet],  adv.,  {see  you  may,  one  may 
see),  of  coicrse,  3oubtless,  no  doubt. — 
Often  ironical,  forsooth,  I  suppose, 
no  doubt,  you  see,  of  course. 

video,  videre,  vTdl,  visus  [viD, 
perh.  through  a  noun-stem  (cf.  in- 
vidus)],  2.  V.  a.,  see,  examine  (recon- 
noitre), observe,  notice,  take  care 
(see  that). — In  pass.,  be  seen,  seem, 
seem  best. — Esp. :  ea  cemimus  quae 
videmus,  7ve  disti>iguish  what  we 
see  ;  plus  videre,  have  a  keener  in- 
sight. 

vigeo,  vigere,  no  perf.,  no  p.p. 
[?,  prob.  tvigo-  (viG  +  us,  cf.  vigil)], 
2.  V.  n.,  be  strong,  be  active,  have  life, 
flourish. 

vigilia,  -ae  [vigil- +  ia],  f.,  wak- 
ing, wakefulness,  watching.  —  Esp., 
in  plur.,  7'igils,  sleepless  nights.  — 
Also  (in  plur.),  watches,  sentinels, 
watchmen.  —  From  military  use,  a 
watch  (one  of  the  four  divisions 
into  which  the  night  was  divided). 

vigilo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [vigil], 
I.  V.  n.  (and  a.),  watch,  lie  awake, 
7vatch  by  night,  keep  awake,  be  up 
{not  sleep).  —  Fig.,  be  on  the  tvatch, 
be  watchful,  be  vigil a:it,  watch,  look 
out  for.  —  Esp. :  vigilans,  -antis, 
p.  as  adj.,  wakeful,  watchful,  vigi- 
lant, on  the  watch,  careful,  active, 
wide  awake. 

viginti  [dvi-  (stem  of  duo)  + 
form  akin  to  centum  (perh.  the 
same)],  num.  adj.,  indecl.,  twenty. 

vilis,  -e  [?],  adj.,  cheap,  of  little 
value,  worthless. 


vilitas 


224 


vitium 


vilitas,  -atis  [vili-  +  tas],  f., 
cheapness,  loxv  price. 

villa,  -ae  [?],  f.,  a  f ami-house,  a 
country  house,  a  villa. 

vinci5,  vincTre,  \inxT,  vinctus 
[perh.  akin  to  vinco],  4.  v.  a.,  bind, 
fetter,  piit  i?i  chains,  restrain. 

vinclum,  see  vinculum. 

vinco,  vincere,  vTcT,  victus  [vie], 
3.  V.  a.  and  n.,  conquer,  defeat,  pre- 
vail, he  victoriotis,  prevail  over, 
overco?ne,  surpass,  outdo. 

vinculum  (vinclum),  -I  [tvinco- 
(stem  akin  to  vincio,  perh.  primi- 
tive of  it)  -f  lum  (neut.  of  -lus)], 
N.,  a  chain.  —  Plur.,  chains,  im- 
prisonment, p7'ison.  —  Fig.,  a  botid, 
a  connection. 

vindex,  -icis  [seme  forms  of  vis 
and  dico,  perh.  wrongly  formed 
Hke  iudex],  m.  and  f.,  a  claimant. 
—  Hence,  from  technical  use  in 
law,  a  protector,  a  defender,  an 
avenger. 

vindiciae,  -arum  [vindic-  -f  ia], 
F.  plur.,  a  claim  (technical  in  law), 
an  action  (of  a  peculiar  sort). 

vindico,  -are,-avl,  -atus  [vindic-], 
I.  V.  a.,  claifn,  claitn  one''s  rights 
against,  defend  (cf .  Galliam  in  liber- 
tatem,  establish  the  liberty  of,  a 
phrase  derived  from  the  formal  de- 
fence of  freedom  in  a  Roman 
court),  rescue.  —  Also,  punish, 
avenge,  seek  redress  for,  seek  redress. 

vinum,  -I  [?,  cf.  o\vo%\,  n.,  wine. 

violo,  -are, -avT, -atus  [?],  i.  v.  a., 
abuse,  violate  (a  sacred  object), 
profane,  injure  (a  thing  held 
sacred),  outrage  :  si  quid  violatum 
est  {any  profafiation  done). 


vir,  viri  [.!•],  m.,  a  man,  a  hus- 
band. 

vires,  see  vis. 

virga,  -ae,  f.,  a  twig,  a  rod.  — 
V\\xr.,floggi}ig,  stripes. 

virgO,  -inis  [.''],  f.,  a  maiden,  a 
maid,  a  virgin,  a  girl.  —  Esp.,  a 
vestal  virgin  (see  Vestalis). 

virilis,  -e  [viro-  -f  ilis],  adj., 
manly,  of  a  man  :  toga  (the  garb 
of  manhood,  the  pure  white  toga 
assumed  by  Romans  as  a  sign  of 
manhood  and  citizenship). 

virtiis,  -iitis  [viro-  (reduced)  -f 
tus],  F.,  manliness,  valor,  prowess, 
courage.  — Also,  merit  (generally), 
noble  conduct,  virtue.  —  Plur.,  vir- 
tues, merits,  good  qualities.  —  Also, 
a  sense  of  virtue,  a  love  of  virtue. 

vis,  vis  (?)  [?],  F.,  force,  fnight, 
power,  violence,  energy,  vigor,  se- 
verity, a  quantity,  a  supply :  vim 
et  manus,  violent  hands.  —  Also, 
force,  effect,  validity.  —  Technic- 
ally, breach  of  the  peace,  violence 
(for  which  a  special  remedy  at  law 
was  established).  —  Plur.,  strength, 
force,  p02vers,  bodily  7'igor. 

viscus,  -eris,  also  plur.  viscera, 
-um  [?],  N.,  the  soft  parts  of  the 
body,  the  flesh,  the  entrails.  —  Fig., 
the  vitals,  the  bowels,  the  entrails. 

viso,  visere,  visi,  visus  [prob. 
old  desiderative  of  vid.^o],  3.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  {desire  to  see),  go  to  see, 
visit,  see  (in  reference  to  a  sight  or 
spectacle). 

vita,  -ae  [root  of  vivo  +  ta],  f., 
life,  the  cotirse  of  life. 

vitium,  -T  [?],  x.,  a  flaw,  a  blem- 
ish, a  defect,  a  fatilt,  a  vice. 


vito 


225 


Volusenus 


vito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [?,  vita-], 
I.  V.  a.,  (escape  with  life,  live 
through .?),  escape,  avoid,  dodge, 
shun. 

vituperati5,  -onis  [vitupera-  + 
tio],  F,,  abuse,  fault-finding,  an  ac- 
cusation, a  charge. 

vituper5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tvitu- 
pero-  (vitio-  -f  tparus  ;  cf.  opipa- 
rus)],  I.  V.  a.,  cetistire,  find  fault 
with. 

vivo,  vivere,  vTxI,  victus  [vig 
(vigor?);  cf.  victus],  3.  v.  n.,  live, 
pass  one^s  life. 

vivus,  -a,  -um  [vig  (?)  -f  us], 
adj.,  alive,  livitig. 

vix  [poss.  VIC  (in  vinco)],  adv., 
with  dif/iculty,  hardly,  hardly  ever. 
—  Also,  of  time,  hardly  (  .  .  . 
when)  :  vixdum  coetu  dimisso 
(7vhen  .  .  .  scarcely  yet,  almost  be- 
fore, etc.). 

VOCO,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [voc-  (stem 
of  vox)],  I.  v.  a.,  call  by  name,  call, 
summon,  invite.  —  With  in,  ad, 
summon  to,  invite  to,  bring  {into), 
attempt  to  bring  {into)  :  in  integri- 
tatem  spe  {attribute  virtue  to  one 
in  hope). 

Volaterrae,  -arum  [?],  f.  plur., 
a  town  of  Etruria,  now  Vol- 
terra. 

volgaris  (vulg-),  -e  [volgo-  + 
aris],  adj.,  common,  ordinary. 

volgo,  see  volgus. 

VOlgUS  (vulgUS),  -I  [VOLG  -f  Us], 

N.,  the  crowd,  the  common  people, 
the  mass:  in  volgus  emanare,  get 
abroad,  spread  abroad.  —  volgO, 
abl.  as  adv.,  commonly,  ge7ierally, 
ordinarily,  everywhere. 


volito,  -are,  -avT,  no  p.p.  [as  if 
volito-,  p.p.  of  volo;  cf.  agito], 
I.  V.  n.,fiit  about,  hover  about. 

volner5  (vul-),  -are,  -avT,  -atus 
[volner-],  i.  v.  a.,  wound,  inflict  a 
wound.  —  Also  fig.,  wound,  harm, 
offend. 

volnus  (vulnus),  -eris  [prob. 
akin  to  vello],  n.,  a  wound. 

volo,  velle,  volui  [vol],,  irr. 
V.  a.  and  n.,  wish,  be  willing,  want, 
desire,  choose  to  have,  choose,  would 
like,  mean,  signify.  —  With  perf. 
partic,  desire  to  have,  desire  to. 

Volturcius  (Vult-),  -T  [.^],  m.,  one 
of  the  conspirators  with  Catiline. 

voltus  (vul-),  -us  [vol  -f  tus], 
M.,  expression  (of  countenance), 
the  countenance,  the  look,  the  face, 
the  expression  of  countenance,  the 
mien. 

voliJbilis,  -e  [prob.  volvi-  (as 
stem  of  volvo)  -f  bilis],  adj.,  whirl- 
ing. —  Fig.,  changeable,  incoiistant. 

voluntarius,  -a,  -um  [volant-  -f 
arius],  adj.,  voluntary.  —  Masc. 
as   subst.,  a  volunteer. 

voluntas,  -atis  [volent-  +  tas], 
I-".,  willingness,  will,  good-will,  de- 
sire, approval,  consent,  an  inclina- 
tion, a  wish,  a  purpose,  plans, 
desires,  a  disposition. 

voluptas,  -atis  [volup-  (akin  to 
volo)  +  tas],  F.,  sensual  pleasure, 
pleasure,  {a  sensation  of  pleasure), 
enjoy m ent,  satisfactioji . 

t  Volusenus,  -T  [?,  cf.  Volusius], 
M.,  a  tribune  of  the  soldiers  in 
Caesar's  army  in  Gaul.  In  Phil, 
xiv.  7,  the  reading  is  uncertain, 
and  the  passage  is  obscure. 


voluto 


226 


vultus 


voluto,  -are,  -avi, -atus  [voluto-], 
I.  V.  a.  and  n.,  ;W/,  grovel. 

vomo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  [vom,  akin 
to  ^/Li^w,  Sk.  yam],  3.  V.  a.  and  n., 
vofnit,  throw  up,  belch  forth,  send 
forth,  emit. 

v5smet  [vos-met  (akin  to  me)], 
intensive  of  vos,  you  yourselves, 
you  (emphatic). 

votivus,  -a,  -urn  [voto-  -f  ivus 
(cf.  captivus)],  adj.,  votive:  ludi 
(a  festival  held  in  pursuance  of 
some  vow). 


votum,  -I  [n.  p.p.  of  voveo],  n., 
a  vow,  a  prayer. 

voveo,  vovere,  vovT,  votus  [.^], 
2.  V.  a.  and  n.,  vow,  make  a  vow. 

VOX,  vocis  [voc  as  stem],  f.,  a 
voice,  a  word,  an  expression,  a  shout. 
—  Collectively,  cries,  words,  talk. 

vulgaris,  see  volgaris. 

vulgo,  see  volgo. 

vulgus,  see  volgus. 

vulnero,  see  volnero. 

vulnus,  see  volnus. 

vultus,  see  voltus. 


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